Presentations about weapons and household items. The weapon that led to victory. Rapid-firing aviation machine gun of the Spital and Komaritsky system

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Great Victory of a Great People In 1945, we won a great victory over the Nazis thanks to our courage, courage, devotion and love for the fatherland. Of course, science has helped us more than once, especially in the last years of the Great Patriotic War.

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"Katyusha" Katyusha is the unofficial collective name of the BM-8 (82 mm), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm) rocket artillery combat vehicles. Such installations were actively used by the USSR during World War II. Just a few hours before the war, a decree was signed on their mass production.

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Where were they created? In order to increase the power of Soviet artillery during the war, the scientific research and technical institutes of the USSR received the task - "to develop rockets on smokeless powder." In 1938, a group of scientists created a multiply charged launcher mounted on a truck. In 1929, B. S. Petropavlovsky, with the participation of Langemak, Petrov, Kleimenov, and others, carried out the development and official testing of rockets of various calibers - prototypes for the Katyusha at the GDL. To launch them, multiply charged aviation and single-shot ground launchers were used. “On June 1, 1941, the vehicles were adopted by the artillery.

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History of weapons The BM-13 and BM-8 rocket systems were primarily armed with guards mortar units, which were part of the artillery of the reserve of the Supreme High Command. Therefore, "Katyushas" were sometimes unofficially called "Guards mortars".

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Use The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and a guide rail. For aiming, swivel and lifting mechanisms and an artillery sight were provided. At the rear of the car were two jacks, providing greater stability when firing.

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The power of Soviet technology The rocket for Katyusha was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS-132 projectile for installing the BM-13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. Range - 8.5 km. In 1939, rocket projectiles were successfully used for the first time during the battles at Khalkhin Gol. And with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, tests were already carried out in combat conditions.

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One of the main features: During the salvo, all missiles were fired almost simultaneously - in a few seconds, the territory in the target area was literally plowed up by rockets. The mobility of the installation made it possible to quickly change position and avoid the enemy's retaliatory strike.

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The origin of the name According to the name of Blanter's song, which became popular before the war, to the words of Isakovsky "Katyusha". On the North-Western Front, the installation was initially called "Raisa Sergeevna", thus deciphering the abbreviation RS (rocket). The version suggests that this is how the girls from the Moscow Kompressor plant, who worked at the assembly, dubbed these cars. In the German troops, these machines were called "Stalin's organs" because of the external resemblance of the rocket launcher to the pipe system of this musical instrument and the powerful stunning roar that was produced when the rockets were launched.

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"Andryusha" On July 17, 1942, near the village of Nalyuchi, a volley of 144 launchers equipped with 300-mm rockets was heard. This was the first use of a somewhat less famous related weapon - "Andryusha".

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Who created Katyusha? The original reads as follows: “The final development of the internal ballistic characteristics of powder rocket engines, as well as the design and testing of missile warheads, was carried out by a group of specialists: engineer. M.F. Fokin, F.N. Poida, V.A. Artemyev, D.A. Shitov, V.N. Luzhin, V.G. Bessonov, M.P. Gorshkov, L.B. S. Ponomarenko and others.”

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Awards to creators More than half a century has passed and the state paid tribute to the memory of the creators of the legendary Katyushas. By decision of the President of the USSR, Ivan Kleimenov, Georgy Langemak, Vasily Luzhin, Boris Petropavlovsky, Boris Slonimer and Nikolai Tikhomirov were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. On December 5, 1991, the daughters of Kleimenov, Petropavlovsky and Slonimer received the Orders of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle medal from the hands of M.S. Gorbachev. The awards of Langemak, Luzhin and Tikhomirov were not presented, because the heroes did not even have close relatives left alive to whom they could be transferred.

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One step away from victory Of course, "Katyusha" and a little less well-known "Andryusha" were not the only achievements of Soviet technology.

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Kalashnikov machine gun Kalashnikov light machine gun (Experimental model 1943). USSR Caliber: 7.62x53 arr. 1908/30 Length: 977/1210 mm Barrel length: 600 mm Weight: 7.555 kg empty Rate of fire: - Feed: 40-round box magazine Effective range: 900 m

Tokarev rifle The Tokarev self-loading rifle was originally adopted by the Red Army in 1938 under the designation SVT-38, due to the fact that the Simonov ABC-36 automatic rifle, previously adopted for service, had a number of serious shortcomings. Based on operating experience in 1940, a slightly lighter version of the rifle was adopted under the designation SVT-40. The release of the SVT-40 rifle continued until 1945, in the first half of the war - at an increasing pace, then - in smaller and smaller quantities. The total number of SVT-40s produced was about one and a half million pieces, including about a few pieces in the sniper rifle variant. SVT-40 was used during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1940 and during the Great Patriotic War, while in a number of units it was the main individual infantry weapon, but in most cases only part of the soldiers were issued. The general opinion about this rifle is rather contradictory. On the one hand, in the Red Army, in some places she earned the fame of a not very reliable weapon, sensitive to pollution and frost. On the other hand, for many soldiers, this rifle enjoyed well-deserved popularity for its significantly greater firepower than that of the Mosin rifle.

Mosin rifle The repeating rifle of the 1891 model of the year - the main individual weapon of an infantryman - had high combat and service qualities, but the experience of its many years of combat use urgently required a number of changes to the design. Therefore, the bayonet mount, sighting device were improved, and some changes were used to reduce the complexity of manufacturing. The upgraded rifle was named 7.62 mm rifle model 1891/30. On the basis of this sample, a sniper rifle was developed, which was distinguished by the presence of an optical sight, a curved shape of the handle, as well as the best quality of the bore. This rifle model 1891/30 played a prominent role in the Great Patriotic War. The best Soviet snipers destroyed several hundred enemy officers and soldiers from it during the war years. Along with the rifle of the 1891 model, the carbine of the 1907 model of the year was modernized, which after the improvement received the name of the 7.62-mm carbine of the 1938 model. The same changes were made to the design as in the rifle of the 1891/30 model of the year. The new carbine was characterized by: the absence of a bayonet, a shorter length (1020 mm) compared to the rifle of the 1891/30 model, and also a sighting range reduced to 1000 m. The rifle of the 1891/30 model and the carbines created on its basis were widely used along with the new individual automatic weapons in combat operations on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

Degtyarev RPD light machine gun The DP (Degtyarev, infantry) light machine gun was adopted by the Red Army in 1927 and became one of the first samples created from scratch in the young Soviet state. The machine gun turned out to be quite successful and reliable, and as the main weapon of fire support for infantry, the platoon-company link was massively used until the end of World War II. At the end of the war, the DP machine gun and its modernized version of the DPM, created based on the experience of military operations in years, were removed from service with the Soviet Army, and were widely supplied to "friendly" USSR countries and regimes, having been noted in the wars in Korea, Vietnam and others. Based on the experience gained in the Second World War, it became clear that the infantry needed a single machine gun, combining increased firepower with high mobility. As an ersatz-substitute for a single machine gun in the company link, on the basis of earlier developments, in 1946, the RP-46 light machine gun was created and put into service, which was a modification of the DPM for belt feeding, which, coupled with a weighted barrel, provided greater firepower while maintaining an acceptable maneuverability. However, the RP-46 did not become a single machine gun, being used only from bipods, and from the mid-1960s it was gradually replaced from the SA infantry weapon system by a new, more modern single Kalashnikov machine gun - PK. Like previous samples, the RP-46 was widely exported, and was also produced abroad, including in China, under the designation Type 58.

Tula Tokarev TT The TT pistol (Tulsky, Tokarev), as its name suggests, was developed at the Tula Arms Factory by the legendary Russian gunsmith Fyodor Tokarev. The development of a new self-loading pistol, designed to replace both the standard obsolete revolver Nagant model 1895, and various imported pistols in service with the Red Army, was launched in the second half of the 1920s. In 1930, after lengthy testing, the Tokarev pistol is recommended for adoption, and the army orders several thousand pistols for military testing. In 1934, according to the results of trial operation in the troops, a slightly improved version of this pistol was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "7.62 mm Tokarev self-loading pistol of the 1933 model." Together with the pistol, a 7.62 mm pistol cartridge of the "P" type (7.62 x 25 mm) is also adopted, created on the basis of the popular powerful cartridge 7.63 mm Mauser, purchased for the Mauser C96 pistols that were available in large quantities in the USSR. Later, cartridges with tracer and armor-piercing bullets were also created. TT pistol arr. For 33 years it was produced in parallel with the Nagant revolver until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, and then completely replaced the Nagant from production. In the USSR, the production of the TT continued until 1952, when it was officially replaced in service with the Soviet Army by the PM pistol of the Makarov system. The TT remained in the army until the 1960s, and to this day a significant number of these pistols are mothballed in army reserve warehouses. In total, approximately TT pistols were produced in the USSR.

PPSh 7.62 mm Shpagin submachine gun (PPSh), model 1941. The most common automatic weapon of World War II. An important advantage of the PPSh was the simplicity of its design, which allowed the Soviet industry to organize its mass production in difficult wartime conditions. Automation is based on the use of free shutter recoil. The locking of the barrel when fired is made by the mass of the shutter. The trigger mechanism provides automatic and single fire. To protect the barrel from impacts and the shooter from burns, a metal casing with oval windows is provided. Sector sight, 500 m. Cartridges fed from disk or box magazines, holding 71 and 35 rounds, respectively. To increase the stability of the weapon during firing, a muzzle brake-compensator is used, which is one piece with the barrel casing. Birch stock, carbine type.

The Maxim machine gun The Maxim machine gun was actively used by the Red Army in the Great Patriotic War. It was used by both infantry and mountain rifle detachments, as well as the fleet, and NKVD detachments. During the war, the combat capabilities of "Maxim" tried to increase not only the designers and manufacturers, but also directly in the troops. The soldiers often removed the armor shield from the machine gun, thereby trying to increase maneuverability and achieve less visibility. For camouflage, in addition to camouflage, covers were put on the casing and shield of the machine gun. In winter, "Maxim" was installed on skis, sleds or on a drag boat, from which they fired. During the Great Patriotic War, machine guns were attached to light jeeps "Willis" and GAZ-64. There was also a quad anti-aircraft version of the Maxim. This ZPU was widely used as a stationary, self-propelled, ship, installed in car bodies, armored trains, railway platforms, on the roofs of buildings. Machine gun systems "Maxim" have become the most common weapon of army air defense. The quadruple anti-aircraft machine gun mount of the 1931 model of the year differed from the usual "Maxim" in the presence of a forced water circulation device and a large capacity of machine gun belts for 1000 rounds instead of the usual 250. Using anti-aircraft ring sights, the mount was able to conduct effective fire on low-flying enemy aircraft (maximum at altitude up to 1400 m at speeds up to 500 km/h). These mounts were also often used to support infantry.

PPS-43 Submachine gun Sudayev PPS-43 Caliber: 7.62x25 mm TT Weight: 3.67 kg loaded, 3.04 kg empty Length (stock folded/unfolded): 615 / 820 mm Barrel length: 272 mm Rate of fire : 700 rounds per minute Store: 35 rounds Effective range: 200 meters The PPSh submachine gun, for all its merits, was too bulky and heavy for use in indoor conditions or narrow trenches, for use by tank crews, reconnaissance troops, paratroopers, and therefore in In 1942, the Red Army announced requirements for a new PP, which was supposed to be lighter and smaller than the PPSH, and also cheaper to manufacture. At the end of 1942, after comparative tests for the armament of the Red Army, a submachine gun designed by engineer Sudayev was adopted under the designation PPS-42. The production of PPS-42, as well as its further modification PPS-43, was established in besieged Leningrad, and during the war years about half a million PPS of both models were produced. After the war, PPP was widely exported to pro-Soviet countries and movements, and was also copied a lot abroad (including in China, North Korea). PPS-43 is often called the best PP of the Second World War. Technically, PPS is a weapon built according to the blowback scheme and firing from the rear sear (from an open bolt). Fire mode - only automatic. The fuse is made in front of the trigger guard and blocks the trigger pull. The receiver, stamped from steel, is stuck with the barrel shroud. For disassembly, the receiver "breaks" forward and down along the axis located in front of the magazine receiver. PPS is equipped with a muzzle brake compensator of the simplest design. Sights include a fixed front sight and a flip rear sight, designed for ranges of 100 and 200 meters. Butt folding down, made of steel. PPS used box-shaped sector (horn) magazines with a capacity of 35 rounds, not interchangeable with magazines from PPSh.
Degtyarev and Shpagin machine gun Caliber: 12.7x108 mm Weight: 34 kg machine gun body, 157 kg on a wheeled machine Length: 1625 mm Barrel length: 1070 mm Food: 50 rounds of ammunition Rate of fire: 600 rounds / min Task for the creation of the first Soviet heavy machine gun , designed primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes up to 1500 meters, was issued by that time to the already very experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, Degtyarev presented his 12.7 mm machine gun for testing, and since 1932, small-scale production of a machine gun under the designation DK (Degtyarev, Large-caliber) began. In general, the DK repeated the design of the DP-27 light machine gun, and was powered by detachable drum magazines for 30 rounds, mounted on top of the machine gun. The disadvantages of such a power supply scheme (bulky and heavy stores, low practical rate of fire) forced the production of the DC to be stopped in 1935 and to improve it. By 1938, the designer, Shpagin, had developed a belt feed module for the DC, and in 1939 the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm Degtyarev-Shpagin heavy machine gun mod of the year - DShK". The mass production of the DShK was launched in the years. They were used as anti-aircraft weapons, as infantry support weapons, mounted on armored vehicles and small ships (including torpedo boats). According to the experience of the war in 1946, the machine gun was modernized (the design of the belt feed unit and the barrel mount were changed), and the machine gun was adopted under the designation DShKM. DShKM was or is in service with more than 40 armies of the world, is produced in China ("type 54"), Pakistan, Iran and some other countries. The DShKM machine gun was used as an anti-aircraft gun on Soviet tanks of the post-war period (T-55, T-62) and on armored vehicles (BTR-155).

Weapons of Victory Cannons Machine guns Katyusha tanks 1941 - 1945 The work was completed by: Alexander Sidorkin Grade 8 Supervisor: Margarita Valerievna Kulikova computer science teacher MOU gymnasium No. 3 This presentation is built in the form of an electronic encyclopedia. It contains reference materials, videos, interviews with veterans recorded in the museum of our gymnasium. The presentation has a non-linear structure, so the transitions are made through the links IL - 2, T - 34, BM - 13, MO - 4. For Soviet people of the older and middle generations, these combinations of letters and numbers are much more than a simple designation of brands of aircraft, tanks, guns and ships. More, because during the 1418 days of the Great Patriotic War, of which each charter prescribes to be counted as three, the life of Soviet soldiers and sailors countless times depended on the engines, armor and weapons of these combat vehicles, on the courage and skill of their crews and crews. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the system of small arms of the Red Army as a whole corresponded to the conditions of that time and consisted of the following types of weapons: personal (pistol and revolver), individual weapons of rifle and cavalry units (magazine rifle and carbine, self-loading and automatic rifles), sniper weapons ( magazine and self-loading sniper rifles), individual weapons of submachine gunners (pistol - machine gun), collective weapons of rifle and cavalry squads and platoons (light machine gun), machine gun units (easel machine guns), anti-aircraft small arms (quadruple machine gun mounts and heavy machine guns), small arms tanks (tank machine gun). In addition, they were armed with hand grenades and rifle grenade launchers. 7.62 - mm submachine gun mod. 1941 PPSh - 41 Shpagin Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17). 04.1897 - 02/06/1952 12.7 mm machine gun DShK - 38 Degtyarev - Shpagin 7, 62 mm light machine gun mod. 1944 RPD Degtyarev 7.62 mm submachine gun mod. 1934 PPD-34 Degtyarev V.A. 1930 TT Tokarev 7.62 mm rifle AVT - 40 Tokarev 7.62 - mm rifle mod. 1938 SVT - 38 Tokarev F. V. Tokarev - the inventor of the best pistol of the Second World War Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev was born on December 21, 1879 in the city of Tula. In 1901 he was called up for military service. He served in the weapons workshop at the officer shooting school in Oranienbaum. Since 1905, he worked as a mechanic in the workshop at the weapons range. Under the leadership of Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, he began manufacturing a sample of the first Russian automatic rifle. This work was then continued at the Sestroretsk Arms Plant. In 1916 he invented and successfully tested an automatic carbine. Since 1918, Degtyarev headed the experimental workshop of the weapons factory, and then the design bureau of automatic small arms, organized by V. G. Fedorov. In 1924, he began work on the creation of the first sample of a 7.62 mm light machine gun, which was put into service in 1927 under the name DP (Degtyarev Infantry). On the basis of a light machine gun, then aviation machine guns DA and DA - 2, a tank machine gun DT, a company machine gun RP - 46 were created. In 1934, the Degtyarev PPD-34 submachine gun was adopted, later developed into the PPD-38 and PPD-40 models. In 1930, Degtyarev developed a 12.7 mm DK heavy machine gun, which, after improvement by Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin, was named DShK in 1938. In 1939, the Degtyarev DS-39 heavy machine gun entered service. During the Great Patriotic War, he developed and transferred to the troops a 14.5 mm anti-tank rifle PTRD and a light machine gun of the 1944 model (RPD) chambered for 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev - four times winner of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1944, 1949). He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders of Suvorov 1st and 2nd degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Red Star and medals. Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev (December 21, 1879, Tula - January 16, 1949, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor, Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service, four times winner of the State Prize of the USSR. Fyodor Vasilyevich Tokarev (June 14, 1871 - June 7, 1968) - Soviet designer of small arms, Hero of Socialist Labor (1940), Doctor of Technical Sciences. In 1887, Fedor Vasilyevich entered the Novocherkassk Military Craft School, where he studied under the gunsmith Chernolikhov. In 1891, Tokarev graduated from school with a degree in gunsmithing and was sent as a gunsmith to the 12th Cossack regiment. After graduating from the cadet school (1900), he served in the same regiment as the head of weapons (in the rank of cornet). In 1907, while attending courses at the Officer Rifle School in Oranienbaum, Tokarev saw the first automatic weapon. He immediately determined by natural instinct that this weapon was destined to play an outstanding role, and he really wanted to engage in the design of such systems. In 1908, Tokarev presented the first sample of an automatic rifle based on the Mosin magazine rifle. 1891 Automation operated on the principle of barrel recoil with a short stroke. The artillery committee approved the system, and Tokarev received a War Ministry award. In 1927, Fedor Vasilievich developed the first domestic pistol - a machine gun (automatic) chambered for a revolving cartridge. In 1930, the Tokarev self-loading pistol (TT) entered service, and in 1938 the Tokarev self-loading rifle (SVT-38, later SVT-40). The TT pistol (Tula - Tokarev) was the best pistol of the Second World War. The Tula-Tokarev pistol of the 1933 model is still phenomenally popular all over the world. In 1940, the designer developed a sniper rifle with an optical sight and a high-speed automatic rifle. Invented and manufactured by F. V. Tokarev, automatic weapons favorably differed from others created in our country and abroad. Lightweight and easy to use, it did not malfunction, allowing soldiers to use it in sniper shooting. The merit of Tokarev was that he was the first of the Soviet designers to supply the army with an automatic rifle and an automatic machine gun, paving the way for the further development of the design ideas of gunsmiths with his work. The role of F. V. Tokarev is also great in the development of automatic pistols. His famous "TT" was tested in many battles and was successfully used in the army for several decades. Shpagin submachine guns, along with the famous Grabin ZIS-3 cannons, the famous Koshkin T-34 tanks and the legendary Katyushas, ​​were the most popular and favorite weapons of Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. Georgy Semenovich Shpagin was born in 1897 in the village of. Klyuchnikovo, Kovrovsky district, Vladimir province in a peasant family. In 1916, Shpagin was drafted into the army, he did not end up in combat units, but was assigned as a gunsmith to an infantry regiment. Being inquisitive, Shpagin quickly studied the Nagant revolver, the Mosin three-line rifle, the Maxim easel machine gun, and foreign light machine guns. Skillful hands, ingenuity and initiative of the young gunsmith contributed to the fact that a year later he was transferred to army artillery workshops. His first developments include the design of a ball mount for a coaxial 6.5 mm Fedorov-Ivanov tank machine gun. This work served as the basis for Shpagin's later creation of a ball mount for mounting a 7.62 mm DT tank machine gun in tanks, armored vehicles, and armored platforms. In 1924 - 1926 Shpagin actively worked together with Degtyarev on the creation of a light machine gun. Since that time, Shpagin has been entrusted with the development of critical components and new systems of automatic small arms. In 1931, Degtyarev attracted Shpagin to work on the design of his DK-32 heavy machine gun. heavy machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin model 1938.” The new machine gun immediately received an excellent rating in the troops. Georgy Semenovich was awarded the first state award, the Order of the Red Star, for his success in creating new models of weapons and military equipment. Soon he created the famous PPSh submachine gun, which became a symbol of Soviet weapons during the Great Patriotic War. In September 1940, Shpagin presented an original submachine gun to the GAU Artkom, striking with the simplicity and elementary design. In this submachine gun, new design solutions were applied, which largely improved its performance. Along with this, Shpagin managed to achieve exceptionally high production and economic indicators of the new weapon. First of all, this concerned a significant reduction in labor costs for its production. 13.9 kg of metal and from 5.6 to 7.3 - 7.8 (depending on production capacity) machine hours were spent on the manufacture of the Shpagin submachine gun. Shpagin Georgy Semenovich 29 (17) 04.1897 - 02.06.1952 In the harsh years of the war, the Shpagin submachine gun was the most faithful friend for our soldiers and a merciless weapon for the destruction of enemies Artillery is one of the three oldest branches of the military, the main striking force of the ground forces of modern armies. Artillery has a diverse classification according to its combat mission, types of weapons systems and organizational and staff structure. Talented artillery designers V. G. Grabin, F. F. Petrov, I. I. Ivanov and many others during the war created new, perfect models of artillery weapons. Design work was also carried out at factories. During the war, factories produced many prototypes of artillery weapons; a significant part of them went into mass production. 2.3. A few seconds of war As of June 1, 1941, the tank fleet of the Red Army consisted of 23. 106 tanks, of which 18 are combat-ready. 691 or 80.9%. In five border watering districts (Leningrad, Baltic, Western Special, Kiev Special and Odessa) there were 12. 782 tanks, including combat-ready - 10. 540 or 82.5% (repair, therefore, required 2.242 tanks). Most of the tanks (11.029) were part of twenty mechanized corps (the rest were part of some rifle, cavalry and separate tank units). From May 31 to June 22, these districts received 41 KB, 138 T - 34 and 27 T - 40, that is, another 206 tanks, which brought their total number to 12. 988 . Basically it was T - 26 and BT. The new KB and T - 34 were 549 and 1 . 105 , respectively. On June 22 and 23, the 3rd, 6th, 11th, 12th, 14th and 22nd mechanized corps of the Red Army entered into heavy fighting in the area of ​​Siauliai, Grodno and Brest. A little later, eight more mechanized corps went into battle. Our tankers not only defended, but also counterattacked. From June 23 to June 29, in the Lutsk-Rovno-Brody region, they fought a fierce oncoming tank battle against the 1st tank group of General E. Kleist. On the left, it was hit from the direction of Lutsk by the 9th and 19th mechanized corps, and from the south of Brody by the 8th and 15th. Thousands of tanks took part in the battle. T - 34 and KB of the 8th mechanized corps badly battered the 3rd German motorized corps. And although the counterattack of the set goal (to throw the enemy across the state border) did not achieve, the enemy’s offensive slowed down. He suffered heavy losses - by July 10 they amounted to 41% of the initial number of tanks. But the enemy was advancing, the wrecked tanks remained in his hands, and the very effective German repair units quickly brought them back into operation. Our wrecked or left without fuel and blown up by the crews remained in the hands of the enemy. Although by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, combat missiles were far from being a novelty in military affairs, their first appearance at the front was a surprise not only for the Nazis, but also for Soviet soldiers and officers. The weapon is relatively simple, consisting of guide rails and their guidance device. The rocket was a welded cylinder, divided into three compartments - warhead, fuel and jet nozzle. One machine contained from 14 to 48 guides. The RS - 132 projectile for installing the BM - 13 was 1.8 m long, 132 mm in diameter and weighed 42.5 kg. was inside the cylinder with plumage. Warhead weight - 22 kg. Solid nitrocellulose. Range - 8.5 km. The M - 31 projectile for installing the BM - 31 was 310 mm in diameter, it weighed 92.4 kg and contained 28.9 kg of explosives. Range - 13 km duration of a volley for BM - 13 (16 shells) - 7 - 10 seconds, for BM - 8 (24 - 48 shells) - 8 - 10 seconds; loading time - 5 - 10 minutes; for BM - 31 - 21 (12 guides) - 7 - 10 sec. and 10 - 15 min. The production of BM - 13 units was organized at the Voronezh plant named after. Comintern and at the Moscow plant "Compressor". One of the main enterprises for the production of rockets was the Moscow plant. Vladimir Ilyich. During the war, various versions of the rocket and launchers were created: BM 13 - CH (with spiral guides, which significantly increased firing accuracy), BM 8 - 48, BM 31 - 12, etc. Not a single country in the world had an aircraft, equal to the Il - 2 in combat qualities, and not a single aircraft in the world was built in such quantity as the Il - 2. This machine went through the entire war from the first to the last day. The need for attack aircraft was greater than for any other aircraft, and if 249 Ils were produced in the first half of 1941, then in total during the war years 40 thousand Ilyushin attack aircraft arrived at the front, which from the beginning of 1944 accounted for one third of all combat Soviet aircraft. The designer of the Il - 2 aircraft Serge y Vladi Mirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) The losses of the Il - 2 in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War were very high. Part of the reason for these large losses has to be recognized as design flaws in the aircraft. Despite all its shortcomings, the Il - 2 turned out to be the only aircraft in 1941 that successfully operated against the advancing German units, and especially armored ones. Theoretically, IL - 2 had an alternative. Usually called the armored attack aircraft of P. O. Sukhoi - Su - 6, which in many respects surpassed the Ilyushin aircraft. But the prototype of the two-seat version of the Su - 6 attack aircraft was tested only in the fall of 1943. Its real combat advantages were not obvious, and the limited production capabilities of the Soviet aircraft industry during the war did not allow one more attack aircraft to be put into production without reducing the production of another. Therefore, the Su - 6 did not go into production. Maybe it was a mistake. In the Soviet Army from 1919, first an aircraft mechanic, then a military commissar, and from 1921 the head of an aircraft repair train. Graduated from the Air Force Academy. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky (1926; now VVIA). During his studies at the academy, he built three gliders. After graduating from the academy, he headed the section of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force. Then he worked at the research airfield of the Air Force. Since 1931, the head of the Central Design Bureau of TsAGI. In 1933, he headed the Central Design Bureau at the Moscow plant named after V. R. Menzhinsky, which later became the Ilyushin Design Bureau, whose activities were associated with the development of assault, bomber, passenger and transport aviation. From 1935 Ilyushin was the chief designer, in 1956-70 he was the general designer. He created his own school in aircraft building. Under his leadership, mass-produced attack aircraft Il - 2, Il - 10, bombers Il - 4, Il - 28, passenger aircraft Il - 12, Il - 14, Il - 18, Il - 62, as well as a number of experimental and experimental aircraft. Ilyushin's attack aircraft during Vel. The Patriotic War formed the basis of Soviet attack aviation as a new type of aviation, closely interacting with ground forces. Il - 2 - one of the mass aircraft of the war period. Sergei Vladimirovich Ilya Shin (1894 - 1977) Soviet aircraft designer, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1941, 1957, 1974). THE USSR. A few minutes next to the workers In the classroom defense circle. Actors of the Moscow Maly Theater study the Degtyarev machine gun. September 1941 During the war, 6 new and 3 modernized models of small arms, 7 samples of grenades were put into service. Tests of new models took place not only at the scientific and test range for small arms and mortar weapons in Shchurovo and at the range of the Shot courses, but also directly at the fronts. Prominent scientists and engineers were attracted to work in the bodies of the State Defense Committee and the NKV. They replaced those who had gone to the front. Leningrad. In total, during the war years, Soviet industry produced about 13 million rifles, 6.1 million submachine guns, 1.7 million pistols and revolvers, 1.5 million machine guns of all types, 471.8 thousand anti-tank rifles. For comparison, in Germany during the same period, 8.5 million rifles and carbines, 1 million submachine guns, 1 million machine guns were produced. “Machine guns” during the war were called submachine guns, and until now this inaccuracy in the name often causes confusion. The role of the main automatic weapon of the Second World War took the submachine gun, in general, by accident: considered an auxiliary weapon before the war, during it it turned out to be the simplest and most affordable means of increasing the density of fire. The "Combat Charter of the Infantry" of 1942 (BUP - 42), which embodied the experience of the war, said: "Fire, maneuver and hand-to-hand combat are the main methods of infantry action." The infantry achieved fire superiority over the enemy primarily by increasing the density of rifle and machine-gun fire and mortar fire. If in August 1941 the German infantry division surpassed the Soviet rifle division in terms of the total number of pistols - machine guns and machine guns three times, and in mortars - twice (having, moreover, 1.55 times more personnel), then by the beginning of 1943 this number roughly equalized. At the beginning of 1945, an ordinary Soviet rifle division was approximately twice as large as a German infantry division both in pistols - machine guns and machine guns, and in mortars, with an approximately equal number of personnel of the Soviet machine gunner. Since the battle became more mobile, more mobility was also expected from the infantry. It is no coincidence that since the beginning of 1942, demands have been put forward to lighten various models of small arms. On December 21, 1940, they adopted the “submachine gun mod. 1941 Shpagin (PPSh - 41)." In addition to the wide use of cold stamping and spot welding, PPSh was distinguished by a very small number of threaded connections and press fits. The weapon turned out to be outwardly rough, but the reduction in labor intensity, metal and time costs made it possible to quickly replenish the loss and increase the saturation of troops with automatic weapons. If in the second half of 1941 submachine guns accounted for about 46% of all issued automatic weapons, then in the first half of 1942 - already 80%. By the beginning of 1944, the active units of the Red Army had 26 times more submachine guns than at the beginning of 1942. The machine gunner is the son of a regiment with the legendary PPSh Anti-aircraft gunners on the defense of Moscow. In the background you can see the building of the "Government House" on the street. Serafimovich. An anti-aircraft gun on one of the buildings on Gorky Street in Moscow. 1941. To protect against enemy air raids, Soviet troops used 76.2 mm anti-aircraft guns and 37 mm automatic guns Moskva. Anti-aircraft guns on the Commune Square near the theater of the Red Army. 1941 Howitzers at the firing line. August 1944 In 1943, the Nazi command, planning an offensive on the Kursk Bulge, pinned great hopes on the use of new heavy tanks "Panther" and "Tiger", as well as self-propelled artillery mounts "Ferdinand". In response to this, in the spring of 1943, the TsAKB design team launched work on the creation of a 100 mm anti-tank gun. The 100 mm field gun created by them had good tactical and technical characteristics: firing range - 20650 m, direct shot range - 1080 m, armor-piercing projectile due to the high initial speed (895 m / s) at a distance of 500 m pierced armor up to 160 mm thick, and at 2000 m to 125 mm, and on May 7, 1944, the gun was put into service under the name "100 mm field gun BS - 3 mod. 1944". German rocket launcher 15 - cm - Nebelwerfer 41 . German heavy siege gun that shelled Leningrad. The capture of the village by the Nazi military unit. Self-propelled artillery mounts are coming. Victory parade. June 24, 1945 Soviet tanks on the streets of Berlin. Soviet soldiers often made various inscriptions on the military equipment entrusted to them. Tank column "Dmitry Donskoy", built at the expense of believers. 1943 German heavy tanks knocked out by Soviet soldiers. Guards mortars at the Victory Parade In July 1941 - December 1944, Soviet industry manufactured about 30 thousand Katyusha combat vehicles and over 12 million rockets for them (of all calibers). The first vehicles were manufactured on the basis of domestic chassis (about 600 units in total - almost all, with the exception of units, were destroyed in battle), after the start of the Lend-Lease deliveries, the American truck became the main chassis for the BM - 13 (BM - 13 N). "Studebuker" (Studebacker - US 6) - about 20 thousand cars were supplied by the USA for our "fighting girl". BM - 13 - a combat vehicle with shells of 13 cm caliber - could fire 16 shells within 15 - 20 seconds at a firing range of 8 - 8, 5 km. If the same task is set for cannon artillery, 16 guns will be needed, the total weight of which is ten times greater than the weight of one automobile launcher. The speed of the BM - 13 on a good road reached 50 - 60 km / h. Only 1 - 2 minutes were required for her transition from marching to combat position. It took 3-5 minutes to reload after a volley, so in an hour one combat vehicle could make 10 volleys and fire 160 shells. Soldiers charge the Katyusha The rocket launcher was originally installed until 1943 on ZiS trucks, which, according to the characteristics of the military, were poorly controlled and poorly passable - due to one drive axle! Therefore, cars got stuck in muddy roads, and often failed, which is the reason for the large losses of cars: out of 30,000 cars produced, 20,000 during the entire war died or were blown up by their crews - or captured by the Wehrmacht and the SS! After the start of Lend-Lease deliveries of Studebaker trucks, the car became more or less passable ... weapons - rocket launchers ("Katyusha") In the picture ... Rocket mortar - the legendary "Katyusha. Mortar on the square Preparing for takeoff The very first days of the war showed that the IL - 2 turned out to be the best and most needed aircraft for the ground forces. In April 1942, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, S. Ilyushin was awarded the State Prize for the same machine - IL - 2. In the sky IL - 2. Among the clouds it looks like a "flying tank". The appearance of the Il - 2 on the Eastern Front was a big surprise for the Germans, however, the German fighter pilots quickly studied the weaknesses of the Ilyushin attack aircraft and learned how to deal with it. Attacking the Il - 2, they came in from behind, from the side and from above, and from close (up to 50 m) distances, they shot him with complete impunity from all available weapons, trying to get into an engine, pilot or gas tank unprotected from above. And even the armor could no longer protect either the aircraft or the pilot, and the poor rear visibility and the absence of a rear gunner in a single IL - 2 allowed German fighters to easily take up an advantageous position for an attack. I must say that the IL-2 armored hull was designed only for "gliding" strikes from fighter weapons. And in this case, the armor significantly increased the survivability of the attack aircraft compared to aircraft with conventional duralumin skin.

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Story

In the weapons system of any army, small arms have been and continue to be the most massive of all weapons. The issue of improving small arms in our country, especially in Soviet times, has been and is being given great attention. Domestic small arms passed the severe test during the Great Patriotic War. The high combat qualities of Soviet weapons were recognized by all our opponents. For example, the fascist leadership even demanded that their gunsmiths surpass the rate of fire of a Soviet air machine gun. However, 1800 rounds per minute remained an unattainable goal for German designers.

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Story

The most productive year for new designs was 1943 - the year of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War. Our army has finally consolidated the strategic initiative in its hands. “Soviet weapons, created by Soviet designers, made by Soviet workers, at Soviet factories, from Soviet material,” said Ya. F. Pavlov, a participant in the Battle of Stalingrad, Hero of the Soviet Union, “the best in the world. It is infinitely dear to the heart of every soldier in our army…”

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Nagant revolver

An important feature of the revolver was the sliding of the drum with cartridges on the breech breech before firing, which eliminated the breakthrough of powder gases between the barrel and the drum.

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Maxim machine gun

The legendary weapon of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars. After the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the design of the machine gun was improved by the Tula gunsmiths P. P. Tretyakov and I. A. Pastukhov.

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Light machine gun of the Degtyarev system

The RPD was the first Soviet serial machine gun for a new cartridge adopted in 1943, which occupied a position between pistol and rifle in terms of power.

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Automatic rifle of the Simonov system and self-loading rifle of the Tokarev system

During automatic firing from the ABC, a bladed bayonet was used as an additional support, which rotated 90 ° relative to the axis of the barrel. In 1938, the next competitive tests of self-loading rifles took place in the USSR, in which the weapon of F. V. Tokarev won.

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Submachine gun of the Degtyarev system and submachine gun of the Shpagin system

The PPD was an improved version of the V. A. Degtyarev submachine guns of the 1934 and 1934/38 models. PPSh had a simple design and high reliability. This is the most massive sample of automatic weapons during the Great Patriotic War.

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Repeating rifle 1891/30

It was created as a result of the modernization of the famous three-line rifle by S. I. Mosin of the 1891 model. In 1924-1927, significant changes were made to the design of the three-ruler, expressed in the installation of a new sector sight, spring stock rings, a needle bayonet with a stronger spring latch and a simplified chamber configuration.

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Large-caliber easel machine gun of the Degtyarev-Shpagin system

Being a powerful infantry weapon, the DShK was designed to destroy air and lightly armored targets, machine gun nests and enemy anti-tank artillery.

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Rapid-firing aviation machine gun of the Spital and Komaritsky system

This machine gun was used on all pre-war combat aircraft and many machines of the Great Patriotic War period. In terms of its rate of fire, ShKAS surpassed all foreign aircraft machine guns.

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Machine gun of the Goryunov system

In May 1943, the SG-43 replaced the Maxim machine gun of the 1910 model. It was distinguished by the reliability of automation and was reliable in the most extreme combat conditions.

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Dragunov self-loading sniper rifle

Developed in 1958 - 1962. To hit targets, the rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight.

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PM and APS

A feature of the APS is its ability to fire bursts. APS is much more efficient and reliable than, for example, the German "Mauser" M-712 model 1932 - a pistol of a similar class. The PM is in service with officers of the Soviet Armed Forces as a weapon of self-defense. Compared to a pistol, the TT has a higher rate of fire due to the use of a self-cocking trigger mechanism.

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The presentation was made by students of the 10th "B" class: Dmitry Antonyuk and Ilya Dzyurich

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Infantry weapons

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This famous rifle faithfully served from 1891 to 1960. During the war years, 12 million of these rifles were produced. Rifle S.I. Mosin

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In military films, they usually show PPSh - 41 with a disk magazine. Decipher the abbreviation. Submachine gun Shpagin model 1941

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M.I. Puzyrev designed in 1941 RPG - 41, which pierced 25 mm armor. Name this weapon. Anti-tank grenade

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For light machine guns, a "survivability" of 10 thousand shots was considered normal, the "survivability" of this weapon was 75-100 thousand shots. Name the gun. Degtyarev light machine gun

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This easel machine gun was invented back in 1883 by an American engineer, however, this weapon also came in handy during World War II. Filled with a tape for 250 rounds, the machine gun aimed at 2.5 kilometers, making up to 300 shots per minute. Machine gun "Maxim"

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Artillery

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On July 14, 1941, a volley of a BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle was heard at the German trains at the Orsha railway station in Belarus. The soldiers affectionately called this gun ... "Katyusha"

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When the head of the artillery department of the Krupp company studied the 76 mm ZIS-3 gun, he exclaimed: “This is a real Masterpiece!” How many shots at a firing range of 13 kilometers could this gun of designer V.I. Grabin? 25 shots per minute

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This gun is designed for mounted firing at open targets, so the barrel of this gun is raised up in a combat position. What is the name of this tool? Howitzer

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By the end of World War II, it was this weapon (for example, MT - 13) that became one of the main types of artillery. mortars

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Personal weapons of the commanders of the Red Army

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By the beginning of the war, this revolver was the personal weapon of most commanders of the Soviet army. Its creator is a Belgian designer - gunsmith Leo Nagant. Name a revolver. Revolver

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In the 1920s, pistols were tested at the test sites: German - Parabellum and Volt, American - Browning and several Russians. The TT pistol was recognized as the best. Name the constructor. Tokarev pistol

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The most powerful tank of World War II is considered to be this heavy tank, which pierces through the armor of the fascist Panther. Named after the leader of the USSR. IS - 2

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The heavy tank KV - 1 was named after the first marshal of the Soviet Union. Name the marshal. Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov

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Which tank has thicker armor: T - 34 - 85, "Tiger" or "Panther"? T - 34 - 85 "Panther" "Tiger" 90 mm. 80 mm. 100 mm.

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Heavy tank KV-1 designer Zh.Ya. Kotin was called a fortress on caterpillars. The tank moved at a speed of 35 km/h and could travel 250 km without refueling, sweeping away everything in its path. How many people made up the crew of this tank? 5 persons

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48 - kg shells SU - 152 tore down the towers "Tigers" and "Panthers", for which the fighters nicknamed her "St. John's wort". Name the war machine. Self-propelled installation

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Cars

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Most often, it was this car that was encountered on military roads - GAZ - AA and GAZ - OM - V. What were they called in everyday life? Lorries

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The legendary Katyusha rocket launchers were on this tractor. ZIS - 6

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The light all-terrain vehicle GAZ - 64/67 was created by the designer ... V.A. Grachev

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It was these vehicles that were used for reconnaissance and fire support for infantry. Armored cars

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In 1936, I-16 fighters were sent to help Spain. The pilots valued them for their maneuverability and amazing survivability. Name the designer of these aircraft. N.P. Polikarpov

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What famous pilot tested I-16 aircraft Valery Chkalov

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In the spring of 1944, the German command was forced to send out an order to its pilots: when meeting with this new Soviet fighter, avoid combat. fighter Yak - 3