Partizan bye. "Belarusian partisan": Thoughts and assumptions. Trade as an engine of integration
The Soviet partisan movement is a phenomenon that no modern anti-Soviet can calmly talk about. The fact of the existence of the Soviet partisan movement enters into an insurmountable contradiction with the notion that the population of the Soviet Union greeted the Germans as liberators from the hated Bolshevism. Indeed: if the stories that the soldiers of the Red Army were driven into battle exclusively by detachments still have some (even if vanishingly small) plausibility, then after all, the partisans did not have detachments behind their backs! And the partisans could go over to the side of the Germans at any moment - but for some reason they didn’t go over, but on the contrary - they beat the invaders and their accomplices more and more.
It is not surprising that the anti-Soviet are constantly trying to discredit the Soviet partisan movement. They say that they were bandits who only did what they robbed and killed the civilian population of the occupied territories. They say that the partisans were exclusively newcomers - Red Army soldiers and Chekists. Yes, and there were not so many of them ...
We will deal with the last statement now.
Of all the occupied regions of the USSR, the largest was the partisan movement in Belarus. In Soviet times, the number of Belarusian partisans was determined at 374 thousand people - plus several hundred thousand partisan reserves - that is, people who would like to join the partisans, but only did not have weapons. Today, the figure of 374 thousand Belarusian partisans is very often questioned. We are told: according to the statistics of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TSSHPD) dated February 28, 1944, the total number of people who took part in the partisan movement in Belarus was 145 thousand. So what kind of 374 thousand can we talk about?
Well, let's get to the documents. Indeed, the report of the personnel department of the TsSHPD dated February 28, 1944 for Belarus provides the following data: the total number of people who took part in the partisan movement is 145,038 people, including those operating behind enemy lines on January 1, 1944 - 121,282 people. However, these figures are clearly not exhaustive. Firstly, these data take into account only those partisans, information about which was available in the TsSHPD. Many partisan detachments had no connection with the mainland, and there was no information about their composition in the personnel department of the TsSHPD. Secondly, the partisan war in Belarus did not end at the beginning of 1944 - it continued for another six months, until the republic was liberated from the invaders. And naturally, the number of partisans increased during this time.
During January-March 1944, the number of Belarusian partisans operating behind enemy lines increased from 121 to 135 thousand people. We find these data in the report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus dated April 15, 1944 (by that time the TsSHPD had already been disbanded, and therefore the statistics of the partisan movement were kept by the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of B and the Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement subordinate to it, BSHPD). This report contains one more important information: “During the period from November 1943 to April 1944, 22 partisan brigades and 16 partisan detachments numbering over 50,000 partisans joined the Red Army. Of this number, over 45 thousand people with weapons joined the ranks of active military units.
Thus, if on January 1, 1944, the BSHPD had data on 145 thousand people participating in the partisan movement, then by April 1, 1944 this number had increased to at least 185 thousand (in fact, more, since in the report of April 15, 1944 d. there is no data on the dead who were registered with the BSHPD).
As the Soviet troops advanced, more and more partisan detachments joined with them. In total, according to the BSHPD, 194,708 partisans joined forces with the Red Army.
However, this figure is not final. First, there are no dead in it. Secondly, the headquarters of the partisan movement took into account only the composition of combat formations. TsSHPD did not have statistics on the number of partisan scouts and liaisons, as well as members of self-defense units organized by partisans. Accounting for these categories was carried out directly in partisan formations - and after the liberation of the republic, data on them began to be transferred to the BShPD. The headquarters was literally buried under a pile of papers; On October 24, 1944, Ponomarenko, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B, wrote to Antonov, Deputy Chief of the General Staff: "There are up to 300,000 partisans operating in Belarus."
Ponomarenko's assessment was not far from reality. According to the fundamental reference book “Partisan formations of Belarus”, based on the funds of the BShPD, the number of intelligence officers and liaisons was 54,959 people, and members of self-defense units - 79,487 people. The number of deaths, according to the final accounting data of the BSHPD, amounted to 44,791 people.
Thus, the total number of partisans registered with the BSHPD was indeed about 374,000. However, this number is not final - after all, the system of headquarters of the partisan movement was created only in the summer of 1942. Data on partisans who died in 1941 - early 1942. neither in TsSHPD, nor in BShPD. However, it was significant - in the terrible first year of the war, partisan detachments died very often.
If the number of partisan reserves during the war was determined "by eye", then the data on the number of partisans themselves are based on a reliable source base - data from the BSHPD dating back to 1944. And no matter how unpleasant the anti-Soviet people may be, the fact remains: about 400 thousand people took direct part in the Belarusian partisan movement. And therefore, one can speak about the popular nature of the partisan movement in Belarus with good reason.
The Ministry of Information of Belarus has restricted access to the Belarusian Partizan website. This was done on the basis of subparagraph 1.2 of paragraph 1 of Article 51 of the Law "On Mass Media". According to authorities, the resource systematically violated media laws by publishing articles containing "forbidden information." At the moment, some politicians and journalists have turned to the Ministry of Information with a request to reconsider the decision to block.
When I first heard about the decision of the Ministry of Information, I experienced ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, I always oppose political censorship and the banning of alternative media. A person must receive information from different sources in order to be able to compare the arguments of the parties and form their own opinion. This is the basic principle of democracy and pluralism.
On the other hand, I understand perfectly well that the Belarusian nationalist media, which call themselves “independent”, act in exactly the same way as the official Belarusian authorities when it comes to political opponents of nationalist ideas. I have repeatedly seen how "Charter 97", "Nasha Niva" or "Belarusian Partisan" organize unbridled campaigns of persecution of people of Russophile views. Sometimes they quite deliberately post links to their social media profiles, which is a direct invasion of privacy. In a word, these “journalists” perceive freedom of speech only in relation to themselves and their like-minded people.
Quite funny was the predictable reaction of a similar, but even more yellow resource "Charter 97". Natalya Radina called the decision of the Ministry of Information "another step towards the destruction of freedom of speech." She also suggested that from now on “not a single investor will invest a penny in the Belarusian “digital” Gulag.”
Radina's words reminded me of the situation with the ban on the social network VKontakte in Ukraine. At that moment, the "Charter" enthusiastically welcomed the decision of the Kyiv authorities. It turns out that the Gulag can be selective. And if the restriction of freedom of speech concerns Russian sites, then nothing terrible happens. On the contrary, it is a fight against "Russian propaganda".
I will not hide the serious blocking of the "Charter 97" I would be delighted quite sincerely. If the "Belarusian Partizan" still sometimes allows itself to print alternative information, then the resource of Radina has long become an information dump where Russophobic materials are dumped. I think that this would significantly affect the mental state of the readers of the Charter.
It would be interesting to know thanks to what materials "Belpartizan" fell into disgrace. As you know, recently the green light has been turned on for nationalists in Belarus almost everywhere. The only condition they are given is not to touch President Lukashenko and his entourage. Did Partizan inadvertently violate this agreement, putting the Belarusian authorities in a bad light? We can only guess about this, since the Ministry of Information has not reported anything definite.
I would not advise rejoicing at those who, behind the blocking of Partizan, saw another round of the fight against nationalism. In my opinion, there are no grounds for optimism lately. Moreover, we have much more serious repressions against Russophile journalists. This suggests that the authorities follow the principle of "divide and rule", sometimes using the old Russophile rhetoric. It is clear that at the same time she is simply lobbying her interests.
Of course, I do not particularly believe that thanks to the appeals of the nationalist public, the authorities will reverse their decision. It is clear that for the Belarusian officials, who are the dumb cogs of the system, any sign from Olympus will be enough to turn on the reverse gear. It is difficult for me to say whether the parties will make concessions to each other. That such "agreements" have a place to be, I'm sure.
Unfortunately, freedom of speech in Belarus is more of a myth, which is confirmed by both the authorities and the opposition. In order to speak the truth, one must be truly "independent." Belarusian state journalists who receive a salary, as well as nationalist media living on handouts from Western funds, cannot be such by definition. Therefore, from both sides, we hear only primitive propaganda. Will the situation change in the foreseeable future? In my opinion, the conditions for this will not be created for many years to come...
Arkady Vertyazin
The first treaty after the collapse of the USSR
25 years ago, in 1992, Minsk and Moscow signed the first agreement on friendship, good neighborliness and cooperation after the collapse of the USSR. Since then, there have been hundreds of official documents on deepening integration. The Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation are members of various associations, including with other countries of the post-Soviet space - the Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, the CIS, the EAEU, the CSTO.
"Russia is sacred"
"Russia is sacred for us," Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko repeatedly assured. In December 1999, he signed an agreement on the Union State of Belarus and Russia with the then President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin. Lukashenka was eager to form an alliance with Moscow, hoping to become the head of this association. But with the coming to power of Vladimir Putin, Lukashenka's hopes collapsed.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Union without an anthem
The Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation has a common parliament, cabinet of ministers, the State Council and even the media. But there is no flag, coat of arms and anthem, and leadership is carried out on the basis of rotation. This union is not recognized as a subject of international law. In addition, Minsk and Moscow understand the meaning of integration differently. The Kremlin is counting on the political binding of an ally. Belarus, on the other hand, is seeking domestic Russian prices for gas and oil.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Social package in action
Citizens of Belarus and Russia received real benefits from the Union State. In 2006, a package of international treaties was signed that confirmed the equal rights of Belarusians and Russians to freedom of movement and work, as well as in the field of healthcare and education.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Trade as an engine of integration
Russia is the main trading partner of Belarus, for many years it has accounted for about 50% of exports and imports. The share of Belarus in the foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation in 2016 amounted to 5%. The main articles of Belarusian deliveries to Russia are agricultural products, trucks, truck tractors and agricultural machinery. From the Russian Federation to Belarus are mainly oil, gas and ferrous metals.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Minsk calculates profits, while Moscow counts losses
The sale of oil products from Russian raw materials to the West makes a significant foreign exchange contribution to the budget of Belarus. For the export of these products from the territory of the Union State, Minsk pays duties to the Russian Federation. And in Moscow, they are counting the losses - the Russian budget in 2011-2015 alone lost $22.3 billion due to the agreement to supply duty-free to allied Belarus from 18 to 23 million tons of oil annually.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Life on loan from Russia
Most of the external debt of Belarus falls on Russia and the Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development, which also oversees the Russian Federation. In 2017, Minsk will return more than $1.2 billion to Russian creditors, and in 2018 it must transfer $1.5 billion - almost 80% of all debt costs. According to Forbes, over the past 10 years, Belarus has also received $60 billion in subsidies and discounts from Russia.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Oil and gas wars
The history of the integration of Belarus and Russia was accompanied by oil and gas wars. Serious contradictions among the allies arose in 2006, 2010 and 2016. Minsk, in response to the rise in the price of Russian energy resources, threatened to cut off gas to Europe, introduced transit duties, and itself refused to pay. Moscow promised to cut oil supplies. The allies came to compromises, but conflicts appeared on other grounds.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Food scandals
The Treaty on the Eurasian Union, in which Belarus and Russia participate together with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, from the beginning of January 1, 2015, declared the freedom of the market and the movement of goods. In fact, food scandals between Minsk and Moscow do not stop. Rosselkhoznadzor has repeatedly accused the Belarusian side of re-gluing labels and re-exporting sanctioned products from the EU and Ukraine.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
On the border of allied friendship
Although Lukashenka and Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin solemnly dug out a border pillar on the land border between Belarus and Russia back in 1995, in February 2017 the FSB demanded that the border zone and border control be restored. This is the reaction of the Russian Federation to the "visa-free" for foreigners introduced by Minsk. In the spring of 2018, Russian border posts will also be returned to the boundary. Russia introduced customs control there back in 2007.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Atomic loan
State Corporation "Rosatom" is building a nuclear power plant in the Belarusian Astravets. Official Minsk claims that the nuclear power plant will reduce dependence on Russian gas. But opponents of the construction predict an even more dependent position of Belarus on Russia. We will have to return the $10 billion Russian loan allocated for the construction site and pay the Russian Federation for the purchase of nuclear fuel and then for its processing.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
Military cooperation
After the collapse of the USSR, strategic military facilities remained in Belarus, subordinated to Russia on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. These are the communications center of the Navy in the Minsk region and the radio engineering center in the Brest region. Both objects are not endowed with the status of military bases, there are no lethal weapons. But experts point out that during the hostilities, these units will be subjected to the first blow.
Frenemies - Belarus and Russia
"Slavianski Bazaar" in Belarus
The festival "Slavianski Bazaar" in Vitebsk was started in 1992 as a festival of arts, uniting Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In 2001, Presidents Alexander Lukashenko, Vladimir Putin and Leonid Kuchma gathered here. The 26th International Festival in 2017 was attended by 4,000 participants from many countries. At the opening ceremony, Lukashenka likes to act as a welcoming host.
Site Conflict
Notes
see also
Links
- "Belarusian Partisan" announced a competition for a new name // Lenta.Ru, 03/30/2010
- "Red" partisans against "Belarusian partisans" // News site 21.by, 07.04.2010
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