Journalistic style - this is a style that serves the sphere of socio-political, socio-economic, socio-cultural and other social relations. This is the style of newspaper articles, radio and television programs, political speeches.

Main functions journalistic style informational and influencing, basic forms of speech - oral and written; typical type of speech - monologue.

characteristic peculiarities This style - the relevance of issues, imagery, sharpness and brightness of presentation - are due to the social purpose of journalism: by transmitting information, to produce a certain impact on the addressee (often mass), to form public opinion on a particular issue.

Journalistic style is considered to be a very complex phenomenon due to the heterogeneity of its tasks and conditions of communication, the diversity of genres. Transitional, inter-style phenomena are very noticeable in it. So, in analytical problematic articles on scientific and economic topics published in newspapers, the impact of the scientific (popular science) style is affected.

An important linguistic feature of journalistic style is the combination of two tendencies - toexpressiveness and to the standard .

Depending on the genre, either expression or standard comes to the fore. Expression prevails in such genres as pamphlet, feuilleton, etc. In the genres of editorial newspaper article, newsreel, reportage, striving for maximum information content and speed of information transfer, the trend towards the standard prevails.

Such language means are considered standard, which are often reproduced in a certain speech situation and, more broadly, in a certain functional style. Combinations labor watch, new frontiers, live response, warm support, steady growth, aggravation of the situation and etc.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PUBLICTISTIC STYLE

LEXICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES	Both literary (neutral, bookish, colloquial) and colloquial and slang vocabulary and phraseology are used ( I suppose, cool, party etc.). The use of language tools with emotionally expressive coloring, evaluative semantics ( totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully and etc.). Along with the neutral, high book vocabulary is used, which has a solemn, pathetic coloring: homeland, service,dare, broadcast, creation, accomplishments etc. A significant role in the journalistic style is played by colloquial vocabulary. The assessment contained in it contributes to the democratization of style, provides the necessary contact with the addressee and influence on him. For example: hype, public utilities, gratuitousness,get a hold of). Are used speech standards- stable in its composition and reproducible in finished form, language means that do not cause a negative attitude, as they have clear semantics and economically express an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer: humanitarian aid, commercial structures, public sector employees, employment service, information sources and etc. 7. Characteristic phraseology that allows you to accurately and quickly give information: election campaign, treaty ratification, political thinking, return visit, peaceful coexistence, arms race, yellow press.
MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES	The morphology of the journalistic style does not provide vivid examples of stylistic fixation. A particular feature of the journalistic style is the use of uncountable nouns in the plural form: conversations, searches, initiatives, moods, needs and etc. Among the features of this style can be attributed the frequency of imperative forms of the verb, which contribute to the activation of the interlocutor's attention: look, let's think, pay attention, take a closer look etc. Imperative forms are a style-forming feature in calls, appeals: Vote for our candidate! Protect the environment! The substantiation of adjectives and participles with the meaning of a person gets a stylistic coloring: right flank, an example of the best, work without lagging behind. In terms of the use of tense forms of the verb, the journalistic style also differs from other book styles: it is not characterized by the predominance of the present tense forms - the present and past tense forms are equally used. The objectivity of the presentation of the material is facilitated by the forms of the passive and mid-reflexive voices of verbs. For example: The situation is heating up; Military tensions are escalating. Passive participles are considered to be publicistically colored. time with the suffix -om-: led, carried, driven. The expression of high appreciation is expressed by the superlative forms of adjectives: the strongest measures, the strongest influence, the deepest respect, the strictest discipline. A feature of the journalistic style in the use of service parts of speech is the frequency of the use of negative particles not and neither, amplifying particle same, particles after all, here, even, only and etc.
SYNTAX PECULIARITIES	Emotionally and expressively colored constructions are commonly used: exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions, sentences with appeal, nominative sentences, repetitions, reverse word order in a sentence (inversion). The desire for expression leads to the use of constructions with colloquial coloring, for example, two-term segmented constructions: Spartakiad ski track. Women came out today. The division of the statement into parts not only facilitates the perception of its meaning, but also gives the text tension, dynamism, expressive emphasis on one or another part of the statement. For stylistic purposes, homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence are used.

Journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. You can designate their circle as follows:

• 1. Newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, reportage, note, interview, etc.
• 2. Advertising - ads, poster, slogan, etc.
• 3. Oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate, etc.
• 4. Television - analytical program, live dialogue, news bulletins, etc.
• 5. Communication - teleconference, press conference, etc.
• 6. Network journalism.

We will consider newspaper genres, of which three main groups are usually distinguished in science:

1. Informational - note, reportage, interview, report.

In general, information genres are characterized by objectivity in the presentation of information. The main feature in this case is the novelty of the transmitted message in these texts. As a rule, they are aimed at the prompt transmission of simple, primary information, facts, events.

The information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. Commenting parts are added to the extended information, specifying why, why, under what circumstances, exactly how.

The reportage is characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, where descriptions of the journalist's active actions to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem are combined.

The modern interview is a polyfunctional genre. It can be both informational (questions asked to an informed person about events), and analytical (talking about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).

2. Analytical - article, correspondence, review, etc.

The purpose of analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist of a socially significant topical problem, the current state of affairs, an event from the point of view of the author. The most common analytical genre is the problematic article. It is characterized by the logical presentation, it is based on reasoning, which is built as a proof of the main thesis. An article can be both a deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, and an inductive reasoning - from a message to a conclusion. Unlike reasoning in a scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, its main goal is to influence the reader. Various episodes of events, mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion, gives an assessment of what is happening.

3. Artistic and journalistic - essay, sketch, conversation, feuilleton, etc. Imagery, emotional expressiveness, typification, the use of literary and artistic visual means, a number of linguistic and stylistic features - all this delimits this group of genres from the rest.

These genres give the reader the opportunity to perceive the problem in a figurative form. This is most clearly shown in the essay. The nature of the essay largely depends on the object of the image: it can be problematic, portrait, travel, event. In the essay, one of the acting characters is the narrator, who tells about the event from the first (I-form) or third (He-form) person. The essay can be written on behalf of the narrator-journalist, on behalf of the hero of the essay, the narrator can also act as an off-screen observer or commentator. The image of the narrator brings into the essay a special emotional attitude to the events and characters described. Narratives and reasoning in the essay are colored by the emotional author's assessment. A distinctive feature of the essay is its descriptiveness, it is characterized by bright details that characterize the hero and the event.

The author's thought, the image of the author is the center to which converge and which determine all the main features of the author's style. Thus, the author plays the most significant role in shaping the journalistic picture of the world, revealing the nature of her speech, and forming newspaper and journalistic genres.

Hence the special nature of journalistic texts appears:

• - Subjective coloration. The author's palette of feelings and colors varies from a dry enumeration of facts to pathos and pathos.
• - Confession. The author expresses his thoughts and feelings.
• - Documentation. The publicist is characterized by dynamism, momentary perception. The author seeks to fix today, event, news.
• - Objectivity. The author seeks to expand the fund of knowledge, influence the formation of opinions and express the attitudes of the social group that he represents.
• - Sociality. The author's task is to correlate realities with the social interests and goals of certain groups.

In the genres of modern journalism, there is an increasing personal authorial trend. The personal tendency and the tendency to increase information content determine the active process of the formation of new genres.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the genre system of journalism. So, in almost all newspapers the leading article disappeared. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. The genre of investigative journalism began to occupy a greater place in the newspaper than before. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables, conversations, express interviews that allow you to get information and opinion "first hand". Every minute or daily updating of information corresponds to the dynamism of the modern era, which, as VG Kostomarov notes, "requires speed, efficiency and volatility, more precisely, change, continuous change." At present, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre partitions and the emergence of hybrid genres. G.Ya.Solganik draws attention to the evolution of the genre system that has taken place in the last decade, associated with increased information content.

Publicism is a functional style of verbal art of a special kind, unique in form, material, method of approach to reality and means of influence. The most important constructive principle that this style obeys, according to V.G. Kostomarov, is the principle of alternating expression and standard. Depending on the genre, on the purpose of the text, either one or the other is enhanced. If the author seeks to awaken a certain attitude to information, then expression comes to the fore (which is observed, for example, in pamphlets, feuilletons, etc.). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., in which the desire for maximum information content is projected, the standard prevails, since it is the standard that ensures the speed of information transfer, saving the effort of perception, and helps to quickly respond to what is happening, described in the text. Thus, these features correlate with the interaction of the two main functions of journalism: informational and influencing.

The selection of events in journalism is determined by their social significance. Socially significant events include events of public interest: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theater premieres, sporting events, etc. Often they are of a repetitive nature, so the information about these events is standard, stereotypical expressions are used in its coverage (the theater season opened with a premiere, a match between the teams took place).

The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of evaluative means, the main of which is a metaphor, as well as other means of emotional impact. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.

The search for ways to enhance expression within the journalistic style causes a rapid transition of expression into the standard, when the language elements that turned out to be the most successful in terms of expressiveness begin to be used or replicated by many newspapers. Due to the loss of clear and precise semantics, expressive-evaluative qualities, and increased frequency of use by standard formulas, they become clichés. In general, the "conflict" correlation of expression and standard manifests itself in different ways in different genres, but is always a constructive feature of this functional style.

Journalistic style (= newspaper-journalistic)

The style is presented in newspapers, in magazines addressed to the mass reader, in the speeches of journalists on radio and television, in the speeches of public and political figures, rallies, congresses, meetings, etc. The style is realized in oral and written form.

The subject of journalistic texts is practically unlimited: political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical topics, issues of art and culture, issues of education, etc. are covered. Publicism is called the “chronicle of modernity”: it reflects the living history of our society . Feature: in a journalistic style, as a rule, they talk about the most modern, relevant events for society.

Journalism genres:

Informational - provide information. This is:

 Information note (chronicle note), or chronicle . This is a selection of news messages: the time, place, event is indicated, described using different forms of the verb (will take place, open, continue, gather, etc.) (eg: An exhibition opened in the Hermitage yesterday. Today in Paris, issues related to ... Tomorrow the summit will continue its work).

 Reportage. This is a genre in which the story of an event is conducted as if simultaneously with the deployment of the action. Characteristic: the present tense of the verb, the pronoun "I" or "we" (meaning "I and my companions"), the inclusion of a more or less detailed author's comment in the text, then the text is an alternation of fragments telling about the event, and inserts, reasoning author; sometimes the text is preceded by a comment from the editor (eg: We are in the assembly hall. I see that the rescuers have already arrived. Now the rescuer is attaching the ladder).

 Interview (informational). A genre that exists in a dialogical form - oral or written (a recorded conversation; while the written text conveys some signs of spontaneous oral speech, as evidenced, in particular, by interjections, colloquial vocabulary, incomplete sentences, picking up remarks, repeated questions, etc.) . The journalist conducts a dialogue with the person answering his questions. The genre allows you to acquaint the reader with the life and views of the person he is interested in, to present the material in a lively and interesting way. The dialogical form facilitates the perception of the material. In the informational interview, in the form of answers to questions, the details of the event are reported. Interviews are also popular, in which a characterization of a person is given in parallel with a discussion of various significant problems. Often the interview is preceded by an introductory part that briefly describes the situation in which the interview is being taken; provide information about the person being interviewed.

 Report.

 Review. A journalist speaks on behalf of a collective, organization, party, etc.

Analytical - provide an analysis. These are the genres:

 Analytical interview. Contains extended dialogue problem: the journalist asks questions about the substance Problems, the interlocutor - answers.

 Article. A genre in which the results of a fairly serious study of an event or problem are presented. The main feature of the genre is the logical presentation of the material, reasoning: from any statement to its justification. Syntactic features: unions and introductory words are used to indicate a logical connection. Lexical features: there are terms, words with an abstract meaning. But reasoning can be emotionally colored. This genre is characterized by a combination of bookish and colloquial evaluative vocabulary, the use of sentences of short length, etc. An article may include various inserts: a description of highlights, mini-interviews, etc.

 Review - a review of a work of art, a film, etc.

 Comment.

 Review.

 Correspondence. A genre that speaks not of a single fact, as in a chronicle note, but of a series of facts that are analyzed, their causes are clarified, their assessment is given, and conclusions are drawn. Compared to a chronicle note, the volume of the reported material expands in the correspondence, the nature of the presentation changes: more diverse linguistic means are involved, an individual style of writing appears.

Artistic and journalistic genres. These are a kind of hybrid genres that combine the features of a journalistic and literary and artistic style:

 Feature article. A genre that requires a figurative, concrete presentation of a fact or problem. Essays can be:

- problematic (events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning);

- portrait;

- track (description of the trip);

- eventful (story about the event).

The essay must convincingly combine expressively conveyed events, convincing images of heroes, evidence-based reasoning. People, events and problems appear in the light of the author's emotional assessment.

 Feuilleton - a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, ridiculing or condemning any shortcomings, ugly phenomena (for example: “Letters to Aunty” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, a feuilleton poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Newspaper”, etc. ).

 Pamphlet - a topical publicistic work of an acutely satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone or something (for example: individual chapters of A. N. Radishchev’s “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, V. G. Belinsky’s “Letter to Gogol” , “I can’t be silent” by L. N. Tolstoy). Etc.

Substyles of journalistic style:

official-analytical;

information and analytical;

reporting;

feuilleton;

rally, etc.

General features of the journalistic style:

The most important feature - a combination of two language functions: the function of the message (= information function) and the function of influence. The speaker resorts to a journalistic style when he needs not only to convey information, but also to influence the addressee (often mass). The sender conveys the facts and expresses his attitude towards them. The addressee feels that the journalist is not an indifferent registrar of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his convictions. Journalism is designed to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, convince, agitate.

The most important style-forming features of the journalistic style are appraisal and emotionality. Since the issues that the journalist raises (ethical conflicts, human rights, the economic policy of the state, etc.) concern millions of people, it is impossible to write about these issues in a dry language. Publicism borrows evaluative means from other styles (mainly colloquial and artistic).

But if for maximum impact on the addressee, the journalistic style needs expressiveness, then for the speed and accuracy of information transfer, it needs accuracy, consistency, formality, standardization. The standardization of speech in this case is that the journalist uses frequent language means, stable speech patterns (cliches) (eg: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, pluralism of opinions, active life position, radical changes, on the other side of the barricades).

Speech standardization provides:

 to the addressee (journalist) - speed in preparing information (the addressee shows particular interest in the latest events, so it is necessary to prepare the material very quickly);

 to the addressee - easier and faster assimilation of information (scanning through the eyes of a publication full of very familiar expressions, the reader can catch the meaning without wasting time and effort).

Thus, the combination of expression and standard is the most important feature of journalistic style.

Depending on the genre, expression comes to the fore (ex: pamphlet, feuilleton), then the standard (e.g.: newspaper article, newsreel).

Since the works of journalistic style are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for the selection of language means in them is public accessibility these funds. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialects, slang words, complicated syntactic constructions that are incomprehensible to readers, should not resort to too abstract figurativeness, etc.

Journalistic style is not closed, but open language system , so that journalists can freely refer to elements of other styles: colloquial, artistic, scientific. Thus, in a journalistic style, elements of different styles interact quite freely.

In journalism, it is of great importance author's style - the manner of writing peculiar to this or that journalist.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person. Journalism is characterized coincidence of author and narrator , which directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, assessments. This is the power of journalism.

At the same time, in each specific text, the journalist creates author's image through which he expresses his attitude to reality. The image of the author as a compositional-speech category can vary, change its form in relation to the genre, for example:

AT review the journalist speaks on behalf of the team, organization, party, constructing a "collective image" of the narrator;

AT feuilleton, pamphlet this is a conditional image of an ironic, irreconcilable, practically minded narrator.

But, no matter what genre we are talking about, the author's position, in general, always coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting the material he has obtained to readers. This, in particular, inspires the reader's confidence in the journalist and his material, respect for the journalist for his personal position, for his sincerity and indifference.

In the journalistic style, the following are used: monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in an interview), direct speech.

Journalistic style - one of the functional styles serving a wide area of ​​social relations - political, economic, ideological, etc.

PS occupies a leading place in the stylistic structure of the Russian literary language, many YHL tools are being tested in PS, but PS can also have a negative impact on the language (the penetration of jargon, the abuse of borrowings).

Used in: political literature; Media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines).

Publicism seeks to influence contemporary public opinion, mores and political institutions.

Thematic range: politics, ideology, philosophy, economics, culture, sports, everyday life, current events.

The main task of the PS: commenting, evaluation of facts and events.

Functions:

1. Influencing (the presence and formation of evaluative vocabulary, primarily conceptual - socio-political, ideological, etc.);

2. Informative (neutral layer of the dictionary, speech standards, speech vocabulary necessary for the verbal design of messages).

3. All general literary vocabulary is the material for the dictionary of journalistic vocabulary.

In the category of autopublicistic work, there are 2 main features: the author is a social person and the author is a private person. That is, the author expresses both his social position and his personal qualities.

Of great importance in journalistic works is the author's style, the manner of writing characteristic of a particular journalist. In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person; journalism is characterized by the coincidence of the author and the narrator, who directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.

At the same time, in each specific work, the journalist creates the image of the author, through which he expresses his own attitude to reality.

Image of the author- an ideological and communication center, the core of a work of art, around which all the elements of its poetics and speech means are united, and thanks to which they acquire a certain aesthetic purpose and communicative expediency. The image of the author sets the composition of the genre, a certain selection of language means, expresses the author's attitude to the work and the facts that he sets out.

In accordance with these features and their relationships, certain types of authors: propagandist/agitator, polemicist, reporter, chronicler, artist, analyst, researcher, etc.

Genres of journalistic style: article, essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay, open letter, etc.

The natural form of existence of PS- written language.

Main substyles: mass media, actually journalistic.

Main functions: informative, imperative (influencing), therefore one of the main distinguishing features of the journalistic style: a combination of standardization and expressiveness.

Scope of distribution Keywords: periodicals, electronic media, socio-political literature, political speeches, speeches.

The journalistic style is also called newspaper-journalistic, because journalistic works are printed primarily in newspapers. This style is also presented in magazines addressed to the general reader, journalistic speeches on radio, television, in the speeches of public and political figures at rallies, congresses, meetings (in this case it is presented orally).

Publicism has received the name "chronicles of modernity", as it covers the most important problems of society - political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical, issues of education, culture, art, etc.; its subject matter is unlimited, as is the variety of genres. The living history of our time is reflected in the informational genres (note, reportage, report, interview, chronicle, review), analytical (article, correspondence, commentary, review, review) and artistic and journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet).

Key Features:

1. Relevance of the issue;

2. Speech stereotypes;

3. Abstraction in the presentation of the material;

4. Informative saturation, accuracy, consistency, formality, standardization (use of standard techniques), factual reliability (imperative function);

5. Mass character of the addressee;

6. Tendentiousness;

7. Polemic, emotional, imagery (influencing function);

8. Close to intonation, structure and functions of oratory;

9. Social evaluativeness - naming facts along with their evaluative interpretation. The author directly expresses his opinion - the openness and subjectivity of journalism.

Features at the lexical and phraseological level:

1. Interaction of various lexical layers (common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as book and colloquial);

2. Socio-political vocabulary and phraseology;

3. Estimated vocabulary, borrowed words, terms from different terminological systems;

4. Poetic, obsolete, jargon, new vocabulary.

Morphological and word-formation features:

1. Word-building models with suffixes -ost, -nick, -ism, -tion, -ant, -genny, -lny, -nichny, etc.: inauguration, utopianism, provocation, production, biogenic, photogenic, sociable;

2. With prefixes anti-, counter-, de-, pro-.

3. Use of difficult words: ubiquitous, mutually beneficial, multilateral;

4. Many expressive and emotional images;

5. Unit in the plural meaning: reader, pensioner, voter;

6. Lots of quality adjectives;

7. Many personal and possessive pronouns;

8. Many verbs in a generalized sense, substantiated participles;

9. The use of pronouns in generalized meanings: we, our.

Syntax features:

1. An ordered structure of a sentence with detailed syntactic constructions;

2. Visual and expressive means;

3. Elliptical sentences; Ellipsis- a stylistic figure, consisting in a stylistically significant omission of a member or part of a sentence.

4. All types of one-component sentences - nominative, indefinitely and generalized personal, impersonal ( We are informed; The note says);

5. Connecting structures;

6. Parceling: Renewal of our life is impossible without lawmaking. No legal justification for change. Without legislative acts guaranteeing the irreversibility of perestroika;

7. Expressive exclamatory sentences;

8. Rhetorical questions;

9. Inversion;

10. Use of cliches: public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures;

11. Use of speech stamps: universal words in general meanings: question, event, series, specific, separate; paired words - the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other: the problem is unresolved, overdue, the event is carried out. Speech stamps eliminate the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive speech of specificity.

In the context of the rapid preparation of newspaper publications, the interest in which is especially heightened in the wake of events, journalists use journalistic techniques well known to them, frequent linguistic means, and stable speech patterns (clichés). This determines the standardization of the language of the newspaper.

Since works of a journalistic nature are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for selecting linguistic means in them is their general availability. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms incomprehensible to readers, dialect, slang words, foreign vocabulary; complicated syntactic constructions; abstract imagery.

At the same time, the journalistic style is not a closed, but an open system of linguistic means. This allows journalists to refer to elements of other functional styles and, depending on the content of the publication, use a variety of vocabulary, including non-literary words and expressions, necessary for a reliable depiction of events and their heroes.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is distinguished by thematic diversity and stylistic richness. Common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as bookish and colloquial, are widely represented here. The choice of verbal material is determined by the topic; when discussing socio-political problems, such words as, for example, are used privatization, cooperator, marketing, management, exchange, business, democracy, publicity, capitalism, socialism; when dealing with issues of everyday life - others: pension, salary, consumer basket, unemployment, standard of living, birth rate, etc.

On a general neutral background, evaluative lexical and phraseological means attract attention. Among them you can find not only colloquial words and expressions ( privatization, lawlessness, hangout, cool), but also book ( power, fatherland, agony, triumph, accomplish, bring down, scapegoat for economic reform, shock therapy, Babylonian pandemonium, Solomon's decision, etc.).

Publicists often use terms in a figurative sense. (talk epidemic, racism virus, negotiation round, check on government, political farce, parody of democracy, finish line, line of fire, chromosomes of bureaucracy), which does not exclude, however, their use in the exact meaning in the appropriate context.

The journalistic style is characterized by a combination of words that are contrasting in stylistic coloring: it uses bookish and colloquial vocabulary, high and reduced. However, the appeal to diverse vocabulary and phraseology depends on the genre and must be subject to the principle of aesthetic expediency.

The syntax of journalistic works is distinguished by the correctness and clarity of the construction of sentences, their simplicity and clarity. Monologues are used

(mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in an interview), direct speech.

The main styles of journalistic texts:

Propaganda texts,

Political and ideological,

Newspaper and journalistic,

Critical and journalistic,

Artistic and publicistic.

All this is represented by different genres.:

calls,

appeals,

Proclamations

party papers,

reports,

Interview,

correspondence,

Notes, essays,

The stylistic features of the journalistic style are determined in accordance with the basic constructive principle of the organization of language means, which V.G. Kostomarov defines it as the alternation of expression and standard. The essence of this principle lies in the fact that in journalistic texts there is a "mandatory and rectilinearly constant correlation of standardized and expressive segments of the speech chain, their alternation and contrasting" .

The expressive function, due to the influencing orientation on the addressee, is manifested in the following style features:

Appraisal (open and hidden). Open appraisal is manifested through a certain authorial or collective attitude to the facts presented. The social significance of the assessment is especially important here. G.Ya.Solganik considers the principle of social appraisal to be the most important principle of journalism.

Hidden (implicit) appraisal is manifested through groups of stylistic means in the language of the media, which prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky names what is recognized and what is rejected. "The semantic sphere of what is recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.), which are considered positive from the point of view of the organ of information and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of what is rejected includes all objects thoughts that are considered negative."

In the media of the beginning of the 21st century, the sphere of acceptance includes the following words and stable combinations of words: the rise of the economy, the revival of Russia, state interests, the world role of Russia, the president, democracy, etc.; the scope of what is rejected includes: NATO expansion, corruption, migrants, terrorists, etc.

Stylistic "novelty effect": the use of unusual phrases, language play, the use of expressive colloquial speech means, unexpected comparisons, metaphors, etc.

Personification and intimization of presentation: presentation of information "through the eyes of an eyewitness" (use of 1st person pronouns, definitely personal sentences); identification with the reader, listener, viewer: the use of pronouns of the 1st person pl. numbers we, ours; the use of generalized personal constructions (the main member is a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular: you understand that ...). This style feature is designed to provide a higher level of trust to the addressee.

The information function is carried out through the logical and conceptual side and is embodied in the following style features:

Documentary and factual accuracy: an exact indication of the time and place of the event, the designation of the participants in the events, the official names of institutions, geographical names, etc.

Formality and neutrality of presentation: the use of neutral, official business and scientific vocabulary, the presence of stable clichés of book origin: to make a great contribution, universal values, etc., the presence of passive constructions and the strict structuring of complex sentences: a high crop has been grown, an exhibition has been opened, etc. .P.

Argumentation. The persuasiveness of speech is ensured by the methods of dialogization (question-answer complexes), the so-called accentuators - special means of the language that emphasize the author's confidence (modal words, introductory constructions with the modality of confidence, etc.), a clear design of the logical relations between the parts of the sentence (the allied connection) and the parts text.

The need for expressive and visual means in journalism is especially high, but it conflicts with the requirement to quickly respond to all events of current life, to be able to write quickly. For all their diversity, socio-political situations often repeat themselves, which makes it necessary to use stereotypical descriptions for stereotyped events. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the journalistic style, especially newspaper and journalistic, is the presence in it of speech standards, clichés and speech stamps.

The stable elements of the language act in two functions. Where it is necessary to refer to exact formulations that provide unambiguity and speed of understanding, the stable elements of the language act as standards proper. First of all, this is the area of ​​​​official communication: clerical, business speech, legal sphere (language of laws, decrees, orders), diplomatic activity (language of agreements, treaties, communiques), socio-political area (language of resolutions, decisions, appeals, etc. .). However, the same official turns, going beyond the limits of special use and the genre organic for them, are perceived as a stylistic speech defect.

In the newspapers of recent years, one can easily find examples of stamped-clerical speech: they resolutely took a course towards improving national relations, creating real conditions conducive to increased attention to the pressing issues of people's lives, and immediately focusing attention on solving the most urgent problems. Many formulaic turns of speech arose under the influence of an official business style: at this stage, at a given period of time, he emphasized with all the sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not add anything new to the content of the statement, but only clog the sentence.

Standards, being ready-made speech forms, correlated with a specific situation, greatly facilitate communication. They help the reader to get the information he needs, since the text, perceived in its usual form, is absorbed quickly, in whole semantic blocks. Therefore, speech standards are especially convenient for use in the media: branches of Russian government, public sector employees, employment services, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, according to informed sources, household services, etc. In particular, numerous journalistic metaphor style. Once born as a new language unit, a successful metaphor can then, as a result of repeated use, become an erased metaphor, that is, a cliche: the presidential race, the political arena, an explosion of discontent, the roots of nationalism, an economic blockade, etc. Clichés are most often used in those genres which require an economical and concise form of presentation and which are operationally related to the event itself, for example: official communication, press review, report on meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.

The desire for emotional saturation of the language of the newspaper encourages journalists to use various methods of artistic expression (tropes, stylistic figures), which activate the attention of readers, attract them to a certain information topic. But if these techniques are repeated, replicated in various newspaper texts, they also turn into speech clichés. Stamps also appear to express outdated ideas about social and economic life as a constant struggle and an ongoing battle, for example: the battle for the harvest, the front of work, the struggle for advanced ideals, breakthroughs to new frontiers, etc.

Speech stamps are an evaluative category, depending on the circumstances of speech and therefore historically changeable. Speech stamps have gone out of use: agents (sharks) of imperialism, find a warm response in the hearts, on behalf and on behalf, in response to the wishes of the working people. The new time gives birth to new clichés: denationalization, barter deals, humanitarian aid, the struggle for sovereignty, price liberation, the consumer basket, unpopular measures, socially vulnerable groups, economic space, etc.

The function of influence determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. Publicism takes from the literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness (often negative), which is especially clearly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology: sore, inhuman, lawlessness, vandalism, harmful, criticism, mafia, hype, bacchanalia, conspiracy, invention, dictate, fraud, political kitchen, etc.

Publicism not only uses ready-made material, it transforms, transforms words from different areas of the language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative sense (crime incubator, routes of technical progress), sports vocabulary (pre-election marathon, round (tour) of negotiations, declare a check to the government); names of literary genres (drama of nations, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy), etc.

Publicistic style is characterized by some features in the field of word formation. For example, an assessment of an event can also be expressed with the help of word-building elements (education, storming, philistine, hosting, putting on airs, ultramodern), as well as with the help of occasionalisms or speech neologisms - words created by certain authors, but not widely received. usage, especially since they are not recorded in modern dictionaries: privatization, Khrushchev.

In the journalistic style, there is a greater activity than in other styles of international educational suffixes (-ation, -ur, -ist, -izm, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (anti-, archi-, hyper-, de-, dez-, counter-, pro-, post-, trans-): globalization, agents, terrorist, centrism, contestant, anti-globalism, deportation, arch-reactionary, hyperinflation, disinformation, countermeasures, pro-American, post-Soviet, trans-European). Frequent use of nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (personality, greed, annulment, cooperation, trust); adverbs with a prefix in -: in a businesslike way, in a state way. Adjectives are also characterized by Russian and Old Slavic prefixes: co-owner, non-departmental, intercontinental, pro-Western, illegal. Some Old Slavonic prefixes give the words a "high" sound: recreate, all-powerful, reunite, fulfill.

In journalistic texts, especially in the language of newspapers, there are very often words formed by addition: mutually beneficial, good neighborly, multilateral, ubiquitous, will, multifaceted, commercial and industrial, socio-political, socio-economic, liberal-democratic, administrative-command. In order to save speech resources, abbreviations are used (AEO, MFA, PE, CIS, ISS, UFO, SOBR) and abbreviations (Security Council, Secretary General, federals, exclusive, cash, lawlessness).

At the morphological level, there are relatively few publicistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms of various parts of speech. For example, the use of the singular number of a noun in the meaning of the plural: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer, etc.

The study of the frequency of the use of verb tense forms shows that the genre of reportage and genres close to it are characterized by the use of the present tense of the verb, the so-called "real reportage". Obviously, this is due to the fact that journalism emphasizes the "momentary" nature of the events described and that the author is an eyewitness or even a participant in the events described: on April 3, the visit to Minsk of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland begins. Scientists are dismantling the underground rooms of the southern wing. Among the morphological forms, the forms of the reflexive and passive voices of the verb stand out, they are associated with the information function and contribute to the objectivity of the presentation: military tension subsides, political passions heat up. The forms of passive communion are very active: measures have been taken, Russian-American negotiations have been completed. Journalists prefer bookish, normative variants of inflection, but often still use colloquial endings to achieve a confidential, relaxed nature of communication with a reader or listener: in the workshop, on vacation, tractor.

For modern newspaper speech, as a whole, open appeal, sloganism, unreasoned directiveness of editorials are less characteristic, analyticity, convincing presentation, restraint in international materials and sharp criticism in materials about the internal life of the country, an increase in dialogue forms of presentation (clash of different points of view) are more characteristic. Dialogic genres (interview, conversation), information-analytical (article, commentary) come to the fore, new genres appear ("straight line", "round table", "journalistic investigation").

Influencing functions are clearly manifested in the syntax of the journalistic style, which also has its own characteristics. From a variety of syntactic constructions, journalists select those that have a significant potential for impact and expressiveness. This is what attracts publicism to the constructions of colloquial speech: they are, as a rule, concise, capacious, concise. Their other important quality is mass character, democracy, accessibility. Characteristic of many journalistic genres is also chopped prose coming from colloquial speech: short, jerky sentences resembling painterly strokes that make up the overall picture, for example: The Great Hall. There is a huge globe in the corner. On the walls are maps of continents, diagrams. The future orbits of the spacecraft flight are drawn on them with red lines. The blue screens of electronic devices are lit. White lines run continuously along them. At the television screens of the radio receivers, the operators were bowed in businesslike tension. The use of elliptical structures also gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of lively speech: a privatization check is for everyone, banks are not only for bankers.

Almost all figures of speech are found in journalism, but four groups predominate: questions of various types, repetitions created by means of different language levels, applications and structural-graphic highlights.

From the first lines of the article, the reader often encounters various kinds of questions to an imaginary interlocutor that serve to pose a problem. According to the formulated questions, the reader judges the insight of the journalist, the similarities and differences between his own and the author's point of view, the relevance of the topic and whether it is of interest. It is also a way to establish contact with the reader and get a response from him, for example: Increasingly, the media publishes sociological data on the popularity of applicants for a high position and forecasts about the likely winner. But how reliable is this data? Can they be trusted? Or is it just a means of forming public opinion, a kind of propaganda method for the desired candidate? These questions are both political and scientific in nature.

The author not only asks questions, but also answers them: What claims are made against the settlers? They are said to be emptying the pension fund and gobbling up the main funds allocated for unemployment benefits. Changing the interrogative intonation to the affirmative allows you to revive the reader's attention, add variety to the author's monologue, creating the illusion of a dialogue. This stylistic device is called a question-answer move, which facilitates and activates the perception of speech by the reader or listener, gives the text (speech) a touch of ease, confidence, colloquialism.

A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers, for example: Will a person whose savings in it burnt contact the bank? - Won't get in touch.

Silence is a stylistic device, which in a written text is distinguished by graphic means (ellipsis) and indicates the unspokenness of a part of the thought: We wanted the best, but it turned out ... as always. An ellipsis is a hint at facts known to both the author and the reader or mutually shared points of view.

The second group of figures that occupy an important place in journalistic texts are repetitions of various types: lexical, morphological, syntactic, which can not only have an emotional impact, but also make changes in the "opinions - values ​​- norms" system, for example: Another legal educational program: the law categorically prohibits accepting any documents as title documents, strictly stipulating their nomenclature. The law categorically prohibits accepting for consideration and even more so relying on documents submitted otherwise than in originals or copies, but if you have an original, ask any lawyer!

The third place in terms of frequency of use in the text is occupied by an application - interspersing well-known expressions (proverbs, sayings, newspaper stamps, complex terms, phraseological turns, etc.), as a rule, in a slightly modified form. Using the application achieves several goals at once: the illusion of live communication is created, the author demonstrates his wit, the image “erased” from repeated use of a stable expression is revived, for example: Here, as they say, you can’t throw out a word from The Internationale.

A popular means of expressiveness in a journalistic style is allusion - a stylistic device used to create subtext and consisting in a hint at some well-known historical, political, cultural or everyday fact. A hint is carried out, as a rule, with the help of words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is associated with a certain event or person.

Structural-graphic highlights are also widely used in journalistic texts. These include segmentation and parcelling. In journalistic speech, one can often find various kinds of dismemberment of the text, that is, such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning with the main text, is singled out positionally and intonationally and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcellation) : "Exchange of banknotes: is it really all in vain?"; "Process started. Back?"; "Land reform - what is its purpose?"; "New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but really influences the improvement of our life?"

Journalists masterfully use various syntactic expression techniques: inversion (unusual word order), appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences, and connecting constructions. All types of one-component sentences are presented in a journalistic style: nominative, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal: We are being told from the scene. The note says.

The desire for expressiveness, figurativeness and at the same time for brevity is realized in a journalistic style also with the help of precedent texts. A precedent text is a certain cultural phenomenon that is known to the speaker, and the speaker refers to this cultural phenomenon in his text. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations. The sources of precedent texts are works of art, the Bible, folklore, journalistic texts, socio-political texts, well-known scientific texts, films, cartoons, TV shows, song lyrics, etc. The level of knowledge of the case base of the language indicates how well a person speaks this language. If a newspaper article has the title "And things are still there ...", going back to a line from I. A. Krylov's fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer", any Russian speaker, without even reading this article, can understand that it will be about some something that should have been done a long time ago, but it still hasn't moved forward. Such precedent texts live in the minds of people for centuries, evoking the same associations.

The use of a precedent text by the speaker is due to the desire to make his speech more beautiful or more convincing, more trusting or ironic. Operating with precedent texts is accompanied by an appeal to the knowledge contained in the individual cognitive base of the addressee. The foregoing is related to the characteristics of the linguistic personality of the reader, to his ability to draw conclusions and perceive meaning. Without knowledge of precedent texts, full-fledged communication is impossible.

The rhythm of modern life, unfortunately, does not always allow reading all the articles in newspapers and magazines, so the reader pays attention first of all to the headline of the journalistic text. This is due to the fact that the structure of the title is concise, it summarizes the most important of what is said in the text. In other words, the title is the quintessence of the text, reflecting its essence. Modern media demand more and more original, bright, expressive, attention-grabbing titles. A newspaper or magazine headline is designed to interest the reader, to make him want to continue reading.

Unlike the inexpressive titles of the Soviet era, modern titles are characterized by expressive linguistic and stylistic means. The expression for which precedent texts are used in the headlines of modern magazine and newspaper publications is based on their well-knownness. This may be an accurate quote: Whatever a child amuses (An eleven-year-old girl turned out to be a skilled thief), Farewell to weapons! (The European Union denied China military technology), Battle on the Ice (With the onset of spring, the number of injuries among Permians traditionally increases). It would seem that the precedent meaning of the title is quite transparent and clear to the reader, but this meaning is changed in accordance with the content of a magazine or newspaper article.

lexical stylistic journalistic text