Classroom hour. Weapon of victory. Presentation on the topic "small arms" Degtyarev light machine gun

WEAPON OF VICTORY»

Prepared class. leader 11 M

Aleinikova A.G.

Korocha 2015

Four students of the group are preparing reports on the best examples of Soviet weapons created during the Great Patriotic War.

OBJECTIVES: - to expand the understanding of the Great Patriotic War, to acquaint with the creators of Soviet weapons;

To form a positive assessment of the contribution that home front workers made to the Victory, to cultivate a sense of respect and pride for their people, their country, a respectful attitude towards the older generation;

To arouse interest in military equipment, the desire to strengthen the country's Armed Forces, to encourage the study of military history, to participate in patriotic actions and events.

PREPARATORY WORK:

distribute performances among the students of the group;

prepare a slide film on the topic of the conference.

EQUIPMENT: computer, projector, screen.

Opening speech.

Conference on the theme "Weapons of Victory".

2.1. Infantry weapon.

2.2. "The best tank of the second world."

2.3. "Katyusha".

2.4. "Donkeys", attack aircraft, "heavenly slug".

III. Forum “World War II or the Great Patriotic War?”3. Final word.

PROGRESS OF THE EVENT

1. Introduction

The most important, most beloved holiday in our country is approaching - Victory Day. On May 9, 1945, 65 years ago, a legendary military parade took place on Red Square. It was a demonstration of unprecedented combat power, which the USSR managed to achieve during the years of the Great Patriotic War. In just 4 years, during the war, samples of the best weapons in the world were created: rifles, grenades, tanks, aircraft, artillery installations ... They were developed by our scientists and specialists, they were made at factories by home front workers, mostly women and children. Truly the Great Patriotic War was this war.

According to the German generals, the Russian soldier was distinguished from the Western by unpretentiousness, endurance, the ability to fight in the most cruel conditions and, at the same time, incredible reliability. These qualities also distinguished the weapons with which our soldiers won the victory.

We dedicate today's conference to the weapons of Victory. The best small arms, the famous "Katyusha", "flying tanks" Il-2 attack aircraft, the most famous tank of the Second World War - T-34 - the guys prepared reports about this legendary weapon. I give them the floor.

2. Conference on the theme "Weapons of Victory"

Presenter 1. I will talk about S.I. Mosin's rifle. (slide). Faithfully, she served our soldier from 1891 until the 1960s. almost 60 years old. This rifle was called the "three-ruler". It was distinguished by high reliability and simplicity. Other rifles had 70 or more parts, while the Mosin rifle had only 42. 5 rounds were placed in the clip, they could be both armor-piercing and incendiary. The rifle aimed at 2 km. Such a rifle weighed 4 kg, its length was 1230 mm. In total, during the war years, screw Mosin produced 12 million.

Presenter 2. PPSh-41 submachine gun. (slide). This wonderful weapon was created by the designer Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin: “PPSh-41” means “Shpagin submachine gun of the 1941 model”. The Shpagin machine faithfully served our foot soldiers. It was possible to disassemble the PPSh without a screwdriver - there is not a single screw connection in it. The production of this submachine gun was organized even at ordinary, non-arms factories. For example, at the Moscow Automobile Plant. During the war years, V.I. Stalin (ZIS) produced more than a million PPSh, and in total almost 6 million of them were produced. Almost 6 times less machine guns were assembled at all German factories during the same time. In military films, they usually show PPSh with a disk magazine. The disk included 70 rounds. Since the spring of 1944, they began to produce more convenient machine guns - with a carob magazine for 35 rounds. It was possible to fire from a submachine gun both with single shots and bursts - up to 100 rounds / min. With an aiming range of 100 - 200 m. PPSh weighed 5 kg.

Presenter 3. TT pistol. (slide). The development of pistols for the Red Army began in the late 1920s. After some time, tests were carried out at the shooting range. Three of our pistols, designed by Korovin, Prilutsky, Tokarev, and three foreign ones - the German "Walter" and "Parabellum" and the American "Browning" were presented. The pistol of the Tokarev system was recognized as the best: it turned out to be the most reliable and compact. The name "TT" - "Tula, Tokarev" was assigned to this pistol. Our commanders went through the whole war with TT. More than 1.7 million Tokarev pistols were produced from the beginning of their production in 1933 until the mid-50s. 50 m, bullet range - up to 1,000 m.

Leader 4 . Hand anti-tank grenades - RPG. They were developed by designers M.I. Puzyrev, M.Z. Polevanov, L.B. Ioffe, N.S. Zhitkikh. They even pierced the 120-mm armor of the vaunted "tigers". Anti-tank grenades weighed a lot: from 700 g to 1.3 kg. A strong and trained soldier threw them at 15 - 20 m.

The hand-held offensive-defensive grenade RGD-33 was invented by the designer M.G. Dyakonov in 1933. When throwing from cover, a special cover (“shirt”) was put on the body of this grenade. This increased the radius of fragmentation from 25 to 100 m, and the radius of their lethal action - from 5 to 25 m. When a grenade with a "shirt" exploded, up to 2,400 fragments were formed.

The F-1 fragmentation grenade designed by F.I. Khrameev was very popular with the soldiers. Reliable and comfortable, it exploded flawlessly when dropped on a hard surface, in mud, snow or water. A lot of fragments hit the enemy within a radius of up to 200 m. Each infantryman tried to stock up on a dozen of these grenades before the battle. They weighed, like the RGD, 600 g, but they were more convenient in the throw and flew at 35 - 45 m.

Leader 1 . In skillful hands, a grenade is a formidable weapon. Here is just one example from the chronicle of the Great Patriotic War. Guard Lieutenant Orlov with seven fighters was surrounded. There was nothing to shoot with - the cartridges ran out. The lieutenant ordered the soldiers to hold a grenade in their fist, raise their hands and go towards the enemy, as if surrendering. When the Germans were 20 meters away, the guards threw grenades. Many enemies died, and our fighters broke through the encirclement and went out to their own.

Leader 2 . Degtyarev light machine gun. There is such a thing - "machine gun survivability." After making a certain number of shots, the weapon overheats, loses accuracy and fails. For light machine guns, a survivability of 10,000 shots was considered normal. Such an indicator was, for example, the best German "handbrake" MG-13. And now compare this figure with the one recorded in the "passport" of our light machine gun DP, created by Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev: 75 - 100,000 shots! The DP (Degtyarev infantry) was the best light machine gun of the Second World War in terms of its combat qualities. Here are its technical data: weight - 11.9 kg, magazine capacity - 47 rounds, practical rate of fire - 80 rounds / min., Sighting range - 1,500 m. During the war years, factories produced more than a million of these machine guns.

Presenter 3. Sniper rifles. Every fighter should shoot well, and the most accurate are called snipers. This word came to us from the English language and means "sharpshooter". In the Red Army, snipers were trained in special schools. There they were taught not only the ability to hit the target from the first shot, but also the art of camouflage and observation. The sniper's weapon is a rifle with an optical sight. Our snipers fired from two types of rifles. Rifle model 1891 - 1930 loaded one cartridge at a time, aimed at 2 km. Another rifle - model 1940 - was reloaded automatically. The shooter did not waste time reloading and could concentrate on observing the battlefield and finding a target. The magazine of this rifle included 10 rounds.

"THE BEST TANK OF THE SECOND WORLD"

1940 - 1,500 m, she weighed 4.4 kg.

Leader 4 . Machine gun "Maxim". It was invented in 1883 by American engineer Hiram Maxim. Maxims were adopted by the armies of many countries. In 1910, the Tula masters P.P. Tretyakov and I.A. Pastukhov improved this machine gun. Having made more than 200 changes in its design, they reduced the weight of the Maxim by 5 kg. Colonel of the Russian army A.A. Sokolov suggested putting the "maxim" not on a tripod, like the Americans, but on a wheeled machine. The machine gun became more stable, and now it could be easily rolled from one position to another during the battle. The weight of the "maxim" is solid - 66 kg, try to drag it, and then - the wheels, everything is simple. "Maxims" of the 1910 model served well during the Civil War. They also came in handy in the Great Patriotic War. It was a formidable and reliable weapon. Filled with a tape for 250 rounds, "Maxim" aimed at 2.5 km, firing up to 300 shots per minute.

"THE BEST TANK OF THE SECOND WORLD"

Leader 1 . "The best tank of the Second World War" - that was the name of the Soviet T-34 tank. (slide). This tank is quite deservedly called legendary. He was much stronger than the German "Tigers", "Panthers" and "Ferdinands". Even the fascist ideologue of the tank war, German General Guderian, recognized the superiority of Soviet tanks. The T-34 tank was created by the designers of the Kharkov Locomotive Plant under the leadership of Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin in the late 30s. No country had the best tank for the entire time of the war. With a weight of 26 tons, the T-34 could reach speeds of up to 55 km / h, climb a hill at an angle of 30 degrees, and drive 400 km without refueling. There were 4 people in the tank crew. They hit the enemy with a powerful 76.2 mm cannon and two machine guns. Tankers were protected from enemy bullets and shells by armor 45 mm thick.

Presenter 2. In 1943, the improved T-34-85 entered service. He already weighed 32 tons, his armor was thicker - 90 mm, and a stronger gun - 85 mm. From a distance of half a kilometer, she easily pierced 138-mm armor. But most importantly, its design was incredibly simple, so simple that it allowed for the most complex repairs in the field. The designers of the tank understood that not very competent mechanics would repair it, and not very skilled workers would produce it. Therefore, they tried to make all the main components and assemblies of the machine as accessible as possible. This played a decisive role during the war, when one tank could go into battle several times - after the first damage, it was repaired here and sent back to battle.

Leader 3 . At the same time, the structural simplicity made it possible to establish the production of “thirty-fours” in incredible quantities. Shortly before the encirclement of Paulus's army at Stalingrad, Hitler was told that the Russians could build up to a thousand tanks a month, but he called the informers liars, saying that no one could produce such an amount of armored vehicles. In fact, German analysts were really wrong - the Soviet industry at that moment produced 2,200 tanks a month, most of which were T-34s. When this whole armada went on the offensive, she easily managed to surround the German army and prevent any attempts to break out of the Stalingrad cauldron.

Leader 4 . At the decisive moment of the Battle of Kursk, when the famous tank battle near Prokhorovka took place on July 12, 1943, another advantage of this vehicle was manifested - its maneuverability and speed. On a huge field near the village of Prokhorovka, about 1,200 tanks and self-propelled guns met in an unprecedented battle.

The fierce fight lasted until late in the evening. Towers flew from the tanks, gun barrels and caterpillars were torn to pieces. Clouds of dust and smoke covered everything around. Hundreds of "tigers", "panthers" and "Ferdinands" burned down on the Prokhorovsky field. Our troops went on the offensive and defeated almost 30 German divisions.

Presenter 1. (reads). “The Soviet tank was like a soldier, next to whom he fought - an unpretentious, hardy soldier, able to endure all the hardships of war - long exhausting marches on roads and off-roads, a fierce cold winter and a hot hot summer, a soldier capable of withstanding the strongest blows of the enemy , and then inflict even more terrible blows on him, throwing him kilometer after kilometer to the west. These tanks fought on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War, stormed cities, crossed rivers, and broke through defenses. The steel avalanches of "thirty-fours" in 1942 slammed the lid of the Stalingrad cauldron, in 1943 stopped the German offensive near Kursk, rushed, sweeping away the German defenses, in 1944 onto the Polish plains and, finally, in 1945 filled the streets of Berlin. In those years when it was possible to compare the merits of different tanks visually, for some reason no one had any doubts that this tank was the best in the world. And the column of "thirty-fours" on the streets of the German capital is the best confirmation of this, "- this is how a military historian characterizes this tank. During the war years, our plants produced 52,000 T-34 tanks and over 21,000 T-34-85 tanks. In some countries, these machines officially remain in service until now.

Presenter 2. But besides this tank, there were others. There was a family of heavy tanks IS-1, IS-2, IS-3. The letters "IS" are deciphered as follows: "Joseph Stalin". The heavy IS-2 is considered the most powerful tank of World War II. Here are its technical characteristics: combat weight -46 tons, crew - 4 people, armament - 122-mm cannon and three machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber, frontal armor - 100 mm, hull - 120 mm, engine power - 520 horsepower, speed - 40 km / h, power reserve - 180 km.

Presenter 3. And the KV-1 heavy tank was named after the first letters of the name of Kliment Voroshilov, the then minister of defense. It was a real fortress on tracks. A powerful engine of 500 horsepower allowed the 47-ton hulk to develop a very good speed for heavy tanks - 35 km / h. Without refueling, the KV could travel 250 km, sweeping away everything in its path with a cannon (76.2 mm) and three machine guns. The crew (5 people) was protected from enemy bullets and shells by 95-mm armor. Following the KV-1, the KV-2, KV-1S, KV-85 appeared. Each of them had their own advantages. On the KV-2, for example, instead of a 76.2-mm cannon, a powerful 152-mm howitzer was installed, the shells of which smashed the most durable concrete fortifications to smithereens. The KV-1S was 5 tons lighter than the KV-1 and could move at a speed of 43 km/h. This tank played an important role in the Battle of Stalingrad. The KV-85 had increased armor protection - up to 100 mm, and the 85-mm cannon of this tank pierced the "foreheads" of the German "tigers" from a distance of 1,000 m.

"KATYUSHA"

Leader 4 . This guards jet mortar became the most terrible and formidable weapon of the Great Patriotic War. The first volley of the Katyusha was made by a bayare under the command of Captain Flerov in 1941 near Orsha. True, they were not immediately called “Katyushas”. They were called BM-13 ("Fighting Machine-13"). But someone noticed that the machines had a factory brand in the form of the letter "k" - the installation was produced at the Moscow plant "Compressor" - that's how the name "Katyusha" was born. And the song about the girl Katyusha was very popular then.

Presenter 1. In one salvo, the BM-13 fired 16 rockets at the enemy. Each projectile weighed 42 kg, and they flew 8.5 km. The Germans really wanted to get at least one "Katyusha", but throughout the war they did not succeed. But in many operations during the war, artillery preparation was carried out by regiments and even brigades of "Katyushas", and this is more than a hundred vehicles, or more than 3,000 shells in one volley. What is 3,000 shells that plow trenches and fortifications in half a minute, probably no one can imagine ... Not a single army in that war could provide such fire. Traditionally, the Katyushas completed the artillery attack: rocket launchers fired a salvo when the infantry was already on the attack. Often, after several volleys of Katyushas, ​​infantrymen entered a deserted settlement or enemy positions without encountering any resistance.

Presenter 2. It is difficult to imagine what it means to be hit by Katyushas. According to those who survived such shelling, it was one of the most terrible experiences of the entire war. The sound that the rockets made during the flight is described differently by everyone - rattle, howl, roar. Be that as it may, in combination with subsequent explosions, during which for a few seconds on an area of ​​​​several hectares the earth mixed with pieces of buildings, equipment, people flew into the air, this gave a strong psychological effect. When the soldiers took up enemy positions, they were not met with fire, not because everyone was killed - just the rocket fire drove the survivors crazy.

Presenter 3. Here are lines from the memoirs of a German soldier. “Today at 8 o'clock in the morning the Russians opened deadly fire on our positions from guns, mortars and Katyushas. I have never experienced such horror in my life. We were thrown to the bottom of the trenches like a hurricane. We lay, afraid to raise our heads. Many soldiers went mad and beat their heads on the ground. I thought there was an earthquake."

Leader 4 . After the war, "Katyushas" began to be installed on pedestals - combat vehicles turned into monuments. The history of our rocket artillery is closely intertwined with the names of Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, Glushko. But the main designer of the legendary Katyusha is Andrei Kostikov, a man whose name is forever inscribed in the history of the Great Patriotic War.

"Donkeys", Sturmoviks, "Heavenly Slow Walkers"

Leader 1 . Il-2 attack aircraft. “Airplane-soldier”, “flying tank” - this is how the Soviet soldiers proudly called the Il-2 attack aircraft. Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin has been developing it since the mid-1930s. In 1940, a single-seat aircraft was put into mass production, but by the beginning of the war there were few of these attack aircraft in our aviation. Due to the reinforced hull armor, the speed of the Il-2 did not exceed 415 km / h, and German fighters easily overtook it. And there was no shooter who would sit behind and beat off their attacks. This mistake was quickly corrected: in 1942, a two-seater Il-2M appeared with two cannons and three machine guns. The attack aircraft could also carry 600 kg of bombs and 8 rockets. No army in the world had such an aircraft. In 1943, even more powerful machines, the Il-10M, arrived at the front. They flew at a speed of 550 km/h and were armed with 5 cannons. For that time it was a superweapon.

Presenter 3. Among the military professions of the Great Patriotic War, the profession of an attack pilot was one of the most dangerous and terrible. They had to work in the most difficult conditions - over the battlefield, at a low altitude, where the plane could even be shot down with a rifle. How dangerous this profession was can be judged at least by the following fact - at the beginning of the war, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded in just 30 sorties. Then, after 1943, this qualification was raised to 80 flights. As a rule, in the assault aviation regiments that began to fight in 1941, by the end of the war there was not a single veteran left - their composition changed completely.

Leader 4 . The fact is that in the IL-2 it was, without exaggeration, a "flying tank". All the vital organs of the aircraft - the engine, cooling system, cockpit and fuel tanks were covered in an armored "bath" made of special aviation armor. This armor turned out to be so strong that at first, until diamond-coated drills were developed, technological holes had to be cast in it - it was impossible to drill them after hardening. This made the IL-2 very tenacious - often the planes returned to the airfield with huge holes in the planes, often without half of the tail, but with a live crew. Many pilots did not die as a result of combat operations - they crashed due to the fact that they flew at too low an altitude in bad weather conditions. They, working at ultra-low altitudes, could destroy targets with greater efficiency. There is a known case when only two attack aircraft destroyed three German echelons during a sudden raid on a railway station - with fuel, ammunition and equipment.

Presenter 1. "Donkeys against the Nazis." In 1936, a fascist rebellion broke out in Republican Spain, and a 3-year civil war began. The Spanish fascists rushed to power in Spain, they were helped by the Nazis from Germany and Italy. Hitler sent the Condor aviation legion to Spain to test his new equipment in combat conditions. But the Soviet donkeys protected the skies of Spain. "Ishak" was the name of the light, maneuverable I-16 fighter, which was created in the design bureau of Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov in 1933 and tested by the famous pilot Valery Chkalov. The I-16 flew at speeds up to 490 km/h - very respectable in those days, was armed with two machine guns and could take up to 500 kg of bombs. The pilots appreciated the I-16 not only for its speed and maneuverability, but also for its amazing survivability. German and Italian planes caught fire and fell from one well-aimed machine-gun burst, and our "donkey", even riddled with bullets, reached its airfield. Our pilots nicknamed the I-16 for endurance and unpretentiousness, and the Spaniards came up with their own name for this fighter - “snub-nosed”.

Presenter 2. Fighter Yak-3. In 1043, the German Focke-Wulf-190 fighter-bomber appeared on the Eastern Front. It was a very serious car, one of the best in that war: speed - 660 km / h, ceiling - 10,500 m, 4 cannons, 2 machine guns. The Nazis hoped that the Focke-Wulf would help them regain the air superiority they had at the beginning of the war. But very soon the German command had to send out an order to its pilots: when meeting with a new Soviet fighter designed by Yakovlev, avoid battle! The plane that the Nazis were so afraid of was the Yak-3, which entered our flight regiments in the spring of 1944. In terms of speed and flight altitude, it was not inferior to German vehicles, but it was lighter than them and outplayed them in maneuverable combat. When the French Normandy squadron was formed on the territory of the Soviet Union, the pilots were asked which fighters they would like to fight on. Experienced pilots unanimously answered: "On the Yak-3!" By May 1945, the Normandy pilots shot down almost 300 German aircraft, and after the Victory they returned to liberated Paris in their Yaks.

Presenter 4. "Heavenly slug" - that was the name of the Po-2 aircraft. It was not intended for war at all. Designer Polikarpov created it in 1928. Cadets of flight schools could train on a light two-seater car (until 1944, the aircraft was called 6 U-2 - “Training Double”). Po-2 could be an ambulance, agricultural, postal, sports aircraft. And during the war years, he became a night bomber. The speed of the Po-2 is low - only 150 km / h, and unexpectedly this turned out to be its advantage. There were no helicopters then, and the Po-2 did what they were capable of doing. Unnoticed, at low altitude, sometimes even with the engine turned off, he "sneaked up" to enemy positions and, with an accuracy inaccessible even to the best bombers, dropped bombs - up to 300 kg.

Presenter 1. The Germans called Po-2 "Russian plywood" (it was made of wood) and were very afraid. It was difficult to shoot down the "heavenly slug" because of the difference in speeds, the fighters slipped past. And anti-aircraft gunners are used to shooting at aircraft that fly high, and they simply did not have time to aim at the unexpectedly appearing Po-2.

Our soldiers came up with an affectionate nickname for this plane - "corn" - it flew above the ground itself, no higher than corn. During the war, the Po-2 was used to perform various combat missions. He served not only as a light night bomber, but also as a reconnaissance aircraft, a communications aircraft, an orderly, and helped supply partisan detachments. Nearly 100,000 cadets were trained on the Po-2 in flight schools. In total, 40,000 Po-2 aircraft of various variants were produced.

Leader 2 . But not only tanks, Katyushas, ​​infantry weapons, aircraft were weapons that forged the Victory. We must not forget about those who worked in the rear. In many families, in addition to front-line soldiers, there were home front workers. Basically, these are women and children, teenagers. They worked at plants and factories, on collective farms, built fortifications. It is in the spiritual strength, in the unity of the people, that the main weapon that brought Victory to our country lies. Now a student of our group Anisimova Maria will tell about her great-grandmother. (student's story).

III. Forum « Russia is one of the leaders in the production of weapons. Is it good or bad ?»

Classroom teacher. We listened to stories about the weapons that helped our people win the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. In recent years, they have increasingly begun to call the Great Patriotic War the Second World War. But those who survived the war, who fought, who worked in the rear, react very painfully to this replacement. How do you feel about such a change?

(Students speak.)

Is it possible to agree with those who say that the USSR defeated Hitler with "bare hands", only by numbers, and not by skill?

(Students speak.)

Russia is one of the leaders in the production of weapons. Is it good or bad?

(Students speak.)

How do you feel about military parades in which military equipment takes part?

(Students speak.)

The children of war are now elderly people, they often have to prove that they are also related to the war. Do you think that they were correctly equated with participants in the war?

Are there children of war among your relatives? Did they have to work in military factories in the rear?

(Students speak.)

IV. Final word

Classroom teacher. The weapons of Victory are tanks, planes, and the famous Katyushas. This weapon was created by engineers and scientists. But the home front workers embodied it in metal - and these were mainly old people, women, and children. Day and night they stood at their machines, suffered hunger, deprivation, lived according to the principle: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” And they contributed to the Victory, every day they brought it closer as best they could. It is in this spiritual strength, in the unity of the people, that the main weapon that brought Victory to our country lies. The Great Patriotic War was a time of suffering and trials, but people of the older generation are proud of their era.

V. Summing up (reflection)

Classroom teacher. Whose story do you remember today? What did you find the most surprising and incredible?

Weapon of Victory. Weapons of the Great Victory in the Great Patriotic War Compiled by: Isin A.E. KGKP "ESTK". Pavlodar region.

7.62-mm (3-line) rifle of the 1891 model, the Mosin rifle, the three-line rifle is a magazine rifle adopted by the Russian army in 1891. It was actively used from 1891 until the end of the Great Patriotic War. The name of the three-ruler comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three Russian lines, that is, 7.62 mm. Russian smokeless powder of satisfactory quality was obtained in 1889 thanks to the successful experiments of Mendeleev. In the same year, Colonel Rogovtsev developed a 7.62 mm cartridge. In 1932, mass production of the sniper rifle mod. 1891/30 In total, pieces of sniper rifles were produced, they were used during the Soviet-Finnish and World War II and have proven themselves to be reliable and effective weapons. Currently, Mosin sniper rifles are of collectible value (especially the "nominal" rifles that were awarded to the best Soviet snipers). The last version of the rifle was the carbine mod of the year, which was distinguished by the presence of a non-removable needle bayonet and simplified manufacturing technology. The shortening of infantry weapons was an urgent requirement put forward by the experience of the Second World War. The carbine made it possible to increase the maneuverability of infantry and other branches of the armed forces, since it became more convenient to fight with it in various earthen fortifications, buildings, dense thickets, etc., and its fighting qualities both in fire and in bayonet combat compared to a rifle practically did not decrease.

In 1943, in the occupied territory of Belarus, railway engineer Shavgulidze developed the design of a 45-mm rifle grenade launcher, in total, in the workshops of the Minsk partisan unit, Soviet partisans manufactured 120 rifle grenade launchers of the Shavgulidze system, which were mounted on rifles of the Mosin system. Production of the main rifle mod. 1891/30 was terminated at the beginning of 1945.

The bottle launcher of the Zuckerman system - a rifle grenade launcher - a bottle launcher designed by Zuckerman V.A., invented and put into production in July 1942. Designed for throwing bottles with flammable liquid "KS". The weapon was used mainly in the defense of besieged Leningrad. The tests were carried out on July 14 - August 1942 at the "Shot" courses. A small batch entered service with the troops. The shooting of bottles from this mortar was carried out with a regular blank cartridge, or with a self-hollowed live cartridge from a Mosin rifle. The Zuckermann bottle launcher is a muzzle-loading system. The mortar was attached to the barrel with a bayonet connection. A bottle with a self-igniting combustible mixture "KS" enclosed in it rested on a perforated membrane through a wooden wad, the shot was fired with a blank (throwing) cartridge. Shooting was carried out with the emphasis of the butt in the ground or shoulder. The range of aimed fire with a bottle was indicated at 80 m, the maximum m. The bottle thrower was serviced by a crew of two people: a gunner and a loader. The duties of the gunner included: carrying and installing the bottle thrower, aiming at the target and shooting. The loader carried the ammunition of bottles with a mixture of KS, assisted in the installation and aiming of the bottle launcher, and loaded the mortar with a bottle.

DP (Degtyareva Infantry) - a light machine gun developed by V. A. Degtyarev. On December 21, 1927, the machine gun was adopted by the Red Army. DP became one of the first samples of small arms created in the USSR. The machine gun was massively used as the main weapon of fire support for infantry in the platoon link up to the end of the Great Patriotic War.

Anti-tank rifles of the Red Army in the period of years.

Anti-tank rifle - "PRTS".

Anti-tank rifle - "PTRD".

Anti-tank rifle - "BOYSA".

Revolver Nagant mod of the year (Belgium - Russia).

Pistol arr. (TT, Tula, Tokareva).

RGD-33 (Dyakonov Hand Grenade mod of the year).

RPG-40, RPG-41 and RPG hand-held anti-tank grenades RPG-3 hand-held anti-tank grenade - RG-42 hand-held offensive grenade, first production and main production model 4 - RPG-41 ("Voroshilovsky kilogram") anti-tank grenade

RPG-6 is a hand-held anti-tank grenade of directional impact, designed to destroy armored vehicles, their crew, weapons and equipment, ignite fuel and ammunition. With the advent of heavy tanks "Tiger", "Panther", as well as self-propelled artillery mounts of the "Ferdinand" type with frontal armor of mm or more (side armor was mm), it became necessary to create more powerful anti-tank weapons, including grenades .

Katyusha - appeared during the Great Patriotic War, the unofficial name of the barrelless systems of field rocket artillery (primarily and initially - BM-13, and later also BM-8, BM-31 and others). Such installations were actively used by the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Rocket RS-132 caliber 132 mm and a launcher based on a truck ZIS-6 BM-13 were put into service on June 21, 1941; it was this type of combat vehicles that first received the nickname "Katyusha". The first salvo of the Katyusha battery on the Leningrad Front was fired on August 3, 1941 near Kingisepp (battery commander Senior Lieutenant P. N. Degtyarev). Since the spring of 1942, the rocket mortar was installed mainly on English and American all-wheel drive chassis imported under Lend-Lease. The most famous among them was the Studebaker US6. During the Great Patriotic War, a significant number of variants of RS shells and launchers for them were created; in total, Soviet industry during the war years produced more than rocket artillery combat vehicles.

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Weapons of victory Large-scale fortress Tank T-34
The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank of the Great Patriotic War period, mass-produced since 1940, it was the main tank of the Red Army until the first half of 1944, when it was replaced by the T-34-85 modification tank. The most massive medium tank of World War II. Developed by the design bureau of the tank department of the Kharkov Plant No. 183 under the leadership of M. I. Koshkin. The success of the project was predetermined by the use of the latest highly economical aviation-type diesel engine: V-2, thanks to which the medium-thick-armored T-34 inherited from the light-thinly armored BT an unusually high power density, which ensured the absolute superiority of the T-34 tank in combat throughout World War II. cross-country ability, maneuverability, mobility, as well as a weight reserve for modernization, taking into account the accumulated experience of combat use. From 1942 to 1945, the main large-scale production of the T-34 was deployed at powerful machine-building plants in the Urals and Siberia, and continued into the post-war years. The latest modification (T-34-85) is in service with some countries to this day.
The T-34 tank had a huge impact on the outcome of the war and on the further development of world tank building. Due to the combination of its combat qualities, the T-34 was recognized by many specialists and military experts as one of the best tanks of World War II.

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Weapon of victory BM-13 "Katyusha"
BM-13 is a Soviet rocket artillery combat vehicle of the Great Patriotic War period, the most massive and famous Soviet combat vehicle (BM) of this class. In 1939-1941, it was created by employees of the RNII I. I. Gvai, V. N. Galkovsky, A. P. Pavlenko, A. S. Popov. The most widely known under the popular nickname "Katyusha". armament of some countries to this day. The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of rail guides and their guidance device. For aiming, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the car were two jacks, providing greater stability when firing. One machine could accommodate from 14 to 48 guides. The body of the rocket (rocket) was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - the warhead compartment, the engine compartment (combustion chamber with fuel) and the jet nozzle.
The RS-132 projectile for installing the BM-13 had a length of 0.8 meters, a diameter of 132 millimeters and weighed 42.5 kg. Inside the cylinder with plumage was solid nitrocellulose. The mass of the warhead is 22 kg. The explosive mass is 4.9 kg - "like six anti-tank grenades." Firing range - up to 8.5 km.

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Weapon of victory Machine gun Maxim
In 1873, the American inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840-1916) created the first model of automatic weapons - the Maxim machine gun. An automatic weapon based on automatic recoil of a barrel with a short stroke. As the shot is fired, the powder gases send the barrel back, setting in motion the reloading mechanism, which removes the cartridge from the cloth tape, sends it to the breech and at the same time cocks the bolt. After the shot is fired, the operation is repeated anew. The machine gun has an average rate of fire - 600 rounds per minute, and the combat rate of fire is 250-300 rounds per minute.
The Maxim machine gun was actively used by the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War. It was used by both infantry and mountain rifle units, as well as the fleet. During the war, the combat capabilities of "Maxim" tried to increase not only the designers and manufacturers, but also directly in the troops. The soldiers often removed the armor shield from the machine gun, thereby trying to increase maneuverability and achieve less visibility. For camouflage, in addition to camouflage, covers were put on the casing and shield of the machine gun. In winter, "Maxim" was installed on skis, sleds or on a drag boat, from which they fired.

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Weapon of victory Flying tank Sturmovik Il-2
Designer: S. V. Ilyushin. Produced during the war years: more than 36,000 copies The Il-2 attack aircraft was developed at TsKB-57 under the leadership of Sergei Ilyushin. It was a machine specialized for attacking ground targets from low altitude. The main design feature is the use of a load-bearing armored hull that covered the pilot and vital organs of the aircraft. The armor of the Il-2 not only protected against small-caliber projectiles and bullets, but also served as part of the power structure of the fuselage, due to which it was possible to achieve tangible weight savings. Until 1944, wood was widely used in the design of the Il-2 - while scarce duralumin was saved .. Throughout the war, Ilys remained the main means of fighting German tanks. Their high efficiency was achieved through the use of cartridges with PTAB-2.5 bombs. Tiny bombs (Il-2 took four containers with 48 bombs) were dropped in one gulp on a cluster of equipment. The armor-piercing of the PTAB was about 70 mm - this was more than enough to hit the tank in the roof. There is an opinion that success in the Battle of Kursk was achieved largely due to the actions of attack aircraft: the Germans began to avoid the accumulation of their troops, and it was much more difficult to coordinate the work of dispersed units. The Germans called the Il-2 "concrete bomber".

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Weapon of Victory "Explosive Cans"
One of the most ingenious and at the same time effective types of weapons was the RG-42 hand grenade. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that structurally the body of the grenade was an ordinary tin can of slightly modified dimensions. Only instead of condensed milk, a fragmentation shirt made of rolled thick steel tape with a notch and an explosive charge were placed in it. The fuse was a standard UZRG fuse, the production of which had already been put on stream. The production of RG-42 could be arranged at any canning factory. At the same time, the combat qualities of the grenade were not at all inferior to more complex and expensive counterparts. In China, an analogue of the RG-42 is still being produced.

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Weapon of victory "Gangster rapid firer" PPSh submachine gun
Designer: G. S. Shpagin Produced during the war years: about 6 million copies During the Second World War, submachine guns, automatic weapons that use a pistol cartridge, were widely used. Submachine guns appeared in the 1920s and quickly gained popularity due to their efficiency and convenience. Initially, the Soviet Union was against the adoption of submachine guns: Stalin considered them "gangster weapons" unworthy of the Red Army. However, the experience of the Winter War of 1939/40 dramatically changed the attitude towards this type of weapon, and already in 1940 the Degtyarev PPD submachine gun was put into service. This weapon uses one of the simplest and most reliable automation schemes - a free shutter. The shot is fired as follows: the shooter retracts the bolt to the rear position, thus compressing the reciprocating mainspring. When you press the trigger, the spring pushes the bolt forward, simultaneously sending a cartridge from the magazine and pricking the primer. An important advantage was the ease of disassembly and the ability to quickly replace any part.

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Weapon of victory "People's Artillery" Divisional cannon ZIS-3
Designer: V. G. Grabin. Produced during the war years: more than 103,000 copies The most massive artillery gun during the war years was the ZIS-3 divisional gun designed by Vasily Grabin. Produced in more than 103,000 copies, this gun has become a real masterpiece of manufacturability and reliability. Fire from the Grabin cannon could be fired with any Soviet 76.2 mm shells, which greatly facilitated the supply of artillery batteries. It should be recognized that in terms of combat characteristics, the ZIS-3 was inferior to its foreign counterparts (in particular, the English 17-pounder gun), but in terms of convenience and unpretentiousness, the Soviet gun knew no equal. Considering the low level of training of divisional gunners and the harsh operating conditions, this was a very valuable advantage - even serious repairs could be carried out by calculation forces.

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Weapon of victory "Baby"
The project of mini-submarines for the rapid strengthening of the Pacific Fleet - the main feature of the M-type boats was the ability to be transported by rail in a fully assembled form. In pursuit of compactness, many had to be sacrificed - service on the "Baby" turned into a grueling and dangerous event. Difficult living conditions, strong "chatter" - the waves ruthlessly threw a 200-ton "float", risking breaking it into pieces. Shallow diving depth and weak weapons. But the main concern of the sailors was the reliability of the submarine - one shaft, one diesel engine, one electric motor - the tiny "Baby" left no chance for the careless crew, the slightest malfunction on board threatened the submarine with death. Despite their modest size and only 2 torpedoes on board, the tiny fish were distinguished by simply terrifying "gluttony": in just the years of World War II, Soviet M-type submarines sank 61 enemy ships with a total tonnage of 135.5 thousand gross tons, destroyed 10 warships, and also damaged 8 transports.

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Great Victory of a Great People In 1945, we won a great victory over the Nazis thanks to our courage, courage, devotion and love for the fatherland. Of course, science has helped us more than once, especially in the last years of the Great Patriotic War.

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"Katyusha" Katyusha is the unofficial collective name of the BM-8 (82 mm), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) rocket artillery combat vehicles. Such installations were actively used by the USSR during World War II. Just a few hours before the war, a decree was signed on their mass production.

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Where were they created? In order to increase the power of Soviet artillery during the war, the scientific research and technical institutes of the USSR received the task - "to develop rockets on smokeless powder." In 1938, a group of scientists created a multiply charged launcher mounted on a truck. In 1929, B. S. Petropavlovsky, with the participation of Langemak, Petrov, Kleimenov, and others, carried out the development and official testing of rockets of various calibers - prototypes for the Katyusha at the GDL. To launch them, multiply charged aviation and single-shot ground launchers were used. “On June 1, 1941, the vehicles were adopted by the artillery.

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History of weapons The BM-13 and BM-8 rocket systems were primarily armed with guards mortar units, which were part of the artillery of the reserve of the Supreme High Command. Therefore, "Katyushas" were sometimes unofficially called "Guards mortars".

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Use The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and a guide rail. For aiming, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the car were two jacks, providing greater stability when firing.

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The power of Soviet technology The rocket for Katyusha was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS-132 projectile for installing the BM-13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. Range - 8.5 km. In 1939, rocket projectiles were successfully used for the first time during the battles at Khalkhin Gol. And with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, tests were already carried out in combat conditions.

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One of the main features: During the salvo, all missiles were fired almost simultaneously - in a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by rockets. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid the enemy's retaliatory strike.

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The origin of the name According to the name of Blanter's song, which became popular before the war, to the words of Isakovsky "Katyusha". On the North-Western Front, the installation was initially called "Raisa Sergeevna", thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (rocket). The version suggests that this is how the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant, who worked at the assembly, dubbed these cars. In the German troops, these machines were called "Stalin's organs" because of the external resemblance of the rocket launcher to the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful stunning roar that was produced when the rockets were launched.

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"Andryusha" On July 17, 1942, near the village of Nalyuchi, a volley of 144 launchers equipped with 300-mm rockets was heard. This was the first use of a somewhat less famous related weapon - "Andryusha".

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Who created Katyusha? The original reads as follows: “The final development of the internal ballistic characteristics of powder rocket engines, as well as the design and testing of missile warheads, was carried out by a group of specialists: engineer. M.F. Fokin, F.N. Poida, V.A. Artemyev, D.A. Shitov, V.N. Luzhin, V.G. Bessonov, M.P. Gorshkov, L.B. S. Ponomarenko and others.”

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Awards to creators More than half a century has passed and the state paid tribute to the memory of the creators of the legendary Katyushas. By decision of the President of the USSR, Ivan Kleimenov, Georgy Langemak, Vasily Luzhin, Boris Petropavlovsky, Boris Slonimer and Nikolai Tikhomirov were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. On December 5, 1991, the daughters of Kleimenov, Petropavlovsky and Slonimer received the Orders of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal from the hands of M.S. Gorbachev. The awards of Langemak, Luzhin and Tikhomirov were not presented, because the heroes did not even have close relatives left alive to whom they could be transferred.

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One step away from victory Of course, "Katyusha" and a little less well-known "Andryusha" were not the only achievements of Soviet technology.

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Kalashnikov machine gun Kalashnikov light machine gun (Experimental model 1943). USSR Caliber: 7.62x53 arr. 1908/30 Length: 977/1210 mm Barrel length: 600 mm Weight: 7.555 kg empty Rate of fire: - Feed: 40-round box magazine Effective range: 900 m

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Story

In the weapons system of any army, small arms have been and continue to be the most massive of all weapons. The issue of improving small arms in our country, especially in Soviet times, has been and is being given great attention. Domestic small arms passed the severe test during the Great Patriotic War. The high combat qualities of Soviet weapons were recognized by all our opponents. For example, the fascist leadership even demanded that their gunsmiths surpass the rate of fire of a Soviet air machine gun. However, 1800 rounds per minute remained an unattainable goal for German designers.

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Story

The most productive year for new designs was 1943 - the year of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War. Our army has finally consolidated the strategic initiative in its hands. “Soviet weapons, created by Soviet designers, made by Soviet workers, at Soviet factories, from Soviet material,” said Ya. F. Pavlov, a participant in the Battle of Stalingrad, Hero of the Soviet Union, “the best in the world. It is infinitely dear to the heart of every soldier in our army…”

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Nagant revolver

An important feature of the revolver was the sliding of the drum with cartridges on the breech breech before firing, which eliminated the breakthrough of powder gases between the barrel and the drum.

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Maxim machine gun

The legendary weapon of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. After the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the design of the machine gun was improved by the Tula gunsmiths P. P. Tretyakov and I. A. Pastukhov.

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Light machine gun of the Degtyarev system

The RPD was the first Soviet serial machine gun for a new cartridge adopted in 1943, which occupied a position between pistol and rifle in terms of power.

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Automatic rifle of the Simonov system and self-loading rifle of the Tokarev system

During automatic firing from the ABC, a bladed bayonet was used as an additional support, which rotated 90 ° relative to the axis of the barrel. In 1938, the next competitive tests of self-loading rifles took place in the USSR, in which the weapon of F. V. Tokarev won.

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Submachine gun of the Degtyarev system and submachine gun of the Shpagin system

The PPD was an improved version of the V. A. Degtyarev submachine guns of the 1934 and 1934/38 models. PPSh had a simple design and high reliability. This is the most massive sample of automatic weapons during the Great Patriotic War.

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Repeating rifle 1891/30

It was created as a result of the modernization of the famous three-line rifle by S. I. Mosin of the 1891 model. In 1924-1927, significant changes were made to the design of the three-ruler, expressed in the installation of a new sector sight, spring stock rings, a needle bayonet with a stronger spring latch and a simplified chamber configuration.

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Large-caliber easel machine gun of the Degtyarev-Shpagin system

Being a powerful infantry weapon, the DShK was designed to destroy air and lightly armored targets, machine gun nests and enemy anti-tank artillery.

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Rapid-firing aviation machine gun of the Spital and Komaritsky system

This machine gun was used on all pre-war combat aircraft and many machines of the Great Patriotic War period. In terms of its rate of fire, ShKAS surpassed all foreign aircraft machine guns.

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Machine gun of the Goryunov system

In May 1943, the SG-43 replaced the Maxim machine gun of the 1910 model. It was distinguished by the reliability of automation and was reliable in the most extreme combat conditions.

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Dragunov self-loading sniper rifle

Developed in 1958 - 1962. To hit targets, the rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight.

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PM and APS

A feature of the APS is its ability to fire bursts. APS is much more efficient and reliable than, for example, the German "Mauser" M-712 model 1932 - a pistol of a similar class. The PM is in service with officers of the Soviet Armed Forces as a weapon of self-defense. Compared to a pistol, the TT has a higher rate of fire due to the use of a self-cocking trigger mechanism.

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The presentation was made by students of the 10th "B" class: Dmitry Antonyuk and Ilya Dzyurich

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