Today, corruption is trumpeted at all corners, they blame it for all the troubles and failures, and they also consider it their duty to complain about negligent officials, who are all too often bribe-takers. Everyone knows that this is the worst enemy of the social well-being and economic development of the country, but the most paradoxical thing is that no one really wants to fight corruption. Well, why, if corruption is so convenient?

Although everyone knows what the term “corruption” means, few people know that this problem is as old as the world. You may be surprised, but even in primitive societies it was customary to make offerings to leaders or priests in order to win their favor. Then a logical question arises - if corruption in the world exists exactly as long as people live on this earth, then perhaps corruption is an integral part of the existence of any human society? Then how to deal with it, if it is part of human nature?

It sounds logical, but how then to explain that there are countries in which there is no corruption? Of course, blaming mother nature for everything is very easy and convenient, but arguing with facts is very difficult. offers to talk simply about the complex and finally figure out why we can’t cope with this misfortune.

Definition of corruption

Surely you know very well what this concept is. Basically, corruption is understood as the use of one's official position for the purpose of obtaining personal gain. As a rule, this concept is identified with the concept of "bribery". However, it is worth noting that the meaning of the word "corruption" is not limited to this. The word corruptio in translation from Latin means "decomposition, corruption". Corruption has many manifestations: corruption; misappropriation of goods, services and assets (including money); nepotism, etc. Moreover, corruption exists not only in the civil service, but also in the private sector.

The key feature of this phenomenon is precisely the conflict of interests of an official and his employer, that is, an enterprise, society, state, etc. The main factor determining the existence of corruption is precisely the opportunity to receive some benefit (not necessarily material), and the key deterrent in this case is the ability to be punished for what has been done. Other factors that determine the possibility of the existence of corruption are legal skepticism, legal illiteracy of citizens and a low level of civic consciousness.

Corruption is a social phenomenon, and this implies the involvement of two parties in this process. One side provides the other with some benefit in exchange for the satisfaction of its interests, as well as the opportunity to abuse the official position of the other side. And the second party, in turn, acts as the recipient of this benefit and fulfills the requirements of the first party. This may include the performance / non-performance of their official duties, the provision of any information, etc.

Types and forms of corruption

The concept of corruption is incredibly multifaceted, respectively, depending on certain parameters, several main types:

Depending on the scope of manifestation:

• administrative corruption and how its domestic variety;
• business corruption;
• political corruption.

Depending on the form of the pursued benefit:

• bribe;
• mutually beneficial exchange of pleasantries (patronage, nepotism).

Depending on the distribution level:

• grassroots (individual);
• summit (institutional);
• international.

Depending on the manifestation, the following are distinguished main forms of corruption:

• corrupt practices;
• abuse of one's position and power;
• trade in inside information;
• nepotism / patronage / favoritism;
• lobbying;
• embezzlement;
• misuse of funds.

Reasons for corruption

There are countless reasons for the existence of such a phenomenon as corruption. Of course, we will not list them all, we will focus on only the main ones.

Maybe main motive what makes people go to such a crime is simple human greed. It is greed that pushes people to such acts, forcing them to forget about moral principles. Other primary motives are:

• low level of education, upbringing, social responsibility, self-awareness, lack of a sense of duty and other personal characteristics of participants in an act of corruption;
• low income, lack of opportunities for growth and self-realization;
• dysfunction of the legal and judicial system, the lack of adequate punishment for such an offense, the duality of laws (one and the same article can be interpreted in different ways);
• lack of unity of executive power, professional incompetence, bureaucracy;
• low level of legal literacy of the population;
• the interest of both parties involved in the act of corruption.

The most corrupt areas

Transparency International, a non-governmental international organization to combat corruption and study its level around the world, annually publishes a report that presents the results of their study, and also calculates the Corruption Perceptions Index for almost all countries of the world.

According to a 2017 Transparency International report, in countries such as Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Russia, many citizens admit that they have not only been forced to pay a bribe at least once in their lives, but are also regularly forced to pay so-called “charitable” contributions.

The Global Corruption Barometer report finds that bribery is particularly rampant in government, public procurement, education, healthcare, law enforcement, customs, police, courts, the military, construction, and sports. . Moreover, it turned out that even the clergy did not have anything sacred, because corruption exists even in the church. The results of the research have shown that it is also successfully developing in the housing and communal services sector.

Examples

Cases of bribery are now, to put it mildly, not uncommon. The news feed is often full of reports about the exposure of another large-scale corruption scheme. We all heard about the Onishchenko case, Kurchenko's gas schemes, the Yantar operation, the Alexei Ulyukaev case, the Oboronservis case, and many others.

Corruption in the field of public procurement is generally a separate issue. The very system of state and municipal procurement is one of the most "favorable" for the implementation of corruption schemes. According to some statistics, from 60 to 90% of all public procurements are carried out with violations. In general, the entire economic sphere favors the flourishing of corruption.

However, few people realize that we deal with corrupt officials literally every day in our daily lives. Most often we encounter them in the field of education. So, for example, at school the director often collects money for repairs or new curtains, at universities students buy paper for the needs of the department, etc. Corruption in medicine is also already taken for granted. Charitable contributions in the hospital are a frequent phenomenon, to say nothing of "gifts" to doctors and nurses. Corruption in the army is commonplace. So, for example, "compensation" is often paid in military registration and enlistment offices. Corruption in the investigative committee, in the prosecutor's office and in court does not concern most citizens, but cases of bribery in this area are incredibly frequent. We often hear in the news that a businessman who hit people has been acquitted, or that a hearing on a case is dragging on indefinitely.

Why is corruption dangerous?

If you think that corruption is a harmless phenomenon, then you are deeply mistaken. Its negative impact on the state, society and every citizen in particular is difficult to overestimate. Corruption undermines the moral foundations of society, hinders the economic growth and development of the state, spoils its image in the international arena, and also leads to a number of the following problems:

• inadequate distribution and use of the state budget and resources, or irrational management of the company's income and expenses;
• shortfall in taxes (profit);
• decrease in the efficiency of the functioning of the economy as a whole and its subjects in particular;
• deterioration of the conditions for the functioning of the economy in general and its subjects in particular;
• a decrease in the investment attractiveness of the economy as a whole and its subjects in particular;
• a decrease in the quality of services provided (we are talking about both public services and services provided by the commercial sector);
• misuse of international assistance to developing countries, which leads to an increase in the debt burden of the state; misuse of credit funds, which often leads to bankruptcy of enterprises;
• increasing social inequality;
• the growth of organized crime;
• growth of social discontent, etc.

Statistics in the CIS and the world

Transparency International organization annually conducts statistical research to determine the level of corruption in various countries of the world, based on the data obtained, the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated and a rating of the countries of the world is compiled.

Country	2017	2016	2015
Denmark	2nd place	1 place	1 place
Singapore	6th place	7th place	8th place
Germany	12th place	10th place	10th place
USA	16th place	18th place	16th place
Azerbaijan	122 place	123 place	119 place
Kazakhstan	122 place	131 places	123 place
Ukraine	130 place	131 places	130 place
Russia	135 place	131 places	119 place

According to the information presented in the latest report "World Corruption Barometer", the majority of residents of the CIS countries (56%) do not believe that the effectiveness of the fight against corruption depends on them. On average in the CIS, 30% of citizens were forced to pay bribes. It is worth noting that the same indicator for the countries of the European Union is only 9%.

In addition, according to data obtained in the course of a study by the audit company PwC, almost 30% of senior managers of large companies in the CIS countries dealt with bribery and other manifestations of corruption.

It is worth noting that over the past few years, the damage from corruption has increased five times. Also, the results of the study report that 57% of respondents are dissatisfied with the way their governments fight corruption (in Ukraine, this figure goes off scale - 87%).

Anti-corruption methods

Anti-corruption is a set of measures aimed at the timely prevention, detection, suppression and investigation of corruption offenses, as well as at minimizing and (or) eliminating the consequences of such crimes.

Currently, almost all countries of the world are actively fighting corruption, and those who managed to cope with it keep the situation under control and carry out regular preventive measures. Moreover, international organizations have already declared a war on corruption today, an example of this is the UN and Transparency International. The greatest successes in the fight against corruption have been achieved by such countries as Singapore, Hong Kong, Denmark, Sweden.

There is no single approach to eradicating this social problem, but the main idea of ​​all approaches is the same - in order to reduce the level of corruption to a minimum, it is necessary to eliminate all the factors that make its existence possible.

Probably the most radical method of fighting corruption is an absolute renewal of the entire system - to dissolve power, to reform the judiciary, to rewrite the foundations of public administration.

In addition, there are 3 more effective anti-corruption method:

• toughening penalties for such crimes, as well as creating conditions for the timely detection and suppression of the fact of corruption;
• creation of economic mechanisms that will allow persons endowed with special powers and power to earn more without breaking the law, as well as provide them with an opportunity for personal and career growth;
• strengthening the influence of a market economy, which helps to reduce the size of the potential benefits from corruption.

Among the innovative methods of combating corruption, it is necessary to highlight the possibility of introducing technology for storing public data. In 2017, the technology began to be tested in the governments of individual countries. Experts are confident that the introduction of the blockchain can ultimately reduce the possibility of carrying out illegal copy-paste schemes by storing information in a public registry.

Moreover, work with society has proved its effectiveness in the fight against corruption. In this context, we are talking about raising the level of legal and political literacy of the population, providing information to citizens, raising the level of civic responsibility and self-awareness, etc.

conclusions

In this article, we briefly discussed what corruption is and how to fight it. This phenomenon has a detrimental effect on the economy and welfare of the country. By promoting the growth and prosperity of bribery, we make ourselves worse. Unfortunately, we live in a country where even a child knows what a “corrupt official” means. You may think that this problem does not concern you, but in reality it is far from the case. Corruption affects everyone and everyone. Do not absolve yourself of responsibility. Believe me, the success of the fight against the decay of society depends on each of us.

The issue of combating corruption is one of the eternal issues of the organization of the state.

Perceiving corruption as a systemic phenomenon, the state creates and implements comprehensive measures to counter it. Since 2008, the Anti-Corruption Council under the President has been formed, National Anti-Corruption Plans, a package of anti-corruption laws, a number of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation have been developed and approved, expanding control over the activities of state and municipal employees, heads of state corporations. Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 25, 2008 “On Combating Corruption” established the basic principles and foundations for the fight against corruption.

An important role in the fight against corruption is played by specific measures that can reduce corruption in the state and society, identify and punish those involved in corruption. A simple and fairly effective measure is the mandatory annual reporting of officials (officials of executive authorities and deputies of the relevant levels) on income and property status. Income declarations of these persons (as well as their children and spouses) are publicly available on the Internet, are covered in the official media, and are checked by control and supervisory authorities.

In most executive authorities, internal security services have been created, the purpose of which is to suppress the corrupt activities of employees within the executive authorities and their territorial bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

No matter how active the role of the state in taking measures to combat corruption, it cannot do without the help of ordinary citizens in this fight.

Every Russian citizen must and must live and work in accordance with the law. In order to avoid corruption phenomena, it is necessary to know one's rights firmly, be able to protect them, have a firm moral position that denies the use of corrupt methods in private, public and professional life.

WHAT IS CORRUPTION?

It is important to clearly understand the essence of this phenomenon and be able to distinguish it from other offenses.

But how then to determine what is corruption and what is not? To date, there is a clear definition of the concept of "corruption", established by law.

The concept of “corruption” is defined in the Federal Law of December 25, 2008 No. 273-FZ “On Combating Corruption”.

Corruption is the abuse of official position, giving a bribe, receiving a bribe, abuse of power, commercial bribery or other illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property or services of a property nature, other property rights for themselves or for third parties, or the illegal provision of such benefits to the specified person by other individuals, as well as the commission of these acts on behalf of or in the interests of a legal entity.

If a person takes part in the illegal use of his or someone else's official position in order to obtain material or non-material benefits, he becomes part of a corrupt system.

Unfortunately, for a large group of people, giving small bribes to resolve everyday issues does not contradict their own worldview, moral restrictions.

Acts of corruption include the following crimes: abuse of official position (Articles 285 and 286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), giving a bribe (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), taking a bribe (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), abuse of power (Article 201 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Russian Federation), commercial bribery (Article 204 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), as well as other acts that fall under the concept of "corruption" mentioned above.

THE ESSENCE OF CORRUPTION

Corruption does not appear in society overnight. The essence of corruption is manifested in those social phenomena with which it is deeply interconnected. These include legal nihilism and insufficient legal literacy of citizens, low civic position of citizens.

Here are some sources of corruption: inefficient and unfair distribution and spending of tangible and intangible benefits, a decrease in the efficiency of state and municipal bodies, a slowdown in economic growth, a decrease in the level of trust in government, and more.

PARTICIPANTS OF CORRUPTION

There are always two parties involved in the corruption process: the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker.

briber- a person who provides the bribe taker with some benefit in exchange for the opportunity to use his powers for his own purposes. The benefits can be money, material values, services, benefits, and so on. At the same time, a prerequisite is that the bribe-taker has administrative or administrative functions.

bribe taker there may be an official, an employee of a private company, a state and municipal employee who, for a fee, exercises his powers for a certain person (circle of persons). He can be expected to perform, as well as non-performance of his duties, transfer of information, etc. At the same time, he can fulfill the requirements on his own or contribute to the fulfillment of the requirements by other persons, using his position, influence and power.

Even without a deep socio-economic study, a number of objective reasons for the existence of corruption in our country are obvious.

At present, there is a fairly large group of citizens among the population who prefer to take corruption for granted.

A person who gives or takes a bribe receives an immediate benefit. As a rule, the bribe-giver or the bribe-taker does not think about what consequences this may turn out to him.

Sooner or later, the question will arise about the legality of the actions taken, the legality of the income received.

Many do not even think that it is their actions that do not allow them to effectively fight corruption. What is the reason for such a passive attitude of citizens to the corruption situation in the country and to their personal fate? Reasons for corrupt behavior include:

Tolerance of the population to manifestations of corruption;

Lack of fear of losing the received benefit in the future when checking the grounds for its acquisition;

The presence of an official choice of behavior when he can solve the question put to him both positively and negatively;

Psychological insecurity of a citizen when talking with an official;

Ignorance by a citizen of his rights, as well as the rights and obligations of an official or a person performing managerial functions in a commercial or other organization;

Lack of proper control by management over the behavior of an official.

FORMS OF CORRUPTION

Bribe

The main act of corruption is receiving and giving a bribe. A bribe is not only money, but also other tangible and intangible values. Services, benefits, social benefits received for the exercise or non-execution by an official of his powers are also the subject of a bribe.

Bribery is the transfer and receipt of material values, both for general patronage and for connivance in the service. General patronage in the service may include, in particular, actions related to undeserved promotion, extraordinary unjustified promotion, and other actions that are not necessary. Connivance in the service should include, for example, failure by an official to take measures for omissions or violations in the official activities of the bribe giver or persons represented by him, unfair response to his illegal actions.

Abuse of power

Abuse is the use by a corrupt official of his official position contrary to the interests of the service (organization), or clearly beyond his powers, if such actions (inaction) are committed by him out of selfish or other personal interest and entail a significant violation of the rights and legitimate interests of society.

An official, or a person performing managerial functions in a commercial or other organization, in such cases acts within the limits of his powers on formal grounds or goes beyond the limits of his powers. This often happens against the interests of the service and the organization.

Commercial bribery

Similar in its characteristics to the composition of such crimes as giving a bribe and receiving a bribe, is commercial bribery, which is also included in the concept of "corruption".

The difference between these crimes lies in the fact that in case of commercial bribery, the receipt of material values, as well as the illegal use of property services for actions (inaction) in the interests of the giver (provider), is carried out by a person performing managerial functions in a commercial or other organization.

As well as for bribery, for commercial bribery, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability (up to imprisonment for up to 5 years) of both the person being bribed and the person who is bribing.

However, unlike a bribe, only commercial bribery that is made by agreement is criminalized, regardless of when the bribery was transferred.

Bribe and gift

An important clarification: there is a difference between a bribe-reward and a gift. If you have an acquaintance who is an official and you want to give him a gift, then you should know that in connection with the performance of his official duties, an employee of a government and administration body is prohibited from receiving remuneration from individuals and legal entities: gifts, cash payments, loans, any property services, payment for entertainment, recreation, transportation costs, etc. Gifts received by employees in connection with protocol events, business trips and other official events are recognized as federal property or the property of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and must be transferred by a civil servant under an act to the state body in which he serves. However, Article 575 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allows presenting state and municipal employees with gifts worth no more than three thousand rubles.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR CORRUPTION

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability up to imprisonment for a term of 8 to 15 years both for receiving a bribe, and from 7 to 12 years for giving a bribe.

That is, not only the person who receives the bribe is responsible before the law, but also the person who gives the bribe, or on whose behalf the bribe is transferred to the bribe taker. If a bribe is transferred through an intermediary, then he is also subject to criminal liability for complicity in giving a bribe.

Bribery is based on two types of crimes: receiving a bribe (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and giving a bribe (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Closely related to them are such criminal acts as commercial bribery (Article 204 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), abuse of official powers (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and abuse of authority (Article 201 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

The corpus delicti (bribery) will take place regardless of when the bribe was accepted - before or after the performance of the relevant actions, and also regardless of whether there was a preliminary agreement between the bribe giver and the bribe taker.

Giving a bribe (transferring material values ​​to an official personally or through an intermediary) is a crime aimed at inducing an official to commit legal or knowingly illegal actions (inaction) in favor of the giver: to obtain benefits, for general patronage or for connivance in the service ( Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Giving a bribe in the absence of aggravating circumstances is punishable a fine in the amount of 15 to 30 times the amount of the bribe or forced labor for up to three years, or imprisonmentfor up to two years with a fine of ten times the amount of the bribe.

Bribery can be done through intermediary. Intermediation in giving a bribe is the performance of actions aimed at: direct transfer of the subject of the bribe on behalf of the bribe giver. Liability of an intermediary in bribery occurs regardless of whether the intermediary received remuneration for this from the bribe giver (bribe taker) or not.

If a bribe is transferred to an official through an intermediary, then such an intermediary is liable for aiding in giving a bribe.

It must be remembered that the person who gave the bribe is released from criminal liability if:

a) extortion of a bribe by an official;

b) if the person actively contributed to the disclosure and investigation of the crime;

c) if a person, after committing a crime, voluntarily reported about giving a bribe to the body that has the right to initiate a criminal case.

It is necessary to know that receiving a bribe- one of the most socially dangerous official crimes, especially if it is committed on a large or especially large scale by a group of persons by prior agreement or by an organized group with extortion of a bribe.

Circumstances aggravating criminal liability for taking a bribe are:

Taking a bribe by an official for illegal activities(inaction);

Acceptance of a bribe by a person holding public office of the Russian Federation or a public position of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, as well as the head of a local self-government body;

Receiving a bribe by a group of persons by prior agreement or by an organized group (2 or more people);

extortion of a bribe;

Receiving a bribe on a large or especially large scale (a large amount is the amount of money, the value of securities, other property or benefits of a property nature, exceeding 150 thousand rubles, and an especially large amount - exceeding 1 million rubles).

The most lenient punishment for a bribe is a fine, and the most severe is imprisonment for a term. from 8 to 15 years old. In addition, for taking a bribe, they are deprived of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to three years.

Thus, an attempt to obtain benefits, advantages, avoid troubles with the help of a bribe results in criminal prosecution and punishment.

HOW TO BEAT CORRUPTION

The fight against corruption, first of all, should be expressed in the unwillingness of citizens to participate in corrupt relations.

That is why, in order not to become a victim of corruption, as well as not to take the path of breaking the law yourself, it is necessary to have a clear idea of ​​​​how to fight corruption.

HOW TO BE GOOD?

Let's try to figure out what a citizen can do on his own in order not to become a participant in a corruption crime.

Before applying to state, municipal authorities and institutions, or to commercial or other organizations, we recommend that you study the regulatory framework on the basis of which this or that body, institution, organization operates. After all, it is the knowledge of the laws that will help to understand when an official begins to abuse his position or extort a bribe for actions that he must already perform by virtue of his official duties.

Without much difficulty, this can be done in relation to state and municipal bodies and institutions. In order for the information transparency of the activities of state power to help ordinary citizens fight corruption on their own, all state and municipal authorities are required to post regulations governing their activities on their official websites on the Internet. Therefore, before applying to a particular state or municipal authority, we recommend that you study the information on the activities of this body, available, for example, on the Internet site.

Generalized information on many public services is presented on the website www. gosuslugi. en.

With commercial and other organizations, the situation is more complicated. The legislator in relation to these organizations cannot take similar measures on information transparency, which he took in relation to state and municipal bodies and institutions. However, one should not assume that the activities of commercial and other organizations are not regulated by anything.

These organizations must comply with the laws that govern the area of ​​activity in which the organization operates. So, if you are going to apply to an organization that is engaged in trade, the provision of services or the performance of work, then it is advisable to first study the Law of the Russian Federation of February 7, 1992 No. 2300-1 “On Protection of Consumer Rights”. It should also be remembered that this law, as well as a number of other documents relating to the activities of this organization, must be placed on the trading floor, on a special stand.

If you want to apply to an organization providing medical services, you, in addition to the Consumer Rights Protection Law, need to know what medical services you are required to provide free of charge under your compulsory health insurance policy, as well as, if available, a voluntary health insurance policy. medical insurance. In addition, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the regulations that regulate the procedure for the provision of medical services. For example, Federal Law No. 326-FZ of November 29, 2010 “On Compulsory Medical Insurance in the Russian Federation”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 22, 2012 No. 1074 “On the Program of State Guarantees of Free Provision of Medical Care to Citizens of the Russian Federation for 2013 year and planning period 2014 and 2015”.

If you get a job, then you need to study those sections of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation that relate to the rights and obligations of the employee and the employer.

ADDITIONAL MEASURES

It may not be superfluous to take some additional measures.

You can consult with a lawyer, which will allow you to feel more confident in the conversation.

If possible, make an appeal in writing and submit it to the office of the body to which you are applying. If you apply to a state or municipal authority, then in accordance with the Federal Law of May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals from Citizens of the Russian Federation”, you must give an answer within 30 days from the date of your application.

If you have become a victim of abuse by an official or a person performing managerial functions in a commercial or other organization, your official position and powers, then the algorithm of your actions should be exactly the same as when extorting a bribe from you, commercial bribery.

In the event that any check is underway against you by state and municipal authorities (draw up a protocol on violation of traffic rules or customs regime, stop and ask to present your passport for verification, etc.), then in order to protect yourself from abuse official position on the part of officials you should:

Check the authority of an official by looking at his official certificate, and remember or write down his full name and position (rank);

Clarify the grounds for imposing sanctions on you, taking actions against you or your property - the norm of the law referred to by the official, remember this information or write it down;

If a protocol or act is drawn up in relation to you, insist on filling in all the columns by the official, without leaving them empty;

Insist that all witnesses whom you consider necessary to be indicated (or witnesses) be indicated in the protocol;

Insist that the minutes contain all the documents that you referred to when giving explanations to the official. If the official refuses to accept these documents, demand a written refusal from him;

Do not sign a protocol or act without reading it carefully;

In case of disagreement with the information entered in the protocol or act, indicate this before signing in order to be able to challenge the specified protocol or act;

Never sign blank sheets or unfilled forms;

In the line of the protocol on an administrative offense, in which you must sign that your rights and obligations are explained to you, put the word NO or a dash if the official who draws up the protocol did not explain them to you or offered to read them on the back. You should not read about your rights and obligations, they should be explained to you;

Insist on issuing you a copy of the protocol or act.

You also need to know that, in accordance with the provisions of Article 28.5 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, a protocol on an administrative offense must be drawn up immediately after an administrative offense is detected. Also, you don't have to prove your innocence.

The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 24, 2005 No. 5 stated: “A person brought to administrative responsibility is not required to prove his innocence. Guilt in committing an administrative offense is established by judges, bodies, officials authorized to consider cases of administrative offenses. Irremovable doubts about the guilt of a person brought to administrative responsibility must be interpreted in favor of this person.

REMINDER TO A CITIZEN ON WHAT TO DO IF A BRIBE IS EXTORTED FROM YOU:

Refuse to give a bribe.

In the event of extortion of a bribe or the inability to refuse to give a bribe (for example, in case of a threat to life and health), this must be reported to law enforcement agencies, but the following recommendations should be observed when communicating with a bribe extorter:

Listen carefully and accurately remember the conditions set for you (amounts of amounts, name of goods and nature of services, terms and methods of transferring a bribe, etc.);

Try to postpone the question of the time and place of the transfer of the bribe until the next conversation;

Do not take the initiative in the conversation, let the "bribe-taker" speak out, tell you as much information as possible;

Contact law enforcement immediately.

WHERE TO APPLY?

The following options are possible:

Appeal of illegal actions within the framework of existing administrative procedures - filing a complaint with the immediate superiors or complaints to higher authorities.

A complaint to the regulatory authorities (in the context of consumer relations, these may be territorial institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, the Federal Antimonopoly Service; in the framework of relations with organizations of housing and communal services - housing committees and housing inspections) or the prosecutor's office. Be careful: the accusations should not be unfounded, the complaint must contain specific information and facts.

You must also report the fact of extortion to law enforcement agencies or to the departments of your own security, which, for example, are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD of Russia) and the Federal Security Service (FSB of Russia). Oral reports and written statements about crimes are accepted by law enforcement agencies around the clock, regardless of the place and time of the crime.

You can contact the reception of the prosecutor's office, the duty department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Federal Security Service of Russia, the customs authority or the drug control authority. You are obliged to listen and accept the message in oral or written form. In this case, you should find out the last name, position and work phone number of the employee who received the message.

Countering corruption has always been and is a priority task for the prosecutor's office.

Based on the fact that Russia's participation in the ratified UN Convention against Corruption and the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption requires the creation of the necessary not only legal, but also organizational prerequisites.

The competence of the department and structural subdivisions on the ground includes issues of combating corruption in the sphere of state and municipal service, including corruption among persons holding public office in the Russian Federation, heads of regions and municipalities, deputies, judges, prosecutors and other public officials.

The department includes a department for supervision of compliance with federal legislation and a department for supervision of criminal procedure and operational-search activities, ensuring the participation of prosecutors in the consideration of criminal cases by courts, as well as an organizational and methodological group.

The main activities of these departments can be divided into the following groups:

• Identification of corruption manifestations and conducting appropriate checks on them;
• Supervision over compliance with the law in the implementation of operational-investigative activities in cases of corruption;
• · supervising the observance of criminal procedural legislation in the process of investigating criminal cases on facts of corruption;
• · maintenance of public prosecution at the stage of judicial proceedings in such criminal cases;
• participation in international cooperation with anti-corruption and other structures of other countries;
• · Monitoring and analysis of the implementation of anti-corruption legislation and development of proposals for its improvement.

The anti-corruption strategy in the Russian Federation includes three main elements:

• 1. Anti-corruption reform of the legal system of the Russian Federation and improvement of legislation aimed at combating corruption
• 2. Prevention of corruption by eliminating corruption risks and opportunities that exist in the system of state power and administration, in the social sphere and economy
• 3. Raising an anti-corruption culture in society and strengthening public support for the fight against corruption

By joint efforts of the state and society, it is necessary to achieve the solution of the following tasks:

• 1. Completion of the administrative reform, strengthening the mechanisms of external and internal control over the activities of public authorities and municipal government, stimulating the anti-corruption behavior of state and municipal employees.
• 2. Improving the legal system and strengthening the dictatorship of the law (improving criminal legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems, penitentiary systems, preventing financial crimes and strengthening control over money laundering).
• 3. Improving the management system of public finances, state property and other national resources (budget, taxes, customs system, privatization processes, system of public contracts, state external and internal financial control, etc.).
• 4. Increasing the transparency of business relations.
• 5. Development of an anti-corruption culture in society and public support for anti-corruption measures.

To date, there are no known methods in pedagogy and management that would guarantee that a person will be an ideal official. However, there are many countries with very low levels of corruption. Moreover, historical examples are known when actions aimed at reducing corruption led to significant success: Singapore, Hong Kong, Portugal, Sweden. This unequivocally speaks in favor of the fact that methods of combating corruption exist.

From a formal point of view, if there is no state, there will be no corruption. The ability of people at this stage of development to cooperate effectively without a state is very much in doubt. Nevertheless, in an environment where corruption is widespread almost everywhere, the dissolution of corrupt authorities seems to be one of the effective radical ways to get rid of it.

Apart from the dissolution of the authorities, there are three possible approaches to reduce corruption.

First, it is possible to tighten the laws and their enforcement, thereby increasing the risk of punishment. Secondly, it is possible to create economic mechanisms that allow officials to increase their income without violating the rules and laws. Third, the role of markets and competition can be strengthened, thereby reducing the potential profits from corruption. The latter also includes competition in the provision of public services, provided that some state bodies duplicate the functions of other bodies. Most of the well-established methods relate to internal or external oversight mechanisms.

Pastukhova Anastasia

Modern effective methods of combating corruption in Russia

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Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

"Lyceum No. 78 named after A.S. Pushkin"

Direction (section): right

Work theme

"Modern effective methods of fighting

with corruption in Russia"

Pastukhova Anastasia Evgenievna

MAOU "Lyceum No. 78 named after. A. S. Pushkin, 11th grade,

city ​​of Naberezhnye Chelny Republic of Tatarstan

Scientific adviser: Shaydullina Landysh Nakipovna

Naberezhnye Chelny

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………3

§one. The concept of corruption. Her story in Russia…………………………………......6

§2. Types and forms of manifestation of corruption………………………………................ 8

§1. Anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation

The views of famous people on this problem……………………………..9

§2.Modern methods of combating corruption in action……………………13

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….14

List of used literature………………………………………………………………………………..15

Appendix ..............................................................................................................................................

Introduction

In the 21st century, according toAccording to the generally accepted classification, the countries of the world at the economic level are divided into developed countries (this includes Western Europe, Canada, the USA, Japan, Australia and others), developing countries (Southeast Asia, Argentina and others), countries with economies in transition (Russia, the CIS, China and others).

Thus, our country is included in the third group with a low economic index. So we asked ourselves: “Why is Russia, rich in natural resources, at the lowest level of economic development? Or maybe the analysts made a mistake with the calculations?

Interested in this problem, we decided to turn to the scientific literature and the media to find the answer to our question.

It turned out that there are several reasons for Russia's economic backwardness, one of the main ones being corruption. Corruption and organized crime are the greatest social evils in society. In our country, for many years, fertile ground has been formed for the flourishing of bribery and abuse of power.

Corruption has a corrupting effect on all spheres of society: economy, social sphere, politics. The negative consequences generated by this phenomenon not only impede the progressive, progressive development of society, but also pose a serious threat to the interests of the country's national security. Corruption undermines the prestige of the country in the international arena, contributes to its political and economic isolation. Are there really no modern effective methods of dealing with this problem?

Based on the identified problem, we formulated our research topic: "Modern effective methods of fighting corruption in Russia".

Object of study:corruption in Russia.

Subject of study: methods of fighting corruption in Russia

The aim of our studyis the study of modern effective methods of combating corruption.

The study was based on the following hypothesis : Only tough measures of struggle will help to cope with corruption in Russia.

The purpose, object, subject of research, as well as the hypothesis put forward made it possible to identify the following tasks :

1. Familiarize yourself with the term "corruption"

2. Analyze the history of Russia from ancient times to the present day.

3. To study the anti-corruption laws of Russia and famous people on this issue.

4. To study the successful experience of a foreign state in the fight against corruption.

5. Compose a questionnaire, conduct a survey, process the data.

6. Reveal modern methods of fighting corruption.

Methodological basis of the study are

anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation

In the course of scientific work, the following methods:

theoretical: analysis of the literature on the problem under study, comparison, analysis and synthesis of the data obtained.

empirical: conversation, questioning, ranking the results.

This scientific work belongs to theoretical research.

Scientific novelty and theoretical significanceresearch is as follows:

Analyzed corrupt activities in different historical periods of Russia;

Studied the anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation and Singapore;

Revealed modern methods of combating corruption.

Applied value of the workconsists in the possibility of using this work by teachers of history and social studies in their lessons and by high school students in preparation for the exam and as additional material in law lessons.

Approbation of work:this work was presented in the 9th grade as additional material on law.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.

Chapter 1. Corrupt activities in Russia

§one. The concept of corruption. Her history in Russia

We live in Russia. Our country is unique: it is one of the richest states in natural resources, it has a great history... Over the centuries, political regimes and rulers have changed. But no matter how the social system is called, universal enduring values: honor, decency, responsibility, justice, will remain eternal.

In recent years, corruption has become the hottest topic in Russian public life. More than half of the citizens surveyed in the course of sociological studies attribute corruption to problems that pose a threat to the interests of Russia's national security.

What is corruption? Let's look at various sources.

Corruption (lat. corruptio)- direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment, corruption, bribery of officials, politicians. .

Corruption (from Latin corruption - “bribery”) - abuses (most often of officials) associated with the use of their position in the state or organization for personal purposes ...

Corruption as a historical and political phenomenon has been known for a long time, which even led to its perception as an objective reality inherent in society.

The term "corruption" arises from the moment when the functions of managing social and economic activities become independent.

Bribery is mentioned in Russian chronicles as early as the 13th century. The first legislative restriction of corrupt activities in Russia was carried out in the reign of Ivan III. Ivan the Terrible first introduced the death penalty as a punishment for excessive bribery.

Under Peter I, corruption and a tough fight against it gained wide scope in Russia. Characteristic is the episode when, after many years of investigation, the Siberian governor Gagarin was convicted of corruption and hanged.

During the reign of the Romanovs, corruption was not a small source of income for both petty civil servants and dignitaries.

By the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the main law that determined the range of criminal behavior and established its punishability was the code on criminal and correctional punishments of 1845. covetousness."

The change in the state structure and form of government in October 1917 did not eliminate corruption as a phenomenon and the need to combat it. Lenin personally edited the first legislative act of the Soviet state aimed at combating bribery - the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated May 8, 1918 "On Bribery". The decree provided for criminal liability for bribery (imprisonment for a period of at least 5 years by forced labor for the same period). The highest Soviet party dignitaries were practically inviolable.

Thus, the current state of corruption in Russia is largely due to long-standing trends.

§2. Types and forms of manifestation of corruption

So, according to the definitionBig Dictionary of Foreign Words,Corruption (lat. corruptio)- direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment, corruption, bribery of officials, politicians. ".

Corruption can be classified by types (corruption in the publicgovernance, parliamentary corruption or vote buyingvoters, corruption at enterprises) and forms of manifestation (bribery; legalization of money or other property acquired by criminal means; abuse of power;illegal participation in entrepreneurial activity).

Chapter 2. Anti-corruption methods

§1. Anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation.

Views of famous people on this issue.

Corruption in all its manifestations is a real threat to public and state interests. The problem of fighting corruption is one of the most acute problems of the Russian state and society.

To fight corruption, the State Duma develops laws, and the prosecutor's office monitors their implementation. Here are the main ones that are designed to fight corruption in all its manifestations.

Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation"

Adopted by the State Duma on September 5, 1997

Democratic, free and periodic elections to state authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as a referendum are the highest direct expression of the power belonging to the people. The state guarantees the free expression of the will of citizens in elections and referendums, the protection of democratic principles and norms of the electoral law and the right to participate in a referendum.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2008 N 273-FZ "On Combating Corruption"

This Federal Law establishes the basic principles of combating corruption, the legal and organizational framework for preventing and combating corruption, minimizing and (or) eliminating the consequences of corruption offenses.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 17, 2009 N 172-FZ "On anti-corruption expertise of regulatory legal acts and draft regulatory legal acts"

This Federal Law establishes the legal and organizational framework for anti-corruption expertise of normative legal acts and draft normative legal acts in order to identify corruption factors in them and their subsequent elimination.

In every country there are people whose opinion ordinary citizens listen to. Here is the "cry from the heart" of some of them.

“We have to do something, stop waiting! Corruption has become a systemic problem. We must counter this systemic problem with a systemic response.” Medvedev noted that these figures are in fact only the "tip of the iceberg", and explained that in Russia there are many "hidden", so-called latent crimes in this area. “We are talking about the atmosphere in society: we must create an anti-corruption standard of behavior. Without this, nothing will come of it,” he stressed. (D.A. Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation)

"Anyone worth anything is pretty hard to buy." (E. Sevrus, Russian writer)

"There is nothing more erroneous than the idea that executions can regulate prices or wean from bribery." (V.G. Korolenko, Russian writer)

"Purging the bureaucracy of corruption is like freeing the body from the skeleton." (M. Mamchich, aphorist)

"Corruption is the doping of bureaucracy." (I. Krasnovsky, aphorist)

“We need to change the psychology of our society, because our bureaucracy is part of our people. Let's be honest, they weren't brought to us from another galaxy." (V.V. Putin, Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation)

"It is not enough just to identify the violator and punish him; a whole range of measures is needed," the prosecutor general said. “Among the priority measures, Chaika noted the need to tighten control over the income and property of civil servants, provide additional verification of this information by personnel services and “strictly ask.” "It is the neglect of these bodies that creates opportunities for corruption" (Yu.Ya. Chaika, Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation)

"The plan will be effective if only international experience in the fight against corruption is taken into account," Zhirinovsky believes. In particular, in his opinion, it is necessary to drastically reduce the amount of money in cash circulation and switch to electronic payments, as is practiced in Europe. When tens of thousands of cash go “into pockets”, this can be the cause of corruption” (V.V. Zhirinovsky, leader of the LDPR party)

§2.Modern methods of combating corruption in action

The purpose of our study is to study modern effective methods of combating corruption.

We need to study the literature on this issue, the experience of another country that successfully solved the problem of corruption, and the results of a survey among the population.

Consider the experience of Singapore in the fight against corruption. The achievements of this state in the fight against corruption are impressive. Using authoritarian methods, the government keeps the bureaucracy under control and successfully copes with the task of preventing corruption.

Singapore has tightened criminal penalties for acts of corruption, increased the independence of the judiciary, drastically raised the salaries of judges and ensured their privileged status, and introduced harsh economic sanctions for giving a bribe or refusing to participate in anti-corruption investigations.

In this state, in contrast to the well-known legal principle of the presumption of innocence, an opposite legal principle was introduced specifically for civil servants - the presumption of corruption. For example, in Singapore, if it becomes known that an official has violated the law, there is no need for the prosecutor to prove that this was dictated by a corrupt motive - this is taken for granted. The accused, if he does not want his life to end with the death penalty and disgrace for the whole family, must be able to prove himself in court that he is not guilty.

The Corrupt Practices (Forfeiture of Benefits) Act 1989 empowered the court to confiscate property and funds the origin of which a corrupt person cannot clearly explain.

Singapore's legal system is set up to prevent corruption. Regular conversations are held with officials, especially from law enforcement agencies, about the pitfalls of corruption.

Is the current Russian government capable of this?

It is hardly possible to reproduce Singapore's anti-corruption strategy in its entirety, since the city-state has its own unique history and geographical location. If fighting corruption in Russia only in an authoritarian style, where is the guarantee that our political leaders will be as consistent as their Singaporean counterparts? And that the people of Russia, most of whom consider corruption the norm, will support them?

Having studied the experience of Singapore on this issue and the opinions of politicians, we will try to create our own system of anti-corruption methods for our state, taking into account the laws we already have and not taking into account the mentality of citizens.

Main effective anti-corruption methods for Russia:

1. A law that would give the court the right to confiscate property and funds, the origin of which the person convicted of corruption cannot clearly explain.

2. A legal system tuned to prevent corruption.

3. Introduction of the presumption of corruption for Russian officials.

4. Increase the independence of the judiciary, raise the salaries of judges.

5. It is necessary to drastically reduce the amount of money in cash circulation and switch to electronic payments, as is practiced in Europe (at the suggestion of VV Zhirinovsky).

Conclusion

The topic of our work is“Modern effective methods of combating corruption

in Russia".

Corruption (lat. corruptio)- direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment, corruption, bribery of officials, politicians.

The real fight against corruption is not a campaign with a set deadline. This is a direction of state activity, which should be carried out continuously. “We are talking about the atmosphere in society: we must create an anti-corruption standard of behavior” (Russian President Dmitry Medvedev).

At the beginning of our study, we put forward the following hypothesis - only tough control measures will help to cope with corruption in Russia. To prove it, it was not enough just to study the literature on the problem of corruption, the anti-corruption laws of the Russian Federation and the experience of Singapore in this matter. To confirm our hypothesis, it was also necessary to obtain practical data. For this purpose, we conducted a survey among teachers of the MAOU “Lyceum No. 78 named after A.S. Pushkin "(14 people). Questions of the questionnaire were compiled independently. You can see the results of the survey in the application.

The most interesting question, in our opinion, was the fifth one: “Imagine that you are an influential Russian legislator. What effective anti-corruption measures would you take?”. The answer was as follows: 72.75% - the seizure of money is 10 times more than the bribe itself (a similar proposal was put forward by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev), 18.25% - put in jail for a long time, 9% - the death penalty. Their answers were as follows - "seizure of money and confiscation of property", "exile to Siberia for logging", "life deprivation of a leadership position and prestigious work" ("yellow ticket"), "preventive measures among the population".

Thus, our hypothesis was fully confirmed.

Bibliography

1. Anti-corruption and legal education publishing house "Magarif-vakyt", 2010

Application

Questionnaire

Dear teacher!

We ask you to help in scientific work by answering these questions. You need to choose (circle) one of the answer options. Please answer honestly. Anonymity is guaranteed.

1.Choose the correct definition of the term "corruption"

a) active use by an official of his powers, as well as inaction, when an official deliberately fails to fulfill his duties.

b) p direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment, corruption, bribery of officials, politicians.

c) malfeasance of taking a bribe.

2. What, in your opinion, is the type of corruption widespread in the Russian Federation?

a) corruption in public administration

b) parliamentary corruption or vote buying

c) corruption in enterprises

3. What is the most corrupt city of the country?

a) St. Petersburg

b) Khanty-Mansiysk

c) Moscow

4. Have you experienced corruption? If so, what form of manifestation of corruption have you encountered?

a) no, they didn't

b) faced with bribery

c) experienced abuse of power

d) faced with illegal participation in business activities

5. Imagine that you are an influential Russian legislator. What effective anti-corruption measures would you take?

a) go to jail for a long time

b) the death penalty

c) the withdrawal of money is 10 times greater than the bribe itself

d) your own version of _________________________________

6. In what area do you think corruption flourishes the most? (select multiple answers)

a) military purchases

b) preschool and school education

c) entrepreneurship

d) building roads

e) theatrical and artistic arts

Thank you!

Survey results

Your option:

1. "withdrawal of money and confiscation of property"

3. "life deprivation of a leadership position and prestigious work" ("yellow ticket")

4. "preventive measures among the population"

Topic: Corruption and methods of combating it

Introduction

1. History and basic concept of corruption

2. Forms of corruption in Russia

2.1 Elite corruption

2.2 Grassroots corruption

3. Consequences of corruption

4. Fight against corruption

Conclusion

Bibliography

Russia is a country of enormous material possibilities, in which, today, according to the apt remark of one Western journalist, "the greatest sale in history" is taking place. Dividing a huge pie in the face of legal uncertainty contributes to the rapid growth of corruption. "Personal preferences, friendly sympathies, a mixture of public and private interests" (that is, everything that is the essence of corruption) in the course of the ongoing redistribution of public property have become widespread practice.

Today, the problem of corruption is extremely important and urgent in the political, economic, social life of both Russia and the whole world. Each of us knows what it is, and perhaps many of us have already experienced bribery in practice. The fact is that corruption exists in almost all spheres of society, it manifests itself in a wide variety of forms and types.

On the official website of the analytical bureau Transparency International (Transparency International), according to data for 2006, Russia occupies 121st place in the rating. Its indicator for 2006 was 2.5. For comparison: the level of corruption in such countries as Finland, Spain, New Zealand - 9.6; Germany - 8; USA - 7.3; China, Egypt - 3.3. Transparency International experts note that corruption remains a characteristic feature of Russia and the situation is getting worse.

This means that our country is one of the most corrupt countries in the world, and its "successes" in this are significantly ahead of the achievements of the national economy.

Corruption destroys a democratic society, hinders the development of business, both small and medium, and large. From the hands of officials, "authorized" commercial structures receive permission to engage in activities that bring huge profits, i.e. get the privilege of being rich. In turn, they pay government officials a new type of bribe that is virtually undiscovered during an investigation.

Corruption is a very complex political and social phenomenon, in which cause and effect are often intertwined, and it often becomes difficult to determine whether this or that manifestation of corruption is a consequence of the old, or is it a manifestation of something new.

Is the Russian situation unique?

On the one hand, no. All countries undergoing social transformation have faced, to a greater or lesser extent, the problems of the lack of effective political and legal control, a clear concept of administration, which has led to an increase in corruption. Insufficient control or the absence of the ability to apply sanctions everywhere encourages nomenklatura workers and officials to abuse power. On the other hand, the objective difficulties and numerous miscalculations in the implementation of economic reforms in Russia have seriously complicated the situation in our country in comparison with a number of countries with economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe. For a number of reasons, Russian society has become rent-oriented, completely dependent on the decisions of corrupt officials.

The question is often raised in the literature: has corruption become more widespread in modern Russia, if compared with the level of the 80s of the former USSR? It seems to me that attempts to give quantitative estimates explain little. We should talk not only and not so much about the scale of this phenomenon, but about the qualitative changes in corruption at the present stage. They can be traced in several directions: goals, subject, participants in corrupt relations; the position of an employee in the public administration system, the main motives of his behavior.

As you know, the most characteristic feature of a centralized economy is an all-encompassing deficit. It permeates all stages of the reproductive process - the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The development of corruption in these conditions is possible due to the fact that a government official who redistributes a tangible product can do this in the interests of certain business entities, while receiving personal benefit. Personal gain can take the form of money, more often scarce goods or services. As a rule, an official has a non-universal object of shortage and therefore is forced to exchange it for the same non-universal services he needs, becoming at the same time a person who provides someone with personal benefit and receives it due to the emerging corrupt relations. The main function of government officials is the organization of large-scale "shadow barter".

On the basis of corrupt transactions, a significant part of both production factors and personal consumption items is distributed. The scale of corruption is great, but there are natural limits to its spread, mainly related to the position of an official in the state apparatus. The structure of the latter is slender and highly hierarchical. Each rung of this hierarchical ladder presupposes the provision of a certain set of benefits and privileges to the official (special rations, free rest, state machine, etc.). Moving up this ladder, which ensures the growth of the volume of privileges, becomes the main incentive for the activity of the bureaucrat. The presence of strict party-state control forces the official to weigh the risk of participating in corrupt deals.

In modern Russia, personal consumption is removed from the sphere of corrupt relations, many factors of production cease to be the subject of a corrupt transaction. The sphere of development of corruption is narrowing within the framework of the reproduction process, but the scale is increasing. Money becomes a deficit, and the subject of corrupt bargaining is the possibility of obtaining super-profits.

Among the main sources of enrichment are the misuse of state budget funds (soft loans, tax exemptions, subsidized imports), export quotas and privatization. These methods of enrichment, which appeared in the second half of the 1980s in connection with the partial deregulation of the socialist-type economy, since 1991, have assumed unprecedented proportions. Thus, the cost of soft loans to industrial enterprises in 1992 reached 30%, and the total amount of import subsidies - 15% of GDP. What, for example, were import subsidies?

Due to the general fear of famine in the winter of 1991, the state provided large subsidies for imports in 1992. Importers paid only 1% of the current exchange rate when buying foreign currency from the government for food imports, and the government financed this subsidy with Western commodity loans. However, imported products were sold in Russia at normal market prices, and this subsidy benefited a small number, mainly Moscow merchants.

Opportunities to participate in the export of oil, natural gas, metals and other raw materials, in view of the huge difference between domestic prices and world market prices that existed at the initial stage, also provided huge super-profits in Russia for well-connected people - officials of manufacturing companies, corrupt

officials. Their income in 1992 amounted to 30% of GDP, according to Anders Åslund, an adviser to the Russian government in those years.

Features of the modern system of public administration radically change the position of an official. His position is extremely unstable due to the constant war between the clans. The instability of the situation, low wages ($300-400 for high-level officials), not supported by a system of clearly defined privileges, the absence of any form of effective control by society, the scale of multibillion-dollar transactions passing through the hands of an official make him easily bought. For a huge number of officials, a bribe becomes the only incentive for activity.

1. History and basic concept of corruption

As a kind of deviant political behavior, political corruption has been known since ancient times. Perhaps the first to use the term "corruption" in relation to politics was Aristotle, who defined tyranny as a corrupt (wrong, "spoiled") form of monarchy. Machiavelli, Rycco and many other thinkers of the past wrote about it. In the XX century. due to the growth of the scale of political corruption, this problem has acquired a special significance.

Political corruption is based on the informal, uncontrolled exchange of resources between power elites and other structures of society. The following main types of state resources are at the disposal of the ruling elite: symbolic (national anthem, flag, coat of arms and other signs of state symbols); power-administrative and material (control over the state economy, tax policy, etc.).

Not all types of political corruption are defined by law as criminal acts. It is a socially condemned behavior of those in power, which may or may not include a criminal act.

In the Soviet Union, the fight against bribes was very successful, from the very beginning of the Bolsheviks coming to power, the attitude towards bribery among the people has deteriorated sharply due to the competent policy of the rulers. However, gradually the situation nevertheless began to deteriorate, and in the post-war years, during perestroika and after it, the growth of corruption took place against the background of the weakening of the state machine.

Thus, the current state of corruption in Russia is largely due to long-standing trends and a transitional stage, which in other countries in a similar situation was accompanied by an increase in corruption.

In a broad sense, corruption is the direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment; venality, bribery of officials, politicians. In a narrower sense, corruption is usually understood as a situation where an official makes an illegal decision from which some other party benefits (for example, a firm that receives a government order contrary to the established procedure), and the official himself receives illegal remuneration from this party .

A typical situation is when an official who is obliged by law to make a certain decision in relation to a certain person (for example, to issue a license for some type of business), creates artificial illegal barriers for this, which forces his client to pay a bribe, which, as a rule, , and happens. This situation corresponds to the traditional concept of corruption, because it involves giving and accepting bribes.

2. Forms of corruption in Russia

Throughout history, bribery has traditionally existed in several forms, initially it was bribes received for legal acts, or for illegal ones. Then other gradations and forms of corruption began to appear.

In our time, the most characteristic and widespread forms of manifestation of corruption are bribery, bribery of state and political figures, officials, illegal protectionism, etc. Favorable ground for corruption is the nationalization of public life, the bureaucratization of society and the state, excessive centralization of management, the prosperity of the shadow economy, rejection of real democracy, etc. Corruption acquires especially wide scale in crisis situations, during periods of decomposition of socio-political regimes, the decline of public morals, as well as during abrupt changes in politics, during the strengthening of the fight against bribery.

There are several forms of corruption: grassroots (petty, everyday); summit (large, elite). The most widespread and most dangerous is corruption in power structures, corruption associated with the use of administrative resources (political corruption, which can act both in the form of grassroots corruption - a bribe for registering an enterprise, and in the form of top corruption - the use of administrative resources to obtain the "desired" election result ). In addition to the inefficient use of material and financial resources, political corruption leads to the discrediting of democratic values ​​and the growth of distrust in the authorities.