Rules for making fires Methods of obtaining, maintaining fire and making a fire. use live trees for a fire
What to kindle a fire?
The rules for making a fire begin with the process of lighting a fire. In cloudy or rainy weather, only the lower branches of trees are taken for this. But only dead and dry. Birch bark is well suited for kindling. But you can not peel it from living trees. There is enough birch bark on the ground. Chips of dry logs, stumps, resinous bark, etc. are used to kindle a fire. Before going into the forest, you can take candles, dry alcohol, or plexiglass trimmings.
Many shops sell a special liquid for kindling a fire. Matches before going to the forest are packed in waterproof packaging. To quickly start a fire, you can lower the paper-wrapped box into paraffin or melted wax.
How to build a fire in the forest?
There are safety rules for making a fire. This should only be done by adults. Bonfires should not be lit in strong winds, next to coniferous trees, on dry grass and peat bogs. To kindle a fire, you must first prepare the place. To do this, a small layer of soil is removed with a shovel, in which there are roots and insects.
For a fire, you can not break the branches of living trees. Only dry branches lying on the ground are used. Before leaving, the fire is abundantly filled with water until the coals cool completely. Then it is covered with an initially removed layer of earth.
What to support
The rules for making a fire begin with the collection of deadwood for it. It is impossible to break and cut. Only dry branches are collected, of which there are many on the ground. For a fire, you can use trees split by lightning. And dry branches break off from the living. Sometimes trees are broken by a strong wind, which can also be used for a fire, like rotten stumps. The deadwood of dead coniferous and deciduous trees is also collected. Except standing in swamps or lying on damp ground.
Raw logs are used when the fire is already fully lit. In this case, the tree will burn for a long time. In the tundra, a bush is used for a fire. Fin is collected from the banks of rivers. These are trees brought by the flood, lying on the ground and already dried up under the sun. In semi-desert and mountainous areas, dried animal manure is used for fires.
Fire Safety
There are certain rules for making a fire in the forest and watching the fire. This is an elementary safety technique that protects not only humans, but also the animal and plant world. Burning fires must not be left unattended overnight. Because a flame with a suddenly rising wind can spread to neighboring vegetation. You need to put out the fire as soon as you start to feel sleepy. Otherwise, a sleeping person may fall into the fire and receive serious burns and injuries. And sparks from a fire can set fire not only to clothes and tents, but also to neighboring vegetation.
Bonfires should be lit at a distance of 10 meters from the tent. In the direction of the wind. To him, the tent is installed only by the back wall, and to the fire - by the entrance. In the mountains, you need to take into account that in the morning the wind blows from the valley, and in the evening - from the mountains. Therefore, the fire should be located closer to the river.
The rules for making a fire prescribe a ban on the use of fir or spruce branches for a fire in order to avoid a large number of large sparks. In addition, charcoal is "shot" by fire over long distances. Birch bark is used only for kindling fires. Pine and cedar create an even burn. No sparks, but with soot. It is not present when using alder firewood. And they burn evenly, without smoke. Birch firewood sparks strongly, but gives a great heat.
If, nevertheless, a fire is kindled in a coniferous forest, then a large fire cannot be made. Sparks, rising up, can lead to a strong one which is considered the most dangerous. Therefore, a fire in coniferous places is bred at least 15 meters from the trees.
What is prohibited during the fire season?
The rules for making a fire during a fire hazard period have many prohibitions. It is impossible (even with a strong need) to kindle a fire in forest areas during periods of increased fire danger. This situation can occur from May to September. It is strictly forbidden to make fires by the rules:
- in coniferous and pine young growth;
- on windblows;
- in windbreaks;
- on logging sites where logging residues occur or are present;
- in the fields with ears of crops;
- in the steppes with dried grass;
- in clearings with dry grass;
- next to reeds, moss and reeds;
- on or near peatlands;
- under the crowns of trees;
- on old burners.
Bonfires should be located only in open places, at a decent distance from thickets of vegetation and shrubs. And first of all - away from dry grass. During the fire hazard period, it is forbidden to use barbecue grills or any cooking devices in the forest.
You can not smoke and throw cigarette butts and burning matches, shake out the ashes from the pipes. It is forbidden to use pyrotechnics and shoot from firearms. Do not leave material impregnated and oiled with combustible substances in the forests. It is forbidden to fill tanks with fuel and leave glass bottles, their fragments and other debris in the open space.
When entering the forest, one must remember that making fires is not always and everywhere permitted.
How to properly light a fire:
Bonfire: Without it, it is difficult to imagine any trip. First of all, they are necessary for a novice traveler. Sometimes even a person's life depends on the ability to make a fire. First you need to know how to choose a place for a fire, how to prepare a site, how to prepare firewood and kindling, and, most importantly, how to start a fire in all weather conditions and at any time of the year.
Location selection: Before making a fire, it is necessary to choose a place for it (preferably sheltered from wind and rain by some natural shelter, for example, a rock). It is desirable that this place be near water. The main condition is compliance with fire safety rules.
Do not light a fire under crowns or between large roots that come to the surface. It is also impossible to make fires among dead coniferous wood and young growth, as well as in areas with dry grass or on placers of stones, between which a lot of hot forest debris accumulates.
Site preparation:
Clear an area with a diameter of a meter and a half from forest debris: grass, dry leaves. It is even better to remove the top words of the turf, exposing the kidney in an area larger than the fire itself will occupy and, if possible, overlay this place with stones. This is done in order to avoid accidental spread of fire to dry vegetation, leading to a forest fire. It is very dangerous to build a fire in the immediate vicinity of dry grass and in a dry coniferous forest, where the flame can spread quickly even with a slight breeze. A fire built on peat soil easily ignites a layer of peat under the turf and it is very difficult to put out such a fire, since the flame can appear from underground only after a few days.
And if there is shallow snow on the ground? Clear the area down to the ground. Trample deep snow tightly, make a floor from damp logs and branches.
Fuel:
its correct selection is very important for a fire. Dry hardwood firewood produces no smoke, while damp or rotten wood produces little heat but produces a lot of smoke. Living birch wood is too wet. Small dry brushwood gives a strong flame, completely burning out in a few minutes. Firewood from deciduous trees with heavy dense wood (oak)
Kindling : these are flammable materials used to quickly start a fire. To do this, they use birch bark, dry chips, rotten wood from a hollow, resinous pieces of bark of coniferous trees and the so-called "incendiary sticks", which are made from resinous chips of coniferous tree stumps.
Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid, at the base of which a small hole is left, where they bring in an incendiary stick lit from a rod.
After the pyramid flares up, more and more thick pieces of wood are placed on it - dry branches, dry deadwood. So that the fire does not go out from a strong wind or rain, it is kindled under some kind of shelter: an overhanging stone, a rock.
Damp wood should be stacked around the fire so that it dries out faster.
Making fire: matches must remain dry for this, matches with a head up to a quarter of the length are dipped in melted wax and packed together with a piece of “grater” in a sealed bag or pencil case. And fire can also be obtained using a magnifying glass, lenses from glasses and other pieces of glass. With the help of the sun, prepared moss, bird fluff, resinous bark, crushed foliage are set on fire.
In view of the beginning of the fire season, we pay attention to fire safety measures.
In the forest it is unacceptable:
- use open fire;
- burn grass under trees, in forest clearings, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest;
- make fires in young coniferous forests, on peat bogs, cutting areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest;
- use wads made of flammable or smoldering materials while hunting;
- leave oiled or combustible cleaning material;
- refuel engine tanks, use defective vehicles, smoke or use open flames near vehicles refueling;
- leave bottles or glass fragments, as they can work as incendiary lenses.
Those found guilty of violating these rules will be subject to disciplinary action.
administrative or
criminal liability.
Rules of conduct in case of a forest fire
Actions of the population in the forest fire zone:
- take a dip in the nearest body of water or cover yourself with wet clothes;
- to overcome the lack of oxygen, breathe through a wet handkerchief or wet clothes, bend down to the ground;
- determine the direction of the wind and the spread of fire;
- having chosen the route of exit from the forest to a safe place, go only to the windward side and along the front of the fire;
- having decided to put out a small fire, send for help to the village;
- in case of a small fire, fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, sweep away the flame with a 1.5-2 m beam of deciduous tree branches, wet clothes, thick cloth;
- trample down a small fire on the ground, do not let it spread to the trees, do not leave until you are sure that the fire is extinguished.
Rescue service telephones: 01, 112 (cellular).
Fire prevention is the foundation of our safety.
REMINDER
campfire
rules of conduct in case of forest fires.
Completed by: OBZh teacher Koval A.P.
2012
State educational institution
"Secondary school No. 61"
G. Gomel
rules
campfires
OBJ teacher
Kravchenko Anna Vladimirovna
Gomel, 2009
1. Outline of lesson 3
2. Literature 15
3. Appendix 16
Lesson outline
THING: Fundamentals of life safety
CLASS: 7
CHAPTER: Fire Safety Rules
PURPOSE OF THE LESSON:
– educational- to promote the formation of skills and abilities necessary for making a fire in field conditions; to acquaint with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote knowledge of fire safety;
– developing- create conditions for the development of students' skills to analyze, make the right choice; the formation of thinking, attention and memory (development of the ability to logically express thoughts, compare, generalize the studied facts); development of cognitive interest of students, including elements of various forms of work in the classroom;
– educational- fostering a responsible attitude to fire safety, personal safety and the safety of people around; fostering a sense of camaraderie, mutual assistance; developing teamwork skills and joint search for solutions; ability to adequately assess emergency situations.
LOCATION: study room
FORM OF CARRYING OUT: collective, individual
LESSON TYPE: learning new material
TYPE OF CLASS: combined
TEACHING METHODS: explanatory and illustrative; reproductive (students consciously learn new knowledge, understand and remember);
EQUIPMENT: the desks in the classroom are arranged in a semicircle;
presentation for the lesson in the Power Point program "Rules for making fires"; video about nature; video "Rest in the forest";
computer, multimedia projector, screen;
cards, material for playing tricks (backpack, hiking diary, caps, "firewood"); drawings on which are drawn: fires (3 drawings)
INTER-SUBJECT RELATIONS: physics, ecology, biology, chemistry
PLANNED RESULT:
Students should know how to make a fire properly; how to determine a place for a fire; what is the danger of a fire; types and types of fires; know the places where you can not make fires;
Demonstrate the ability to analyze, draw conclusions;
Possess the skills of speech culture, bring information to the interlocutor through a message;
Lesson Plan
1) Organizational moment.
2) Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3) Explanation of program material.
A) on a hike .
B) Bonfire functions.
C) Rules for making fires.
D) Types and types of fires.
D) Campfire duty. Extinguishing a fire.
E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. Actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches.
4) Consolidation of program material.
5) Reflection.
6) Summing up.
Lesson progress
Performance. slide 1. (Appendix 4)
Organizing time.
Hello guys. I welcome you to the next lesson on the basics of life safety. On a very important subject for every person who values his life and the lives of those around him.
2) Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
TOPIC OF THE LESSON: RULES FOR BAKING FIRE;
Slide 2. (Appendix 4)
(students write down the topic of the lesson)
PURPOSE OF THE LESSON: contribute to the formation of the skills necessary for making a fire in field conditions; to acquaint with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote knowledge of fire safety;
3) Explanation of program material.
A) On a hike.
Today I want to teach you the rules for making fires in the field. And for that, let's go hiking.
Communication between teacher and students.Slide 3 . (Appendix 4)
We need backpacks for the hike. I have, ( the teacher shows his backpack) and you?-
Are there? Students answer yes.
Hiking diary, ... that is, your workbook.
Available? Of course, there is, because we have already recorded the topic of the lesson.
Good mood and cheerfulness.
Are there? Students answer yes.
And, of course, your imagination.
Available? Students answer yes.
Even on the hike, we will need the hats that I have prepared for you.
The teacher distributes caps to the students, on which “functional duties of a tourist during a hike” are attached in advance. (See Appendix 1)
Examine your cap and find a note with your responsibilities during the hike.
Communication between teacher and students.
What is your duty? And you have?
Which one of you is a doctor? What must be in your backpack?
(student answers)
And my backpack contains not only warm clothes and food, but also useful information, a variety of tasks and my great experience.
slide 4. (Annex 4) (guys with backpacks go hiking)
Now I see that you are ready to go. Indeed, in the campaign, each person learns something new, interesting for himself, gets acquainted with his native land, admires nature. Forward!
The verse of Yu. Vizbor's song "Bend of the yellow guitar" sounds.
Video about nature.
We all love the forest. How can you not love him?! The forest is a national wealth that belongs to many generations. But in life, sometimes what nature has created for decades, a person can destroy in minutes. Fires or cigarette butts left unextinguished in recreational areas, children playing with fire, uncontrolled burning of garbage by homeowners, burning dry grass in forest clearings, clearings, meadows and stubble in fields - all this can lead to fires, the results of which can be unpredictable.
The greatest danger to the forest is negligence or ignorance of the rules for making fires, as well as the forgetfulness of some citizens to put out the fire, leaving the resting place.
I think that many of you know how to make a fire, but not everyone knows how to do it right? Now, during the halt, we will find out everything.
As a squad leader, I announce - HALT.
slide 5. (Appendix 4) (meadow, tents)
And what a halt without a fire?! slide 6.(bonfire) (Appendix 4)
Tell me guys, what functions does a fire perform? What does it serve? (student answers on the background of slide 6)
B) Bonfire functions. Slide 7. (Appendix 4)
“A bonfire is a device for warming tourists, cooking and drying wet clothes”. However, you can keep warm, cook food and dry clothes at home. But in the field (on a campaign) you can’t do without a fire. Bonfire is more than fire. This is the center of the tourist parking. A bonfire is both dry clothes, and hot water, and delicious food, and protection from mosquitoes; this is a place of communication, warmth, comfort and songs with a guitar. No trip, no hike is complete without a fire.
Guys, have you made a fire at least once in your life?
Students remember: how they made fires themselves, or saw how they make fires, or read about how to make fires.
Do you know the peculiarities of making fires in field conditions?
And today we will get acquainted with the requirements for choosing a place for a fire, find out where you can’t make them, get acquainted with the types and types of fires. And my backpack will help me with this, where with the things I need on a hike, I always take a useful and practical book with me.
The teacher takes out of the backpack and shows the OBZh textbook for grades 7-8.
Get comfortable! Prepare your “travel diaries” for recording.
C) Rules for making fires.Slide 8-9. (Appendix 4)
The safest place for a fire is the sandy shore of a river or lake, an open meadow. However, wind direction and speed must also be taken into account. In strong winds, sparks from a fire can fly, so pay attention to the distance to the nearest trees. Especially a lot of sparks scatter when burning spruce, pine, from which a tent can catch fire, as well as clothes and shoes that are dried.
From the intended place for the fire, it is necessary to remove everything that can burn at least 0.5 meters: dry branches, grass and leaves. Then you need to remove the sod and set it aside. Having removed the turf according to the size of the future fire, we thus take care of nature. Remember how many burnt spots remain on the ground after vacationers! But it takes many years to restore the grass cover in a burnt place.
Choose a place near a reservoir on a sandy shore or in an open meadow, taking into account the direction of the wind and its speed;
Clear the campfire site of dry grass, leaves and everything that can burn at a distance of 0.5 m.
Remove part of the turf and put it aside;
If there are stones nearby, then it is necessary to overlay the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a crash);
Put a few branches on damp soil, kindling on them.
(students write down slide points 8-9 in their notebook)
But I, as an experienced tourist, will tell you that the fire is always:
a reliable friend of man only with skillful and careful handling of fire;
can get out of control if treated with disdain;
potentially dangerous, and we must not forget about it.
But what is the right way to light a fire?
How to light a fire properly. slide 10. (Appendix 4)
To light a fire, you need matches and wood.
The teacher takes out material from the backpack for playing techniques (matches and "firewood" - counting sticks). The students already have “firewood” on their desks.
On the desk, each of you has material for a fire (kindling and firewood), let's put it together correctly. And I will be assisted in this by a representative of the bonfire squad.
(a representative of the campfire squad approaches the teacher's table). Follow our steps.
1. first place kindling
2. cover with a hut on top.
3. If it rains, try to cover the kindling with paper.
Most suitable firewood from pine and birch. It is best to find a dry tree for a fire. Firewood must be prepared in sufficient quantities. In parallel with firewood, we also prepare kindling in order to make a fire easier and faster. For kindling, small and dry, as thick as a match, branches of pine and spruce, folded in bunches, are suitable. We first place kindling on the prepared place and cover it with a hut on top. The hut is formed by thin and dry branches with small gaps between them.
Then we set fire to the kindling with two matches folded together from the side where the wind blows. As the fire flares up, we first put the branches, and then the prepared firewood, keeping the shape of the hut. When the flame is strong and hot coals appear, then you can put thicker firewood, including raw ones. But at the same time, it is not necessary to increase the size of the fire more than the place prepared for it.
It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it rains or snows. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Useful in these cases and various artificial combustible materials - Plexiglas, paper, rubber.
A big request to you: do not use living trees for a fire unnecessarily. Plus, they don't burn well.
When building a fire in the presence of wind, consider its strength and direction, as flying sparks can ignite grass or tree leaves. Try not to use branches with dry leaves as fuel (it burns like gunpowder), because not just sparks will scatter from the fire, but whole smoldering leaves.
Who didn't get the job done? Who needs a friend's help? (if necessary, the student helps his desk mate)
And now I will introduce you to the types and types of fires. Look at the screen.
D) Types and types of fires
Types of fires : Slide 11. (Appendix 4)
fiery;
heat;
smoke.
Flame bonfires are used for cooking, lighting, flame bonfires - for cooking, heating, drying things. Both of them can become smoke if green grass or branches are thrown into them. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and to give signals.
Flaming fires are much safer than flame fires, as their flames are low. We examined the types of fires, and there are also types.
Bonfire types : Slide 12-16. (Appendix 4)
- "hut"- for cooking food.
- "well" or "lattice"- for cooking food.
- "star"- for heating at night and cooking.
- "fireplace"- for heating and drying things.
- "nodya"- for heating at night
- "Polynesian"- settles in a depression in the ground during rain and strong wind, giving a lot of coals and ash. Used for cooking.
And now we will consolidate the material covered. The teacher takes a stopwatch out of his backpack.
In 10 seconds, you need to lay down a fire of any type. Time has gone.
Students build a fire. A detachment of campfires check the correctness of the actions.
What type of fire did you build? And you? Well!
I, as an experienced tourist, want to draw your attention to the fact that it is not possible to make fires everywhere.
We write in our travel diary: Bonfires are prohibited :
slide 17. (Appendix 4)
Let's think about where you can not make fires? And I'm asking this question to the rescue team. Squad responses.
You need to know that fire safety rules prohibit making fires on old burners (places where there has already been a fire), young coniferous plantings, and on oil pipelines. Bonfires are especially forbidden in dry weather with strong winds, near stacks of hay or straw. It is also forbidden to make fires on peat bogs, under overhanging branches, as well as near branches, twigs, trees and old stumps lying on the ground. The fact is that smoldering persists for a long time in old stumps. With the wind, it swells and then turns into a strong fire, which subsequently can cause a forest fire.
And now I will check the resourcefulness and ingenuity of novice tourists and offer the following task.
Find the key to the task and solve it.slide 18. (Appendix 4)
Answers are accepted in writing in your travel diary.
You are given 2 minutes. Time has gone.
on proteo-environment;
on provocations;
under minacro thinning;
near the khoysu, vytra, govsto nase or lomyso, ryhsta stumps;
on fyatorkani;
Check yourself: slide 19. (Appendix 4)
on oil pipelines;
on gas pipelines;
under the crowns of trees;
near dry grass, haystacks or straw, old stumps;
on peatlands;
And in my backpack there is a serious book called "The Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses", an excerpt from which I will read:
Article 15.58. Lighting fires in prohibited places
Kindling fires in prohibited places - entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.
(One base value is 35,000 rubles.)
We have an overnight stay ahead of us. Sit closer to the fire. And quietly sing along to your favorite tourist song. The verse of the song sounds
Slides with beautiful photos during hikes. (50 sec)
Slide 20 - 26. (Appendix 4)
D) Campfire duty. Extinguishing a fire.
In order to avoid accidents and a fire in the forest, it is necessary to organize a watch around the fire. The officer on duty must constantly monitor the fire.
Leaving the place of rest, be sure to put out the fire. To do this, fill it with water or sprinkle with earth. Do not leave until you are sure that there are no embers or firebrands left. If the sod was previously removed, then lay it in its original place.
If dry grass, leaves or branches catch fire next to the fire, it is necessary to extinguish this fire as soon as possible.
And now I propose to conduct a physical education minute .(2 options)
1. Sitting in your seats, stretch your legs. Raise your arms up and shake your hands. Put your feet in place. Take a starting position. Lean to the left and touch the floor. Take a starting position. Lean to the right and touch the seat (bottom) of your chair with your hand. And get the hidden information.
2. We sat and wrote
The muscles of the body are all tired
Stretched and yawned
The backs together all bent,
Turned to the right, to the left -
Our body has become flexible.
Legs stretched forward
Left, right, turn,
Left, right, turn,
And they put them in their place.
Body tilted to the left
And then to the right
Where did we get the hand
hidden information.
(On the seat (bottom))
Students take out cards of different colors with texts. (Appendix 2.)
Familiarize yourself with the contents of your card, what color it is and what number it has. Students with blue cards on their desks, please read the rules clearly and aloud in order. So,
While parked:
(students read the rules on the blue cards)
Leaving the parking lot:
(students read the rules on orange cards)
1.) the fire must be carefully extinguished, poured with water or sprinkled with earth.
2.) close the fire with previously removed turf,
3.) When you finally take off, you need to make sure that the fire goes out and does not ignite some time after you leave.
4.) clean up your trash, leave order, and good luck.
Now let's make an entry in our travel diaries. We look at the screen. slide 27. (Appendix 4)
(students write down the points of slide 27 in the campaign diary)
Campfire tricks.slide 28. (Appendix 4)
And the campfire has its own little tricks. Attention to the screen.
If you spend the night under a canopy, then it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire as possible to yourself. To do this, you can arrange a screen behind a fire, lit in front of a canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, appointing attendants for this.
E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. Actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches.
Guys, it's not always possible to make fires! Who has red cards?
(students read the rules on the red cards)
It is known that forest fires in most cases occur through the fault of man. In this regard, during the summer period, with very hot dry weather, local authorities issue special decrees to restrict access to the forest. . At this time, it is generally forbidden to make fires in the forests due to the increased fire hazard. Less dangerous areas can be allocated for mass recreation of the population. Therefore, going to the forest at this time, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.
Actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches.
Smoke rises into the transparent sky:
Tourists lit a fire in the forest,
And the song with smoke rushed to the heights
About the sparks that sometimes go out on the fly.
The tourists are gone - the coals have not gone out.
Then the wind blew from the neighboring field,
He fanned the sparks, - the grass caught fire -
And the forest blazed like dry firewood.
(While reading poetry, the teacher strengthens 3 drawings of a fire in the forest on the blackboard.)
If you noticed a fire near the fire in time (dry grass, leaves, branches caught fire), and the fire has a small area, you can decide to extinguish it yourself. If there is a reservoir nearby, fill the fire with water, you can knock down the flame with a wet cloth (clothing). Burning grass can be extinguished using a "broom" made from broken hardwood branches. In this case, it is necessary to strike with sliding movements, as if sweeping, towards the source of the fire. After every few blows, the “Broom” must be turned in the hands so that it does not catch fire on its own, and its heated side has time to cool down a bit.
(During the explanation, the teacher closes the drawing with a fire with another drawing, which depicts a fire extinguishing agent: a bucket of water, a wet cloth, a broom)
In order to prevent a fire in the forest, it is necessary to follow fire safety rules.
Consolidation of program material.
In order to check how well you have learned today's material, I propose to watch the following video, the heroes of which are the students of our school and point out the mistakes.
Video "Resting in the forest." Consists of two parts. In the first part (find the mistakes) ( student responses). In the second part (test yourself).
5. Reflection.
Task: initiating feedback with students aimed at clarifying their attitude to the lesson.
There are a few minutes left until the end of the lesson and now we will sum up the results. Today at the lesson we learned: about the function of the fire; about the choice and preparation of a place for a fire in a campaign; on the rules for making fires; about the types and types of fires; about campfire duty; how and with what it is possible to put out a fire; on the prohibition of making fires in dry weather and actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches.
Students are invited to fix their condition in the lesson, to express their attitude to the lesson.
I propose to play a blitz tournament. For each question you must give 3 answers. I will collect all your answers in a backpack in order to pass on your good mood to students of other classes. So…
1. Name 3 places where you can make a fire?
2. Name 3 places where you can not make a fire?
3. What are 3 ways to put out a fire?
4. Name 3 actions if you saw that the fire spread to dry grass?
5. What are 3 useful skills that you learned during the class?
6. What are 3 things that you liked the most about the lesson?
6.Summing up.
Task: to give a qualitative assessment of the work of the class and individual students.
Guys, thank you so much for a great job.
(The teacher analyzes the work of both the class as a whole and individual students.)
Our trip has come to a happy end. We have reached our intended goal. And before I close my backpack in gratitude, I want to give each of you a memo with fire safety rules in the forest. ( Appendix 3)
On the background slide 29. (Appendix 4) and the songs "It's great that we are all gathered here today …» reminders are given.
All well done! Goodbye!
Literature
Methodological manual for teaching schoolchildren the rules of fire safety of the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Belarus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. – Minsk, 1992.
Fundamentals of life safety: grades 5-8: textbook-method. allowance for teachers of educational institutions with Belarusian. and Russian lang. training / N.N. Yakovleva (and others); under scientific ed. N.N. Yakovleva. - Minsk: Adukatsiya i vykhavanne, 2007.
Programs for institutions providing general secondary education with Russian (Belarusian) as the language of instruction with an 11-year term of study. - Minsk, 2008.
Fundamentals of life safety. Grades 7-8: a manual for students of educational institutions with Belarusian and Russian as the language of instruction / M.K. Mishkevich. - Minsk: National Institute of Education, 2009.
Take care of the forest! Gomel Regional Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations / Propaganda and Training Center.
Life safety /Author-compiler I.N.Kuznetsov. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing house of business and educational literature - Minsk: Amalfeya, 2004.
Appendix 1
Functional duties of the tourist during the trip:
1) bonfire squad - 4 students
2) rescue team - 4 students
3) fire brigade - 5 students
4) cook - 3 students
5) supply manager - 1 student
6) doctor - 1 student
7) doctor's assistant - 1 student
8) team of environmentalists - 3 students
9) photographer - 1 student
10) journalist - 1 student
11) squad leader - 1 student
Annex 2
While parked:
(students read the rules on blue cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1) never leave a fire unattended!
2) at night it is necessary to organize a campfire watch.
3) fuel prepared in reserve must be kept three to five meters from a burning fire.
4) you can not make a very high fire, unless it is required by any special need (signal fire, for example).
5) it is necessary to ensure that the fire gives as few sparks as possible, especially in windy weather.
6) you need to stock up on water if there is a reservoir nearby.
Students with orange cards on their desks, please read the rules clearly and aloud in order. So,
Leaving the parking lot:
(students read the rules on orange cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1) the fire must be carefully extinguished, poured with water or sprinkled with earth.
2) close the fire with previously removed turf,
3) when finally taking off, you need to make sure that the fire has gone out and will not ignite some time after you leave.
4) clean up your trash, leave order, and good luck.
Campfires are prohibited in dry weather.
(students read the rules on red cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1. In the summer, in very hot dry weather, it is forbidden to make fires in the forests due to the increased fire hazard.
2. For mass recreation of the population, less dangerous areas can be allocated. To do this, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.
Appendix 3
How to prevent a fire in the forest? (memo)
2. For a solo trip (not only because of the risk of fire), it is recommended to purchase a folding sapper shovel with a cover and sharpen its edges. Thus, it will serve you as both a shovel and an axe.
3. When making a fire in the forest, all precautions must be observed very strictly. These measures include everything related to fire in general.
In no case should a fire be built under trees, especially under those in which the lower branches of the crowns are at a low height.
You can not make a fire where there is a lot of dry grass or dry stumps are close.
The fire must be protected from strong winds with branches, a wall of stones.
Remember, a fire lit in a shelter emits carbon monoxide.
You need to know how to choose a place for a fire or try to use an old fire that has come across.
presented in the presentation.
information hour
Topic: "Rules for making fires"
Purpose of the lesson: to create conditions for students to familiarize themselves with the rules of making fires, to promote understanding of the dangers of fires.
Tasks:
To acquaint students with the purposes of making fires, different types of fires;
To form the skills of choosing the right place for the safe making of fires;
To form the skills of students to comply with fire safety rules and prevent various injuries;
Contribute to the prevention of forest fires.
Conduct form: information hour.
During the classes
The teacher welcomes the students and encourages them to be collected and attentive in order to successfully master the new material. He wishes students an interesting and fruitful work, provides a positive emotional mood and psychological readiness for the upcoming communication.
Knowledge update
1. What natural complexes are the "lungs" of our planet?
A) mountains B) forest; B) swamp D) desert.
2. List the causes of forest fires.
A) thrown cigarette butts, matches;
B) thrown glass bottles, fragments;
B) a lightning strike
D) not extinguished fires;
D) burning dry grass;
E) malfunctions of the exhaust system of vehicles.
3. Forest fires, depending on which tiers of the forest the fire spreads, are divided into:
A) grassroots; B) riding; B) underground.
4. The rate of spread of a forest fire depends on:
A) the area of the forest on fire;
B) environmental humidity;
B) wind.
5. List your actions when a wildfire is discovered.
A) call the duty officer of the Ministry of Emergency Situations at 101;
B) if the fire is small - try to put it out on your own;
C) quickly leave a dangerous place, do not inform anyone about the fire;
D) leave the fire zone to the windward side, perpendicular to the edge of the fire;
E) when leaving the fire zone, use the terrain (glades, rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands).
Introduction
Now solve the riddle
Tourists will come to their camp,
He will be divorced in the evening,
It will burn for a long time
Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)
Why do you need a fire in the forest? (children's answers)
Topic message and task setting
That's right, without it it is impossible to solve the problem of heating and drying clothes, cooking and lighting during autonomous existence in natural conditions. But the fire is different. One type of fire is good for drying clothes, the other is good for cooking. How do they differ? What types and types of fires are there? That's what we'll talk about today. The topic of our today's lesson is "Rules for making fires."
Plan:
1. selection and preparation of a place for a fire, the rules for making a fire, preparing firewood.
2.kinds of fires
3.action in case of fire.
The first point of our lesson is the choice and preparation of a place for a fire? Why is it so important to be able to choose a place for a fire? (children's answers).
Because in the worst case, with the wrong choice of place, a fire can start.
Where can you build a fire? What do you think?
What do you think, where you can not make fires? (children's answers).
To maintain the fire, you should take care of the wood. They can be prepared before dark, not only for cooking, lighting and heating the camp.
Campfires can be made for various purposes: to send a distress signal, cook food, dry clothes, perform any ritual actions (Maslenitsa, Kupala holidays), but most often they are kindled during short-term outdoor recreation. The last option is the most dangerous.
Bonfire "hut", he is "pioneer", "pyramid".
Such a fire is made when it is required to get a lot of heat in a short time - to warm up quickly, to dry things. The fire is very hot and voracious, requires a lot of firewood. Gives a lot of light, very good when you need to light up the camp.
Bonfire "Star" ("Star").
Economical, long-burning fire. Convenient for cooking and sleeping several people. People stack around the fire and periodically move "their" logs to the center.
Bonfire "well" (logs are stacked logs). Gives a low and wide flame. Burns for a long time. It gives a lot of heat, it is also suitable for cooking and heating, the consumption of firewood is lower than that of the "hut", but also high. Gives a lot of embers quickly. The kindling is placed in a "hut", a "well" is built around it.
Bonfire "taiga" form several logs 2-3 meters long, it burns for a long time, does not require frequent lining of firewood. On it you can cook food, dry things and spend the night nearby without a tent. It burns with an even flame for several hours, then smolders and gives a strong heat.
Bonfire "nodya". Gives out a strong wide flame. Warms from all sides. Burns for a long time.
Physical education minute
Now let's imagine that we are walking through a forest.
I go and you go - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)
I sing and you sing - one, two, three. (We clap our hands.)
We go and we sing - one, two, three. (Jumping in place.)
We live very friendly - one, two, three. (We walk in place.)
Actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches
To extinguish small fires, throwing sand, earth, flooding with water, trampling with feet. In case of indirect signs of a fire, look around the area from an elevated point, establish a hearth, etc. direction of fire spread;
If you smell smoke, come closer, determine: what is burning, in which direction the wind is blowing, what is the danger of the fire spreading, the presence of children in the fire movement zone. Decide right away whether you will try to put out the fire or rush for help, because, by overestimating your capabilities, you risk losing time and letting the fire gain strength. Report the incident to the nearest telephone or through a messenger to the fire department.
Fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, cover it with earth. Use bundles of branches from hardwood trees or trees 1.5-2 meters long, wet clothes, thick fabric to extinguish. Apply sliding blows along the edge of the fire from the side towards the seat of the fire, as if sweeping away the flame; press the branches at the next blow to the same place and, turning, cool them in this way. Stomp a small fire with your feet, do not let it spread to the trunks and crowns of trees. When the fire spreads along the crowns of trees, cut down the trees not touched by the fire on its path (the crown from the place of the fire).
Acquaintance with articles 15.29, 15.57, 15.58 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses:
1. Article 15.29. Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands.
Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands or a ban on visiting them, which did not cause damage, entails a warning or a fine in the amount of up to twenty-five basic units.
Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands, resulting in the destruction or damage to forests or peatlands, if these actions do not constitute a crime, shall entail the imposition of a fine in the amount of twenty-five to fifty basic units.
2. Article 15.57. Illegal burning of dry vegetation, grasses on the vine, as well as stubble and crop residues in the fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate the burns.
Illegal burning of dry vegetation, grasses on the vine, as well as stubble and crop residues in the fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate burns on land - entails a fine in the amount of ten to forty basic units.
3. Article 15.58. Making fires in prohibited places.
Making fires in prohibited places, with the exception of violations of fire safety requirements, liability for which is provided for by other articles of the Special Part of this Code, entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.
Consolidation of new knowledge
Solving problem situations (work on options).
Situation 1. You need to dry your clothes. Will you hang it closer or further away from the fire of the fire?
Situation 2. By chance, your hat fell into the fire or lies near the fire. What should be done so that it does not burn out: pull it out with a hand or a stick?
Situation 3. An ember fell out of the fire. What should be done: fill it with water to cool it, and throw it back into the fire, or leave it to burn out by the fire?
Knowledge check
1. The last match was used to build a fire. What needs to be done to keep the extracted fire for a long time:
a) constantly maintain the fire by organizing duty;
b) make a broom from dry plants and set it on fire;
c) fill a bucket with burnt coals and keep them smoldering;
d) set fire to a dry rotten stump;
e) fill a bucket with spruce or pine cones and set it on fire?
2. What should be the place for making a fire:
b) in inclement weather it is necessary to make a fire under a tree, the crown of which should exceed the base of the fire by 6 m;
c) the place for making a fire must be cleared of grass, leaves, shallow snow?
3. What are the main safety considerations you will consider when building a fire:
a) the fire must be protected from strong winds with branches, a tent, a wall of stones, etc.;
b) a fire built in a shelter emits carbon monoxide;
c) a wide fire is made for heating, and a cone-shaped one for cooking?
4. There are eleven of you and you need not only to cook food, but also to dry wet clothes and keep warm. What type of fire would you choose for this?
A) Bonfire "Star" ("Asterisk"). B) Bonfire "hut".
C) Bonfire "taiga". D) Bonfire "well".
E) Bonfire "hut", aka "pioneer", "pyramid.
Summarizing
It is everyone's duty to understand, love and protect nature, take care of it, multiply its priceless riches. After all, love for nature is a piece of love for the Motherland. A true friend and protector of nature is called upon to be a vacationer. He is obliged not only to protect her himself, but also to teach this to others. Take good care of the forest. Do not cut trees and shrubs for poles and stakes for tents, do not break branches for huts, bedding, and other things. For making fires, use only deadwood. Burn waste and garbage or bury it in the ground.
The teacher leads the students to realize the achievement of the set goals. Students formulate rules for safe behavior in the forest.
Reflection.
In conclusion, the teacher asks to continue the sentences (optional)
In class, I learned that...
I was especially surprised...
I understood why...
I would like to find out...
I studied (studyed)...
I can teach...
List of sources used:
1. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Vangorodsky S.N., Latchuk V.N.
2. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. (2011, 207p.).
3. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade. Frolov M.P., Yurieva M.V. and others (2012, 144p.).
In the event of an extreme situation of autonomous existence, a fire made in time can be of great benefit. It will make it possible to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A bonfire is also a purely psychological calmer, from which one breathes hope, confidence in the successful outcome of the case. In a word, it is very important to be able to make a fire in any place and under any weather conditions.
But there are situations when none of the victims has lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire in one of the ways indicated in figures 140-144.
The easiest way to make a fire is by inflicting glancing blows on a hard rock (silicon, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with a flintlock. As an armchair, you can use metal objects: a file, the back of a knife blade, an ax blade. The direction of blows should be such that sparks fall on
tinder - a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight package.
You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool by soaking it with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying it well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it starts to burn around the edges. Without letting the fabric ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in a sealed package.
If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using fine dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hit them.
If possible, tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material before use.
Several other methods of making fire are based on the effect of heat generation from friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, 2 - 3 cm in diameter. As a bowstring, it can have a strong rope, a narrow strip from a cut belt.
To make a support, you need to split a block of hardwood in half (the best material is dry larch). It is desirable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. The upper part of the "drill" should be turned into a sphere or cone with an angle of about 60 °, the lower one - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. At the same angle, on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, a small recess is made, where the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support with a thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, and it is better to use a stone with a slight indentation. After that, the “drill” is overwhelmed with a bowstring.
To rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, it is necessary at first slowly, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too hard through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place of deepening of smoke. But the work must be continued for some time, until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may flare up along the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attach a pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. The rest of the workflow remains the same.
The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill”, the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in summer in dry weather.
If the victims have a gun, you can set fire to the tinder with a shot. To do this, a bullet or shot is removed from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is clogged with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. A shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto tinder and try to set it on fire, carving sparks with flint.
If the battery or batteries remained undamaged during a vehicle accident, they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). Shorting the positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.
The task is greatly simplified in clear sunny weather. Using a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses, you can focus the sun's rays on tinder and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays on the tinder, the lens should be kept still (Fig. 144). To do this, you can pre-prepare some kind of emphasis for the hand.
There are also chemical methods of making fire, based on the spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In the event of a motor vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car's first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or cloth, drip 2-3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After that, the sheet must be tightly rolled up, put on the ground, put tinder on top. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. Do not pour a lot of liquid - this reduces the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.
The same effect is produced by the combination of potassium permanganate with glycerin, which can be found in a medicine cabinet as a remedy used to soften the skin and mucous membrane in case of its illness. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which may turn out to be critical - a bright flash occurs, from which the cooked tinder is set on fire.
In all cases of making fire, one must first carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for the subsequent fire after the tinder has been ignited. A place for a fire must also be prepared.
When lighting a fire, one must take into account the weather conditions and try to eliminate their negative impact as much as possible. In case of wind, find a quiet, sheltered place or build a windbreak. It is difficult to start a fire when it rains, because the humidity of the air is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, the methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then it is worth waiting for the rain to stop.
Building a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes this process takes quite a long time. Once having kindled a fire, one must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So did our ancestors, regarding the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Keeping a fire in place is easy. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a heap, cover them with a layer of ash, and heat dry earth from above. In case of rain, you can cover the fire place with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake up the earth and ashes and inflate the firebrands. After that, it is easy to re-light the fire. Care must be taken that in the evening firewood is used that gives good coals, and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotted log or the root of a small tree for this.
It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ashes can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. The bark is removed from the birch for its entire thickness - to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. It is necessary to lay smoldering coals on the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then earth. After that, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tightly tied and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.
A torch is also used, in which thin splinteres are shifted with dry moss, tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.