Karyotype of the main cultures. Chromatin (chromosomes) are structural components of the nucleus. The concept of karyotype. Features of the manipulation

01.11.2019

Any pet can become ill with pasteurellosis, having become infected from already ill animals or from carriers of the causative agent of the disease. Also, cattle, no less than other representatives of the farm, are at risk of contracting bovine pasteurellosis disease.

Pasteurellosis stick enters the body of cows through the air, through food or, sometimes, through wounds on the skin. The incubation period can last from several hours to two or three days. The course of the disease varies. It proceeds superacutely or acutely, or it can have a subacute and even chronic course.

There are three forms of pasteurellosis: intestinal, edematous and thoracic. Each of these forms is distinguished by its characteristics and affected organs of the animal. That is, with the intestinal form, the intestines are affected, with the thoracic form, the respiratory organs are affected, and with edematous, edema is observed in different parts of the body.

In the intestinal form of the disease, severe diarrhea and weakness appear. Often there is blood in the stools. Animals show a depressed state, they have a strong thirst and pallor of the mucous membranes. Most often, young animals suffer from the intestinal form of pasteurellosis, but there are frequent cases of this form of disease in adult cows.

The causative agent of pasteurellosis is excreted from the body of a sick animal with feces, urine, blood and nasal discharge when coughing or snorting. In cows, too, the stick can be excreted with milk, so you should not use such milk in any case.

When pasteurellosis occurs in the chest form, all the signs of fibrinous pleuropneumonia are observed in animals, namely: labored and frequent breathing, coughing, discharge from the nose, frequent pulse. Allocations at first serous type, and then serous-purulent. When listening to the chest of a sick animal, one can hear heavy bronchial breathing or even friction and noise. At the end of the disease and in the chest form, diarrhea with blood in the stool may appear. After a few days, if the cow does not die, pasteurellosis has a chance to become subacute or even chronic.

The edematous form is also very dangerous. Cattle develop edema all over their bodies. Subcutaneous fatty tissue and connective tissues swell. In such an animal, the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue are swollen, they become cyanotic. Death occurs from suffocation and heart failure.

In any of the three forms of acute pasteurellosis, high body temperature is observed in cattle. If the disease has a hyperacute course, the temperature suddenly rises to forty-one degrees Celsius and the animal dies after a few hours from heart failure and pulmonary edema.

In subacute or chronic course of pasteurellosis, cattle develop signs of pneumonia (croupous or catarrhal). arthritis, mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis. Subacute or chronic course of the disease can last from two to three months.

The causative agent of pasteurellosis can survive in cold water, manure or blood for two to three weeks. It stays in corpses for up to four months, when frozen it does not die for up to one year, but being in direct sunlight for several minutes is fatal for it.

For the treatment of the disease, serum against cattle pasteurellosis is used in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides. Doses of all drugs should be checked with a veterinarian.

Recovered animals acquire immunity to the causative agent of pasteurellosis for a period of six months to one year, but all the rest are required to be vaccinated for prevention in order to prevent the onset and development of a mass disease among cattle. For such purposes, there is a vaccine against pasteurellosis of cattle. Recently, the vaccine used to vaccinate cattle, buffalo and sheep has been widely used. It is called "Vaccine against pasteurellosis of cattle emulsified." Young animals should be vaccinated with it at the age of three months, and then the vaccination should be repeated when they reach one year of age. Vaccinations can be done only in absolutely healthy animals without signs of any ailments.

pasteurellosis

Pasteurellosis (lat. English - Pasteurellosis; hemorrhagic septicemia) is a contagious infectious disease of animals of many species, characterized in acute course by septic phenomena, lobar pneumonia, pleurisy, edema in various areas of the body, and in subacute and chronic course by purulent-necrotizing pneumonia, damage to the eyes, joints, mammary gland and hemorrhagic enteritis.

The causative agent of the disease

The causative agent of pasteurellosis - Pasteurella multocida - is a polymorphic, often short gram-negative, immobile elliptical rods, located in isolation, in pairs or less often in chains, do not form spores; aerobes and facultative anaerobes. In smears from blood and organs, a bipolar color is characteristic, often with a pronounced capsule. On normal nutrient media give a good typical growth.

Antigenically, P. multocida is heterogeneous, has 4 capsular serotypes (A, B, D, E) and 12 somatic types. Determination of the antigenic structure of P. multocida strains plays an important role in the selection of vaccine strains, in particular for the preparation of a vaccine against pasteurellosis in cattle - serotype B, birds - A and D, and pigs - A, B, D.

Pathogenic and virulent properties of different pathogen serotypes to different animal species vary widely.

In the occurrence of pasteurellosis among animals, especially in small and large cattle, hemolytic pasteurella (P. haemolytica), which has two biotypes: A and T, is taxonomically currently included in the genus Actinobacillus. To differentiate P. multocida from P. haemolytica, culture on MacConkey agar, a white mouse resistance test, and hemolysis on blood agar (positive for the latter) are used.

Pasteurella are stable in manure, blood, cold water for 2.3 weeks, in corpses - up to 4 months, in frozen meat - for 1 year. Direct sunlight kills them within a few minutes, at a temperature of 70.90 °C they die within 5.10 minutes. Treatment with a 5% solution of carbolic acid neutralizes pasteurella after 1 min, with a 3% solution - after 2 min, with a 5% solution of milk of lime (calcium hydroxide) - after 4.5 min, with a 3% hot solution (50 °C) sodium bicarbonate and 1% bleach solution - after 3 minutes.

epizootology

All types of domestic mammals and birds are susceptible to pasteurellosis. Cattle are the most sensitive. Pasteurellosis manifests itself in the form of sporadic cases, but under conditions conducive to its spread, it can acquire the character of an epizootic.

The main source of the infectious agent are sick and recovered animals, as well as clinically healthy animals that were in close contact with patients with pasteurellosis. Of great importance in the epizootology of the disease is Pasteurellosis, which in disadvantaged farms among cattle reaches 70%.

The factors contributing to the epizootic spread of pasteurellosis include mass movements of animals without due regard to the degree of well-being of farms for pasteurellosis, the lack of proper organization of economic and veterinary and sanitary measures in livestock and poultry farms, and the widespread use of insufficiently neutralized slaughterhouse waste as feed.

Pathways for excreting pathogens from an infected organism are different: with feces, urine, especially with nasal discharge when coughing, snorting, with blood when bleeding. Sick cows can excrete Pasteurella in their milk as well.

The pathogen is transmitted through direct contact (the joint keeping of healthy and sick animals), as well as through infected feed, water, soil, care items, milk, waste from the meat processing industry, mouse-like rodents, insects, wild birds and humans.

Infection of animals is possible through the respiratory organs (aerogenic route), injured skin and mucous membranes.

Morbidity and mortality in case of pasteurellosis can vary greatly depending on the virulence of the pathogen, the immunological structure of the herd, the conditions of keeping and feeding, the presence of concomitant infections and the timeliness of health measures. In modern conditions of keeping animals, pasteurellosis can occur simultaneously with other diseases: parainfluenza, infectious rhinotracheitis, adenovirus infection, salmonellosis, streptococcosis, diplococcosis. Mixed infections are usually more prolonged and malignant.

Pasteurellosis in cattle is observed mainly in July - August and September - November.

Clinical signs

Depending on the virulent properties and routes of penetration of the pathogen, the incubation period for pasteurellosis lasts from several hours to 3 days. The disease can be hyperacute, acute, subacute and chronic.

In cattle with a hyperacute course, a sudden increase in body temperature up to 41 ° C, severe cardiac disorders, and sometimes bloody diarrhea are observed. The death of the animal occurs after a few hours with symptoms of rapidly increasing cardiac weakness and pulmonary edema.

Acute pasteurellosis, as a rule, occurs with a predominant lesion of either the intestines (intestinal form), or the respiratory organs (thoracic form), or with the appearance of edema in various parts of the body (edematous form). Body temperature in all forms of manifestation of acute pasteurellosis is increased.

The intestinal form is more common in young animals and is characterized by progressive diarrhea and weakness of the animals. It is not uncommon for blood to appear in the stool. Animals exhibit thirst, anemic mucous membranes, and increasing depression.

In the chest form, signs of acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia are noted: accelerated and labored breathing, cough, outflow from the nasal openings, at first serous, and then serous-purulent, the pulse is quickened. Auscultation of the chest reveals areas of dullness, increased bronchial breathing, and sometimes friction noises. By the end of the disease often develops diarrhea mixed with blood. The illness lasts for several days. Many sick animals die, or the disease takes a subacute or chronic course.

The edematous form is characterized by the formation of rapidly spreading inflammatory edema of the subcutaneous tissue and intermuscular connective tissue in the head, neck, chest, pubic lips, and sometimes limbs. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity, the frenulum of the tongue and the tongue are edematous, cyanotic colored. Breathing is difficult, wheezing. A viscous saliva comes out from the corner of the mouth. Animals die with symptoms of increasing heart failure and asphyxia.

The development and severity of the pathological process in pasteurellosis depends on the state of the animal's body and the virulence of the pathogen. In the places of introduction, Pasteurella multiply, penetrate into the lymph and blood, causing septicemia and death of the animal in most cases after 12..36 hours. In the development of pathological processes, an important role is played by toxic products of Pasteurella - endotoxins and especially aggressins produced by the pathogen and suppressing the body's resistance. The generalization of the process is facilitated by the inhibition of phagocytosis by Pasteurella (incomplete phagocytosis) and massive damage to the capillaries. As a result, extensive edema develops in the subcutaneous and intermuscular tissue.

Animals that have been ill with pasteurellosis acquire immunity lasting 6.12 months. For the specific prevention of the disease in Russia, more than 15 vaccines are recommended, mostly inactivated: for example, lyophilized against pasteurellosis in cattle and buffaloes. Vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes and involuntarily in case of stationary troubles of farms. Intense immunity is formed on the 7.10th day after revaccination and lasts up to 6 months.

For passive immunization, hyperimmune sera against pasteurellosis in cattle are used.

Pathological changes

In cattle with hyperacute and acute course of pasteurellosis, pathoanatomical changes are characterized by multiple hemorrhages on the serous membranes, enlargement and swelling of the lymph nodes, acute gastroenteritis, more often hemorrhagic, but the spleen is not enlarged. In addition, a typical sign is swelling in the subcutaneous tissue and intermuscular tissue in the head (pharynx and intermaxillary space), neck, breast, genitals and anus. Note dystrophic changes in the liver, kidneys and heart.

In the thoracic form of the disease, especially pronounced changes are found in the lungs: croupous or necrotizing pneumonia and pleuropneumonia. The process captures individual sections of the lungs, and sometimes entire lobes. With pasteurellosis, croupous pneumonia is somewhat different from the classic one - it usually spreads quickly, as a result of which marbling appears indistinctly, the exudate contains many red blood cells, necrotic foci quickly appear - dull, dirty grayish or dark brown in color, from a pea to a fist. Regional lymph nodes are enlarged, juicy, with petechial hemorrhages.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

The diagnosis of pasteurellosis is established on the basis of a complex of epizootological, clinical, pathological and laboratory studies.

Laboratory diagnosis of pasteurellosis includes: 1) microscopy of smears from blood and smears-prints from the affected organs; 2) isolation of pure culture on nutrient media with identification by biochemical properties; 3) isolation of Pasteurella by infecting laboratory animals (white mice or rabbits) with a suspension of pathological material and culture from a nutrient medium; 4) determination of the virulence of isolated cultures for white mice and rabbits. To determine the virulence of hemolytic pasteurella, 7-day-old chicken embryos are used; 5) determination of the serovariant affiliation of Pasteurella.

Blood from superficial vessels and nasal mucus is taken from sick animals as a test material, and after a case or forced slaughter, blood from the heart, lymph nodes (mesenteric, pharyngeal, mediastinal, supraventricular, etc.), pieces of the lungs, liver, spleen, heart , kidney, tubular bone. In the summer, during long-term transportation, the pathological material is preserved with a 30% sterile solution of glycerin.

The diagnosis of pasteurellosis caused by P. multocida is considered established: 1) when virulent Pasteurella is isolated from the blood or simultaneously from several parenchymal organs; 2) when the culture is isolated only from the lungs of cattle.

Isolation from the lungs of simultaneously weakly virulent P. multocida and P. haemolytica indicates a mixed disease of pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella of both species. Such pasteurellosis is diagnosed as pasteurellosis pneumonia.

When making a diagnosis, pasteurellosis must be differentiated from febrile septic diseases, which are also accompanied by the appearance of inflammatory edema under the skin: anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle and malignant edema.

Treatment and prevention

To prevent the disease, farm managers and specialists, animal owners must ensure that the following measures are taken: all animals entering the farm should be kept in quarantine for 30 days under veterinary control and, if indicated, vaccinated against pasteurellosis; complete herds with animals only from farms that are free from pasteurellosis; prevent contact of animal farms with animals that are in personal use; on farms to have sanitary checkpoints and provide service personnel with change of clothes and shoes; protect animals from various stressful effects; in zones unfavorable for pasteurellosis, carry out systematic vaccination of animals; farms in which pasteurellosis was registered, during the year to be completed only with vaccinated livestock.

Sick animals are injected with hyperimmune serum against pasteurellosis in a therapeutic dose and one of the antibiotics (terramycin, oxytetracycline, biomycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol), drugs of prolonged action (dibiomycin, ditetracycline, distreptomidazole, bicillin-3) or more modern drugs - enrofloxacin, etc. For therapeutic purposes, pathogenetic and symptomatic agents can be used.

When an animal disease with pasteurellosis is established, the farm (farm, brigade, department, etc.) is declared unfavorable for pasteurellosis, restrictions are introduced by the decision of the territorial administration and a plan of organizational, economic and veterinary and sanitary measures to eliminate the disease is approved.

In a farm unfavorable for pasteurellosis, it is prohibited: 1) to import (export) animals outside the farm for breeding and user purposes, with the exception of exporting clinically healthy animals to a meat processing plant; import (export) animals susceptible to pasteurellosis; 2) regroup, mark (with violation of the integrity of the skin) animals, as well as perform surgical operations and vaccinations against other diseases; 3) graze animals from disadvantaged groups and water them from open water bodies; 4) sell milk from animals sick and suspected of having pasteurellosis. Milk must be pasteurized for 5 minutes at 90 °C and used as animal feed. Milk from healthy cows is used without restrictions; 5) take out (take out) feed, inventory, equipment and other items from the premises of dysfunctional farms; 6) export manure and liquid fraction to the fields in an undisinfected form.

Animal slaughter products are subjected to vet. inspection at the slaughter site. In the presence of degenerative or other pathological (abscesses, etc.) changes in the muscles, the carcass with internal organs is sent for disposal. In the absence of pathological changes in the carcass and in the internal organs, the slaughter products are sent to the meat processing plant, subject to the current veterinary and sanitary rules for the transportation of meat products.

In order to localize the epizootic focus and eliminate the disease, farm managers and veterinary specialists should ensure that the following activities are carried out: 1) clinical examination and thermometry of all animals of the disadvantaged group; 2) isolation in a separate room of sick and suspected animals of the disease and assigning them special equipment and sanitary and hygienic products, as well as attendants, including veterinarians. specialist; 3) clinically healthy animals, regardless of their location, be immunized against pasteurellosis with one of the vaccines in accordance with the instructions for use.

Current disinfection in the premises where the animals are kept is carried out immediately upon the appearance of the first cases of the disease or case, and then daily during the morning cleaning of the premises where the sick and suspected animals are located. Premises, walking yards, cages (and the soil under them) where animals suspected of being infected (conditionally healthy) animals are kept must be disinfected after each case of isolation of a sick animal and subsequently every 10 days until restrictions are lifted, in accordance with the current instruction "Conducting veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities.

Before the restrictions are lifted, the following activities are carried out in a disadvantaged area: 1) repair of premises where sick and suspected animals were kept; 2) disinfection and cleaning of the entire farm area from manure and debris, then re-disinfection and plowing; 3) disinsection, deratization and final disinfection in the premises.

The restriction on farms (farms, brigades, yards) is removed 14 days after the general vaccination of animals and the last case of recovery or death from pasteurellosis, as well as a complex of organizational, economic and veterinary and sanitary measures with final disinfection.

/ Acute nephritis in a cow

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Personnel Policy and Education

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher

vocational education

Irkutsk State Agricultural Academy

1. Registration of an animal………………………………………………………………6

2. Anamnesis vitae (anamnesis of life)…………………………………………………..6

3. Anamnesis morbi (anamnesis of the disease)……………………………………………….8

StatusPraesens - own study of a sick animal at the moment…………………………………………………………………………………….9

2. 1. General examination of the animal…………………………………………………………9

2. 2. Special study of the animal…………………………………………. ten

2. 2. 1. Examination of the cardiovascular system………………………………………10

2. 2. 2. Examination of the respiratory system…………………………………………. ten

2. 2. 3. Examination of the digestive system………………………………………..10

2. 2. 4. Examination of the urinary system…………………………………………………….11

2. 2. 5. Study of the nervous system…………………………………………………….11

2. 2. 6. Examination of blood and urine……………………………………………………. 12

3. Diary……………………………………………………………………………… 13

4. Epicrisis…………………………………………………………………………………19

5. Detailed analysis of the disease of the supervised animal……………………………….20

5. 1. Definition of disease…………………………………………………………………20

5. 2. Brief anatomical and physiological data of the organ………………………………. 20

5. 3. Etiology…………………………………………………………………………….21

5. 4. Pathogenesis…………………………………………………………………………..21

5. 5. Symptoms………………………………………………………………………….22

5. 6. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis…………………………………. 23

5. 7. Rationale for treatment………………………………………………………………24

5. 8. The outcome of the disease and a set of preventive measures………………….26

6. List of used literature……………………………………………………27

Introduction

The urinary organs play an important role in the processes of osmoregulation, maintaining water balance and concentration of ions such as sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, and other elements, excretion of metabolic end products and substances foreign to the body. The system of urinary organs provides homeostasis in the body under adverse influences (stress factors, toxins of opportunistic microflora), leading to its violation.

In conditions of intensive livestock breeding technology, a thorough clinical diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system organs is of great importance.

Thanks to the function of the kidneys, the body maintains optimal osmotic pressure and the acid-base balance of the blood. Substances alien to the body are excreted through the kidneys; synthesizing and oxidizing functions are characteristic of this organ. Hypuric acid and ammonia formed in the kidneys are involved in the regulation of acid-base balance in the body. The kidneys have the ability to oxidize β-hydroxybutyric acid, which is formed in large quantities in violation of fat and protein metabolism, they oxidize blood pigments.

Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract are recorded in animals of all types, mainly among highly productive cows, fattening young cattle and carnivores.

The topic of this work is acute nephritis. This disease refers to diseases of the organs of the urinary system, and, in my opinion, this topic is the most relevant at the moment.

Literature review

In farm animals, kidney pathology occurs within 5.3% in commercial farms and 8.2% in specialized complexes (V. I. Fedyuk, 1992), and in domestic animals (dogs, cats) - within 1 - 2% (B D. Sokolov, 2003).

The causes of nephritis can be poisoning with nephrotoxins or toxic substances, such as turpentine, tar, herbicides (I. M. Belyakov, 2004), feeding coniferous branches, birch leaves, alder, reeds, the use of certain drugs (arsenic preparations, FOS, creolin), insect bites (A. F. Kuznetsov, 2002; B. M. Anokhin, 1991). According to I. M. Belyakov (2004), the sensitizing role is usually played by hypothermia, poor-quality feed and unsatisfactory living conditions.

Acute nephritis can occur with leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease, babesiosis, theileriosis of cattle; parenchymal mastitis, endometritis, vaginitis, traumatic reticulo-peritonitis and pericarditis, phlegmon, surgical sepsis, burns, blockages of the intestine (B. M. Anokhin, 1991), and a direct dependence and constancy in the development of nephritis on the intensity of the infectious process are not characteristic (I. M. Belyakov, 2004).

The causative agents of infection can enter the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys in several ways - lymphogenous (through the lymph), hematogenous (through the blood), from neighboring tissues and from the genitals. Genital tract infections are the most common and most important cause of nephritis in animals (AF Kuznetsov, 2002). Under the influence of pathogenic agents, an immune-biological reaction of an autoimmune nature occurs in the kidneys (A. V. Aganin, 1996).

The pathogenesis of the disease is not well understood (V. N. Zhulenko, 2000). Acute nephritis is characterized by metabolic disorders, functions of the endocrine, nervous and vascular systems (IM Belyakov, 2004). As a rule, first of all, there is a violation of blood circulation in the vascular apparatus of the kidneys (B. M. Anokhin, 1991). Morphological changes in the kidneys in nephritis are represented by the proliferation of mesangial, endothelial and epithelioid cells of the glomerulus, thickening and splitting of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries, sclerosis of the vascular loops, degeneration of the epithelium of the tubules (20).

Clinical signs are very diverse, so they are usually combined into syndromes: acute glomerular inflammation syndrome, cardiovascular syndrome, edematous syndrome, cerebral syndrome (A. F. Kuznetsov, 2002).

Jade develops rapidly (B. M. Anokhin, 1991). There is depression, loss of appetite, fever (V. N. Zhulenko, 2000). One of the main and early emerging signs are arterial hypertension and rapidly emerging edema (B. M. Anokhin, 1991). Urine has the color of a meat washout, contains many blood cells (IM Belyakov, 2004).

Complications arising from nephritis include: acute cardiovascular failure (left ventricular, cardiac pulmonary edema); eclampsia (loss of consciousness, clonic and tonic convulsions); hemorrhage in the brain; acute visual impairment (sometimes blindness due to spasm and swelling of the retina) (A. F. Kuznetsov, 2002).

For the prevention of nephritis, it is necessary to prevent infectious and purulent-septic diseases, to treat them vigorously and in a timely manner. Animals create good conditions of keeping, comply with zoohygienic standards, eliminate factors that reduce the resistance of the body (B. M. Anokhin, 1991). It is also necessary to timely and correctly diagnose nephritis with a mandatory laboratory examination of urine, identify and eliminate the cause of the disease. At the time of treatment, hypothermia of the patient and the ingestion of toxic and irritating substances with food, water or drugs are not allowed (AF Kuznetsov, 2002).

1. Preliminary acquaintance with a sick animal

1.1. Registration of an animal

Type of animal - cattle

Paul is a cow

Breed - black - motley

Date of birth - 2002

Nickname or inventory number - No. 4427. Willow

Who owns the animal - OPH "Belskoye", MTF "Elan"

Owner's address - Irkutsk region, Cheremkhovsky district, s. Yelan

1.2. Anamnesisvitae (anamnesis of life)

Cow, black-and-white breed, No. 4427, named Willow, 5 years old, kept in a standard four-row cowshed on a leash, with mechanized processes of feeding and manure cleaning, auto-drinking.

Feeding is carried out by special equipment - a mechanical mixer for distributing feed - 2 times a day.

Watering is carried out by one-cup stationary automatic drinkers of modification PA - 1M - plenty without restriction.

Milking is carried out 3 times a day, with special milking machines - in the morning, afternoon and evening. In the morning, milking starts at 6 am and ends at 9 am. During the day, milking starts at 13:00 and ends at 16:00. In the evening it starts at 20:00 and ends at 23:00.

The barn has natural light (through the windows), and artificial light - 4 - 5 W / m². The room is naturally ventilated, the gates are often open, there are drafts. The floors in the room are concrete, sawdust is used as bedding. The air temperature in the barn is from 0 to 16 ° C, there is increased humidity (dampness in the room).

The animal is provided with daily active exercise.

Feeding ration (kg) - hay - 5, corn silage - 15, fodder beet - 4, compound feed - 3.5, table salt - 80 g / day.

For the treatment of the disease, serum against cattle pasteurellosis is used in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides. Doses of all drugs should be checked with a veterinarian.

pasteurellosis

The causative agent of the disease

Pathogenic and virulent properties of different pathogen serotypes to different animal species vary widely.

epizootology

Infection of animals is possible through the respiratory organs (aerogenic route), injured skin and mucous membranes.

Pasteurellosis in cattle is observed mainly in July - August and September - November.

Clinical signs

For passive immunization, hyperimmune sera against pasteurellosis in cattle are used.

Pathological changes

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

The diagnosis of pasteurellosis is established on the basis of a complex of epizootological, clinical, pathological and laboratory studies.

Treatment and prevention

/ Acute nephritis in a cow

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Personnel Policy and Education

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher

vocational education

Irkutsk State Agricultural Academy

1. Registration of an animal………………………………………………………………6

2. Anamnesis vitae (anamnesis of life)…………………………………………………..6

3. Anamnesis morbi (anamnesis of the disease)……………………………………………….8

StatusPraesens - own study of a sick animal at the moment…………………………………………………………………………………….9

2. 1. General examination of the animal…………………………………………………………9

2. 2. Special study of the animal…………………………………………. ten

2. 2. 1. Examination of the cardiovascular system………………………………………10

2. 2. 2. Examination of the respiratory system…………………………………………. ten

2. 2. 3. Examination of the digestive system………………………………………..10

2. 2. 4. Examination of the urinary system…………………………………………………….11

2. 2. 5. Study of the nervous system…………………………………………………….11

2. 2. 6. Examination of blood and urine……………………………………………………. 12

3. Diary……………………………………………………………………………… 13

4. Epicrisis…………………………………………………………………………………19

5. Detailed analysis of the disease of the supervised animal……………………………….20

5. 1. Definition of disease…………………………………………………………………20

5. 2. Brief anatomical and physiological data of the organ………………………………. 20

5. 3. Etiology…………………………………………………………………………….21

5. 4. Pathogenesis…………………………………………………………………………..21

5. 5. Symptoms………………………………………………………………………….22

5. 6. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis…………………………………. 23

5. 7. Rationale for treatment………………………………………………………………24

5. 8. The outcome of the disease and a set of preventive measures………………….26

6. List of used literature……………………………………………………27

Introduction

In conditions of intensive livestock breeding technology, a thorough clinical diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system organs is of great importance.

Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract are recorded in animals of all types, mainly among highly productive cows, fattening young cattle and carnivores.

The topic of this work is acute nephritis. This disease refers to diseases of the organs of the urinary system, and, in my opinion, this topic is the most relevant at the moment.

Literature review

1. Preliminary acquaintance with a sick animal

1.1. Registration of an animal

Type of animal - cattle

Paul is a cow

Breed - black - motley

Date of birth - 2002

Nickname or inventory number - No. 4427. Willow

Who owns the animal - OPH "Belskoye", MTF "Elan"

Owner's address - Irkutsk region, Cheremkhovsky district, s. Yelan

1.2. Anamnesisvitae (anamnesis of life)

Cow, black-and-white breed, No. 4427, named Willow, 5 years old, kept in a standard four-row cowshed on a leash, with mechanized processes of feeding and manure cleaning, auto-drinking.

Feeding is carried out by special equipment - a mechanical mixer for distributing feed - 2 times a day.

Watering is carried out by one-cup stationary automatic drinkers of modification PA - 1M - plenty without restriction.

The animal is provided with daily active exercise.

Feeding ration (kg) - hay - 5, corn silage - 15, fodder beet - 4, compound feed - 3.5, table salt - 80 g / day.

Breeding is associated with the risk of infectious and non-infectious diseases, which occur quite often in both large enterprises and small farms. Knowledge of the most common symptoms will allow timely recognition of the disease in the early stages and prevent infection of the entire herd. In this article, we will talk about the symptoms, treatment and prevention of pasteurellosis in cattle.

What is the disease?

Pasteurellosis is a contagious infectious disease to which domestic and wild animals are susceptible. The causative agent of this disease is the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (sometimes P. haemolytica).

Pasteurella are found on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals, but the disease develops only in weakened, unvaccinated animals.

Once in the blood, the bacterium is carried by the blood throughout the body and causes swelling, inflammation, hemorrhages in various organs: lungs, pleura, intestines, joints.

Young animals are considered the most susceptible to infectious diseases, since in the first days after birth they do not have full-fledged immune protection. In cattle, pasteurellosis outbreaks are more common in summer and early autumn - in July, August and September.

Did you know? Louis Pasteur obtained a pure culture of the pathogen and for the first time tried to make a killed vaccine. In his honor, in 1910, this microorganism was named Pasteurella.

This disease leads to large losses when it enters large livestock farms, as it leads to the death and slaughter of livestock, and the cost of treatment.

Causes and causative agent

The causative agent of pasteurellosis, Pasteurella multocida, is an aerobic bacteria. Microscopy of the culture shows short oval rods arranged in pairs or chains.

They are non-motile bacteria that are Gram-negative when stained. Pasteurella have low resistance, since they do not form spores: they can be found in them for 2–3 weeks, and in corpses they remain for 3–4 months.

These bacteria are quickly killed by sunlight and many disinfectants. Sources of infection in cattle can be any sick animals (pigs,) and pasteurell carriers.

Non-diseased individuals that were kept next to the sick become carriers. In some farms, pasteurello-bearing can reach 70%. Contact with sick animals can be a source of infection during the year.

Spontaneous incidence of pasteurellosis is facilitated by changes in housing conditions, driving or transportation of livestock, as this can weaken the animals.

Important! Often, pasteurellosis develops as a result of autoinfection in prosperous farms - with a decrease in immunity, pasteurella, which are in the carrier's body, penetrate the bloodstream and affect internal organs.

Sick animals excrete the pathogen with feces, urine, saliva, milk and when coughing. can get sick when in contact with care items, manure, feed, water. Infection can also occur through broken skin, such as when bitten by rodents or bloodsuckers.

Bacteria enter the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract or directly into the blood (scratches, animal and insect bites).

Symptoms of manifestation in different forms

The incubation period lasts up to 2-3 days, and when it enters directly into the bloodstream through damaged skin, the disease develops in a few hours. The duration of the disease can vary and depends on the immunity of the animal, the virulence of the bacterium, the conditions of livestock, concomitant diseases.

Often pasteurellosis occurs in combination with salmonellosis, diplococcosis, parainfluenza and adenovirus infection. Depending on the duration of the disease and the rate of development of symptoms, acute, hyperacute, subacute and chronic forms of the disease are distinguished.

Did you know? Pasteurellosis can also be contracted through contact with wild animals. Even cats can be carriers of Pasteurella.

Acute

In an acute course in a cow, the temperature is increased to 40-42 ° C. The animal becomes lethargic and eats worse. The secretion of milk stops. In some cases it develops.

Against the background of fever, swelling of the pharynx and oral cavity (edematous form) appears. The thoracic form of bovine pasteurellosis is characterized by a predominance of symptoms of respiratory failure, which appears against the background of lobar pneumonia, and a violation of swallowing.
The patient breathes often and heavily, there may be a dry cough. In young animals, in most cases, the intestinal form develops. In watery stools, an admixture of flakes and blood appears.

Sometimes nosebleeds, inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes and an admixture of blood in the urine begin. Intoxication, respiratory and cardiac disorders lead to death in 2-3 days.

subacute

The subacute course is characterized by the development of pleuropneumonia, inflammation of the joints (arthritis) and nasal mucosa (rhinitis). Against the background of fever, a cough, mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the nose appears.

At the end of the disease, bloody diarrhea may begin. The disease ends in death in 3-5 days.

Super sharp

With a hyperacute course, symptoms of the chest form of the disease quickly develop. The temperature rises to 41 ° C, inflammation of the vocal cords and pharynx begins. This is manifested by heavy breathing, coughing.
The neck and intermaxillary region swell. In some cases, bloody diarrhea may occur. Animals die within 12 hours of the day due to asphyxia or pulmonary edema.

In some cases, death occurs suddenly due to acute heart failure before the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease. In the septic form, the rapid death of the animal occurs against the background of diarrhea and high fever.

Chronic

The chronic course of the disease is characterized by less pronounced respiratory and digestive disorders. Prolonged diarrhea (frequent, liquid bowel movements) leads to weight loss and malnutrition.

Pneumonia develops slowly. Gradually swelling of the joints appears. With this course of the disease, animals die after a few weeks.

Diagnosis of the disease

The diagnosis is made taking into account the analysis of data on the incidence of pasteurellosis in cattle in the region, based on the development of symptoms in sick cows. Be sure to perform an autopsy of dead cattle to assess structural changes in tissues.

For microscopic and bacteriological examination, samples of parenchymal organs and blood are taken.

Pathological changes in the organs depend on the course and form of the disease. With acute and hyperacute development of the disease, multiple hemorrhages are found in the heart and liver.

Inflammatory changes in the lungs, swelling of organs, foci of necrosis in the kidneys and liver are characteristic of the chronic course of the disease. The organs of dead animals are taken for examination no later than 3-5 hours after death.
In hot weather, samples should be preserved with a 40% glycerol solution before transport. In sick with pasteurellosis calves and adult cows, nasal mucus and blood are taken for research.

Laboratory diagnostics consists in:

examination of blood smears under a microscope;
isolation of culture in special environments;
infection of laboratory mice and rabbits with a culture grown in a nutrient medium;
determining the degree of virulence of the pathogen.

Treatment of pasteurellosis in cattle

Sick cows are isolated in a warm, dry room. During treatment, it is important to provide the animal with good nutrition. Intravenously and intramuscularly administered, to which pasteurella is sensitive: tetracycline, levomycetin, streptomycin and sulfanilamide preparations.

Hyperimmune sera against pasteurellosis in cattle are used for treatment. Additionally, glucose solution and physiological saline are administered intravenously. The introduction of serum begins when the first symptoms of the disease appear.

A good therapeutic effect is given by the combined intravenous administration of a double prophylactic dose of serum and long-acting antibiotics. Animals that have been ill for 6–12 months have good immune protection against pasteurellosis.

Did you know? Some calves born in problem farms are naturally immune to Pasteurella. Their immunity is not always inherited from mothers, but is passed down through the generation.

Prevention measures

Important for the prevention of pasteurellosis is the observance of sanitary rules for keeping and caring for livestock, as this helps to improve immunity. If pasteurellosis is detected in the herd, non-sick cattle must be vaccinated.

After a double injection of the precipitated vaccine, immunity is formed, which lasts for 6 months. A single administration of emulsified vaccines provides immune protection against Pasteurella for at least a year.

The infectious nature of the disease was established by Rivolt (1877), Bollinger in 1878. L. Pasteur isolated a pure culture of the pathogen and made the first attempt to prepare a killed vaccine. In honor of him, in 1910, this microbe was named Pasteurella, and the disease it causes - Pasteurellosis.

Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica - a small, G ~, immobile and non-spore-forming bacterium, located in isolation, in pairs and less often in the form of chains. Pasteurella grows well on conventional nutrient media. When reseeding freshly isolated cultures, it is necessary to use media with the addition of blood serum or media obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis. The growth of bacteria in the broth causes a uniform turbidity of the medium; three forms of colonies are formed on MPA: smooth (S), rough (R), and mucoid (M). Little stability. It remains in corpses for 4 months, direct sunlight kills instantly, at 70-90 ° C they die in 5-10 minutes.

Epizootology. Course and symptoms. All types of domestic and wild animals are susceptible, including birds and humans.

Resistant carnivores and horses.

Incubation period: from several hours to several days.

Source of pathogen: sick and recovered animals.

Ways of transmission: aerogenic, often alimentary.

Course and symptoms. Superacute course - death without symptoms.

In acute course (edematous, thoracic, intestinal forms) - depression, fever up to 42 ° C, lack of appetite, mucopurulent discharge from the nose, conjunctivitis, cough, hemorrhagic enteritis, edema in the intermaxillary space, death on 2-5 days; with edematous form: damage to the tongue, chest, croup, limbs, death on 1-2 days. In young animals - intestinal damage; in pigs - reddening of the skin on the lower wall of the abdomen, symptoms of pharyngitis, fever, impaired cardiac activity, asphyxia, sometimes emaciation, weakness, cough, eczema. In animals, the pathogen is found in urine, blood, feces.

Pathological and anatomical changes in pasteurellosis. In case of hyperacute and acute course, hemorrhagic diathesis is found in dead animals, on the mucous and serous membranes - multiple hemorrhages and inflammatory hyperemia, the liver and kidneys are degenerate, the spleen is slightly swollen, the lymph nodes are enlarged, dark red in color. In the subcutaneous tissue - serous-fibrinous infiltrates. The lungs are edematous, with changes characteristic of the initial stage of croupous pneumonia. In the intestinal form - fibrinous-hemorrhagic inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

In subacute and chronic cases, the corpses are emaciated and anemic. On the serous membranes of the chest and abdominal cavities, there may be dense fibrillar overlays. Peribronchial lymph nodes are enlarged, hyperemic, with many hemorrhages. In the lungs, the stages of red and gray hepatization are found, in some areas - foci of necrosis; with complications - purulent-fibrinous foci. The spleen is slightly enlarged, in the liver and kidneys - foci of necrosis. Pathogenic changes in chickens are almost the same as in mammals, and mainly depend on the course of the disease.

Diagnosis of pasteurellosis. The spleen, liver, kidneys, affected parts of the lungs with lymph nodes and tubular bone are sent to the laboratory. The corpses of small animals are sent whole. For research, material is taken from parenchymal organs, from affected lungs, lymph nodes from edematous tissues. Imprint smears are made and stained according to Gram or Romanovsky-Giemsa, in order to detect typical, bipolar stained ovoid rods. Microscopy of fresh blood is of great diagnostic value. Conduct bacteriological examination and bioassay.

Differential diagnosis. Distinguish from anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, piroplasmidoses, classical swine fever, erysipelas.

Prevention and treatment. In acute cases, hyperimmune serum, antibiotics, sulfa drugs are used simultaneously. Sick birds should not be treated.

Prevention: the use of vaccines.

Emulsified vaccine against pasteurellosis in cattle, buffalo and sheep.

Emulsified vaccine against porcine pasteurellosis.

Concentrated polyvalent formol alum vaccine against paratyphoid, pasteurellosis, diplococcal septicemia of pigs.

Precipitated formol vaccine against pasteurellosis of pigs and sheep.

Extract-formol vaccine against pasteurellosis in rabbits.

Emulsified vaccine against pasteurellosis mink.

Emulsified vaccine against pasteurellosis nutria.

Formol vaccine against pasteurellosis of cattle and buffalo semi-liquid aluminum hydroxide.

Quarantine is removed 14 days after the total recovery of animals and the last case of pasteurellosis.

Veterinary and sanitary examination. Carcasses and slaughter products from animals that are sick and suspicious of the disease are prohibited to be released in their raw form. In the presence of degenerative processes in the muscles, the carcass with internal organs is disposed of.

With degenerative changes in internal organs and carcasses - junk.

Skins and wool from animals are dried in an isolated place and taken out in a tightly closed container, but not earlier than 2 weeks after their removal.

The premises are disinfected with 2% sodium hydroxide (80-90 ° C), then thoroughly washed with hot water and again irrigated with 4% hot sodium hydroxide solution.

Karyotype of the main cultures. Chromatin (chromosomes) are structural components of the nucleus. The concept of karyotype. Features of the manipulation

pasteurellosis

/ Acute nephritis in a cow

pasteurellosis

/ Acute nephritis in a cow

What is the disease?

Causes and causative agent

Symptoms of manifestation in different forms

Acute

subacute

Super sharp

Chronic

Diagnosis of the disease

Treatment of pasteurellosis in cattle

Prevention measures

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