Japan is a multinational country or not. National composition of foreign Europe. The composition of the population of foreign Europe

More than three thousand different ethnic units live in the modern world, and there are a little more than two hundred states. And this means that, with a few exceptions, the majority are multinational countries.

Terms and concepts

In order to understand the issue in detail, it is necessary to highlight the key concepts that researchers use when studying a particular country. Such concepts as tribe, nationality, people, nation, ethnos are quite close in their meaning, but at the same time they have certain nuances. It is clear enough that all these terms are the result of the historical complication of various elements that characterize this or that ethnic community. Economic development, the expansion of the territory led to an increase in the area of ​​​​residence of the tribe, which gradually turned into a nationality or people. And as the highest stage of an ethnic unit, one can single out the formation and emergence of a nation. Many scientists agree that the determining factors in the formation of this community are one language, territory, culture and economic ties. However, as a nation develops, these factors lose their paramount importance, and it can continue to exist even when divided by state borders.

Formation of national identity

Indeed, to confirm this statement, one can refer to the example of such a multinational giant as the USSR. Many nations that existed as part of this state, after its collapse, found themselves on opposite sides of the borders, but did not lose their identity. Therefore, having formed once, they continue to exist, except for cases of physical disappearance. Language as one of the fundamental features of a nation may cease to be such. As the number of people increased, the role of kinship decreased, and it could turn out that two or more languages ​​appeared in one nation. When the former ethnic groups were united into more and more numerous, language variations (dialects) were preserved, sometimes differing quite strongly from the former single language. The most striking example is the Swiss Confederation. Approximately along this path, the multinational countries of Europe were formed. However, not only European countries followed this path of development of national relations. The multinational countries of Asia also could not immediately form as full-fledged polyethnic formations. A series of revolutions and other metamorphoses led them to the need for coexistence, and one of the many Asian states - China - was also formed according to this principle.

Different interpretations of the concept of "nation"

When using the term "nation", one must keep in mind its twofold meaning. Firstly, scientists consider it as a set of citizens of a certain state. That is, it is a multicultural, socio-political, territorial and economic community of representatives of different nationalities that form the state. In the second case, this definition is used as a designation of the highest form of ethnic unity. Multinational countries that have developed according to the first scenario in the modern geopolitical world make up more than half of all state formations. The most typical example is the American nation. For many centuries, the United States has been called a "melting pot" that successfully dissolved the ethnic diversity of American citizens, turning them into a single nation. This course of events was dictated by historical realities, the emerging industrial type of society made strict demands, primarily of an economic nature, and many nationalities had to unite in order to successfully compete in the international arena. This is how the multinational countries of the world were formed.

Russian style integration

The globalization of the economy has influenced the ways of integrating state-national entities. Dynamically developing production has led to the formation of new options for interethnic cooperation. The United States and the Russian Federation are multinational countries, both of them are federations in their structure. However, the way they are organized is fundamentally different. The Russian Federation is built according to the national-state principle of its constituent entities. They have a certain independence in internal affairs and jointly represent the Russian nation.

Alternative way of national cooperation

American states also have some internal autonomy, but are formed on a territorial basis. Russia in this way of organization guarantees the development of the national culture of the peoples inhabiting it. The United States of America, on the basis of democratic laws, also secures the right of each ethnic unit to national and cultural independence. These two types of state associations are represented all over the globe.

Globalization and nations

The entry of the world into the information age has further strengthened interstate competition, respectively, and interethnic. Therefore, the main trend is the birth of supranational state formations. They are formed on the principle of confederation and have a great national and cultural diversity. The most typical example is the European Union, which consists of more than twenty countries, and the inhabitants speak, according to the most rough estimates, 40 languages. The structure of this association is as close as possible to the prevailing economic and political realities. On its territory there is a common legal system, currency, citizenship. If you take a closer look at these signs, you can conclude that a European supernation has practically taken shape. The number of new EU members is growing. Similar processes, but with a lesser degree of cooperation, are taking place around the world. The initial economic and political blocs are prototypes of future supernations. It seems that such large state-national formations are the future of all human civilization.

National politics

The guarantor of the preservation of unity is the national policy in states united in multinational countries. The list of these countries is quite extensive and includes the vast majority of state entities located on our planet. The national policy includes a set of measures to ensure the equal existence and development of the ethnic units of the state. The most multinational country in the world - India - is an example of this. Only a balanced and cautious policy of this country allows it to be the leader of South Asia and successfully compete with its giant neighbor China.

Modern trends in interethnic relations

It is the legislative consolidation of the rights of national minorities that serves as a binding "solution" for these countries. The paths of development of nationalities and the state did not always coincide. History shows many such examples. Multinational countries are most prone to disintegration precisely because of their multi-ethnicity. The twentieth century was the period of the collapse of many such states: the USSR, Yugoslavia, and even the binational Czechoslovakia. Therefore, maintaining the parity of nationalities becomes the basis for cooperation and integration. Over the past two decades, the process of separatism has become somewhat biased, this also applies to established European states, such as, for example, Great Britain, from which Scotland announced its intention to withdraw, as well as the states of Asia and Africa artificially created as a result of the colonial policy.

a state in whose territory various ethnic groups live - nations, nationalities, national and ethnographic groups.

Historically G.m. formed where the state consolidation of more or less extensive territories took place before the formation of nations began and national movements developed (Eastern Europe, including Russia, a number of regions of Asia). Often G.m. They also took shape in the course of colonial expansion (for example, in Africa), within which many ethnic groups turned out to be divided by the borders of different states. G.m. were also established as a result of intensive migrations (for example, in the USA). There are many G.M. in the world, including India, Indonesia, Russia, China, Nigeria, Iran, Pakistan, Vietnam, Malaysia, etc. In the past, large G.M. were Austria-Hungary, the USSR, the former Yugoslavia, former colonial empires. In the CIS, the most multinational are the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Part of G.m. are unitary (China, Iran, Vietnam, etc.), while others are federal (Russia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, etc.). In itself, multinationality is not a sign of weakness and unviability of the state, which is eloquently evidenced by the historical example of democratic Switzerland, although it gives rise to many additional problems.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Plurinational State

a state in which none of the peoples living on the territory of this state has a dominant position. In other words, inter-ethnic parity is preserved, when no nationality can be considered an ethnic majority. By international standards, a state is considered multinational when there are no ethnic groups that make up more than two-thirds of the population.

According to the puppeteers, the Russian Federation is a multinational state. At the same time, the data of any census will show that the Russian people make up the vast majority - more than 80% of the country's population. Moreover, if we count together with Belarusians and Ukrainians, then there will be all 85%. This far exceeds two-thirds of the population, with no other ethnic community going beyond 10%. However, the myth of Russia's multinationality continues to be imposed day by day. Every politician considers it his duty to mention the multinationality and multi-confessionalism of Russia, and even comes to the point of absurdity when Judaism is declared the traditional religion of Russia.

Such a situation should suggest that those in power are projecting their desires onto reality. So far, Russia is the national state of the Russian people with minor ethnic inclusions. But someone really wants to turn it into a multinational state, where any ethnic community will be balanced by other peoples. Thus, ethnic parity will be achieved and a system of checks and balances will be built, which will allow the anti-national forces that have seized it to remain in power for an arbitrarily long time, since any speeches on ethnic grounds will be suppressed by the forces of other peoples. That is why there is a purposeful driving into the consciousness of the layman of this myth with the aim that it soon become a reality. Thus, this is one of the instruments of the genocide of the Russian people.

multinational state- A state that includes several ethnic groups with different religion, language or skin color, for example, in Spain - Castilians, Catalans and Basques, in Russia there are dozens of different nationalities ... Geography Dictionary

Plurinational State- Countries where the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages ​​and the language situation. According to the ethnic composition of M.g. can be divided into two groups...

multinational state Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Plurinational State- A country in which the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages ​​and the language situation. According to the ethnic composition of M.g. are divided into two groups: 1) ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

Austrian Plurinational State- Austria in and at the beginning of modern times was part of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation". However, already in the Middle Ages, it developed into a separate state. At the end of the XIV century. Austria took a place among the largest principalities of the empire. From the 15th century ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia

State- (Country) The state is a special organization of society, ensuring unity and integrity, guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens. The origin of the state, signs of the state, form of state government, form of state ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

uninational state- (Mono-ethnic state) It is customary to consider such countries as one-national, in which a relatively small number of people of different nationalities live, who do not have a noticeable impact on the national language situation in ... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

RUSSIA (Russian Federation) a state in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia (occupies most of them); borders with Korea, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,… … encyclopedic Dictionary

A mono-ethnic state (or one-national) state, on the territory of which different peoples can live, but the bulk of the inhabitants are representatives of one ethnic group. This concept is antonymous with the concept ... ... Wikipedia

Coordinates: 11°20′00″ s. sh. 123°01′00″ E  / 11.333333° N sh. 123.016667° E etc. ... Wikipedia

Books

• History of the Soviet State - 2nd ed. , Ustinov V.M., Munchaev Sh.M.. 720 Art. In the early 90s. 20th century The Soviet multinational state, which existed for more than 70 years and undoubtedly had a huge impact on the course of world history, has descended from the international ...
• Wonders of the world. The Complete Encyclopedia, Natalya Petrova. From the book "Wonders of the World. The Complete Encyclopedia" an inquisitive reader will learn a lot of new and incredibly interesting facts about our planet, its inhabitants, structures created by nature, and ...

One-national countries of the world include states in which the proportion of people of the titular nation is more than 90%. The list of mono-ethnic countries includes island countries - Japan, Iceland, peninsular - Portugal, Italy. There are countries located far from the seas and oceans - Austria.

The one-national countries of the world, the list of which is growing, have the border of the distribution of the nation within the state borders. The process of formation of mono-ethnic states is associated with the desire of indigenous peoples that are part of multinational states to separate themselves within the historical territory.

Uninational and multinational countries of the world. Meaning and list of countries.

Regions of the world have an unequal number of nation-states on their territory:

European countries

The mononationality of the state does not affect the place in the world list of economically prosperous countries. Europe is a part of the world, on the territory of which there are small single-national countries. The formation of new nation-states in the region continues at the present time.

European uninational states are:

• Italy. The Italian Republic is located in the south of Europe. Italians make up 93% of the population. Mostly it is a mountainous country with a comfortable subtropical Mediterranean climate for living. It is an economically developed industrial and agrarian power. Italy is a major international tourism center with 53 UNESCO World Heritage Sites located on its territory. The Republic is a member of NATO, the UN, the European Union;
  
  
• Portugal. The Portuguese Republic is located entirely on the Iberian Peninsula, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The country lies in the subtropical zone. The population is 99% Portuguese. The coastal plains are densely populated. 50% of the population lives in Lisbon and the city of Porto. The capital is the city of Lisbon. Portugal is an industrial-agrarian country with a stable economy. It stands out on the world market with large supplies of cork, olives, and wine.
• Austria. The country is located in the center of Europe. In the national composition of the population of the Austrians 90%. The Republic of Austria is characterized by a developed industry, skilled workers, and an established international tourism business. It has the status of a rich country.
  
  
• Iceland. The republic is located on the island of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean. The isolated position of the country led to the predominance of Icelanders in the national composition. They make up 99% of the country's population. Iceland is considered an industrial-agrarian country. 70% of Icelanders work in the service sector. Iceland has many spouting geysers and springs of mineral water. 85% of Icelandic houses, greenhouses are heated by energy received from geothermal sources;
• Norway. The Kingdom of Norway is located on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Mountainous terrain, an abundance of narrow bays - fjords, make up the face of the country. 70% of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. 96% of the population are Norwegians. Norway has a merchant fleet, which ranks 6th in the world in terms of tonnage. The country's hydroelectric power plants generate the cheapest electricity in the world.
• Ireland. The Republic is located on the island of Ireland and occupies 80% of the island. 98% of the population are Irish. The climate of Ireland is humid, with frequent rains. Forests occupy 1% of the territory, the rest is occupied by meadows. The leading sectors in the economy are pharmaceuticals and agricultural engineering. In agriculture, animal husbandry is leading. Ireland firmly holds the position of an environmentally friendly country. This is due to the small number of polluting industries;
  
  
• Sweden located on the Scandinavian Peninsula, near Norway. It is distinguished by a small population in the country - 10.5 million people. 91% of the ethnic composition are Swedes. Sweden is one of the 10 safest countries in the world for human life. There are comfortable working conditions, a good ecological situation, free high-level education. Income for the country is brought by the companies Scania, Erickson, Volvo, Oriflame, Tetrapack and Tele2;
• Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark has a homogeneous national composition - 98% are Danes. The country belongs to the Northern Europe region. It occupies the Jutland peninsula, small islands of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Denmark is an industrial country with a high standard of living. 75% of the population is employed in the service sector. The country exports machinery, agricultural products, chemical products to the world market, and imports raw materials for the manufacturing industry, oil, gas;
• Poland. The Republic of Poland is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. 96% of the country's population consider themselves Poles. Poland is a country that has preserved its identity and culture over many centuries. Currently, the industry specializes in the production of engineering products, chemical products. Poland is a member of the NATO bloc;
  
  
• Czech. In the structure of the national composition, the share of Czechs is 95%. The former socialist republic ranks 2nd in terms of economic development among the countries of Eastern Europe. The position of the country at the crossroads of transport routes in Central Europe, a comfortable climate, an abundance of attractions are actively used by the Czechs to develop the country and increase income.

Asian countries

Single-national countries of the world, the list of which in Asia is continued by the economically developed countries of Japan, Saudi Arabia, are distinguished by high originality, strict observance of national traditions and customs.

Asian uninational states are:

Latin American countries

Single-national countries of the world, the list of which in Latin America is represented by the countries of the mainland South America and the island states of the region, are at different stages of economic development.

Latin American countries are ethnically mononational, but have a motley racial composition.

The peoples of Latin America were formed as a result of a mixture of European peoples, Indians, African peoples. Mestizos, mulattoes, creoles belong to a single nation of the country. The unifying factors are language and culture.

Latin American mono-ethnic countries:

African countries

Single-national countries of the world, the list of which includes ethnically homogeneous states, on the African continent are represented by countries that are different in culture, religion, but similar in their historical path of development.

African mono-ethnic states:

Multinational countries of the world

Multinational countries are called countries in which the share of the titular people is less than 90% of the population. The number of multinational countries in the world is greater than single-national ones.

The top 10 multi-ethnic countries in the world include:

1. India. The country has low prices for fruits and clothes. The food in the composition does not contain chemical additives. Higher education institutions provide quality education at an affordable cost. A distinctive feature of the Indians is a calm attitude to reality, the absence of stress. The country has a diverse ethnic composition. The major peoples of the country are: Hindustanis, Biharis, Telugu, Tamils.
   
   
2. Pakistan. A country with beautiful nature and strong Islamic traditions. Respect for elders is instilled from early childhood. Smoking is prohibited in the country. Despite the threat of terrorist attacks, the unstable political situation, children receive free education. There is a public health system that allows you to receive part of the medical services for free. The national composition is dominated by Punjabis, Sidhis, Pashtuns.
3. China. The country has low prices for household appliances, in stores there are cheap and various clothes and shoes. It's easy to find a job. 56 peoples live on the territory of the country. In terms of numbers, the Han are the leaders, in addition to them, the Zhuang and Hui peoples are numerous.
4. Russia. Russians receive free medical care, free education. Income tax is low compared to European countries. Business development in any field is facilitated by low competition. Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians are the main peoples of the country. The share of Russians is over 80%.
5. USA. The positive aspects for life in the country are: mild climatic conditions. Average winter temperatures do not fall below 0-1 degrees; availability of work with decent wages; good service and qualified staff. The main people - US Americans, make up 60% of the population. Numerous peoples are: African Americans, Mexicans, Italians, Dutch, Chinese.
   
   
6. Indonesia. The diverse, exotic nature of the islands attracts tourists. Cheap fruits without chemicals, inexpensive housing and the proximity of the sea are attractive conditions for permanent and temporary residence. The 4th most populous country in the world has a diverse ethnic composition. Numerous peoples in Indonesia are Javanese, Sundanese, Malays.
7. Turkey. A comfortable climate for living, inexpensive housing, and high-quality medical care characterize the country on the positive side. Turkey has a good ecological situation. Turks, Kurds, Armenians are the main nationalities of Turkey;
   
   
8. Canada. The country is distinguished by a high standard of living of the population, high salaries. Canadians are tolerant and polite. There is a low crime rate. A Canadian passport allows you to visit 153 countries without a visa. Numerous peoples of Canada: Canadians, British, French, Scots, Irish.
9. Iran. The Iranian healthcare system is characterized by a high level of development. Iranians get education for free. Prices for food and clothes are low. Large ethnic groups are Persians, Azerbaijanis and Kurds.
10. Latvia. The mild climate, high standard of living, favorable ecological conditions are attractive for life in Latvia. The Baltic Republic is characterized by a diverse ethnic composition. Numerous peoples of the country are Latvians, Russians, Belarusians.

One-national countries in the general world list of countries are distinguished by fewer interethnic problems. Among them there are economically developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Citizens of these countries are patriots and love their Motherland, regardless of the political situation and standard of living.

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Now more than 60 peoples live in Foreign Europe. A motley ethnic mosaic has been formed over several millennia under the influence of both natural and historical factors. The vast plains were convenient for the formation of large ethnic groups. Thus, the Paris Basin became the center of education for the French people, and the German nation was formed on the North German Plain. Rugged, mountainous landscapes, on the contrary, complicated interethnic ties, the most variegated ethnic mosaic is observed in the Balkans and in.

One of the most acute problems of today is inter-ethnic conflicts and national separatism. The confrontation between the Flemings and the Walloons in the 1980s. almost led to a split in the country, which in 1989 became a kingdom with a federal structure. For several decades now, the terrorist organization ETA has been operating, demanding the creation of an independent Basque state in the territories inhabited by the Basques in the north and southwest. But 90% of the Basques oppose terror as a method of achieving independence, and therefore the extremists do not have popular support. The most acute inter-ethnic clashes have been shaking the Balkans for more than a decade. Here one of the main factors is religious.

They have a significant impact on the ethnic composition of Europe. From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century Europe was the predominant region, and in the second half of the past century - mass immigration. One of the first waves of mass emigration to Europe was associated with the 1917 revolution in Russia, from where more than 2 million people left. Russian emigrants formed ethnic diasporas in many European countries: France, Germany, Yugoslavia.

Numerous wars and conquests also left their mark, as a result of which most European peoples have a very complex gene pool. For example, the Spanish people were formed on the mixture of Celtic, Romanesque, Arabic blood that lasted for centuries. The Bulgarians bear in their anthropological appearance the indelible signs of 400 years of Turkish rule.

In the post-war period, the ethnic composition of foreign Europe became more complicated due to increased migration from third world countries - former European colonies. Millions of Arabs, Asians, Latin Americans and Africans flocked to Europe in search of a better life. During the 1970-1990s. there were several waves of labor and political emigration from the republics of the former Yugoslavia. Many immigrants not only took root in Germany, France, Great Britain and other countries, but also assimilated and are included in the official statistics of these countries along with the indigenous population. Higher and more active assimilation of alien ethnic groups lead to a change in the appearance of modern Germans, French, and British.

The national composition of the states of foreign Europe