Um 352 Tunguska. Anti-aircraft gun-missile system "Tunguska". Experience in the use of SZU and the general concept of "Tunguska"

With the improvement of the means of air attack of a potential enemy in the late sixties, new air defense systems were required. Each of the means of combating flying targets had its own advantages, but was not without its drawbacks. One of the attempts to create a universal weapon capable of destroying targets at different heights, moving at different speeds, was the Soviet Tunguska air defense system. What lies behind this code name and what were the prerequisites for its appearance in service will be discussed in this article.

Rocket or anti-aircraft gun?

In the second half of the 20th century, the rocket became the main means of air defense. Its advantages were clearly shown during the famous incident in 1960, when a spy plane flying at a hitherto unattainable height was shot down by Soviet air defenses. The rocket has a speed greater than any artillery shell, and it reaches higher. It has, however, a significant drawback - the price, but it is not worth standing behind it when there is a question of the security of air borders. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Army received the 2c6 Tunguska anti-aircraft missile and gun system, which is a mobile system that combines both missile and artillery weapons. At that time, no air defense system in the world had such capabilities, combining "two in one". In order to realize the urgent need for such a type of weapons, it took a rigorous analysis of modern military conflicts that took place then, fortunately, outside the borders of our country.

Experience in the use of SZU and the general concept of "Tunguska"

1973 Middle East. During the Yom Kippur War, Soviet specialist officers provided assistance to the conflict, including Egypt.

On October 15, ARE tracking stations reported a group of Israeli Phantoms approaching from the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of dozens of aircraft. They were flying at low altitude, passing over the Nile Delta.

The enemy's target was Egyptian airfields. So the Israeli Air Force pilots tried to avoid the risk of being shot down by Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles capable of hitting aircraft flying at medium and high altitudes, but they were in for an unpleasant surprise. Among the numerous tributaries at the confluence of the ancient river into the sea, the Egyptians placed Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft guns on pontoon rafts, which literally ripped the planes and fuselages of the Phantoms with their quick-firing guns. These ZSUs had their own radar and very good automation, which helped to conduct aimed fire, and were also used by the troops of North Vietnam in the course of repelling American aggression. In a certain sense, the Tunguska ZSU became her successor. Air defense air defense systems had restrictions on the lower height limit, and self-propelled anti-aircraft installations - on the upper one. And in the USSR they decided to combine the capabilities of these two types of anti-aircraft weapons in one system.

Varieties, modifications and names

The complex entered service with the Soviet Army in 1982, immediately after the production of the first experimental batch of machines by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP. From the very beginning, the project was classified as complete secrecy, which explains some discrepancies in the encoding, numbers and letters that it was designated in open sources. Sometimes the name 2S16 ("Tunguska") appears in the press. it is more correct to designate 2С6, apparently, there was a typo, although it is possible that “16” is also some kind of variety. The improvement of military equipment is carried out constantly; this is a normal practice in all armies of the world. In 1990, the Tunguska-M appeared. The anti-aircraft gun-missile system was modernized and received a new control system scheme, which included a "friend or foe" determinant, and the power plant began to be duplicated by an auxiliary power unit.

Modernization works were also developed later in the difficult 90s. The result of them was the Tunguska-M1 cannon-missile system, the description of which became more accessible due to the fact that this modification was exported, in particular to India. The code used most often is 2K22. This is the factory designation of the Tunguska ZPRK. It also has a NATO "name" - "Grison SA-19".

Electronic eyes and brain

From the very name of the complex it is clear that its armament consists of two components - artillery and anti-aircraft missiles. Both of these elements have individual guidance systems, but they have common radars that provide information about the air situation (in two bands). It is these "eyes" that are looking for a target in a circular mode. Sectoral search is provided by the tracking station, and if visual contact is possible, the use of optical means is also acceptable.

The latest system is able not only to identify one's own or someone else's, but also to reliably report on its nationality at a distance of up to 18 km.

2S6 (or ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" can track air targets using several algorithms (inertial, three-coordinate, angular two-coordinate) using data from its own locator or external radar posts. The necessary calculations are performed by the built-in onboard computer. The transition to a certain method of tracking or firing control is carried out automatically, depending on the degree of electronic countermeasures and the level of interference. If it is impossible to make automatic calculations, fire is carried out in manual mode.

Artillery

The Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (ZSU-23-4) showed its high efficiency, but by the end of the 70s, its performance characteristics no longer satisfied the Soviet military. Claims were made primarily to the insufficient caliber (22 mm), which causes a relatively small radius of damage. The guns of the ZRPK 2S16 "Tunguska" are more powerful, thirty-millimeter, and their number has halved, there are two of them. This is exactly the case when less is better. The firing range increased from 2.5 to 8 km, and the intensity of fire, despite the smaller number of barrels, increased from 3.4 to 5 rounds per minute.

rockets

The main weapon of the complex is a two-stage guided missile 9M311. It is very interesting. The first stage is solid propellant, which is a lightweight fiberglass shell filled with fuel. The second part, which directly hits the target, does not have an engine, it moves, like an artillery shell, due to the impulse received during acceleration, but it can be controlled by a gas generator located in the tail section. The connection of the rocket with the control post is optical, which provides ideal noise immunity. Guidance is carried out in a semi-automatic radio command mode using lettered frequencies set immediately before launch from the Tunguska air defense missile system. The anti-aircraft missile and gun complex, with its circuitry, excludes the possibility of electronic interception or redirection of the missile. For a guaranteed hit, a strike on the target is not needed, the fuse will ensure the expansion of the rod striking elements at the desired distance in a non-contact mode. Eight launchers.

Chassis

The mobility of air defense elements in the frontline zone, for which the complex is actually intended, is impossible without a powerful, reliable and high-speed chassis with high cross-country ability. In order to avoid unnecessary spending, it was decided to mount the 2K22 Tunguska anti-aircraft missile and gun system on the GM-352 of the previously developed Osa self-propelled gun. The speed that the car develops on the highway is 65 km / h, in off-road conditions or rough terrain, it is naturally lower (from 10 to 40 km / h). Diesel engine V-46-2S1 with a capacity of 710 liters. with. provides a lifting angle up to 35°. Track roller suspensions are individual, with a hydropneumatic drive, including adjustment of the height of the hull above the ground.

Crew

Protection of personnel is provided by bulletproof and anti-fragmentation armor of the all-welded hull. The driver's seat is located in the nose of the vehicle, besides him, three more people in the mobile tower (commander, radar operator and gunner) make up the crew of the Tunguska air defense missile system. The anti-aircraft missile and gun system reacts to changes in the situation within 8 seconds, its reloading (using a special vehicle based on KamAZ-43101) takes 16 minutes.

Such time frames require excellent training and high qualifications, achieved through constant study work.

The creators of the complex

Special words deserve the chief designer of the system - A. G. Shipunov, as well as V. P. Gryazev, who designed the guns, and the chief rocket specialist - V. M. Kuznetsov, through whose efforts the Tunguska was created. The anti-aircraft missile and gun complex was the result of cooperation between many enterprises of the USSR. The caterpillar chassis was manufactured in Minsk, at the tractor plant, the guidance systems were assembled and debugged at the Signal, the optics at the Leningrad LOMO. Other scientific and production organizations of the Soviet Union also took part in the work.

Artillery armament was produced in Tula, missiles were assembled in Kirov ("Mayak").

Application experience

At the moment, there is no more powerful mobile air defense system in the world than the Tunguska. The anti-aircraft gun-missile system, however, has not yet been used for its intended purpose. During the hostilities in the Chechen Republic, it was used to deliver fire strikes on ground targets, but for these purposes there are specialized types of equipment and ammunition. Armor protection 2K22 was not enough to wage a land war. After fifteen out of two dozen Tunguska-M1 air defense missile systems were damaged (mainly as a result of RPG shots), the command came to the logical conclusion about the poor effectiveness of air defense systems in a guerrilla war. The absence of casualties among the personnel could serve as a consolation.

Organizational structure

The Tunguska-M air defense system is designed to destroy such complex targets as helicopters and low-flying cruise missiles. In a dynamic battle, each such machine can make independent decisions, guided by the operational situation, but the greatest efficiency is ensured by group use. To this end, appropriate army command and control structures have been organized.

In each platoon, consisting of four Tunguska air defense missile systems, the anti-aircraft missile and gun system equipped with the Ranzhir centralized command post is commander, forming, together with a platoon armed with the Strela air defense system, a larger formation - a mobile anti-aircraft missile and artillery system. battery. In turn, the batteries are subordinate to the divisional or regimental command structure.

They proved that this complex is able to effectively combat not only low-flying air targets (especially in a difficult jamming environment), but also with a ground enemy. Despite this, "Shilka" had a small effective target area, as well as a low damaging effect of ammunition. Also, this complex did not provide timely shelling of air targets, especially when conducting reconnaissance in offline mode. As a result, the military demanded that the industry develop a new self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, which became the Tunguska.

They decided to correct the low damaging effect of ammunition and the small effective zone of destruction by increasing the caliber of automatic guns to 30 mm. We settled on this option, since a further increase in the caliber of shells did not provide the technical capabilities to maintain a high rate of fire. The Tunguska complex is designed to provide anti-aircraft defense of tank and motorized rifle units from attacks by army and tactical aircraft, fire support helicopters, UAVs, as well as to destroy lightly armored ground targets and enemy manpower.

The combat capabilities of the complex make it possible to solve the tasks of direct cover for troops and individual objects in defensive and offensive combat, during a march and when located in place from attacks by enemy air attack systems from extremely low, low and partially medium heights. The complex is able to confidently solve combat missions in any climatic conditions. The Tunguska-M air defense complex includes a 2S6 combat vehicle, a loading vehicle, an automated control and testing station, as well as maintenance and repair facilities.

As a self-propelled base for the new complex, the GM-352 tracked chassis, unified with the Tor air defense system, was chosen. This chassis has adjustable ground clearance and provides a maximum highway speed of 65 km/h. The use of hydropneumatic suspension and hydromechanical transmission provides the Tunguska with good maneuverability, high cross-country ability and, most importantly, smooth running.

Anti-aircraft gun-missile system (ZPRK) "Tunguska" became the world's first unique multi-purpose dual-use anti-aircraft system. It was created 8 years earlier than the foreign multi-purpose complex "Adats". Compared to other short-range air defense systems (both foreign and domestic production), it meets the cost-effectiveness criterion to the greatest extent.

The main weapon of the complex is the 9M311 missile. This bicaliber solid-propellant two-stage rocket is made according to the "duck" aerodynamic configuration. The missile is equipped with a fragmentation rod warhead and contact and proximity fuses. SAM has a very high maneuverability (withstands an overload of up to 18g), which allows you to destroy maneuverable and high-speed targets. Guidance of anti-aircraft missiles on the target - radio command.

The missile is delivered to the troops in a special transport and launch container (TLC) in running order and does not require any maintenance for 10 years. The ammunition of missiles is replenished with the help of a transport-loading vehicle. TPK has a low weight - up to 55 kg, which allows you to manually load the missile launcher on the launcher.

The tower installation of the Tunguska-M air defense missile system contains information optoelectronic and radar facilities, a digital computer system, control panels for combat crew members, and communications equipment. To protect the crew, the Tunguska is equipped with special means of protection against weapons of mass destruction and the creation of normal living conditions inside the installation.

The artillery armament of the complex is represented by two 2A38M double-barreled anti-aircraft guns, working in conjunction with the SLA. The double-barreled scheme of automatic weapons allows firing in intensive mode with a rate of fire up to 5000 rounds / min. Power guns - tape. The cartridge belt of the guns is loaded with 30-mm unified ammunition using a special stuffing machine.

By the mid-1990s, the Tunguska ZPRK was modernized, the new complex received the designation Tunguska-M. The main change was the introduction of new radio stations and a receiver into the complex for communication with the Ranzhir battery command post and the PPRU-1M command post. In addition, the gas turbine engine was replaced on the machine, the new engine received an increased service life (immediately 2 times - from 300 to 600 hours).

The next modification of the complex received the designation "Tunguska-M1", and was put into service in 2003. In this modification, the processes of guiding anti-aircraft missiles and exchanging information with the battery command post "Rangier" were automated. In the 9M311M missile itself, the laser non-contact target sensor gave way to a radar one, which increased the probability of destroying ALCM missiles. Instead of a tracer, a flash lamp was mounted. The range of destruction of missiles has increased to 10 km. In general, the level of combat effectiveness of the Tunguska-M1 air defense system in the presence of interference increased by 1.3-1.5 times compared to its predecessor.

Performance characteristics ZPRK "Tunguska-M1":
Zone of destruction of targets by missiles / guns:
- in range 2.5-10 / 0.2-4 km
- in height 0.015-3.5 / 0-3 km
The maximum speed of the hit targets is up to 500 m / s.
The reaction time of the complex is up to 10 s.
Ammunition, missiles / shells - 8/1904
The rate of fire of the 2A38M guns is up to 5000 rds / min.
The initial speed of the projectile is 960 m / s.
The mass of missiles / with a container is 42/55 kg.
The mass of the warhead is 9 kg.
Vertical angle of fire from cannons: -10 - +87 degrees
The mass of the ZPRK in combat position is 34 tons.
Complex deployment time - up to 5 minutes.
The maximum speed on the highway is up to 65 km / h.

ZRAK "Kortik" 3M87 (export designation "Kashtan") is a universal all-weather ship-based short-range anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, the main purpose of which is the self-defense of surface ships and auxiliary vessels from attacks by various air targets from low and extremely low altitudes. This complex, in terms of the presence of artillery and missile weapons, united by a common fire control system, has no analogues in the world. The complex was created on the basis of the land development "Tunguska-M".

A feature of this complex is the use of 2 types of weapons, which provide consistent shelling of air targets with missiles, as well as artillery fire at a distance of 8000-1500 meters and 1500-500 meters from the ship, respectively. The total combat potential of this complex is 2-4 times greater than a conventional anti-aircraft artillery system. With the advent of new promising goals, this difference will only grow.

The modular construction of this complex allows it to be mounted on ships of various displacements (from small missile boats to aircraft carriers), as well as ground facilities. Together with the use of an integrated control system ZRAK guarantees high combat survivability. ZRAK "Kortik" can be equally successfully used to destroy air, surface and ground targets. The missile and gun armament used on the complex is highly accurate, due to its compact location in a single tower installation, as well as the presence of a modern control system, television-optical and radar guidance channels with high accuracy characteristics.

Joint signal processing of the target and missile tracking channels, as well as automatic selection of the optimal mode of combat operation, provide the ZRAK with very high noise immunity in the conditions of the use of various kinds of electronic interference by the enemy.

The complex has full automation of combat work, which allows it to fire simultaneously at 6 targets per minute and provides the ship with a high degree of protection against high-precision weapons (anti-ship missiles, guided bombs, etc.), as well as low-flying small targets. In terms of its combat effectiveness, the Kortik ZRAK is 1.5-2 times superior to the foreign Krotal-Naval complex and Goalkeeper 2.5-4 times.

The Kortik air defense system includes combat and command modules, 30-mm rounds, missiles with a storage and reloading system, coastal maintenance facilities, and training facilities. The ZRAK command module, equipped with a three-coordinate radar and information processing system, is used to detect various kinds of targets, as well as their distribution with the issuance of target designation data to combat modules.

Combat module 3M87 (includes 2 six-barreled 30-mm anti-aircraft guns, as well as 9M311-1 missiles in transport and launch containers, FCS with television-optical and radar channels). The gun mounts of the complex provide a rate of fire of up to 10,000 rounds per minute. One such module can simultaneously fire at up to 3-4 targets and provide protection for a small ship from attacks by an air enemy with a low density of air attacks in the raid.

On large-displacement ships, to repel high-intensity strikes, 2 or more Kortik ZRAK modules can be installed from each side. Their number, along with the displacement of the vessel, is also determined by the capabilities of the control system and can reach up to 6 pieces (on the TARKR "Peter the Great" 6 ZRAK "Kortik" are used). The combat module, at the request of the customer, can only be made in the artillery version.

The fire control system provides the complex with receiving target designation data from the combat module, generating data for aiming weapons at fired targets, and automatic tracking of targets. The radar channel of the complex operates in the millimeter wave range, and also has a narrow radiation pattern, which provides it with a fairly high accuracy (2-3 m) of targeting missiles at low-flying anti-ship missiles without restrictions on their flight height. When using a television-optical channel with a correlation-contrast signal processing method and with an automatic target tracking device, it is possible to aim anti-aircraft missiles at a target with an accuracy of up to 1 meter at any target flight altitude.

The complex uses ZUR 9M311. This is a solid-propellant two-stage rocket, which is designed according to a bicaliber scheme with a detachable engine. The missile is designed to destroy helicopters, aircraft and cruise missiles in the conditions of their optical visibility in a spatial sector 350 meters wide (to the right and left) from the combat module at a distance of up to 8-10 kilometers.

In flight, the missile is controlled by a radio command guidance system in semi-automatic mode with automatic launch of the missile on the line of sight or with manual target tracking. The average speed of missiles reaches 650 m / s, while an anti-aircraft missile can maneuver with overloads up to 18g.

Currently, the 9M311 missile is the only Russian development that is equipped with a fragmentation-rod warhead, non-contact (laser) and contact fuses. The non-contact fuse is cocked at a distance of up to 1 km. from the target and provides a reliable detonation of the warhead of the missile during its flight at a distance of up to 5 meters from the target. During firing at surface or ground targets, the proximity fuse is disabled.

To increase the effectiveness of hitting air targets, the rods (up to 600 mm long and 4-9 mm in diameter) are covered with a special “shirt” on top, which contains ready-made striking elements made in the form of cubes (weighing 2-3 grams each). At the moment of detonation of the warhead of the SAM, a kind of ring with a radius of up to 5 meters is formed from fragments and rods in a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the rocket. At a distance of more than 5 meters, their action is ineffective.

The missiles of the "Kortik" complex are placed in the TPK, which is unified with the missile defense system of the military air defense system "Tunguska-M". Missiles are assembled in 2 blocks of 4 missiles each. They are mounted on the rotary part of the combat module of the complex. The ammunition load of each module consists of 8 missiles. At the same time, the reloading and storage system provides for the storage of another 32 missiles in containers, their storage in the cellar, as well as the lifting of missiles and loading launchers.

Anti-aircraft missile and gun system 2K22 "Tunguska" is designed for air defense of motorized rifle and tank units and subunits on the march and in all types of combat, ensures the destruction of low-flying air targets, including hovering helicopters. Adopted in the mid-eighties. The combat vehicle has a turret with two double-barreled 30-mm automatic guns and eight launchers with anti-aircraft guided missiles.

The development of the Tunguska complex was entrusted to the Instrument Design Bureau (KBP) of the MOP (chief designer A.G. Shipunov) in cooperation with other organizations of the defense industries by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 8, 1970 and initially provided for the creation of a new anti-aircraft cannon self-propelled unit (ZSU) to replace the well-known "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4).

Despite the successful use of "Shilka" in wars in the Middle East, during these hostilities, its shortcomings were also revealed - a short reach to targets (no more than 2 km in range), the unsatisfactory power of shells, and also the passage of air targets unfired due to the impossibility timely detection. The expediency of increasing the caliber of automatic anti-aircraft guns was worked out. Experimental studies have shown that the transition from a 23 mm caliber projectile to a 30 mm caliber projectile with a 2-3-fold increase in the mass of the explosive makes it possible to reduce the number of hits required to destroy an aircraft by 2-3 times. Comparative calculations of the combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4 and the hypothetical ZSU-30-4 when firing at a MiG-17 fighter flying at a speed of 300 m / s showed that with the same mass of expendable ammunition, the probability of defeat increases by about one and a half times, the reach by height - from 2000 to 4000 m. With an increase in the caliber of guns, the effectiveness of firing at ground targets also increases, the possibilities of using HEAT projectiles in ZSU to destroy lightly armored targets such as infantry fighting vehicles, etc. practically did not affect the rate of fire provided, but with a further increase in caliber, it was technically impossible to ensure a high rate of fire.

The Shilka ZSU had very limited search capabilities provided by its target tracking radar in the 15:40 ° sector in azimuth with a simultaneous change in elevation angle within 7 ° from the set direction of the antenna axis. The high firing efficiency of the ZSU-23-4 was achieved only when preliminary target designation was received from the PU-12 (PU-12M) battery command post, which, in turn, used data from the control post of the air defense chief of the division, which had a P-type all-round radar -15 (P-19). Only after that did the ZSU-23-4 radar successfully search for targets. In the absence of target designations, the ZSU radar could carry out an autonomous circular search, but the efficiency of detecting air targets in this case turned out to be less than 20%. In NII-3 MO, it was determined that in order to ensure combat autonomous operation of a promising ZSU and high firing efficiency, it should have its own all-round radar with a range of 16-18 km (with a root-mean-square error in measuring the range of no more than 30 m), and the sector the visibility of this radar in the vertical plane should be at least 20 °.

However, the feasibility of developing an anti-aircraft gun-missile system raised great doubts in the apparatus of the USSR Minister of Defense A.A. Grechko. The reason for such doubts and even the termination of funding for the further development of the Tunguska ZSU (in the period 1975-1977) was that it was put into service in 1975. The Osa-AK air defense system had a similarly sized zone of destruction of aircraft in range (up to 10 km) and larger than that of the ZSU "Tunguska", the dimensions of the zone of destruction of aircraft at an altitude (0.025-5 km), as well as approximately the same characteristics of the effectiveness of destruction of aircraft . But at the same time, the specifics of the weapons of the regimental air defense battalion, for which the ZSU was intended, were not taken into account, as well as the fact that when fighting helicopters, the Osa-AK air defense system was significantly inferior to the Tunguska ZSU, since it had a significantly longer working time - more than 30s against 8 -10s at ZSU "Tunguska". The short reaction time of the Tunguska ZSU ensured a successful fight against helicopters and other low-flying targets that appeared for a short time (“jumping”) or suddenly flying out of the terrain, which the Osa-AK air defense system could not provide.

In the Vietnam War, the Americans first used helicopters armed with anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). It became known that 89 out of 91 helicopters with ATGMs were successful in attacks on armored vehicles, artillery firing positions and other ground targets. Based on this combat experience, special helicopter units were created in each US division to deal with armored vehicles. A group of fire support helicopters, together with a reconnaissance helicopter, occupied positions hidden in the folds of the terrain 3-5 km from the line of contact between the troops. When tanks approached it, the helicopters "jumped" up to 15-25 m, hit the tanks with the help of ATGMs, and then quickly disappeared. As a result of the research, it was determined that the means of reconnaissance and destruction available to modern tanks, as well as weapons in general used to destroy ground targets in motorized rifle, tank and artillery formations, are not capable of hitting helicopters in the air. The Osa air defense systems can provide reliable cover for advancing tank units from aircraft strikes, but they are not capable of protecting tanks from helicopters. The positions of these air defense systems will be located at a distance of up to 5-7 km from the positions of helicopters, which, when attacking tanks, will "jump", hovering in the air for no more than 20-30 seconds. According to the total reaction time of the complex and the flight of the missile defense system to the line of location of the helicopters, the Osa and Osa-AK air defense systems could not hit the helicopter. SAM "Strela-2", "Strela-1" and ZSU "Shilka" in terms of their combat capabilities were also not capable of fighting fire support helicopters with such tactics of their combat use. The only anti-aircraft weapon capable of effectively combating hovering helicopters could be the Tunguska ZSU, which had the ability to accompany tanks as part of their battle formations, which had a sufficient long-range boundary of the affected area (4-8 km) and short working time (8-10 s ).

The development of the Tunguska complex as a whole was carried out by the KBP MOP (chief designer A.G. Shipunov). The main designers of guns and rockets, respectively, were V.P. Gryazev and V.M. Kuznetsov. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP (on the radio instrumentation complex, chief designer Yu.E. Ivanov), the Minsk Tractor Plant MSHM (on the GM-352 tracked chassis with a power supply system), VNII "Signal" MOP (on guidance systems, stabilization of the shot line and optical sight, navigation equipment), LOMO MOP (for sighting and optical equipment) and other organizations.

Joint (state) tests of the Tunguska complex were carried out from September 1980 to December 1981 at the Donguz test site. The complex was adopted by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 8, 1982. Serial production of the Tunguska complexes and their modifications was organized at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, cannon armament - at the Tula Mechanical Plant MOP, missile - at the Kirov Machine-Building Plant " Mayak" MOP, sighting and optical equipment - in LOMO MOP. Caterpillar self-propelled vehicles (with support systems) were supplied by the Minsk Tractor Plant MSHM.

By the middle of 1990, the Tunguska complex was modernized and received the designation Tunguska-M (2K22M). The 2K22M complex from August to October 1990 was tested at the Emba test site under the guidance of a commission headed by A.Ya. Belotserkovsky and was put into service in the same year.

ZRPK "Tunguska" and its modifications are in service with the armed forces of Russia, Belarus. In 1999, Russia began deliveries to India of the Tunguska-M1 air defense missile system in a total of 60 pieces. Earlier, India acquired 20 Tunguska complexes. According to some reports, the complex was delivered to the UK in a single quantity through the Voentekh Group of Companies in the mid-90s.

In the west, the complex received the designation SA-19 ​​"Grison".

Compound

Anti-aircraft gun-missile system 2K22 consists of combat equipment, maintenance equipment and training equipment placed in 1P10-1 and 2V110-1 products.

Combat assets ZPRK 2K22 include a battery of anti-aircraft self-propelled guns ZSU 2S6, consisting of six combat vehicles.

Maintenance tools ZPRK 2K22 include:

• repair and maintenance vehicle 1Р10-1,
• maintenance vehicle 2V110-1,
• repair and maintenance vehicle 2F55-1,
• transport-loading vehicles 2F77M (see photo),
• diesel power plant ESD2-12,
• the MTO-AG-1M workshop (for servicing ZSU 2S6 tracked chassis), the AKIPS 9V921 automated control and testing mobile station (for servicing 9M311 missiles) are also involved in maintenance.

Educational and training facilities consist of:

• training device 1RL912, designed for education and training of the ZSU commander and operator,
• simulator 9F810, designed for training and training of the ZSU gunner.

Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun ZSU 2S6 consists of a GM 352 tracked chassis, on which a 2A40 turret is mounted. The RCC 1A27 radio instrument complex is mounted in the tower, which includes the 1RL144 radar system (see description), the 1A26 digital computer system and the 1G30 pitching angle measurement system.

In addition, the turret has an optical sight with a 1A29 guidance and stabilization system, navigation equipment, external and internal communication equipment, including the R-173 radio station and 1V116 internal telephone communication equipment, means of protection against weapons of mass destruction, fire fighting equipment, some of which are installed in the GM-352 tracked chassis, surveillance equipment, ventilation and microclimate system. The armored body protects the equipment and crew of the ZSU from being hit by 7.62 mm caliber bullets and shrapnel.

Outside the tower, in its front part, an antenna column of the target tracking station is installed, on the outside along the sides of the tower body there are guides for installing 9M311 missiles (see description, projections) and 2A38 anti-aircraft guns. On the roof of the tower, in the aft part, there is an antenna column for the detection and target designation station.

The inner part of the tower, according to the location and purpose of the equipment, is divided into the control compartment, artillery and aft compartments. The control compartment is located in front of the tower, the artillery compartment occupies the volume along the perimeter of the tower and the middle part of the tower cap.

The interaction of the components of the ZSU is shown in the figure.

To ensure the combat operation of the ZSU, the 1A27 instrument complex performs the following operations:

• search, detection and tracking of air targets;
• issuance of guidance signals for anti-aircraft guns;
• issuance of missile control signals;
• development of the current values ​​of the ZSU coordinates relative to the reference point;
• provides indication on the remote control of the ZSU commander of the modes of operation of the radar system.

An optical sight with a guidance and stabilization system provides search, detection, tracking of air and ground targets and determination of the mismatch between the position of the missile and the optical line of sight of the sighting optical equipment. An optical sight with a guidance and stabilization system consists of a guidance and stabilization system for an optical sight, sighting and optical equipment and equipment for selecting coordinates.

Guidance of the POO on the target is carried out by the drives of the SNS OP according to the control signals coming from the gunner's console or from the central military station.

The means of external and internal communication provide communication with an external subscriber and between billing numbers.

The 2A40 tower is mounted on a tracked chassis. According to the purpose of systems and equipment, the chassis is divided into a control compartment, a compartment for installing a tower, an engine-transmission compartment and compartments for placing life support equipment, fire-fighting equipment, a horizontal guidance power servo drive, and a gas turbine engine.

The power supply of the ZSU is carried out from the SEP. The source of direct current electricity is a direct current generator, the rotor of which is driven by a gas turbine engine or a traction motor. The converter unit converts DC power into three-phase AC power with a frequency of 400 Hz and a voltage of 220 V, designed to power the ZSU equipment.

The power servo drive (SPP) of horizontal guidance is designed for automated guidance and stabilization of the tower according to the signals of the TsPSSYU, as well as semi-automatic guidance according to the signals of the SNA OP.

SPP is an electro-hydraulic automatic control system.

Repair and maintenance vehicle (MRTO) 1Р10-1. MRTO 1R10-1 includes special control and testing equipment and equipment, radio measuring instruments, communications equipment, primary power supplies, equipment that ensures the normal functioning of the product and the microclimate, means of PAZ, PCP, PBZ, auxiliary equipment.

MRTO 1R10-1 is designed to carry out maintenance of TO-1 and TO-2 and restore the operability of ZSU 2S6 electrical and radio equipment by replacing faulty components with serviceable parts from the group set of spare parts and accessories for ZSU 2S6.

MRTO 1P10-1 provides:

• maintenance of products 1RL144, 1A26, 1A29, 2E29VM, 1G30, unit Sh1;
• restoration of operability of products 1RL144, 1A26, 1A29, 2E29VN, 2E29GN, 1G30, electrical equipment of products 2A40 and block Sh1 by replacing faulty blocks, sub-units and elements of surface mounting with serviceable ones from the composition of the ZIP ZSU group kit;
• performance monitoring, testing and configuration of individual units and systems that are part of ZSU 2S6.
• transportation of the training device 1RL912.

Maintenance vehicle (MTO) 2V110-1. The MTO includes equipment, tools and materials used in the maintenance and repair of the ZSU 2S6 and its components, the R-173 radio station, a telephone device, PCP and PAZ devices, a primary power supply installation and life support and microclimate. MTO is designed to carry out maintenance of TO-1 and TO-2 and restore the performance of mechanical assembly units of ZSU 2S6, as well as to transport the simulator 9F810 and train the gunner at the rate of ZSU 2S6.

Repair and maintenance vehicle (MRTO) 2F55-1. MRTO 2F55-1 includes racks with cassettes, which contain spare parts from the group set of spare parts and accessories for 2S6 products, individual components of single ZIP ZSU complexes, observation devices and life support systems for calculating and creating a microclimate in the back of a van, PAZ and PCZ devices. MRTO 2F55-1 is intended for placement, storage and transportation of a part of a group set of spare parts and accessories for ZSU 2S6, as well as a part of the range of a single set of spare parts and accessories that is not placed on ZSU 2S6. Elements of spare parts and accessories are located in drawers fixed in frames along the sides of the van body.

Transport-loading vehicle 2F77M. It includes an electric crane, pockets for placing cartridge boxes, lodgements for laying 9M311 missiles, a machine for equipping cartridge belts, an R-173 radio station, PAZ and PCZ devices, devices for carrying boxes and night vision devices. It is designed to transport the ammunition load of cartridges in boxes and the ammunition load of 9M311 missiles; self-unloading from the ground or vehicles; participation in loading, unloading and reloading ZSU 2S6. One TZM 2F77M provides maintenance for two ZSU 2S6.

Automated control and test mobile station (AKIPS) 9V921. It includes special control and testing equipment for testing 9M311 missiles, standardized instrumentation, life support equipment for the calculation, and an electrical installation for alternating single-phase current of voltage 220 V 50 Hz.

Maintenance workshop MTO-AG-1M designed for current repair and maintenance in the field of the GM-352 tracked chassis and vehicles that are part of the 2K22 complex. The equipment of the workshop allows for diagnostic, washing and cleaning, lubrication and refueling, adjustment of units, charging batteries, tire repair, lifting and transport, welding, carpentry and other maintenance work.

Diesel power plant ESD2-12 is intended for use as an external power supply for ZSU 2S6 during routine maintenance. ESD2-12 provides three-phase alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz and a voltage of 220 V and direct current with a voltage of ±27 V (with a midpoint).

The ZSU 2S6 is mounted on the chassis of the MT-T multi-purpose tracked heavy conveyor. Hydromechanical transmission and hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance provide high cross-country ability and smooth running over rough terrain.

Fire from 30-mm 2A38 cannons can be fired on the move or from a place, and the launch of missiles can only be done from a stop. The fire control system is radar-optical. A surveillance radar with a target detection range of 18 km is located at the rear of the turret. In front of the tower is a target tracking radar with a range of 13 km. In addition to the radar, the fire control system includes a digital computer, a stabilized optical sight and angle measuring instruments. The reaction time of the complex is 6-8s. The combat vehicle has a navigation system, topographic location and orientation to determine the coordinates. Reloading of the installation is carried out from a special transport-loading vehicle on the chassis of a KamAZ-43101 car in a container way. Reloading time for ZSU missiles and shells - 16 min. The hull and turret of the vehicle are made of all-welded armor and provide protection for the crew from bullets and shrapnel. The driver is located in front of the machine body. The radar operator, commander and gunner are located in the tower.

The functioning of the combat vehicle 2S6 was carried out mainly autonomously, but work in the control system of air defense means of the SV was not excluded.

When working offline provided:

• target search (circular - using a detection station, sector - using a tracking station or an optical sight);
• identification of the nationality of the detected aircraft and helicopters using the built-in interrogator;
• target tracking in angular coordinates (automatic with the help of a tracking station, semi-automatic - with the use of an optical sight, inertial - according to a digital computer system);
• target tracking in range (automatic or manual - using a tracking station, automatic - using a detection station, inertial - using a digital computer system, at a set speed, which was determined visually by the commander according to the type of target chosen for firing).

The combination of various methods of target tracking in terms of angular coordinates and range provided the following modes of operation of the combat vehicle:

• by three coordinates of the target received from the radar system;
• according to the distance to the target received from the radar system, and according to its angular coordinates received from the optical sight;
• inertial target tracking along three coordinates received from the computer system;
• according to the angular coordinates received from the optical sight and the target speed set by the commander.

When firing at ground moving targets, the mode of semi-automatic or manual aiming of weapons at a pre-empted point along the remote sight grid was used. After searching, detecting and identifying the target, the tracking station switched to its auto-tracking in all coordinates.

When firing anti-aircraft guns the digital computer system solved the problem of meeting the projectile with the target and determined the affected area according to the data coming from the output shafts of the tracking station antenna, from the block for extracting error signals by angular coordinates and from the rangefinder, as well as from the system for measuring pitching angles and the course of the combat vehicle. In the event that the enemy set up intense interference from the tracking station along the ranging channel (autorange finder), the transition to manual tracking of the target in range was carried out, and if even manual tracking was impossible, to tracking the target in range from the detection station or to its inertial tracking. When setting intense interference to the tracking station in angular coordinates, the target was tracked in azimuth and elevation by an optical sight, and in the absence of visibility - inertially (from a digital computer system).

When firing missiles the target was tracked along the angular coordinates with the help of an optical sight. After the launch, the missile defense system fell into the field of view of the optical direction finder of the equipment for selecting the coordinates of the rocket. According to the light signal from the missile tracer, the equipment developed the angular coordinates of the missile defense system relative to the line of sight of the target, which entered the computer system. She worked out the SAM control commands that entered the encoder, where they were encoded into pulse packages and transmitted to the missile through the tracking station transmitter. The movement of the rocket on almost the entire trajectory occurred with a deviation from the line of sight of the target by 1.5 da. to reduce the probability of an optical (thermal) interference trap falling into the field of view of the direction finder. The launch of the missile on the line of sight of the target began 2-3s before meeting the target and ended close to it. When the SAM approached the target at a distance of 1000 m, a radio command was transmitted to the missile to arm the non-contact sensor. After the time corresponding to the flight of the missile 1000m from the target, the combat vehicle was automatically put in readiness to launch the next missile at the target. In the absence of information on the range to the target from the tracking or detection stations in the computer system, an additional SAM guidance mode was used, in which the missile was immediately displayed on the target’s line of sight, the non-contact sensor was cocked 3.2 seconds after the launch of the SAM, and bringing the combat vehicle into readiness for launch the next missile was carried out after the time of the missile's flight to the maximum range.

Organizationally, 4 combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were reduced to an anti-aircraft missile and artillery platoon of an anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery, consisting of a platoon of the Strela-10SV air defense system and a platoon of Tunguska complexes. The battery is part of the anti-aircraft division of a motorized rifle (tank) regiment. As a battery command post, the PU-12M control post is used, which was associated with the command post of the commander of the anti-aircraft division - the head of the regiment's air defense. As the latter, the command post for air defense units of the Ovod-M-SV regiment (mobile reconnaissance and control post PPRU-1) or its modernized version, Assembly-M (PPRU-1M), was used. In the future, the combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were to be mated with a unified battery command post 9S737 "Ranking". When paired from the Tunguska complex with the PU-12M, control and control commands from the latter to combat vehicles were to be transmitted by voice using standard radio stations, and when paired with the 9S737 command post, using codegrams generated by data transmission equipment, which should have been these facilities are equipped. In the case of control of the Tunguska complexes from the battery command post, the analysis of the air situation and the selection of targets for shelling by each complex should have been carried out at this point. In this case, orders and target designations were to be transmitted to combat vehicles, and data on the status and results of the combat operation of the complex were to be transmitted from the complexes to the battery point. It was supposed in the future to provide a direct interface between the anti-aircraft gun-missile system and the command post of the air defense chief of the regiment using a telecode data line.

Modernization

By the middle of 1990, the Tunguska complex was modernized and received the designation 2K22M Tunguska-M. The main modifications of the complex were the introduction of new radio stations and a receiver into its composition for communication with the battery command post "Ranzhir" (PU-12M) and the command post PPRU-1M (PPRU-1), as well as the replacement of the gas turbine engine of the power supply unit of the complex with a new one - with increased service life (600 instead of 300 hours).

In the Tunguska-M1 modification, the processes of aiming missiles and exchanging information with the battery command post are automated. In the 9M311M missile, the laser non-contact target sensor was replaced by a radar one, which increased the probability of hitting ALCM missiles. Instead of a tracer, a flash lamp was installed - the efficiency increased by 1.3-1.5 times, the range of missiles reached 10 km. Work is underway to replace the GM-352 chassis produced in Belarus with the GM-5975 developed by the Mytishchi software "Metrovagonmash".

In the complex 2K22M1 "Tunguska-M1" (2003), a number of technical solutions were implemented that made it possible to expand its capabilities:

• The equipment for receiving and implementing automated external target designation was introduced into the ZSU, which is interfaced via a radio channel with the battery command post, which made it possible to automatically distribute targets between the ZSU batteries from the battery command post and significantly increased the effectiveness of combat use during a massive raid.
• Unloading schemes were introduced, which made it possible to significantly facilitate the work of the gunner when tracking a moving aerial target with an optical sight, reduced it to work as if on a stationary target, which greatly reduced tracking errors (this is very important when firing a target with a rocket, since the miss value should not exceed 5 m).
• The equipment for selecting coordinates has been improved in connection with the use of a new type of rocket equipped, in addition to a continuous light source, also with a pulsed one. This innovation significantly increased the noise immunity of the equipment and made it possible to more likely hit targets equipped with optical interference. The use of a new type of missile increased the range of the affected area with missile weapons to 10,000 m.
• The system for measuring roll and heading angles has been changed, which significantly reduced the disturbing effects on gyroscopes that occur during movement, reduced errors in measuring the angles of inclination and heading of the ZSU, increased the stability of the control loop of anti-aircraft guns and, therefore, increased the probability of hitting targets.
• The operating time of the rocket elements was increased, which increased the firing range from 8 to 10 km, and a radar non-contact target sensor (NDC) was introduced with a circular antenna pattern and a response radius of up to 5 m, which ensured the defeat of small targets (such as the ALCM cruise missile).

Modernization of the control system for the optical sight, central air defense system and radar greatly simplifies the process of target tracking by the gunner while increasing the accuracy of tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the combat use of the optical channel on the level of professional training of the gunner.Work is underway to further modernize the ZSU 2S6M1. The introduction of a telethermal imaging channel with an automatic tracking device ensures the presence of a passive target tracking channel and the all-day use of missile weapons.

On the whole, the level of combat effectiveness of the Tunguska-M1 complex under interference conditions is 1.3-1.5 times higher than that of the Tunguska-M complex.

Tactical and technical characteristics

After almost seven years of design and development work, it was decided to abandon the modernization of Shilka and create a fundamentally new complex.

On June 8, 1970, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers N ° 427-151 was issued on the creation of a new Tunguska ZSU. KBP was appointed the lead developer of the Tunguska, and A.G. Shipunov was appointed the chief designer. Specifically, the KBP was engaged in the rocket and artillery part of the installation - 2K22. The design of the RPK was carried out by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant of the Ministry of Radio Industry, which later became the head of its production. The developer of the calculating device is the Research Electromechanical Institute of the Ministry of Radio Industry. The GM-352 caterpillar chassis was manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant. The anti-aircraft complex 2S6 "Tunguska" was adopted by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of September 8, 1982, and the modernized complex "Tunguska-M" - by order of the Minister of Defense of April 11, 1990.

The principal feature of the 2S6 complex is the combination in one combat vehicle of cannon and missile weapons, radar and optical fire control tools using common systems: detection radar, tracking radar, digital computer system and hydraulic guidance drives. "Tunguska" is designed for air defense of motorized rifle and tank units on the march and at all stages of the battle. It has a continuous kill zone (without the "dead" zone characteristic of the air defense system), which is achieved by successive firing of the target, first with missiles, and then with cannons. Fire from 2A38 assault rifles can be fired both from a place and from the move, and missiles can only be launched from a place, in extreme cases - from short stops.

Gun 2A38. At the end of the right barrel - a speed determinant, at the end of the left - a compensator.

"Tunguska" at the air show in Zhukovsky (Moscow region), August 1992.

"Tunguska" before the parade in Samara on May 9, 1995. The detection radar column is in the stowed position, only the outer row missile launch containers are installed.

"Tunguska" at the air show in Zhukovsky. The barrels of anti-aircraft guns are raised to the maximum elevation angle. The detection radar column is in the combat position. Missile launch containers have not been installed.

Tower RPK 2S6. In the aft part of the tower there is a detection radar antenna, in the front part there is a tracking radar. Cannons and missile launch containers can take up a combat position independently of each other. Silver containers - overall layouts.

Commander's cupola and armor cap of the optical sight (right).

ZUR 9M311 is a solid-propellant bicaliber (76/152-mm) two-stage missile, made according to the "duck" scheme. Guiding it to the target is radio command. The tracking radar through synchronous communication gives accurate target designation to the optical sight and brings it to the line of sight. The gunner detects the target in the field of view of the sight, takes it for escort, and in the process of aiming keeps the mark of the sight on the target. The rocket has good maneuverability (the maximum allowable overload is 32 g). The rocket fuse is non-contact, with a range of 5 m. The warhead is a fragmentation rod. The length of the rods is about 600 mm, the diameter is 4 - 9 mm. On top of the rods there is a "shirt" containing ready-made fragments - cubes weighing 2 - 3 g. When the warhead breaks, the rods form a ring with a radius of 5 m in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the rocket. At a distance of more than 5 m, the action of rods and fragments is ineffective.

Tracked chassis GM-352 has high cross-country ability, maneuverability, smoothness. The possibility of firing without slowing down is ensured by the use of a hydromechanical transmission with a hydrostatic turning mechanism, a hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance and a hydraulic track tensioning mechanism.

Thus, the Tunguska is a highly mobile ZSU with effective missile and artillery weapons. Its disadvantages include the short target detection range of the airborne radar and the inability to operate missiles in conditions of poor visibility (smoke, fog, etc.).

The author has no data on the combat use of the Tunguska in the fight against air targets. In the New Year's assault on Grozny in 1994, six Tunguskas participated in the Maikop 131st Brigade of the Russian Army, which were destroyed in the first minutes of the battle.

Model sample of the tracked chassis GM-5975 for RPK2S6M2. Exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, May 1997.