Message on the topic of poetry of the war years. Poetry of the war years (instead of conclusion). Literature during the war years
Wartime poetry was a kind of artistic chronicle of human destinies, the destinies of the people. This is not so much a chronicle of events as a chronicle of feelings - from the first angry reaction to the treacherous attack of Nazi Germany:
Get up, great country,
Get up for the death fight
With dark fascist power,
With the damned horde! -
to the final parting word to those who survived the war to preserve the Fatherland
And keep it holy
Brothers, your happiness -
In memory of a warrior brother,
who died for her.
The verses of the war years will help to relive the richest range of feelings born of this time, and their unprecedented strength and sharpness, will help to avoid the erroneous, one-sided idea of a war-victory with banners, orchestras, orders, universal jubilation or a war-defeat with failures, death, blood, tears standing in the throat. In 1941, seventeen-year-old Yulia Drunina volunteered for the front and fought until victory:
I've only seen melee once.
Once - in reality and hundreds of times in a dream.
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war.
Her desire to paint an objective picture, to tell future generations the truth about unforgettable days is understandable: "The liberation war is not only death, blood and suffering. It is also a gigantic upsurge of the human spirit - selflessness, selflessness, heroism."
In the hour of great trials, human souls burst open, the moral forces of the people were revealed, and poetry reflected this. Wartime poets did not observe events from the outside - they lived by them. Different, of course, was the measure of their personal participation in the war. Some went through it as privates and officers of the Soviet army, others as war correspondents, and still others turned out to be participants in some individual events.
A dispassionate story put a lot in its place, overestimated a lot, explained something. But only art can express and preserve the state of mind of a contemporary of those years.
In the days of uniting the people in the face of mortal danger, in the days of heavy and bitter loss, suffering and deprivation, poetry was an agitator and tribune, a cordial interlocutor and close friend. She spoke passionately about heroism and immortality, about hatred and love, about devotion and betrayal, about jubilation and sorrow. "Never in the history of poetry has such a direct, close, cordial contact been established between writers and readers, as in the days of the Patriotic War," testifies its participant, the poet A. Surkov. From a front-line letter, he learned that in the pocket of a dead soldier they found a piece of paper with his lines covered in blood:
Aspen is chilly, but the river is narrow,
Yes blue forest, yes yellow fields.
You are sweeter than everyone, dearer than everyone, Russian,
Loamy, hard ground.
The poet M. Isakovsky also received a letter from the front. It was written by an ordinary soldier: "Believe me that no other word can so raise an attack on the enemy as your words, comrade Isakovsky."
"... During the siege and famine, Leningrad lived an intense spiritual life," N.K. Chukovsky recalled. in ice ships, armfuls of books were borrowed from dying librarians and in countless frozen apartments, lying by the light of oil lamps, they read and read, and they wrote a lot of poetry. importance, and they were written even by those who in ordinary times never thought of indulging in such an occupation. Apparently, this is the property of a Russian person: he has a special need for poetry during disasters - in devastation, in a siege, in a concentration camp " .
The peculiarities of poetry as a kind of literature contributed to the fact that in wartime it occupied a dominant position: "Verse received a special advantage," N. Tikhonov testified, "it was written quickly, did not take up much space in the newspaper, and immediately entered service."
The poetry of the war years is poetry of extraordinary intensity. During the war years, many genres of poetry became more active - both those propaganda ones that originated from the time of the revolution and the civil war, and lyric ones, behind which stood a centuries-old tradition.
She separated loved ones, subjected human affections to a severe test, emphasized the high value of love, tenderness, the importance and necessity of friendly feelings. The lyrical poetry of war time fully reflected this thirst for humanity. Severe trials did not harden people.
There was no person in the country who did not know K. Simonov's poem "Wait for me, and I will return ..." (1941). It was printed in front-line newspapers, sent to each other in letters from the front and to the front. So, after a long break, the half-forgotten genre of the poetic message, so common in the poetry of Pushkin's time, came to life in those years and received wide recognition.
Convincing proof of the flourishing of wartime lyric poetry is its success in the song genre. "Song of the Brave" and "Spark", "Oh, my fogs" and "Fire beats in a cramped stove", "Oh, roads" and "In the forest near the front" and others became truly popular. They were sung in the trenches and in the halls, in dugouts and in the capitals. Having expressed their time, these songs have become its symbol, its call signs. During the civil war, "Windows of ROST" were widely known, propaganda posters that V. Mayakovsky and his comrades drew and signed. His experience was used during the Great Patriotic War in TASS Windows.
But the movement of philosophical lyrics did not stop during the war years. The poets are still concerned about the eternal questions of being, the meaning of life, the essence of art, death and immortality.
In those days disappeared, life receded,
Being came into its own, -
wrote O. Bergholz, who was in besieged Leningrad.
During the Great Patriotic War, the voice of A. Akhmatova rose to high civil pathos:
We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us ...
Works of major genres were also created - ballads and poems.
A mournful, but also life-affirming hymn to the glory of Leningrad, which withstood an unprecedented blockade, are the pages of O. Bergholz's poems "February Diary" (1942), "Leningrad Poem" (1942).
At that time, work on many poetic works began in this way - with deep life upheavals. Poetic fantasy, fiction only helped to comprehend, deepen, expand, depict facts, events, people's destinies.
Junior Lieutenant V.P. Antokolsky died a heroic death on the battlefields on July 6, 1942. In the deeply tragic epitaph poem "Son" (1943), his death was mourned by his father, the famous poet P.G. Antokolsky. He built his work in the form of a monologue-confession. As a requiem not only for the son, but for all those who died in the war, the final lines of the poem sound:
Farewell my sun. Farewell, my conscience.
Farewell, my youth, dear son.
Goodbye. Trains don't come from there.
Goodbye. Planes don't fly there.
Goodbye. No miracle will happen.
And we only dream. They fall and melt.
Part 1
Lesson application.
Abstract.
“Perhaps, never during the existence of Soviet poetry were so many lyrical poems written as during the war years,” Alexei Surkov noted in one of his public speeches during the war, and he was absolutely right. Poems were published in the central and front-line press, broadcast on the radio along with information about the most important military and political events, sounded from numerous impromptu stages at the front and in the rear.
Intimacy with the people is the most remarkable and exceptional feature of the lyrics of 1941-1945. The thunder that struck on June 22 shifted the axis of lyrical poetry, changed the poetic angle of view on the war. “Yes, the war is not the way we wrote it, it’s a bitter thing,” admits Konstantin Simonov. Homeland, war, death and immortality, hatred of the enemy, military brotherhood and comradeship, love and loyalty, the dream of victory, reflections on the fate of the people - these are main motives around which poetic thought now beats.
Poetry 1941 - 1945 unusually quickly found its place in the ranks and broadly and fully reflected the complex and multifaceted attitude of the people to the war. In the poems of Nikolai Tikhonov, Alexei Surkov, Mikhail Isakovsky, Alexander Tvardovsky, Nikolai Aseev, Alexander Prokofiev, Dmitry Kedrin, Sergei Shchipachev, Ilya Selvinsky and other poets, one can hear both anxiety for the Fatherland, and merciless hatred of the aggressors, and the bitterness of irretrievable losses, and a distinct awareness of the brutality of war...
A peculiar and in-depth development receives theme of the motherland, native land, nation, people. In pre-war lyrics, the Motherland was interpreted in a revolutionary way. During the war, the feeling of homeland intensified. Torn off from their favorite occupations and native places, millions of people, as it were, took a fresh look at their familiar native lands, at the house where they were born, at themselves, at their people. This is reflected in poetry. The number of abstract and rhetorical poems on patriotic themes waned. Heartfelt poems appeared about Moscow (A. Surkov, V. Gusev), about Leningrad (N. Tikhonov, O. Berggolts, A. Prokofiev, V. Inber), about the Smolensk region (M. Isakovsky), etc. Poets stare - they face their native land, they write about village country roads, about a chilly aspen forest, about unpretentious crosses of Russian graves, about three birch trees that stand on their native, painfully familiar from childhood piece of land where you were born and grew up (verses by A. Surkov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, K. Simonov and others).
Changed in the lyrics of the war years and character of the lyrical hero. First of all, he became more earthly, intimately close than in the lyrics of the previous period. In the verses of A. Tvardovsky (“For Vyazma”, “Two lines”), A. Prokofiev (“Comrade, have you seen”, “Mother”), K. Simonov (“Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region”, “House in Vyazma”), S. Shchipachev (“Spring over the Russian fields again”, “Partisan”) and other poets, specific, personal feelings and experiences were of national importance.
In the lyrics of the war years, one can distinguish three main groups of poems: actually lyrical (ode, elegy, song), satirical (inscriptions under the caricature, fable), lyrical-epic (ballads, poems).
Oh yeah: M. Isakovsky "Mandate to the son", P. Antokolsky "Vengeance", D. Poor "1942".
Elegy: A. Tvardovsky “I was killed by Polo Rzhev”, K. Simonov “Wait for me”.
Song: V. Lebedev-Kumach "Holy War", A. Surkov "Song of the Brave", A. Fatyanov "Nightingales" A. Surkov "In the dugout", M. Isakovsky "Spark".
In this way, Russian poetry of the war years has a multi-genre character. Poetry, like all literature, sought to convey the moods and experiences of contemporaries. Poetry is the most operational, the most popular genre of the war years.
Appendix to the lesson
Alexey Surkov "Dugout»
The fire is beating in the cramped stove.
Resin on logs, like a tear,
And the accordion sings to me in the dugout
About your smile and eyes.
The bushes whispered to me about you
In snow-white fields near Moscow,
I want you to hear
You are far away now.
Between us snow and snow.
It's hard for me to get to you
And there are four steps to death.
Sing, harmonica, blizzard out of spite.
Call the entangled happiness.
I'm warm in a cold dugout
From my undying love. 1941
Practical work based on A. Surkov's poem "Dugout»
Exercise: fill in the table, naming the means of language expressiveness or giving examples of these means.
Conclusion:
Appendix to the lesson
We know that now
lies on the scales
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck
on our watch
And courage will not leave us.
Not scary
lie dead under the bullets,
It's not bitter to stay
without shelter
And we will keep you
Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
A. Akhmatova.
Poetry Great Patriotic War
Efficiency
Emotionality
Clarity
Patriotic feelings
Lyricism
Patriotic War".
1 page. From the history of the WWII.
2 page. Features of the poetry of the war years.
3 page. Military song.
4 page. Linguistic features of military poetry.
5 page. Poets who did not return from the front.
6 page. War has no feminine face.
Appendix to the lesson
I know it's not my fault
The fact that others did not come from the war,
The fact that they - who is older, who is younger -
Stayed there...
A.Tvardovsky
I'm a patriot. I am Russian air
I love the Russian land
I believe that nowhere in the world
You won't find another one like it!
P. Kogan
War is not fireworks at all,
It's just hard work
When -
Black from sweat
Up
The infantry glides through the plowing.
M. Kulchitsky
Let those whom we do not know remember:
Fear and meanness did not suit us.
We drank life to the dregs
And they were dying
For this life.
Not bowing to lead.
N. Mayorov
Heart with the last breath of life
Fulfill your firm oath:
I always dedicated songs to the Fatherland,
Now I give my life to the Fatherland.
M. Jalil
It's midnight outside. The candle burns out.
High stars are visible.
You are writing a letter to me my dear
To the blazing address of war.
I. Utkin
Operational -capable of quickly, in time to correct or direct the course of affairs.
part 1
Perhaps the most terrible grief of the twentieth century. How many Soviet soldiers died in its bloody battles, defending their homeland with their breasts, how many remained disabled! .. But although the Nazis had the advantage for most of the war, the Soviet Union nevertheless won. Have you ever wondered why? Indeed, compared with the Germans, the Soviet army did not have many combat vehicles and thorough military training. The desire to defend themselves was caused by works and writers who inspired soldiers to exploits. It's hard to believe, but even in those troubled times, there were many talented people among the Soviet people who knew how to express their feelings on paper. Most of them went to the front, where their fate was different. The terrible statistics are impressive: on the eve of the war in the USSR there were 2186 writers and poets, of which 944 people went to the battlefield, and 417 did not return from there. Those who were younger than everyone were not yet twenty, the oldest were around 50 years old. If not for the war, perhaps they would now be equated with the great classics - Pushkin, Lermontov, Yesenin and others. But, as the catch phrase from the work of Olga Berggolts says, "no one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten." The manuscripts of both dead and surviving writers and poets that survived during the war were placed in printed publications in the post-war period, which were replicated throughout the USSR. So, what kind of people are the poets of the Great Patriotic War? Below is a list of the most famous of them.
Poets of the Great Patriotic War
1. Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966)
At the very beginning, she wrote several poster poems. Then she was evacuated from Leningrad until the first blockade winter. For the next two years she has to live in Tashkent. During the war she wrote many poems.
2. Olga Bergholz (1910-1975)
During the war, she lived in besieged Leningrad, working on the radio and every day supporting the courage of the inhabitants. Then her best works were written.
3. Andrei Malyshko (1912-1970)
Throughout the war, he worked as a special correspondent for such front-line newspapers as "For Soviet Ukraine!", "Red Army" and "For the Honor of the Motherland." He set out his impressions of this time on paper only in the post-war years.
4. Sergei Mikhalkov (1913-2009)
During the war he worked as a correspondent for such newspapers as "Stalin's Falcon" and "For the Glory of the Motherland". He retreated to Stalingrad along with the troops.
5. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960)
For most of the war, he lived in evacuation in Chistopol, financially supporting all those in need.
6. Alexander Tvardovsky (1910-1971)
He spent the war at the front, working in a newspaper and publishing his essays and poems in it.
7. Pavlo Tychina (1891-1967)
During the war, he lived in Ufa, actively engaged in the Articles of Tychyna, issued during this period, inspired Soviet soldiers to fight for their homeland.
These are all the most famous poets of the Great Patriotic War. Now let's talk about their work.
Poetry of the period of the Great Patriotic War
Most of the poets devoted their time to creativity, mainly in that time many works were written, later awarded various prizes in literature. The poetry of the Great Patriotic War has the appropriate themes - the horror, misfortune and grief of war, mourning for the dead Soviet soldiers, a tribute to the heroes who sacrifice themselves to save the Motherland.
Conclusion
A huge number of poems were written in those troubled years. And then they created more. This despite the fact that some poets of the Great Patriotic War also served at the front. And yet the theme (for both poetry and prose) is the same - their authors fervently hope for victory and eternal peace.
Wartime poetry
1. Literature during the war years
IN AND. Vasiliev, Doctor of Philology, Professor The Great Patriotic War left an indelible mark on the history of our country and the entire world community. It is quite justified that the war years are singled out as an independent historical period.
This fully applies to the history of book publishing, which experienced great changes during the war years. It is noteworthy that under extreme conditions the spiritual life of the country continued, culture developed, books were published, but the war imperatively demanded books of a new content and direction. Scientists and cultural figures created them, and publishers published them marked "Lightning". They met the interests of defending the Motherland, the mighty call "Everything for the front." The book brought up feelings of patriotism and love for the country, was a strong weapon in the fight against the invasion of foreigners.
In general, during the war years, the number of published books dropped noticeably. Compared with the pre-war year in 1943, their number was almost three times less. If we compare the average annual figures, then the damage caused to book publishing is especially significant, in particular, in the natural sciences and mathematics, the publication of books decreased by 3.2 times, in political and socio-economic literature - by 2.8 times, in linguistics and literary criticism - 2.5 times.
Unfortunately, in our literature there are not yet many works devoted to the history of the book and the culture of its publication during the Great Patriotic War. In this regard, I would like to note the useful and great work of historians on the books published in Leningrad during the blockade. In the review by G. Ozerova, covering the period from July 1941 to July 1944, 1500 titles are considered, including political, military, artistic and medical literature. Thematically, it is grouped into the following sections: the heroic past of the Russian people, the exposure of German fascism, patriotic calls for the defense of the Motherland, the defense of the city. 1943 - "the year of the great turning point" - was marked by a special series "Hero of the Leningrad Front", numerous documents and essays, a special collection of articles "Heroic Leningrad". The review ends with materials on the revival of the cultural life of the city.
The interesting catalog "Leningrad in the Great Patriotic War" reflects the activities of the political departments of the Leningrad Front and the Red Banner Baltic Front, which published 93 books and brochures under incredibly difficult conditions. In addition, 214 books were published by other publishers. They told about the heroic struggle of the army and navy, the selfless defense of the city, the people's help to it, and the connection with the "mainland".
Despite all the hardships of martial law, the library of the USSR Academy of Sciences continued to serve readers, supply literature to formations and units of the army in the field, books about A.V. Suvorov, M.I. Kutuzov, about the military past of the Russian people. Mobile libraries were organized.
State Public Library. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin during the blockade was always open, despite the lack of light and heat. During the war, 138 employees died in the library, most of them in the winter of 1941/42.
It is impossible not to say about the print media during the years of the blockade, which were a weapon in the fight against the enemy.
During the years of the blockade, Pravda, Izvestia, and Komsomolskaya Pravda were sent to Leningrad. In Leningrad, during the entire blockade, Leningradskaya Pravda and Smena were published. From July 28 to September 14, 1941, 46 issues of a special newspaper were published - "Leningradskaya Pravda" at a defense construction site. This was the most intense period of the battle for Leningrad. From July 6 to October 6, 1941, 79 issues of the newspaper "On the Defense of Leningrad" - the organ of the Leningrad People's Militia Army - were published. The newspaper "Fighter of the MPVO" was published, as well as front-line newspapers - "On Guard of the Motherland" and "Red Baltic Fleet". Factory newspapers also contributed to the fight against the enemy: “For Labor Valor” (Kirov Plant), “Baltiets” (Baltiysky Plant), “Izhorets” (Izhora Plant), “Hammer” (V.I. Lenin Plant) and etc.
During the war years, Moscow continued to be the leading publishing center. During 1941-1945. 1300 issues of Pravda were published. M. Kalinin, G. Krzhizhanovsky, D. Manuilsky, V. Karpinsky spoke on its pages. E. Stasova, E. Yaroslavsky, A. Tolstoy, M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, military leaders, battle heroes, soldiers, officers, generals. Izvestia, Krasnaya Zvezda (only I. Ehrenburg published about 400 publications in it), Komsomolskaya Pravda, Moskovsky Bolshevik (now Moskovskaya Pravda), Moskovsky Komsomolets, Evening Moscow served the front. At the same time, the newspapers were also a platform for covering the advanced response of the shock workers of military production. During the war years, more than 100 factory newspapers were published in Moscow. The role of the print media in defeating the enemy is hard to overestimate.
In general, the number of newspapers published during the war years cannot be precisely determined. For example: in 1943 alone, 74 divisional newspapers and about 100 new army newspapers were re-created. Data are given showing that, for example, in 1944 almost 800 newspapers were published at the fronts with a total one-time circulation exceeding 3 million copies.
The Ph.D. thesis of L.V. Ivanova, which indicates publications on the topic under study, insufficient coverage of it in bibliographic literature. These conclusions apply to all domestic book publishing about the war.
The military situation required a revision of the publishing policy and publishing portfolios. Thus, the country's largest publishing house of fiction, Goslitizdat, mothballed 1132 manuscripts and excluded 67 from the editorial portfolio. As a result, in 1942 the number of publications of fiction decreased by 47% compared to 1940.
1944 is characterized by an increase in the number of publications of foreign fiction, as well as an increase in the proportion of large volume books. The increase in the role of regional, regional and republican publishing houses during the war years was also natural: central publishing houses published only 38.6% of the titles of fiction. Moreover, its publication was carried out only by 14 central publishing houses out of 64 registered ones. In different periods of the war, works of various genres “came to the fore”: from poetic and prose works of small forms (poems, songs, stories) in the first year of the war to printing, responding to the needs of wartime, poems on bags of food concentrates and release of artistic and journalistic and large-volume works (poems, novels, novels).
Continuing the theme of wartime fiction, one cannot fail to note the change in the policy of publishing the so-called thick literary magazines, which, of course, were many times inferior in efficiency and mass to newspaper publications. Quite a few such magazines were discontinued, and the remaining ones “lost weight” and changed the frequency of publication in the direction of reducing the number of issues and the year.
Literature seems to be moving from magazines to the pages of newspapers, taking a significant place in Pravda, Izvestia, and Komsomolskaya Pravda. It publishes not only essays, journalistic articles, stories, poems, but also plays and novels. novel chapters.
So, only in the "Red Star" were placed the chapters of the story by V. Grossman "The People are Immortal" (1942), "The Stories of Ivan Sudarev" (1942), "Russian Character" (1943) and many journalistic articles by A. Tolstoy, "Green Ray » L. Sobolev (1943), articles and essays by I. Ehrenburg, V. Grossman, K. Simonov, P. Pavlenko, poems by N. Tikhonov, V. Lebedev-Kumach, M. Isakovsky and others.
A large group of writers became permanent correspondents of the central newspapers, where their stories, novels, poems and plays were published. As an example, publications in the Pravda newspaper can be cited: in July, the play by K. Simonov "Russian People" was published, in August - "Front" by A. Korneichuk, in September - the chapter of the poem "Vasily Terkin" by A. Tvardovsky, in October - “Alexey Kulikov, fighter” by B. Gorbatov, in November - stories from the book “Sea Soul” by L. Sobolev. In subsequent years, Pravda publishes chapters of the new novel by M. Sholokhov "They fought for the Motherland" (May 1943 - July 1944), "The Unconquered" by B. Gorbatov (May, September, October 1943), "Roads of Victory" by L. Sobolev ( May-June 1944), chapters of L. Leonov's story "The Capture of Velikoshumsk" (July-August 1944), etc.
The magazines Znamya, Novy Mir, Oktyabr, Zvezda, Leningrad and others largely reoriented themselves to military and historical topics. They published: “Batu” by V. Yan (1942), “Peter the First” by A. Tolstoy (1944), “Brusilovsky breakthrough” p. Sergeev-Tsensky (1942), screenplay p. Eisenstein "Ivan the Terrible" (1944) V. Kataeva (1945), "The Sky of Leningrad" by V. Sayanov (1944), "For Those at Sea" by B. Lavrenev (1945) and many other works of fiction.
The poetry of the war years also played a huge role in the fight against the enemy. “It would seem that the roar of war should drown out the voice of the poet”, lay literature “into the narrow crack of the trench”, but “literature in the days of the war becomes a truly folk art, the voice of the heroic soul of the people”, - this is how he assessed the role of the lyrics of the war years in a report at the anniversary session Academy of Sciences November 18, 1942 A. Tolstoy.
During the war years, poetry, no doubt, was equated with a bayonet. A. Tvardovsky, A. Surkov, K. Simonov, S. Kirsanov, I. Selvinsky, S. Shchipachev, A. Prokofiev, O. Bergolts, V. Inber, A. Zharov, I. Utkin, S. Mikhalkov and others. Newspapers published poetic letters from the rear. Dozens of versions of songs by famous authors, "continuations", "answers" were created. Such poetic works included, for example, M. Isakovsky's song "Spark".
If we talk about domestic book publishing in general, then, despite all the difficulties of wartime, it provided the country's priority needs not only in literature on military topics, but also on political, industrial, technical, general cultural and scientific problems. So, for 1941-1945. almost 170 million copies of fiction, 111 million copies of textbooks of all kinds, 60 million copies of children's literature and more than 50 million copies of scientific literature were published.
A considerable contribution to the creation and production of publications of many types of literature was made by the academic publishing house, which made every effort to ensure that the primary needs for a topical book were not only science, but also education and culture. We have already had to investigate the problems of the history of the book and its culture during the war years in a number of works. Therefore, in this article we will limit ourselves to highlighting only the main points in order to recreate a complete picture of military publishing.
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, by its decree of June 23, 1941, obliged all departments and scientific institutions to reorganize their work primarily to meet the needs of defense, to strengthen the military power of our Motherland.
An important step in the state policy of preserving, in particular, the scientific potential of the country was the decision to relocate scientific institutions to the east. The evacuation of Moscow institutes and laboratories of the USSR Academy of Sciences began already in the last ten days of July. Among those evacuated at the first stage was the academic publishing house, relocated to Kazan, where the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences began to work. Already on September 30, 1941, an extended meeting was held there.
In Kazan in 1941, 1942 and partly in 1943. The publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR issued 46 publications mainly on the basis of Tatpolygraph. As a contribution to the struggle against the ideology of fascism, edited by L. Plotkin, a special collection was prepared and published, compiled from the anti-fascist statements of M. Gorky.
In general, the dynamics of the publication of books and journals by the Academy of Sciences during the war years is shown in the table. For comparison, data are also given for the pre-war and first post-war years. In the pre-war 1940, the academic publishing house reached a relatively high level of publications: in terms of the number of books and magazines, it approached 1000 titles, and in terms of volume in author's sheets - to 13 thousand. Already in 1946, the level of the first year of the war was exceeded.
2. War through writers' pages
The Victory Day is especially dear to every Russian person. Dear memory of those who defended freedom at the cost of their lives. We must always remember the people who gave their lives for the freedom and bright future of our country. The feat of those who fought and defeated fascism is immortal. The memory of their feat will live forever in our hearts and our literature. We must know at what cost our happiness has been won. To know and remember those almost completely girls from Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", who boldly looked death in the eyes, defending their Motherland. Is it possible for them, so fragile, delicate, to wear men's boots or hold machine guns in their hands? Of course not. But they boldly went to meet the Nazis in order to prevent the enemies from getting to the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the young girls were not afraid and were not confused. They fulfilled their duty to the Motherland.
I especially admire the feat of Zhenya Komelkova. To enable Vaskov to help Rita, she leads the Germans away from the place where her friend lies. She fights the Nazis to the last. Zhenya was beautiful both in life and in death. The Nazis, looking at the dead woman, of course, could not understand why this beautiful girl went to fight them. Death has no power over such people, because at the cost of their lives they defended freedom, truth.
Immortal is the feat of those soldiers who defended Stalingrad. Y. Bondarev tells us about these heroes in the novel "Hot Snow". Understanding the importance of Stalingrad for our country, General Bessonov gives the order: “Stand and forget about death. Knock out tanks. Fight to the last blood!" And the soldiers obeyed. Only four gunners and two machine gunners survived. Bessonov, walking around the positions after the battle, wept without shame; cried because the Soviet soldiers survived, did not let the fascist tanks into Stalingrad. The battle was terrible, but they still won. Everything was on fire: both tanks and people, it even seemed that snow was burning. These people died knowing full well that they are giving their lives in the name of freedom, in the name of future happy generations.
The theme of war is still not outdated in our literature. Prose and poetry about the Great Patriotic War are represented by the names of A. Tvardovsky (“Vasily Terkin”), V. Nekrasov (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”), Y. Bondarev (“Hot snow”), V. Bykov (“Sotnikov”) and others . The main theme of these works is the people and personality in the war, which goes back to the epic "War and Peace". Influence of L.N. Tolstoy was experienced by almost all writers without exception who touched on the topic of the Great Patriotic War, and this is not accidental: the war aroused in the people and in every person feelings similar to the experiences of Tolstoy's heroes. In the war, there was a real identity check for authenticity. This explains the flourishing of Russian literature in the war and post-war period. One of the main themes of military literature is the theme of heroism.
In Vasily Bykov's story "Sotnikov" there are two characters - Sotnikov and Rybak. Rybak is one of the best fighters in the partisan detachment. His practical acumen, the ability to adapt to any circumstances in the normal life of a partisan detachment are invaluable. Its opposite is Sotnikov. He doesn't know how to fight. An intellectual by birth, he hardly fits into the partisan life, makes a lot of mistakes, often behaves risky and stupid. But both heroes got into extreme circumstances, captured. The fisherman got cold feet and became a traitor. Sotnikov accepted an honest death. The bad fighter Sotnikov turned out to be more courageous than the skilled fighter Rybak. The source of achievement lies not on the surface, but within a person. It depends not so much on his everyday everyday behavior, but on his deep moral hidden core. But Rybak, after seeing the execution of Sotnikov, can no longer live in peace, and he tries to commit suicide.
The writer Viktor Kurochkin looks at the feat differently. The story "In War as in War" shows a young lieutenant Sanya Maleshkin - the commander of a self-propelled unit. The main thing in the image of Maleshkin is his naturalness. He is sincere at every moment, he fights not with his mind, but with impulse. He performs a feat as if by accident, without wanting it himself: unexpectedly finding himself on his self-propelled gun in a village occupied by the Germans, he helps to win a major military operation. And Sanya dies just as unexpectedly and simply, as if by accident. His death is reminiscent of the death of Petya Rostov. Kurochkin refuses the logical justification of the feat, considers it natural in the war.
Vasily Grossman wrote a new page in the history of literature about the war with his novel Life and Fate. He tried to substantiate the philosophical and historical meaning of the Patriotic War. Drawing pictures of the Battle of Stalingrad, Grossman at the same time talks about the meaning of the events. According to Grossman, the war and victory were the point of the highest moral upsurge of the people's spirit, not broken by a totalitarian state.
In his novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy depicts a war that united the whole society, all Russian people in a common impulse. For the favorite heroes of the writer, the Patriotic War was a test, a test of their moral qualities. Most clearly, the people's war is revealed in the image of the guerrilla war. Tolstoy shows a combination of formidable strength, heroic patience, courage and kindness, generosity in the Russian character; this unique combination represents, according to Tolstoy, the essence of the truly Russian soul. “And it is good for the people who, in a moment of trial ... with simplicity and ease, raises the first club that comes across and threatens it until the feeling of insult and revenge in their soul is replaced by contempt and pity.”
Modern writers sometimes look at the events of that war from a different point of view. So in the story of Alexander Bondar "The Iron Cross" the heroes are those Russian people who, by the will of circumstances, ended up on the German side. Experiencing the behavior of his heroes as a tragedy, the author is nevertheless far from judging them. The peasant girl Masha and the German officer Kolya amaze readers with their inner beauty and nobility. Their love and readiness for self-sacrifice rises high above the horrors and cruelty of war.
On the memorable disturbing morning of June 22, 1941, when the first volleys of German guns, the roar of tanks with a swastika on their armor, the howl of falling bombs broke the pre-dawn silence of the Soviet border, our people rose to their full height to defend the Fatherland.
In the general structure of the fighting people, multinational Soviet literature also found its place: its prose writers, poets, playwrights, and critics. In the most difficult days of the war for the people, the voices of Soviet poets were loud.
Leafing through the pages of books written during the days of military upheavals, we seem to be leafing through the pages of the memory of our heart. From the depths of time, events are resurrecting before us, filled with the monstrous roar of an unprecedentedly cruel, destructive and destructive war, soaked through with human blood and tears. And even though many poets died the death of the brave on the way to the sunny Victory Day, they remain with us today, because the word born in fire, written with the blood of the heart, is immortal.
Deeply wrong was the one who said: "When the guns rumble, the muses are silent." And in the harsh years of military trials, there was always a place for a sincere song, verses, appeals and lyrical lines.
The poetry of the war years... It was born in the trenches and at rest, in victorious battles and behind the barbed wire of concentration camps. In the memory of our heroes-liberators, there are many poems written by them during the war years. Hundreds of towns and villages were fought over by front-line soldiers, freeing the Soviet people from the yoke of fascist enslavement. Everything was imprinted in front-line poetry. After all, nothing can ever prevent the birth of poetic lines.
Courage and love are inseparable in the heart of a soldier, and this is probably why the poems of the war years give the impression of special integrity and harmony. A single character is unfolding before us, and this is the character of the very person who survived the first battles with fascism, and then defeated the enemy.
The Great Patriotic War is an ordeal that befell the Russian people. The literature of that time could not remain aloof from this event.
So on the first day of the war, at a rally of Soviet writers, the following words were heard: "Every Soviet writer is ready to give everything, his strength, all his experience and talent, all his blood, if necessary, to the cause of a holy people's war against the enemies of our Motherland." These words were justified. From the very beginning of the war, the writers felt "mobilized and called". About two thousand writers went to the front, more than four hundred of them did not return. These are A. Gaidar, E. Petrov, Yu. Krymov, M. Jalil; M. Kulchitsky, V. Bagritsky, P. Kogan died very young.
Writers lived one life with the fighting people: they froze in the trenches, went on the attack, performed feats and ... wrote.
Russian literature of the period of the Second World War became the literature of one theme - the theme of war, the theme of the Motherland. The writers felt like "trench poets" (A. Surkov), and all literature as a whole, in the apt expression of A. Tolstov, was "the voice of the heroic soul of the people." The slogan "All forces - to defeat the enemy!" related directly to writers. The writers of the war years owned all sorts of literary weapons: lyrics and satire, epic and drama. Nevertheless, the first word was said by the lyricists and publicists.
Poems were published by the central and front-line press, broadcast on the radio along with information about the most important military and political events, sounded from numerous impromptu scenes at the front and in the rear. Many poems were copied into front-line notebooks, memorized. Poems "Wait for me" by Konstantin Simonov, "Dugout" by Alexander Surkov, "Spark".
In the poetry of the war years, three main genre groups of poems can be distinguished: lyrical (ode, elegy, song), satirical and lyric-epic (ballads, poems).
war song
An impressive chronicle of the Great Patriotic War has been created in prose, poetry, films, paintings, and monuments. And how many songs about the war were created! Sometimes only a song, with its vital text and music, saved, supported, gave a fighting spirit and simply united ...
Let's remember how it all began:
Everyone knows the song by V. Lebedev-Kumach "Holy War", which was first performed at the Belorussky railway station in front of the soldiers leaving for the front on the 7th day of the war. The history of the creation of the song is very interesting. One morning, in the building of the House of the Red Army, during breakfast to the composer A.V. Aleksandrov was approached by a political worker with the newspaper Izvestia in his hands:
Alexander Vasilyevich, here for you there is a wonderful poem by Lebedev - Kumach. Maybe write a song?
Alexandrov took a newspaper, read poetry and, forgetting everything, went home to compose a song. By evening she was ready. At night, the artists of the Red Army Song Ensemble were called (the first leader was A.V. Alexandrov) and right there, in the rehearsal room, having written notes on the blackboard, they learned it.
Music with its inviting mood, with intonations of a cry, a call, was so in tune with the verses, the truth of each stanza, and carried in itself such a powerful force and sincerity of experience that singers and musicians, sometimes, from spasms that squeezed their throats, could not sing and play ….
On the morning of the next day, barely having time to be born, the "Holy War" began to fulfill its soldier's duty.
At the Belorussky railway station, in the closeness of people and smoky stuffiness, amid the hustle and bustle of the last goodbyes, her voice sounded like a tocsin, an oath, an oath. Everyone who was there at that moment, hearing the first sounds, rose as one and, as if in formation, solemnly and sternly listened to the song to the end, and when it ended, they froze for a moment, spellbound by the sounds, and then deafening applause was heard. , warm request to repeat ...
From that memorable day, her great life began.
Probably not a single military song went unheard. The most popular of them have survived to this day, and they all also remind of that difficult time for the Russian people. Recall at least the songs: "June 22 at four o'clock", "Soldiers are coming" (words by M Lvovsky, music by K. Molchanov); “Migratory birds are flying” (words by M. Isakovsky, music by M. Blanter); “Oh, roads” (lyrics by A. Oshanin, music by A. Novikov); “Oh, my fogs” (lyrics by M. Isakovsky, music by V. Zakharov); “On the Road” (music by V. Solovyov - Sedogo), “We are people of great flight” (lyrics by A. Fatyanov and V. Sidorov, music by B. Mokrousov); “I returned to my homeland” (lyrics by M. Matusovsky, music by M. Fradkin); "Why?" (lyrics by L. Oshanin, music by A. Novikov); "Where are you now, fellow soldiers?" (lyrics by A. Fatyanov, music by V. Solovyov - Sedogo); “Native Sevastopol” (lyrics by S. Alymov, music by V. Makarov); “Farewell, rocky mountains” (lyrics by N. Bukin, music by E. Zharkovskiy); "Let's smoke, comrade, one at a time" (performed by K.
Shulzhenko); “Above the blue wave” (lyrics by A. Zharov, music by K. Listov), one cannot help but recall such wonderful songs as: “Cossacks”, “Letter to Moscow”, “Nightingales”, “In the forest near the front” (lyrics. M. Isakovsky, music M. Blanter), "Song of fighting friends", "Cranes".
And here is what N. Lyashchenko, Army General, Hero of the Soviet Union, says about the song “Two Friends”: “I remember such an episode at the beginning of the war. The regiment was in heavy encirclement northwest of Dnepropetrovsk. We greedily caught information on the radio, caught some German station. The Nazis trumpeted in Russian that they were already near Moscow itself, they saw it through binoculars, they were preparing heavy cannons to shell the capital, and then they would launch a general attack. People, having heard this, were somehow depressed. But then we caught a transmission from Moscow. It was reported that heavy fighting was going on, that the city was repelling enemy attacks. Then they heard Leonid Utyosov's song "Two Friends" from some concert hall. This immediately revived people, everyone began to smile. Since Utyosov sings, we said, it means that the capital is standing, we will rather fight back from the encirclement to our own. And my fighting friends acted so decisively that we broke out of the encirclement.”
This is how the song "Two Friends" performed by Leonid Utyosov helped the regiment to get out of the encirclement.
Many young guys went to the front without knowing the joy of love, many parted with their loved ones in a hurry. And where weapons rattled, the glow of fires could be seen, where there was no place for tenderness and affection, the soldiers remembered those who were waiting for them home. Sometimes, only faith in victory, hope for a speedy return and meeting with loved ones supported and saved in difficult times.
Naturally, the theme of love could not but be touched upon in songwriting. They immediately recall: “In the dugout” (lyrics by A. Surkov, music by K. Listov); "Spark" (lyrics by M. Isakovsky, folk music); “My Beloved” (lyrics by E. Dolmatovsky, music by M. Blanter); “When you sing a song” (lyrics by V. Gusev, music by V. Solovyov - Sedogo); “She didn’t say anything” (lyrics by A. Fatyanov, music by V. Solovyov - Sedogo); "Dark Night" and, of course, "Wait for me" (lyrics by K. Simonov, music by M. Blanter).
One of the most popular songs of the war years, "Dark Night", was written by Nikita Bogoslovsky and Vladimir Agatov for the film "Two Soldiers" in the spring of 1942. The film told about the front-line friendship of two soldiers, whose roles were played by Boris Andreev and Mark Bernes. The idea to "revive" the episode in the dugout with a lyrical song arose spontaneously. The melody was written by the composer literally in one evening. But there was no text. At this time, the poet Vladimir Agatov arrived from the front in Tashkent, where the film was being shot. We turned to him. After listening to the melody, he immediately sketched out the words. In this form, without any changes, the song entered the film. According to Konstantin Simonov in the spring of 1943, “Dark Night” “was on the lips of literally every front-line soldier,” because “it contained the thoughts and feelings of millions of people.”
The Soviet poet, a participant in the war, while on the Western Front, left the encirclement and ended up in a minefield. That's where "there are four steps to death." After that, he wrote a letter to his wife in poetic form. The text became known to the fighters. Many soldiers copied it, and soldiers' wives, brides received this poetic message. At the beginning of 1942, the composer K. Listov wrote a melody to the text. So the song "Dugout" was created.
The war went on for five years, and every year gave birth to more and more new songs. They brought up hatred for the enemy, sang of the Motherland, courage, bravery, military friendship - everything that helped to overcome military difficulties, which were innumerable ...
Conclusion
After reading a sufficient amount of literature, I came to the conclusion that it is necessary to read the literature of the war years. She is the connection of our ancestors with the new generation; gives us the opportunity to develop in us such a quality as patriotism, to feel pride in the history of our country, and for our relatives who gave their lives for the lives of millions of people.
Now those who saw the war not on TV, who endured and survived it themselves, are becoming less and less every day. Years make themselves felt, old wounds and experiences that now fall to the lot of old people. Fellow soldiers now call back more often than they see each other. But on the ninth of May they will definitely come - either to Sokolniki, or to the renovated public garden near the Bolshoi Theater. They will all gather together, with medals and orders on old, but carefully pressed jackets or ceremonial tunics. They will embrace, stand and sing their favorite, not forgotten songs of the war years. The years of the Patriotic War will never be forgotten. The further, the more vivid and majestic they will unfold in our memory, and more than once our heart will want to relive the sacred, heavy and heroic epic of the days when the country fought from small to large. And nothing else but books will be able to convey to us this great and tragic event - the Great Patriotic War.
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MBOU "Solonovskaya secondary school named after
Matryonina A.P.” Smolensky district of the Altai Territory
Poetry of the war years
Concert lesson
(Dedicated to the 69th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War)
Shadrina Irina Savelievna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
With. Solonovka
2014
Topic of the lesson (extracurricular activities):
Poetry of the war years
Lesson form:concert lesson
Target:
creation of conditions for the formation communicative,
value-ideological, general cultural literary,
reading and speech competence of students
throughknowledge acquisition about personality and creative biography
wartime poet (Yulia Drunina, Alexander Tvardovsky, Konstantin Simonov, Mikhail Isakovsky), his moral ideals,
whatwill contribute to the development sense of beauty, interest in the work of writers,education of highly moral qualities of a person : feelings of patriotism, active citizenship;
preservation of the people's memory of the participants of the Great Patriotic War,
education of an attentive and benevolent reader.
Equipment:
Computer, multimedia projector, students' drawings for Victory Day, literary booklet.
Epigraph:
… Was and is in Russia
Y. Drunina
Preparation for the lesson (event): 2 weeks before the event, students were asked to choose and memorize poems on a military theme. The teacher appoints rehearsals, where work is carried out on the expressiveness of reading, and also draws up a script based on the selected works.
Lesson script
(, slide number 1)
Teacher. Our lesson-concert is dedicated to the 69th anniversary of the Great Victory.
(Slide #2)
Student.
ON BEHALF OF THE FALLEN
Today on the podium we are poets,
Who are killed in the war
Embracing the earth with a groan somewhere
In your country, in the foreign side.
Fellow soldiers read us
They are whitened with gray hairs.
But in front of the hall, frozen in silence,
We are guys who did not come from the war.
"Jupiters" are blinding, but we are embarrassed -
We are in wet clay from head to toe.
In the trench clay, a helmet and a rifle,
A skinny duffel bag in the cursed clay.
I'm sorry that the flame burst with us,
That you can barely see us in the smoke
And do not consider that before us
It's like you're to blame - nothing.
Ah, military labor is dangerous work,
Not everyone is led by a lucky star.
Someone always comes home from the war
And someone never comes.
You were only scorched by the edge of the flame,
The flame that did not spare us.
But if we changed places,
That this evening, this very hour,
Turning pale, with a throat constricted by convulsions,
Lips that suddenly became dry
We miraculously survived soldiers,
Read your youthful poetry.
( Slide number 3. The song "Holy War" )
Teacher (against the background of music)
Poetry was the most popular genre of the war years.
It was poetry that expressed people's need for truth, without which a sense of responsibility for their country is impossible.
Young poets went to war, many of them did not return. But there are amazing verses.
Already on the third day of the war, a song was created that became a symbol of the unity of the people in the fight against the enemy - "Holy War" to the verses of Vasily Lebedev-Kumach. This song awakened the spirit of patriotism, raised the people to defend the Motherland, called everyone to responsibility for the fate of the country.
Writers felt this responsibility especially sharply. 940 of them went to the front, 417 did not return.
At the front, they were not only war correspondents, but also war workers: artillerymen, infantrymen, tankers, pilots, sailors. They died of hunger in besieged Leningrad, of wounds in military hospitals.
Poetry was necessary for people at the front and in the rear, because it appealed to the soul of every person, conveyed his thoughts, experiences, instilled faith in victory. She was not afraid of the truth, even bitter and cruel.
(Slide number 4. – Olya)
Julia Drunina
I sometimes feel connected
Between those who are alive
And who is taken away by the war.
And although five-year-olds run
in a hurry
Closer and closer this connection
This connection is getting stronger.
I am connected.
Let the roar of battle subside:
Report from battle
My verse remains
From the cauldrons of the environment,
Abysses of defeat
And from the great bridgeheads
Victorious battles.
I am connected.
I wander in the partisan forest,
From the living
I carry a report to the dead:
"No, nothing is forgotten,
No, no one is forgotten
Even the one
Who lies in an unknown grave.
(Slide number 5)
Teacher.
Yulia Drunina was born in Moscow. Her father worked as a history teacher, her mother worked as a librarian at the school, where Yulia also came as a first grader. At school, she felt very comfortable, at the age of 11 she began to write poetry, albeit inept, but with feeling.
Everything was destroyed by the war.
On June 22, 1941, Yulia ran to the military enlistment office: “Take me to the front!” They did not take him into the army immediately, but in the same 1941.
school evening,
gloomy summer,
Throwing books and pencil
A girl got up from this desk
And stepped into the damp dugout.
(Diana S.)
No, this is not merit, but luck
Become a girl soldier in the war.
If my life were different,
How ashamed I would be on Victory Day!
We girls were not greeted with delight:
We were driven home by a hoarse military commissar.
So it was in forty-one. And the medals
And other regalia later...
I look back, into the smoky distances:
No, not merit in that ominous year,
And schoolgirls considered the highest honor
The opportunity to die for your people.
(Slide number 6)
Teacher.
At the age of seventeen, she enrolled in a voluntary sanitary squad, worked as a nurse in a hospital. Together with her family, she was evacuated to Zavodoukovsk, from there she went to the front. Participated in the construction of defensive structures near Mozhaisk, was a nurse in an infantry regiment.
YOU MUST!( Zhanna)
turned pale,
Gritting your teeth to a crunch,
From native trench
One
You have to break away
And parapet
Slip under fire
Must.
You must.
Even though you're unlikely to come back
Though "Don't you dare!"
Repeats kombat.
Even tanks
(They're made of steel!)
Three steps from the trench
They are burning.
You must.
'Cause you can't pretend
In front of,
What you don't hear in the night
How almost hopeless
"Sister!"
Someone out there
Under fire, screaming...
(Slide number 7)
Teacher.
I left my childhood in a dirty car,
In the infantry echelon, in the sanitary platoon.
Distant breaks listened and did not listen
Accustomed to everything forty-first year.
I came from school to the dugouts damp,
From the Beautiful Lady to "mother" and "rewind",
Because the name is closer than "Russia"
Couldn't find.
BANDAGES(Alina)
The eyes of a fighter are filled with tears,
He lies, springy and white,
And I need adherent bandages
To rip him off with one bold move.
In one motion - so they taught us.
With one movement - only this is a pity ...
But meeting with the look of terrible eyes,
I didn't decide to move.
I generously poured peroxide on the bandage,
Trying to soak it without pain.
And the paramedic became angry
And she repeated: "Woe to me with you!
So to stand on ceremony with everyone is a disaster.
Yes, and you only add flour to him.
But the wounded always marked
Fall into my slow hands.
No need to tear the adherent bandages,
When they can be removed almost without pain.
I got it, you'll get it too...
What a pity that the science of kindness
You can't learn from books in school!
(Slide number 8)
V. Gusev
SISTER(Diana K.)
Friends, you talked about heroes,
I remember the bridge
battle over the river
I want to tell you about it today.
How to describe it?
The usual one.
I remember only blue eyes.
Cheerful, calm, simple,
Like the wind on a hot day
she came to us.
And here she is in battle
and the bullets rush loudly,
And from the gaps the air rattles.
She crawls through the fight
through the black howl of lead.
Fire and death sweep over her,
Fear for her breaks into the hearts,
In the hearts of fighters who are accustomed to fight bravely.
She walks through the death storm
And the wounded man whispers:
- My sister, sister
Save yourself. I'll crawl. -
But the girl is not afraid of shells;
With a confident and courageous hand
Support, endure the fighter - and glad
And rest a little bit - and again into battle.
Where in the little one, tell me, does this strength come from?
Where is the courage in it, answer me, friends?
What mother raised such a daughter?
She was raised by my Motherland!
Now we're talking about heroes
Looking death and lead in the eye.
I remember the bridge
battle over the river
Fighters bending over a wounded sister.
How can I tell about it!
On that bridge, a piece of shrapnel struck her.
She shuddered a little and lay down quietly.
The fighters approached her, she said: - Soon ...
She smiled at us and died.
If they looked at her, they would say: a girl!
Is this for the front? Yes you! Run away.
And here comes the battle
and bullets rush loudly.
In the earth, in her native land, now she lies.
And we didn't get to know her name.
Just remember the look
shining on us in the dark.
Tired, in blood, in a torn overcoat,
She lies in the Ukrainian land.
Grief crushes my chest,
my sadness is immeasurable,
But pride for her burns in my soul.
Yes, those people are great
and that country is immortal,
Which gives birth to such daughters!
So let the song fly around the world
Flies to all seas
thunders in any region,
Song about my sister
about an unknown girl
Who gave her life for her country.
(Slide number 9)
Teacher.
After being wounded, after graduating from the School of Junior Aviation Specialists, Yulia goes to the Western Front.
At the front, she was wounded again. After recovery, she returned to the self-propelled artillery regiment, received the title of "foreman of the medical service", fought in the Belarusian Polissya, in the Baltic states.
She was shell-shocked and on November 21, 1944 she was declared unfit for military service.
The experience of the war formed the basis of her work.
In 1948, the first book of poems "In a soldier's overcoat" was published.
(Galya)
I brought home from the fronts of Russia
Cheerful contempt for rags -
Like a mink coat I wore
His burnt overcoat.
Let the patches bulge on the elbows,
Let the boots get worn out - it doesn't matter!
So smart and so rich
I have never been there since...
(Slide number 10)
Teacher.
There were tears in the first attack
I also had to cry after
And then I forgot how to cry -
Apparently, the stocks of tears have run out ...
A. Peredreev
"Memories of a Big Brother"(Dasha Rekhtina)
Is it a dream about an older brother,
Or the memory of childhood:
Hands wide embrace
Harness. Pistol.
I remember everything by color, by smell,
I remember, most importantly, by ear:
"The order was given to him to the west..." -
The song was heard all around.
With this song for a week
He arrived under his father's blood...
With this song creaked the door,
I hear the creak of his steps.
The creak of the boots of a living brother,
Departing from us -
An order was given to him to the west,
Order given,
Order,
Order.
... He managed from under Lvov,
The first to receive the storm
Write, send two words:
“I was in battle, we are standing in the forest ...”
I don't know what happened to him
In his second fight,
Maybe there is no after
Even the forests in that region...
He won't turn back
Too many long years
An order was given to him to the west ...
Harness... Pistol...
(Slide number 11)
( Maksim)
Behind the loss - loss,
My peers go out.
Hits our square
Even though the battles are long gone.
What to do? -
Crawling into the ground
Protect the mortal body?
No, I won't accept that.
It's not about that at all.
Who mastered the forty-first,
Will fight to the end.
Ah, charred nerves,
Burnt hearts!
(Slide number 12)
Teacher.
I've only seen melee once,
Once upon a time. And a thousand - in a dream.
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war.
(Slide number 13)
I still don't quite understand
How am I, and thin, and small,
Through the fires to the victorious May
Came in kirzachs of one hundred pounds.
And where did so much strength come from
Even in the weakest of us?
What to guess! - Was and is in Russia
Eternal strength eternal supply.
(, slideshow to verses)
Dmitry Kedrin
KILLED BOY(Vika, slides 1-6)
Over a country road
Planes were flying...
The little boy lies by the haystack,
Like a yellow-mouthed chick.
The baby did not have time on the wings
See spider crosses.
They gave a turn - and soared
Enemy pilots behind the clouds...
All the same from our revenge
The winged bandit will not leave!
He will die even if
In the slot will be hammered from retribution,
At noon, in hot weather
He wants to drink water
But there is no water in the source -
The enemy pilot will see the blood.
Hearing how hot it is in the oven
The winter wind howls
He thinks it's crying
They shot children.
And when, coming aside,
Death will sit on his bed, -
For a murdered child
This death will be similar!
1942
Nikolai Udarov
Blockade days toys(Stas, slides 7-14)
January 27 - 70th anniversary of the complete lifting of the blockade of Leningrad (1944)
I freeze at this window.
Blockade ice melted in it.
We are truly invincible.
Here are the toys of blockade days!
Airplanes made of cardboard
And a big rag bear.
Funny kitten on plywood
And the drawing: "FASSITS - DEATH!"
The drawings indicated
Silhouettes of relatives' houses,
Where every potbelly stove at night
Victory beat a living spring.
And over the city - bombers,
But they are beaten from above by "hawks".
Frozen in the blockade of tears.
There were frosts on us shelves.
But in almost any apartment
(well, at least in any house!)
Someone lived just in the children's world,
Bringing this world with difficulty.
Someone Christmas toys
He made colored paper.
So, destroying the blockade ring,
The toys went into mortal combat!
(Slide number 15)
Teacher.
Not the one from fairy tales, not the one from the cradle,
Not the one that was passed by textbooks,
And the one that burned in the eyes of the inflamed,
And the one that sobbed - I remembered the Motherland.
And I see her, on the eve of Victory,
Not stone, bronze, crowned with glory,
And the eyes of the one who wept, going through troubles,
All demolished, all endured by a Russian woman.
Konstantin Simonov was born in Petrograd. He never saw his father: he went missing at the front in the First World War. The boy was raised by his stepfather, the commander of the Red Army.
Konstantin's childhood passed in military camps and commander's dormitories. The family was not rich, so the boy had to go to the factory school (FZU) after finishing seven classes and work as a turner in Moscow, where the family moved in 1931.
(Slide number 16)
In 1938, Konstantin Simonov graduated from the Literary Institute. His first poems were published in magazines.
During the war years, he worked as a war correspondent for the Battle Banner newspaper.
(Slide number 17)
In 1942 he was awarded the rank of senior battalion commissar, in 1943 - the rank of lieutenant colonel, and after the war - colonel. Most of his military correspondence was published in the Red Star. During the war years, he wrote the plays "Russian People", "Wait for Me", "So It Will Be", the story "Days and Nights", two books of poems: "With You and Without You" and "War".
(Slide number 18)
Konstantin Simonov
WAIT FOR ME(Glory)
Wait for me and I will come back.
Just wait a lot
Wait for sadness
yellow rain,
Wait for the snow to come
Wait when it's hot
Wait when others are not expected
Forgetting yesterday.
Wait when from distant places
Letters will not come
Wait until you get bored
To all who are waiting together.
Wait for me and I will come back,
don't wish well
To everyone who knows by heart
It's time to forget.
Let the son and mother believe
That there is no me
Let friends get tired of waiting
They sit by the fire
Drink bitter wine
For the soul...
Wait. And along with them
Don't rush to drink.
Wait for me and I will come back,
All deaths out of spite.
Who did not wait for me, let him
He will say: - Lucky.
Do not understand those who did not wait for them,
Like in the middle of a fire
Waiting for your
You saved me
How I survived, we will know
Only you and I -
You just knew how to wait
Like no one else.
(Slide number 19)
Teacher.
As a war correspondent, he visited all fronts, passed through the lands of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland and Germany, and witnessed the last battles for Berlin. After the war, collections of his essays, Notes of a War Correspondent, appeared.–
(Slide number 20)
GLORY(Artyom)
In five minutes already melted snow
The overcoat was all powdered.
He lies on the ground, tired
Raise your hand with a movement.
He is dead. Nobody knows him.
But we're still halfway there
And the glory of the dead inspires
Those who decided to go forward.
We have severe freedom:
Dooming mother to tears,
The immortality of his people
Buy with your death.
1942
( Slide #1 )
Teacher.
Alexander Tvardovsky - Writer, poet, editor-in-chief of the magazine "New World".
Born in the Smolensk province in the family of a village blacksmith. During the war years, his native farm was burned by the Germans ...
(Slide number 2 )
In 1939 drafted into the Red Army. Participated in the liberation of Western Belarus.
During the war with Finland he was a correspondent for a military newspaper.
In 1941-1942 he worked in the editorial office of the newspaper of the South-Western Front "Red Army".
(Slide number 3 )
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky was among the fighters, as a war correspondent he traveled difficult roads from west to east and back. He told about this in the poem "Vasily Terkin".
But the poet also has front-line lyrics - a kind of diary about the harsh time and its heroes.
The poem "Tankman's Tale" refers to this cycle.
(Slide number 4 )
Tanker's Tale(Yura)
What's his name, I forgot to ask.
Ten or twelve years old. troublesome,
Of those that are the leaders of children,
Of those in the front-line towns
They greet us like honored guests.
The car is surrounded in parking lots,
Carrying water in buckets for them is not difficult,
They bring soap with a towel to the tank
And unripe plums pop ...
There was a fight outside. The fire of the enemy was terrible,
We broke through to the square ahead.
And he nails - do not look out of the towers -
And the devil will understand where it hits from.
Here, guess what house
He perched - so many holes,
And suddenly a boy ran up to the car:
Comrade Commander, Comrade Commander!
I know where their gun is. I unraveled...
I crawled up, they're over there in the garden...
But where, where? .. - Let me go
On the tank with you. I'll bring it straight.
Well, the fight doesn't wait. - Get in here, buddy! -
And here we are rolling to the place four of us.
There is a boy - mines, bullets whistle,
And only a shirt with a bubble.
We drove up. - Here. - And with a turn
We go to the rear and give full throttle.
And this gun, along with the calculation,
We sank into loose, greasy black soil.
I wiped off the sweat. Suffocated fumes and soot:
There was a big fire going from house to house.
And, I remember, I said: - Thank you, lad! -
And shook his hand like a friend...
It was a difficult fight. Everything now, as if awake,
And I just can't forgive myself
Of the thousands of faces I would recognize the boy,
But what's his name, I forgot to ask him.
(Slides #5-6 )
Teacher.
…It was another of the many battles that not only the tanker had to go through, but also many thousands of the same selfless fighters who forged the victory of the motherland. That's why he "forgot" to ask the name of the "boy", because he does not dream of his own glory, honestly fulfilling the duty of a soldier, he thinks only about protecting the Motherland.
(Slide number 7 )
Mikhail Isakovsky
Migratory birds are flying(
Dasha
)
... I have seen a lot of countries,
Walking with a rifle in hand.
And there was no more sadness
Than to live away from you.
I changed my mind a lot
With friends in a distant land.
And there was no more debt
How to do your will.
Let me drown in swamps
Let me freeze on ice
But if you tell me again
I will go through it all again.
Your desires and hopes
I connected forever with you -
With your harsh and clear
With your enviable fate.
Migratory birds are flying
Search for the bygone summer.
They fly to hot countries
And I don't want to fly away
And I stay with you
My native side!
I don't need someone else's sun
Foreign land is not needed.
(Slide number 8)
Teacher.
The local priest taught him to read and write. Later, Isakovsky studied for 2 years at the gymnasium. The first poem - "A Soldier's Request" - was published back in 1914 in the all-Russian newspaper "Nov".
In 1921-1931 he worked in the Smolensk newspapers. In 1931 he moved to Moscow.
(Slide number 9 )
– quoting the first poem of a 14-year-old poet)
In the mid-30s, Isakovsky becomes famous.
(Slide number 10)
Back in the thirties, his amazing songs sounded everywhere, in which our time felt so comfortable ...
The most famous, "Katyusha", fought at the front, our soldiers called it the most formidable weapon - jet guards mortars.
And finally, its peak, where full will is already given to pain, in its tragedy, rarely reached even by the strongest poets, is.
(listening to the song)
(Slide number 11)
The poem, written shortly after the war, was subjected to official criticism, since, according to the authorities, the victorious Russian soldier has no right to cry, this is a sign of weakness. The song was not played on the radio for a long time.
Only in July 1960, Mark Bernes violated this unspoken ban by performing a song to the words of Isakovsky.
(Slide number 12)
Many of Isakovsky's poems have been set to music. The most famous are “In the forest near the front”, “Migratory birds are flying”, “Lonely accordion”.
One of the best poems, Isakovsky dedicated to his wife Lydia.
In the film "Kuban Cossacks" to the music of I. Dunayevsky, his songs "As you were, so you remain" and "Oh, the viburnum is blooming" sounded.
Songs to the words of Isakovsky appear in the repertoire of the choir. Pyatnitsky. The most famous of them: "Along the village", "Seeing", "And who knows". It was these songs that made the choir famous.
(Slide number 13)
Isakovsky's poems and songs during the Great Patriotic War conveyed people's feeling of hatred for the enemy, awakened courage, multiplied love for the Motherland. Mikhail Isakovsky, a serious eye disease, did not allow him to put on a soldier's overcoat, but even in the rear, misfortunes common to all Soviet people fell upon him.
Under the heel of the fascist invaders was his small homeland. In Glotovka, the father's house was burned down by the enemies.
(Slide number 14)
The poet lived throughout the war in the small town of Chistopol, where the post office and radio did not work for a long time, but not for a minute did he experience a spiritual separation from the common fate. It was hard, bitterly experienced the impossibility of fighting at the front with arms in hand.
Isakovsky's lyrics of those terrible years are a real poetic chronicle of the war. The poet penetratingly draws the harsh everyday life of the front and rear, the heroic deeds and feelings of soldiers and partisans, workers and collective farmers, reveals the nationwide character of the struggle against fascism.
(Slides #15-16)
"Russian woman"(Nastya)
... Can you tell me about it
What years did you live in!
What an immeasurable heaviness
On women's shoulders lay down! ..
That morning I said goodbye to you
Your husband, or brother, or son,
And you with your destiny
Left alone.
One on one with tears
With uncompressed bread in the field
You met this war.
And all - without end and without counting -
Sorrows, labors and worries
Came to you for one.
One to you - willy-nilly -
And it is necessary to be in time everywhere;
You are alone at home and in the field,
You alone cry and sing.
And the clouds are hanging lower
And the thunders rumble closer
More and more bad news.
And you are in front of the whole country,
And you before the whole war
Said what you are.
You walked, hiding your grief,
The harsh way of labor.
The whole front, from sea to sea,
You fed with your bread.
In cold winters, in a blizzard,
At that one at a distant line
The soldiers warmed their greatcoats,
What you sewed with care.
Rushed in the roar, in the smoke
Soviet soldiers in battle
And the enemy strongholds collapsed
From the bombs you planted.
You did everything without fear.
And, as the saying goes,
You were both spinning and weaving,
She knew how - with a needle and a saw.
Chopped, drove, dug -
Do you read everything?
And in letters to the front she assured
It sounds like you're living a great life.
Soldiers read your letters
And there, at the forefront,
They understood well
Your holy untruth.
And a warrior going to battle
And ready to meet her
Like an oath, whispered like a prayer,
Your distant name...
(Slide number 17)
The song "Spark" sounds.
Teacher (against the background of music).
The song "Spark" was performed on all fronts for different motives. By the end of the war, only one motif of an unknown author remained, which has survived to this day. When this song is performed, they announce: "The words of Mikhail Isakovsky, folk music."
Isakovsky's native village was completely destroyed during the war. He sent part of the money from the Stalin Prize received in 1943 to the construction of a club in his native places.
The girls sing the song "Spark".
(Slides #18-22)
Sounds march Slide show "Salute".
(Slide number 23)
Student.
Fireworks on Victory Day on May 9th -
A magical rainbow of bright lights!
Peace and happiness have a straight road,
Let's just go for it!
We wish you joy and renewal,
The radiance of the sun, the blossoms of spring!
Accept gratitude and congratulations
On the day of the holiday of our great country!