Battle genre of photography. Historical and battle genre in painting and graphics. See what "Battle genre" is in other dictionaries

The battle genre in art has existed since ancient times - mankind has constantly fought and continues to fight until now.

Images of battles and campaigns are found on the reliefs of the Ancient East, on the pediments of buildings, on ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns, on vases of Ancient Greece, etc.

Term meaning

The word "bataille" means "battle" in French. That is, the battle genre is dedicated to military topics. These can be scenes of battles, military campaigns, heroic deeds - modern or past years and centuries.
If the artist not only shows the scene of the battle, but also reveals the meaning of what is happening, leads the viewer to realize the significance of a particular historical event, then such a picture can be attributed not only to the battle, but also to the historical genre.
If in the picture we see an image of the life and life of the military or sailors, then the battle genre is combined here with the everyday one.
The battle genre may include elements of other genres: portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

History of the battle genre

rebirth

In the Renaissance, we see images of battles on the canvases of Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca, Titian, Tintoretto, on the frescoes of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and others.

Leonardo da Vinci (copy of Rubens) fresco "Battle of Anghiari" (1503-1506)
The fresco was commissioned by Leonardo da Vinci to commemorate the restoration of the Florentine Republic after the expulsion of Piero de' Medici. For the battle scene, da Vinci chose the battle that took place on June 29, 1440 between the Florentines and the Milanese troops under the command of the condottiere Niccolo Piccinino. Despite the numerical superiority, the Milanese were defeated by a small Florentine detachment. D. Vasari wrote about this painting as follows: “... made with great skill because of the most amazing observations that he applied in the image of this dump, because in this image people show the same rage, hatred and vindictiveness as horses, of which two intertwined with their front legs and fight with their teeth with no less bitterness than their horsemen fighting for the banner ... ".

Formation of the battle genre

In the XVI century. the battle genre in painting begins to take shape. What is a genre anyway? This is a historical division of paintings in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. And although the very concept of "genre" appeared in painting relatively recently, genre differences have existed since the person began to paint. The formation of the genre as a system began precisely in the 16th century.

Tintoretto "The Battle of Dawn" (circa 1585). Venice, Doge's Palace
Tintoretto brought into the picture a lot of people involved in the battle.
The Spanish artist D. Velazquez thought deeply about the military events.

D. Velasquez "Surrender of Breda" (1634)
This picture can be attributed both to the battle and to the historical genre, and also called it psychological, because it psychologically accurately shows the feelings of the winners and the vanquished.
The plot of the picture: Governor Justin of Nassau passes the keys to the city to the commander-in-chief of the Spanish troops Ambrosio Spinola on June 5, 625, this is just the scene of handing over the key to the fortress of Breda. Why does the picture belong to the battle genre? But this moment was preceded by a months-long siege of the city by Spanish troops under the command of Ambrosio Spinola. For 80 years, Spain fought to maintain the power of the Habsburgs over the Spanish Netherlands. Ambrosio Spinola, using a pause in the war, laid siege to the fortress. From a military point of view, the siege of Breda was useless, but from a political point of view it had a great effect. All of Europe closely followed the development of events near Breda. And then came the denouement: the keys to Breda are handed over to the winners.
The defeated Dutch and their leader are placed in a humiliating position and evoke sympathy. The leader is shown shorter, wearing baggy clothes and worn boots. But he tries to accept what happened with dignity. The winner is taller than the loser, his whole figure expresses indulgence, he pats his opponent soothingly on the shoulder, he is respectfully respectful. The horses in this picture, as it were, emphasize the features of their owners: the calm, modest horse belongs to the vanquished, and the graceful, playful horse Spinola is to match the winner.

Russian battle genre

In the XVIII century. works of the Russian battle genre appeared. And here, first of all, I would like to recall the work of V.M. Lomonosov "Poltava battle", although it belongs to the mosaic painting.

"Poltava battle". Mosaic of M. V. Lomonosov in the building of the Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg (1762-1764)
The Battle of Poltava is the largest battle of the Northern War between the Russian troops under the command of Peter I and the Swedish army of Charles XII. The battle took place on the morning of July 8, 1709, 6 miles from the city of Poltava. The defeat of the Swedish army led to a turning point in the Northern War in favor of Russia and to the end of Sweden's dominance in Europe.
July 10, in honor of the victory of the Russian army under the command of Peter I over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava, is considered the Day of Russia's military glory.
The Russian battle genre is always imbued with a special spirit of patriotism and seeks to express admiration for the heroism and courage of warriors.
The war with Napoleon was reflected in the work of many artists, because. all the best qualities of the Russian people were manifested in it: fearlessness, self-sacrifice, patriotism.

F. Roubaud, canvas panorama "Battle of Borodino"
The artist painted the panorama "Battle of Borodino" for the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812 by order of Emperor Nicholas II. Work on it was carried out with the participation of I. G. Myasoedov.

Franz Alekseevich Rubo(1856-1928) - Russian panorama painter, academician and head of the battle workshop of the Academy of Arts, creator of three battle panoramas: "Defense of Sevastopol", "Battle of Borodino", "Storming the village of Akhulgo". He is the founder of the national school of panoramic painting, the author of almost 200 monumental paintings.

F. Roubaud "The siege of the Yerevan fortress by Russian troops in 1827"
The Napoleonic Wars are reflected in the work of many artists. Here is another picture depicting a war scene.

B. Villevalde "The feat of the cavalry regiment in the battle of Austerlitz in 1805" (1884). Central Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps, St. Petersburg

Bogdan (Gotfried) Pavlovich Villevalde(1818-1903) - Russian painter, academician, honored professor of battle painting, member of the Council of the Imperial Academy of Arts. The Patriotic War of 1812 was a favorite theme of his work, he studied the era of Napoleon well and returned to this topic constantly. His works are distinguished by soft humor, the ability to depict live military scenes.

B. Villevalde "Meeting of officers of the Russian guards cavalry with residents of one of the European cities"
Villevalde was the head of the battle class of the Academy of Arts until its reform in the 90s of the 19th century; almost all of our newest battle players owe their artistic development to his excellent teaching.

Nikolai Dmitrievich Dmitriev-Orenburgsky(1837-1898) - Russian battle painter, graphic artist, academician and professor of battle painting at the Imperial Academy of Arts. He created a whole cycle of paintings about the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878).

N. Dmitriev-Orenburg "The Battle of Plevna on August 27, 1877" (1883)
Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin(1842-1904) - Russian painter and writer, one of the most famous battle painters.

A graduate of the Naval Cadet Corps, he was associated with the army all his life: he was in Samarkand during its siege by the Bukharians; was in the active Russian army during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, where he was seriously wounded. When the Russo-Japanese War began, Vereshchagin went to the front. He died on March 31, 1904, together with Admiral S. O. Makarov, during an explosion on a mine of the battleship Petropavlovsk on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur.
He created a series of battle paintings: the Turkestan series, "Napoleon in Russia", the "Barbarians" series. The cycle "Napoleon in Russia" includes 20 paintings, as well as studies, drawings and unfinished compositions.

V. Vereshchagin "In front of Moscow in anticipation of the deputation of the boyars"

V. Vereshchagin "Napoleon on the Borodino Heights" (1897)

V. Vereshchagin "The End of the Battle of Borodino"
One of the most famous works of the battle genre in general and the works of the artist is the painting "The Apotheosis of War".

V. Vereshchagin "The Apotheosis of War" (1871). Oil on canvas, 127 x 197 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)
On the frame of this picture is the inscription: "Dedicated to all the great conquerors - past, present and future."
Initially, the canvas was called "The Triumph of Tamerlane." The idea was associated with Tamerlane, whose troops left behind such pyramids of skulls. According to another version, this painting was created by Vereshchagin under the impression of a story about how the ruler of Kashgar, Valikhantor, executed a European traveler and ordered his head to be placed on top of a pyramid made of the skulls of other executed people.
Why is this picture attributed to the battle genre, although it does not depict battle scenes, even people are not present on the canvas?
This is an allegory painting, a protest painting against wars. War is always death and devastation. The pyramid of human skulls is depicted by Vereshchagin against the backdrop of a ruined city and charred trees. Everything is destroyed, only the ravens remain, but they have nothing to profit from here. All the details of the picture, including the yellow color of the canvas, symbolize death. The well-known Russian art critic V. Stasov believed that with this picture Vereshchagin acts as a historian and judge of mankind.

Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov(1882-1934) - Soviet battle painter of Russian Cossack origin.
“Trumpeters of the First Cavalry” is his most famous work.

M. Grekov "Trumpeters of the First Cavalry"

According to his idea, on November 29, 1934, the Studio of Military Artists was created, later named after him. Studio of military artists. M. B. Grekova is a unique creative team of 30 artists (painters, graphic artists and sculptors). All of them are bright creative individuals, professionals in their field. They are united by the idea of ​​serving the Fatherland with their art, recreating in artistic images significant pages of valor and glory of Russian weapons, the history of the army and the people. Their activity is based on the method of realism.
Here is a picture of a member of this studio.

Andrei Veniaminovich Sibirsky “After the task. Khankala. Chechnya (1998). Canvas, oil. 130 x 200 cm
Pyotr Alexandrovich Krivonogov(1910-1967) - Soviet battle painter. In 1939 he was drafted into the army. The Great Patriotic War took place in the active troops from Moscow to Berlin. His most famous works are about the Great Patriotic War.

P. Krivonogov "Defenders of the Brest Fortress" (1951)
Non-professional artists also worked in the battle genre. For example, the Russian poet and prose writer Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov throughout his short life he was fond of drawing and painting, took painting lessons from P. E. Zabolotsky, who painted two portraits of Lermontov in oil (in 1837 and 1840).

M.Yu. Lermontov "Self-portrait" (1837-1838). Paper, watercolor. Literary Museum (Moscow)
One of the favorite themes of Lermontov the artist was a military theme. His best works are connected with the Caucasus and executed in the spirit of romantic painting.

M.Yu. Lermontov "Attack of the Life Guards Hussars near Warsaw on August 26, 1831". Cardboard, oil. 65.8 × 79.3 cm

battle genre battle genre

(from French bataille - battle), a genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life. The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of battles (including naval ones) and military campaigns of the present or the past. The desire to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, and often reveal the historical meaning of military events, brings the battle genre closer to the historical genre. The scenes of everyday life of the army and navy, found in the works of the battle genre, have something in common with the genre of everyday life. Progressive trend in the development of the battle genre of the XIX-XX centuries. connected with the realistic disclosure of the social nature of wars and the role of the people in them, with the exposure of unjust aggressive wars, the glorification of national heroism in revolutionary and liberation wars, with the education of civil patriotic feelings among the people. In the 20th century, in the era of destructive world wars, the battle genre, historical and everyday genres are closely connected with works that reflect the cruelty of imperialist wars, the incalculable suffering of peoples, their readiness to fight for freedom.

Images of battles and campaigns have been known in art since ancient times (reliefs of the Ancient East, ancient Greek vase painting, reliefs on the pediments and friezes of temples, on ancient Roman triumphal arches and columns). In the Middle Ages, battles were depicted in European and Oriental book miniatures ("Facebook Chronicle", Moscow, 16th century), sometimes on icons; images on fabrics are also known ("Carpet from Bayeux" with scenes of the conquest of England by the Norman feudal lords, about 1073-83); there are numerous battle scenes in the reliefs of China and Kampuchea, Indian murals, and Japanese painting. In the XV-XVI centuries, during the Renaissance in Italy, images of battles were created by Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca. The battle scenes received heroic generalization and great ideological content in the cardboards for frescoes by Leonardo da Vinci ("Battle of Anghiari", 1503-06), who showed the fierce fierceness of the battle, and Michelangelo ("Battle of Kashin", 1504-06), who emphasized heroic readiness warriors to fight. Titian (the so-called "Battle of Cadore", 1537-38) introduced a real environment into the battle scene, and Tintoretto - innumerable masses of warriors ("Battle of Dawn", about 1585). In the formation of the battle genre in the 17th century. an important role was played by the sharp exposure of robbery and cruelty of soldiers in the etchings of the Frenchman J. Callot, the deep disclosure of the socio-historical significance and ethical meaning of military events by the Spaniard D. Velasquez ("Surrender of Breda", 1634), the dynamics and drama of the battle paintings by the Fleming P.P. Rubens. Later, professional battle painters stand out (A.F. van der Meulen in France), types of conventionally allegorical composition are formed, exalting the commander, presented against the background of the battle (Ch. Lebrun in France), a small battle picture with a spectacular image of cavalry skirmishes, episodes of military life (F. Wauerman in Holland) and scenes of naval battles (V. van de Velde in Holland). In the XVIII century. in connection with the war for independence, works of the battle genre appeared in American painting (B. West, J. S. Copley, J. Trumbull), the Russian patriotic battle genre was born - the paintings "Battle of Kulikovo" and "Poltava Battle", attributed to I. N. Nikitin, engravings by A. F. Zubov, mosaics by the workshop of M. V. Lomonosov "The Battle of Poltava" (1762-64), battle-historical compositions by G. I. Ugryumov, watercolors by M. M. Ivanov. The Great French Revolution (1789-94) and the Napoleonic Wars were reflected in the work of many artists - A. Gro (who went from a passion for the romance of revolutionary wars to the exaltation of Napoleon I), T. Gericault (who created the heroic-romantic images of the Napoleonic epic), F. Goya (who showed the drama of the struggle of the Spanish people with the French invaders). Historicism and the freedom-loving pathos of romanticism were vividly expressed in E. Delacroix's battle-historical paintings, inspired by the events of the July Revolution of 1830 in France. The national liberation movements in Europe inspired the romantic battle compositions of P. Michalovsky and A. Orlovsky in Poland, G. Wappers in Belgium, and later J. Matejko in Poland, M. Alyosha, J. Cermak in the Czech Republic, and others. In France in official battle painting (O. Vernet), false romantic effects were combined with external plausibility. Russian academic battle painting moved from traditionally conditional compositions with a commander in the center to a greater documentary accuracy of the overall picture of the battle and genre details (A.I. Sauerweid, B.P. Villevalde, A.E. Kotzebue). Outside the academic tradition of the battle genre were I. I. Terebenev’s popular prints dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812, “Cossack scenes” in Orlovsky’s lithographs, drawings by P. A. Fedotov, G. G. Gagarin, M. Yu. Lermontov, lithographs by V. F. Timma.

The development of realism in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. led to the strengthening of landscape, genre, and sometimes psychological principles in the battle genre, attention to the actions, experiences, life of ordinary soldiers (A. Menzel in Germany, J. Fattori in Italy, W. Homer in the USA, M. Gerymsky in Poland, N. Grigorescu in Romania, Ya. Veshin in Bulgaria). A realistic depiction of the episodes of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 was given by the Frenchmen E. Detail and A. Neuville. In Russia, the art of maritime battle painting flourished (I. K. Aivazovsky, A. P. Bogolyubov), battle-everyday painting appeared (P. O. Kovalevsky, V. D. Polenov). With merciless truthfulness, V.V. Vereshchagin showed the harsh everyday life of the war, denouncing militarism and capturing the courage and suffering of the people. Realism and the rejection of conventional schemes are also inherent in the battle genre of the Wanderers - I. M. Pryanishnikov, A. D. Kivshenko, V. I. Surikov, who created a monumental epic of the military exploits of the people, V. M. Vasnetsov, who was inspired by the ancient Russian epic. The greatest master of the battle panorama was F. A. Rubo.

In the XX century. social and national liberation revolutions, unprecedented destructive wars radically changed the battle genre, expanding its boundaries and artistic meaning. In many works of the battle genre, historical, philosophical and social issues, problems of peace and war, fascism and war, war and human society, etc. were raised. In the countries of the fascist dictatorship, brute force and cruelty were glorified in soulless, falsely monumental forms. In opposition to the apology of militarism, the Belgian F. Mazerel, the German artists K. Kollwitz and O. Dix, the Englishman F. Brangwyn, the Mexican J. C. Orozco, the French painter P. Picasso, the Japanese painters Maruki Iri and Maruki Toshiko and others, protesting against fascism , imperialist wars, cruel inhumanity, created vividly emotional, symbolic images of the people's tragedy.

In Soviet art, the battle genre was very widely developed, expressing the ideas of protecting the socialist fatherland, the unity of the army and the people, revealing the class nature of wars. Soviet battle painters brought to the fore the image of the Soviet patriot warrior, his stamina and courage, love for the Motherland and the will to win. The Soviet battle genre was formed in the graphics of the period of the Civil War of 1918-20, and then in the paintings of M. B. Grekov, M. I. Avilov, F. S. Bogorodsky, P. M. Shukhmin, K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, A A. Deineka, G. K. Savitsky, N. S. Samokish, R. R. Frents; he experienced a new rise during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 and in the post-war years - in posters and "TASS Windows", front-line graphics, graphic cycles by D. A. Shmarinov, A. F. Pakhomov, B. I. Prorokov and others. , paintings by Deineka, Kukryniksy, members of the Studio of military artists named after M. B. Grekov (P. A. Krivonogov, B. M. Nemensky and others), in sculpture by Y. Y. Mikenas, E. V. Vuchetich, M. K Anikushina, A. P. Kibalnikova, V. E. Tsigalya and others.

In the art of the countries of socialism and in the progressive art of the capitalist countries, works of the battle genre are devoted to depicting anti-fascist and revolutionary battles, major events in national history (K. Dunikovsky in Poland, J. Andreevich-Kun, G. A. Kos and P. Lubard in Yugoslavia, J. . Salim in Iraq), the history of the liberation struggle of peoples (M. Lingner in the GDR, R. Guttuso in Italy, D. Siqueiros in Mexico).

Leonardo da Vinci. "Battle of Angyari". 1503 - 1506. Drawing by P.P. Rubens. Louvre. Paris.

M. B. Grekov. "Tachanka". 1925. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.

V. V. VERESCHAGIN. "Attack by surprise." 1871. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.

A. A. Deineka. "Defense of Sevastopol". 1942. Russian Museum. Leningrad.

Literature: V. Ya. Brodsky, Soviet battle painting, L.-M., 1950; V. V. Sadoven, Russian battle painters of the 18th-19th centuries, M., 1955; The Great Patriotic War in the works of Soviet artists. Painting. Sculpture. Graphics, M., 1979; Johnson P., Front line artists, L., 1978.

(Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Edited by Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

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In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from everyday life, for example, everyday genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.

historical genre

The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

mythological genre

Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore - the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as a secret romance of the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite depicts the painting "Parnassus" by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these battles are often taken from real history, the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud

Battle painting took shape during the Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

household genre

Scenes from the everyday, public or private life of ordinary people, whether it be urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.

"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

The origin of everyday painting took place in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in the 17th-18th centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists of everyday paintings of that period.

Animal genre

The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.

Still life

In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder

Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Particularly distinguished are the Flemish and Dutch schools of still life. Representatives of a variety of styles painted their paintings in this genre, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes were painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And the most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is the painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared millennia ago in ancient Egypt - they were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. The portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical figure will be considered a work of the historical genre, although it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted in the nude genre.

Landscape

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, the environment is the city, rural or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.

It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape painting, one can single out such genres as sea and city landscapes.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.

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BATTLE GENRE IN THE PICTURES OF RUSSIAN ARTISTS DURING THE IV CENTURIES. (XVIII - XXI centuries)

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OBJECT OF THE STUDY: the battle genre in Russian painting of the 13th – 21st centuries. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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INTRODUCTION Who, at least once saw a picture of V.V. Vereshchagin, written back in 1872, "The Apotheosis of War" will surely remember her for a lifetime. A pile of skulls - almost the correct form of the "pyramid of horror." Today, here and there, the torches of battle are burning. One thing unites them - the death of a person. The artist tried to warn people, to make them shudder with horror, contemplating these terrible attributes of war. This picture is a call to preserve the uniqueness, the uniqueness of every human life. Why have paintings created many hundreds of years ago not lost their relevance and are perceived as modern? It is important to understand this in order to answer questions related to the moral patriotic education of a person of the 21st century, the formation of his worldview. The heroes of battle scenes are soldiers, ordinary people. “This is still the same people, only ... wearing a uniform and a gun,” wrote V.V. Stasov. Pictures about the war are the fate of one person and all of humanity. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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PURPOSE: TO CONSIDER THE ART WORKS OF RUSSIAN ARTISTS OF THE BATTLE GENRE OF FOUR CENTURIES, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE CARRYING INFORMATION WHICH INCLUDES THE SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE OF ARTISTIC PERCEPTION IN PICTURES. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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OBJECTIVES: 1. Find as much information as possible about wartime painting. 2. To identify the defining features of the formation of the battle genre in the national artistic culture. 3. To comprehend the aesthetic aspects of the battle genre of artists who left a bright imprint in the history of four centuries (XIII - XXI centuries). 4. To explore the features of the paintings of the battle genre in the work of artists of the 18th - 21st centuries. 5. To reveal the modern perception of battle genre art paintings and to show in scientific and practical work the meaning of the beneficial impact on students, in the study of this material. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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HYPOTHESIS: "If a picture conveys a true historical content, then it can serve as a source of moral patriotic education of a person, a bearer of universal values." copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the totality of the obtained results and conclusions contains the solution of problems related to the moral foundations of the formation of the personality of a modern person. Battle canvases are considered as a source of civil patriotic education of the younger generation. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN BATTLE GENRE AND ITS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES The battle genre is a genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life. The artist strives to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to show the heroism of the war, to reveal the historical meaning of military events, which brings the battle genre closer to the historical one. The formation of the battle genre began in the 16th century. By the Renaissance in Italy are the first experiences of a realistic depiction of battles. Realism is a true reflection of objective reality. In Russia, the active development of the battle genre begins with the victories of Peter I and his commanders. The Russian patriotic battle genre was born in the 18th century. These are the paintings "Battle of Kulikovo", a mosaic by the workshop of M.V. Lomonosov "The Battle of Poltava" and others. The Patriotic War of 1812 accelerated the growth of the national self-consciousness of the people. The Great Patriotic War of 1941 - grief brought together all the peoples who lived in Russia. The list of battle painters of four centuries includes well-known and not so well-known artists. These are Nikitin I.N., Vereshchagin, A.A. Deineka L.I. Shakinko, A. Khomutinnikov, young contemporary artists. Different works, different destinies, but the integrity of the perception of their work is manifested immediately, as soon as we turn to the historical consideration of the material. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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Paintings of the battle genre against the backdrop of four centuries What is the difference between the work of modern battle painters and the art of past years? After all, images of military commanders, military campaigns, battles have been known for a long time. Even the iconography did not bypass military battles. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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XVIII century One of the first canvases "Battle of Kulikovo" (1720s) is attributed to I. Nikitin. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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19th century In the 19th century, battle painters were deeply aware of their great citizenship. The title itself tells us about the content of this work - "The Battle of Borodino is over." Vereshchagin painted this picture in the period from 1899 to 1900. The artist creates a harmonious picture, but for this he had to study military maps, engravings, drawings, and other literature. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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XX century The battle genre experienced a new rise in the terrible days of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The unbending courage of the defenders of Sevastopol, their firm determination to fight to the last breath, showed Deineka in the picture “Defense of Sevastopol” imbued with heroic pathos. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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Not everyone undertakes to draw a war. Few people manage to reflect all the pain of wartime. Afghan war……. Artist - Leonid Isidorovich Shakinko, painting “Senior Lieutenant P.V. Dovnar” copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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"A dream that did not come true for young 'Afghans'" copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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"Source" Is the source a symbol of life? Maybe… only one thing is clear, the picture is very deep…… copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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“Mother Faith, Hope, Love” This picture conveys all the bitterness, all the pain, all the despair of the Afghan war… copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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"Grandmother VERA" painting by artist Anatoly Khomutinnikov copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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XXI century We are the inhabitants of the XXI century. The theme of the war is still relevant. Now there is a war in Ukraine. The artists of the battle genre again and again have themes to create new historical canvases. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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I dream of a calendar without black dates. And that one day the battles stopped ... Military GOD, save your soldiers! May their hopes and prayers save them! copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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Conclusion Having studied the paintings of the battle genre of artists for four centuries, we can conclude: if the paintings convey a true historical content and evoke a feeling of empathy, pride, compassion, hatred for the war, and this was shown by a survey of my peers, then they are the bearer of universal human values ​​and can serve as a source of patriotic education of a person. Our hypothesis was confirmed. Artists of different centuries continue the traditions of the masters of past centuries in depicting battle scenes. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

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The analysis of the work done allows us to identify ways to convey the truth about the war. 1. All the best battle players were themselves active participants in hostilities. This gives them the opportunity to show the war on a large scale, in all its manifestations. 2. Using the techniques of choosing color, composition, landscape, they achieve the creation of the atmosphere and mood necessary for perception. 3. Appeal to the topic of folk heroism evokes a feeling of respect and trust, both for the authors of the paintings and for their heroes. copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved.

"Battle genre, Paintings Battle painting"

The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life. The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of land, sea battles and military campaigns. The artist seeks to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to show the heroism of the war, and often to reveal the historical meaning of military events, which brings the battle genre closer to the historical one. And the scenes of military life (in campaigns, barracks, camps) often associate it with the everyday genre.

Battle genre, Paintings Battle painting, Formation of the battle genre.
Images of battles have been known in art since ancient times. The reliefs of the Ancient East represent a king or commander exterminating enemies, sieges of cities, processions of warriors. In the painting of ancient Greek vases, on the reliefs of temples, the military prowess of mythical heroes is sung. Reliefs on ancient Roman triumphal arches - aggressive campaigns and victories of emperors. In the Middle Ages, battles were depicted on carpets and tapestries, in book miniatures, sometimes on icons (as scenes of the heroic deeds of one or another saint).

The formation of the modern battle genre began in the 16th century.
By the Renaissance in Italy are the first experiences of a realistic depiction of battles. Gradually, official battles are being replaced by images of real military episodes.
In Russia, the active development of the battle genre begins in the 18th century - from the time of the grandiose victories of Peter I and his commanders.

The Russian battle genre (battle paintings) is imbued with a special spirit of patriotism, it seeks to express admiration for the heroism and courage of warriors. The victories of Suvorov and Kutuzov inspired Russian painters to write paintings and canvases glorifying the courage and heroism of Russian soldiers.

This tradition was also preserved by the battle painters of the 20th century. The battle genre experienced a new rise during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war years - in posters and "TASS Windows", front-line graphics, painting, and later in monumental sculpture.
Particularly in the battle genre and paintings of the battle painting of the national school, one can single out the creation of dioramas and panoramas dedicated to historical battles and battles.

The history of Russia is filled and full of wars and battles. In this regard, Russian battle painters created many beautiful works of art of domestic and world significance.
Paintings battle painting is one of the components of the battle genre. Beautiful battle paintings painted in oil on canvas by outstanding Russian artists are presented in the museums of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Russian battle painting. Examples.
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting "Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword" author Sergey Prisekin
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting "Victory of Peresvet" by Pavel Ryzhenko
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting "Kalka" by Pavel Ryzhenko
Battle painting. Battle painting “Artillery in the battle of Poltava. 1709" author Alexey Semenov
Battle painting. Battle painting "Shipka" author Evstigneev Alexey
Battle painting. Battle painting “Prince P.I.Bagration in the Battle of Borodino. The last counterattack" author Alexander Averyanov
Battle painting. Battle painting "The Battle for the Shevardinsky Redoubt on August 24 (September 5), 1812 (Attack of the Little Russian Cuirassier Regiment)" author Averyanov Alexander
Battle painting. Battle painting “Borodino. 1812 "author Alexander Ananiev
Battle painting. Battle painting "The feat of the gunners" author Averyanov Alexander
Battle painting. Battle painting "The feat of Major General V.G. Kostenetsky in the Battle of Borodino" author Averyanov Alexander
Battle painting. Battle painting "Wounded cavalry guard" author Averyanov Alexander
Battle painting. Battle painting "Russians in 1812" by Konstantin Przhetslavsky
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting "On the guard border of the Moscow state" author Sergey Ivanov
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting "Defense of Sevastopol" by Alexey Evstigneev
Battle painting. Battle painting “G.K. Zhukov and I.I. Fedyuninsky at the Pulkovo Heights" author Alexey Semenov
Battle painting. Battle painting “On the approaches to Sevastopol. Feat N.D. Filchenkov 1942" author Alexey Semenov
Paintings battle painting. Battle painting “Battle of Kursk. Diorama by Oleg Ezdakov
Battle painting. Battle painting "Liberation of Kryukovo Station" by Andrey Sibirsky
Battle painting. Battle painting "The Reichstag is taken" author Vladimir Tautiev

Sea battle painting. Naval battle paintings.
Russian naval battle painting. Examples.
Battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "Ushakov squadron" author Alexander Ananiev
Battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "The Battle in the Strait of Chios on June 24, 1770" by Ivan Aivazovsky
Battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "The Battle of Tendra Island August 28-29, 1790" author Alexander Blinkov
Paintings battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "Naval Battle of Navarino on October 2, 1827" by Ivan Aivazovsky
Battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "Naval Battle of Sinop on November 18, 1853" by Ivan Aivazovsky
Paintings battle painting. Sea battles. Battle painting "The battle of the steamer Vesta with the Turkish battleship Fekhti-Bulend in the Black Sea on July 11, 1877" by Ivan Aivazovsky

This is only a small part of the work of Russian battle painters.