Texts are all around us. Text is a notion both philosophical and linguistic, general and particular. But in everyday life, most people are faced with the linguistic hypostasis of the text, that is, a certain sequence of symbols connected by a common meaning, purpose and form. In this interpretation, the texts were and remain an indispensable source of information about everything in the world, from culinary recipes to the main provisions of string theory. The first texts in our life were heard by us, then we ourselves learned to pronounce their simplest patterns. And they did not think about the complexity of that system until they went to school and learned that texts can also be read, written down and analyzed.

Since the text is a really complex and even multi-tasking system, there are a lot of various processes associated with them and based on them. Some of them are faced by high school students when they go through a compulsory program to study the Russian language. As part of the development of the rubrication of the text. The value of this skill can hardly be overestimated, because it allows you to better understand and remember even large amounts of information, the content of book paragraphs, literary works, lecture notes, and simply structures and organizes the thought process. Therefore, it will be very useful for both schoolchildren and their parents to learn how to draw up a thesis plan for the text.

What is a thesis plan
The thesis plan of the text is only one of the existing types of its structuring. It is based on the fact that each coherent text has a certain structure, and its parts are logically interconnected in meaning. At the same time, each part carries an expression of thought that complements the general meaning of the text, but allows it to be divided into semantic subsections. This semantic basis of the text is the basis for drawing up a thesis plan. It consists, respectively, of theses - that is, concise phrases that briefly formulate the main idea of ​​​​each part of the text.

As a rule, the authors of the texts have already left a kind of hint for those who later have to divide their work into parts. Because in a well-written text, the paragraphs contain their own provisions, and the theses coincide with them. In other words, it is enough to understand what is said in each separate part of the text in order to derive the thesis from this part. But what if the semantic basis of the text is not structured very clearly? If the same thought is found in the text several times in different parts or is formulated ambiguously? In this case, other types of plans will come to the rescue, the most common of which are:

• question;
  
• citation;
  
• denominative (simple and complex).
  

Any of these types of outlines help organize the information presented in the text and use it as the basis for its summary. But no plan helps to fix in memory and learn its nuances as well. Therefore, if you or your child / student are faced with the task of preparing for a speech, remembering the details of a speech, lecture, essay or article, then there is no better way than drawing up a thesis plan. But in order for it to really help, and not confuse, you need to compose it correctly.

Rules for compiling a thesis plan of the text
Theses, as the main semantic component of the text, are not homogeneous in their essence and meaning for the transmission of information. Allocate original and secondary theses. When it comes to completing a school assignment or preparing for a public speaking, secondary theses can be neglected and focus on the original ones, because they play the role of a reference scheme for restoring the main ideas of the text in memory and developing them in a logical sequence. When starting to draw up a thesis plan for the text, in order to obtain the optimal (that is, concise, but meaningful) result, follow these recommendations:

1. Read the text slowly. You may need several readings to understand all the features of its content and form.
   
2. Mentally answer the question: “What did the author want to say?”. Then determine not only the main idea of ​​the entire text, but also those logical “steps” by which the author of the text led the reader to the final idea.
   
3. Match these sequential thoughts with the structural parts of the text. If it is written in a draft or electronic document, you can even tag each of them, indicating it next to the corresponding sentence and / or paragraph.
   
4. These individual thoughts are the basis of the theses. Make sure that all of them differ in content and do not repeat each other.
   
5. Close your eyes or hide the written text, and then mentally reformulate each individual thought in your own words. Your task is to tell about its main content, getting rid of unimportant trifles and details that do not carry the main content. Reduce the artistic, "decorative" elements, leaving only significant ones, without which the thought will be lost.
   
6. Thus, you have already done the lion's share of the work: you have isolated and formulated theses. If they can be shortened without losing their meaning, do it. If they already contain only the essence, proceed to the design of the plan.
   
7. Unlike other types of plan, the thesis plan does not require the creation of a special heading for each paragraph: they are already formulated abstracts. Write them down sequentially in the same order in which they are located in the author's text without breaking it.
   
8. In some cases, it is acceptable to change the order of the abstracts if it is justified by the development of the plot (for example, several parallel storylines) or helps you better navigate the content.
   
9. After writing down the abstracts and numbering them, close the original text and get distracted for a while, do something else and do not think about the plan. Then re-read it and try to restore the content of the original text with its help. It is best to do this the next day, after a night's rest.
   
10. If the content, the logic of the arguments and the idea of ​​the author's text are easily reproduced using your thesis plan, then you can be congratulated. It is written correctly and will allow you to speak fluently in front of an audience and / or get an excellent mark in the lesson!
    

It is easiest to make a thesis plan of a simple text, divided into small paragraphs. In some cases, taking into account the complex presentation of information in the text by the author, one paragraph may contain two or more ideas. Then the task of the compiler of the thesis plan is to carefully monitor and highlight each of them, because the omission of even one link in the logic of the narrative violates the construction of the entire plot. If necessary, each thesis can be divided into sub-theses - sometimes this tactic allows you to quickly complete the task. But in most cases, when it comes to class or homework, it is enough to understand what the text is about and formulate the provisions that contain its key thoughts.

unsolved to the end "(A. Blok)

The comedy "Woe from Wit" was written between 1815 and 1820. The content of the play is closely connected with the historical events of that time in Russia. The work remains relevant today. In those days, there were defenders of serfdom and Decembrists in society, imbued with love for the Motherland, opposing violence against individuals.

The comedy describes the clash of two centuries: "the present century" with the "past century". A striking example of the old time is the so-called Famus society. These are acquaintances and relatives of Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov, a wealthy Moscow gentleman, in whose house the play takes place. These are Khlestova, the spouses Gorichi, Skalozub, Molchalin and others. All these people are united by one point of view on life. They are all cruel feudal lords, they consider human trafficking to be a normal phenomenon. Serfs save their lives and honor, sincerely serve, and they can exchange them for a pair of greyhounds. So at the ball at Famusov's, Khlestova tells Sofya to give a sop from dinner for her arapka - a girl and a dog. She sees no difference between them. This remains relevant today. When a rich person who has power and money can humiliate another person who is lower in level. The ideals for today's society are rich people, in ranks. Famusov cites Kuzma Petrovich as an example to Chatsky, who was a respectable chamberlain, "with a key", "rich and was married to a rich woman." Pavel Afanasyevich wants for his daughter such a groom as Skalozub, because he "both a golden bag and aims for generals."

All representatives of the Famus society are characterized by an indifferent attitude to business. Famusov, the "manager in a state-owned place," deals with business only once; at Molchalin's insistence, he signs papers, despite the fact that "there is a contradiction in them and a lot of weekly." He considers - "signed, so off your shoulders." The saddest thing is that nowadays people think in exactly the same way as Famusov. Attitude to work, almost all irresponsible. This is the unsurpassed great comedy, it remains vital, relevant in the 20th century.

The main character of the play is Chatsky, through whom the author expresses his progressive ideas. He opposes the senseless imitation of everything foreign. He wants to punish those around him that they are obliged to love and respect Russian culture. Chatsky says that a Frenchman from Bordeaux, who came to Moscow, did not hear "a word of a Russian" and did not see "a Russian face" here. The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the only one in world literature, since no one except Griboyedov reveals the whole reality of the events taking place.

In the comedy, Chatsky is declared crazy because the representatives of the Famus society do not understand his ideas. He alone does not want to put up with the humiliation of people over people. Chatsky failed to correctly prove the correctness of his beliefs and still cannot reveal the secret. The comedy remains unsolved, because humanity blindly follows life events, not wanting to change anything.

Textbook for grade 8 (Part 2)

Literature

Questions and assignments based on the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Snow Maiden"

1. How do we imagine A.M. Ostrovsky? Tell about it using textbook materials.
2. Read the play "The Snow Maiden" in its entirety. Determine which events of the play make up its composition: exposition, plot, climax of the nation, denouement.
3. What scenes of The Snow Maiden made the strongest impression on you? Why?
4. Make a thesis plan for the heading of the textbook "In the world of the artistic word of the play" Snow Maiden "".
5. Name the keywords necessary to characterize the central images of the play.

1. Formulate the artistic idea of ​​A.N. Ostrovsky.
2. Define the genre of "Snow Maiden".
3. What is the stage fate of A.N. Ostrovsky? Try to answer using additional materials.
4. Why, in your opinion, "The Snow Maiden" was ambiguously received by individual writers?

   Topics for abstracts, messages, creative works

   1. "Snegurochka" and oral folk art.
   2. Anthem of love (based on the pages of A.N. Ostrovsky's "spring tale").
   3. Romantic traditions in the Snow Maiden.
   4. Performers in the play and in the opera (a story about the actors).
   1. House-Museum of A. N. Ostrovsky in Moscow: House in Zamoskvorechye. M., 1988.
   2. Zhuravleva A.I., Makeev M.S. A.N. Ostrovsky. M., 1997.
   3. Lobanov M. Ostrovsky. M., 1979 (ZhZL).
   4. Sakharov V.I. A.N. Ostrovsky in life and work. M., 2012

Folk tales occupy a rather serious place in the Russian ethnos. They express the aspirations, hopes, fears, and even just people. Most Russian fairy tales are permeated with kindness and faith in justice. Sometimes we are faced with the fact that a writer takes as a basis the plot of some folk tale and develops it in his own way. An example is the work of such a writer as Nikolai Ostrovsky. "The Snow Maiden", a summary of which is known to everyone since childhood, received a new and instructive round under the author's pen.

Frost and Spring Love

Let's take a closer look at what N. Ostrovsky writes about. "The Snow Maiden", a summary of which can be conveyed in a few sentences, is filled with a lot of instructive messages to readers. Imagine the ancient mythical land of the Berendeys. And then one day, an unprecedented event happened in her. Spring comes to Krasnaya Gorka near Berendeev Posad (the royal capital). Yes, not alone, but with all her magnificent retinue. Her retinue is noble - cranes and swans. However, the country of the Berendeys unkindly meets Spring (as it seems to her, the reason for this is their relationship with the old Frost). After all, the father of her daughter named Snegurochka is Frost.

Not only in the country of the Berendeys are dissatisfied with this course of things. The sun also expresses dissatisfaction, threatening to no longer warm the earth. Therefore, Spring, in order to somehow help the animals warm up, invites them to sing and dance. However, as soon as they begin to move, an angry cold blizzard immediately rises. Spring gathers all the birds and hides them in the bushes in the hope that the next day will bring the long-awaited warmth.

Father's warning

In addition, old Frost appears from the forest, reminding Vesna of caring for a common child. He offers to hide the Snow Maiden in the depths of the forest, where a warm tower is located. Mother Spring also takes care in her own way - she wants her child to live among people, to enjoy life with them. The meeting turns into a fight. Frost knows that the hot Yarilo wants to destroy the Snow Maiden, making it so that when the fire of love ignites in her heart, she will simply melt. He tells all this to Spring. But she does not believe Moroz's arguments.

From the very beginning, we see the difference in the plots of the folk tale and the one that Ostrovsky wrote. "The Snow Maiden", a summary of the chapters of which we are considering, continues like this. After a long argument, the parents decided to give the girl to be raised by a childless Bobyl. Say, there are no guys there, which means that the heart of the Snow Maiden will be safe. The girl herself admits that she has long dreamed of living with people, singing songs and having fun round dances. In addition, it turns out that the Snow Maiden is not completely indifferent to the young shepherd Lelya. This especially alarmed Frost. He warns his daughter with all paternal severity to stay away from the shepherd, communication with which can ruin her.

Adoptive parents

The summary of the story “The Snow Maiden” (Ostrovsky perfectly describes the farewell to Shrovetide) will be continued by the fact that the Berendeys rejoice at the arrival of Spring, meeting her with songs and dances. Bobyl meets in a dense thicket a beautiful, richly dressed girl who asks to be an adopted daughter. The life of the Snow Maiden is not easy. The thing is that, being too bashful, she, according to the Bobyls, discouraged all potential suitors. But they so wanted to get rich at the expense of the family in which they would take the girl in marriage.

Unexpectedly, the shepherd Lel comes to stay at the Bobyls. Nobody wanted to take a handsome and charming guy into their house, fearing that the master's daughters would not resist him. And what to take from the poor shepherd? A very unfavorable party. Therefore, fellow villagers collect money and give it to Lelya so that he can find a place to live somewhere, but not with them. Tempted by money, Bobyls let the young man into the house.

The inexperience of the Snow Maiden

How accurately and deeply Ostrovsky reveals his characters! "The Snow Maiden" is a play, the summary of which cannot convey the entire palette of characters. Let's look at the relationship between the handsome shepherd and the innocent, modest Snow Maiden. Despite the fact that she likes Lel's songs, and the guy himself, the girl's innate modesty clearly prevents young people from getting close.

Yes, and the shepherd was not entirely disinterested. He does not want to sing just for the pleasure of hearing. He asks for more material gifts. For example, kisses. But the Snow Maiden does not understand Lel's aspirations. She wholeheartedly gave the young man a flower for the song he performed. The shepherd, tired of explaining the obvious, threw him out and went to other girls who, in his opinion, could better appreciate talent and beauty.

Beauty is an object of envy and resentment

What else does Ostrovsky emphasize? The Snow Maiden (a brief summary of the tale cannot be left without some details) was written a long time ago, but even today we find many instructive moments. So, the Snow Maiden, despite her popularity among young people, cannot find girlfriends. After all, all the guys look at her, and the girls do not want to communicate with the daughter of Spring.

The only one who showed kindness to the Snow Maiden was Kupava, the daughter of a wealthy peasant. She is so frank with the girl that she shares her happiness - the wealthy merchant Mizgir from the royal settlement wooed her. Soon to be a wedding. After some time, the groom himself appears. He arrives with many gifts that he wants to present to Kupava's relatives and close people in honor of his marriage.

Kupava introduces the Snow Maiden to her lover and invites her to a bachelorette party arranged on the occasion of her imminent marriage. But Mizgir falls in love with the Snow Maiden at first sight, completely forgetting about Kupava. He officially announces to the girl about the termination of the engagement, arguing this with his unexpected love for the Snow Maiden. Kupava is so shocked that she decides to commit suicide by drowning herself in the river, but the shepherd Lel manages to save her. Of course, Kupava, like all the other girls in the village, harbored a grudge.

The disgrace of the god Yarila

Let's continue with the summary. The fairy tale "The Snow Maiden" (Ostrovsky built it on the basis of ancient folk beliefs) takes us to those times when people worshiped natural, natural gods. So, it seems to Tsar Berendey that recently the god Yarilo has been unkind to his kingdom. It warms a little, does not allow the crop to ripen, and in general rarely appears.

He tells about this to his close Bermyata. The king is sure that Yarilo is angry with his subjects for the lack of warmth of love in their hearts. As a bright and warm deity, this is unpleasant for him.

Berendey's plan: a summary

Ostrovsky N., whose “Snow Maiden” “exposes” all human passions, leads him to an angry Kupava. She asks to punish the traitor. Justifying himself, Mizgir explained to the king that he no longer considers Kupava his bride, and does not want to marry without sincere love. After listening to the merchant, Bermyata, who had previously been silent, offered the king to force him to marry Kupava. However, the girl herself objected, declaring that she did not need such a traitor for nothing. Mizgir replied that from now on he considers Snegurochka his bride.

All this interferes with Berendey's plan, according to which his subjects need to conclude the maximum number of marriages. And the sooner the better. This should appease Yarila. Bermyata was skeptical about the royal plans, citing the fact that more and more suburban girls have been quarreling with their boyfriends lately. Those are subdued by the beauty of the Snow Maiden.

Acquaintance of the Tsar with the Snow Maiden

Enraged, Berendey sentences the merchant to exile from the country. Mizgir agrees with the punishment, but invites the king to take a look at the beauty himself, because of which there are so many conversations. Soon, the Bobyls, together with their adopted daughter, appeared before the king.

Berendey was amazed at the beauty and chastity of the Snow Maiden, immediately estimating that if he married her successfully, Yarilo would definitely be satisfied. However, here again the question of suitors arose. The heart of the Snow Maiden is cold, and she does not want to get married. Perplexed, Berendey asks his wife, Elena the Beautiful, for advice. The queen, having understood the situation, explained to her husband that only the shepherd Lel could melt the girl's heart.

Magic Gift of Spring

It would seem that the denouement is not far off. But passions are only heating up. That is exactly what Ostrovsky thought. The Snow Maiden (a summary of the actions of this tale accurately conveys the libretto to Rimsky-Korsakov's opera) does not interest Lel. He is very passionate about Kupava, so much so that he wants to sing his songs only for her. Inviting the Snow Maiden to a night party, the shepherd is not at all going to give her his heart, hinting that the girl has not appreciated his aspirations once. She does not understand carnal feelings, and Lel rejects the girl.

Mizgir also does not waste time and seeks to win his beloved. But the Snow Maiden is not interested in the wealth of the merchant either. The enraged Mizgir tries to take the girl by force, but the magical inhabitants of the forest protect the daughter of the old Frost. As Ostrovsky wrote, the Snow Maiden (a very brief content does not allow to fully reveal all the nuances of the plot) is under the tutelage of Leshy all the time.

In desperation, she asks Vesna to teach her about human love. The mother on the last day of her dominion (after all, Yarilo rises in the morning) cannot refuse her daughter. But she nevertheless recalled that these feelings are "like death." The Snow Maiden agrees to everything, just to know love. Spring puts a magic wreath on the girl's head: the first man her daughter meets will become her chosen one.

The destructive rays of the sun

The Snow Maiden meets Mizgir, to whom she gives her love. The merchant is happy and does not believe in the fears of the Snow Maiden about the first rays of the Sun. He solemnly brings the girl to Yarilina Gora, where all the Berendeys have gathered, and the king blesses all the couples who are going to get married.

Unfortunately, Ostrovsky ends the tale tragically. The Snow Maiden (the summary does not contain all the experiences of the girl) dies with the first rays of the sun. The merchant is so shocked that he rushes straight from the mountain into the pool, where he drowns. However, their death did not impress Tsar Berendey. He believes that Yarilo received a great sacrifice, and now their life in the kingdom will improve.