International terrorism is a relatively new threat to human development that emerged in the 1970s. Meanwhile, the destruction of political opponents is a phenomenon as old as politics in general. But can, say, Brutus be considered a terrorist? Hardly, since such actions were one-time, aimed at eliminating specific figures. Terrorism in the proper sense of the word performs a "symbolic" function - "intimidation" (as it is written in the dictionary of V. I. Dahl), which is achieved as a result of systematic actions, as well as resonance in society. If you do not go completely into the distant past (the Sicarii in Palestine, the Ismaili Assassins in the Arab Middle Ages, the European Inquisition, etc.), then the origin of modern terrorism can be traced back to the days of Narodnaya Volya in Russia. After 100 years, terrorism turns into an international phenomenon, acquires the features of a global problem of human society, the so-called plague of the 20th century, and now the 21st century.

Despite the huge amount of both foreign and domestic scientific literature devoted to the study of terrorism (including in its international form), the analysis of this phenomenon presents considerable difficulties. In the origin of terrorism there is something ominously mysterious, as if irrational, not fully understood (G. Mirsky). They also talk about the gloomy charm of terrorism and the difficulty of its interpretation (W. Lacker). Wars, including civil ones, are largely predictable in nature, they take place, as they say, in broad daylight, the warring parties do not think to shroud themselves and their actions in a halo of secrecy. The main signs of terrorism are secrecy of actions and the denial of any norms whatsoever. The prospects for getting rid of terrorism are also unclear. The massive entry into the world arena of so-called transnational actors, the associated weakening of state sovereign control in the field of national security and the activity of international terrorism are phenomena of the same order associated with the globalization of international life, which allows us to raise the question of whether the "plague of the XX-th century" XXI centuries" incurable disease of mankind for the foreseeable future.

The concept, types and history of terrorism

There are many definitions of terrorism, and a single universally recognized one has not yet been developed. Attempts to define terrorism within the framework of the UN were unsuccessful, which is not surprising, since for some terrorism is a crime, for others it is a struggle for a "just cause." Here is one definition given by the US State Department: terrorism is "premeditated, politically motivated violence used against non-combatants by subnational groups or clandestine government agents." This is one of the most complete yet concise and least vulnerable definitions. In general terms, it coincides with the opinion of prominent Western experts. Thus, W. Laker writes that "terrorism is the use of non-state violence or the threat of violence in order to cause panic in society, weaken the position or even overthrow officials and cause political changes in society." B. Crozier, director of the London Institute for the Study of Conflicts, is brief in English: "Terrorism is motivated violence with political aims." Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan put forward his definition: “Any act is terrorist if it involves the death or serious injury of civilians and persons not participating in hostilities, with the aim of intimidating the population or coercing any government or international organization to take action or refrain from action.

Let us single out those general signs of terrorism that contain these and other definitions, noting in advance that all of them are to some extent ambiguous and contradictory, just like the phenomenon of terrorism itself. First, the most important feature of terrorism is its political motivation, which allows you to immediately cut off mafia "showdowns", gangster wars, even if they do not differ in the nature of the methods of struggle used in them from political actions and for this reason can be classified as terrorism. However, there is a fundamental difference between these types of violence in terms of goals, which implies different approaches to combating them: terrorism is always associated with a struggle for power, while its subjects tend to advertise their goals, which is not at all characteristic of mafia structures, for the most part motivated by financial interests intersecting with corrupt segments of state power and for this reason striving to be "in the shadows" (although, of course, a combination of political and financial interests of criminal groups is also possible).

Secondly, the direct victims of terrorists are, as a rule, not military personnel or government officials, but representatives of the civilian population, ordinary people far from politics. However, this is also not always the case. Suffice it to refer to the assassination of Italian Prime Minister A. Moro by the "Red Brigades" in 1978. or Israeli Prime Minister I. Rabin by Jewish terrorists in 1995. Terror was also widely used against military personnel in Chechnya. The assassination attempt on General A. Romanov received a wide response. And yet, it is typical for modern terrorism to strike precisely at the so-called non-combatants. (non-combatant targets), those. civilian population.

Here it is necessary to make a small historical digression regarding the change in the 20th century. general (not related only to the problem of terrorism) attitude to the issue of "civilian" and military participants in conflicts, the difference between armed and civilian objects and persons. In this sense, mankind, unfortunately, has returned to the times of barbarism, when the conquerors did not recognize the difference between armed enemies and civilians at all. In the XVIII and XIX centuries. the belligerents tried as far as possible not to cross the established line between combatants and civilians, but this did not last long. The return to the refusal to recognize this line is associated primarily with the spread of small wars, i.e. conflicts not between states, but within states, wars of "low intensity" such as guerrilla warfare, urban guerrillas, etc. For a small war, a conscious desire to strike at the most vulnerable, sensitive sides of the enemy, namely non-combatants, is typical. Accordingly, the behavior of terrorists has also changed: in Russia at the beginning of the last century, there are cases when SR militants refused to carry out an assassination attempt if they saw that members of his family were near the intended object. In the future, the terrorists became characterized by a completely opposite logic: if, for example, they demand the release of their arrested comrades, they should take not soldiers, but children and women as hostages - then it will be psychologically more difficult for the government to refuse to satisfy their demands, dooming innocent victims to death.

Thirdly, a feature of terrorist activity is its demonstration, intimidating effect. One can argue with those who attribute irrationality and spontaneity to terrorism. Terrorism is a frighteningly calculated attempt to use violence to achieve a specific goal. The main target of terrorists is not the direct victims of their actions, not those specific people whom they doom to death, but those who, with bated breath, are watching the unfolding drama on TV screens. According to R. Falk, “a terrorist usually tries to use violence in a symbolic sense in order to reach an audience of millions. The number of spectators of the Munich Olympics in 1972 was estimated at 800 million people, when 12 Israeli athletes were killed. Violence was directed at everyone who watched They intended to use it as a form of blackmail - pay attention to us or ... "And the attention of tens of millions of people who had a very vague idea about Palestine, in fact, was drawn to the Palestinian problem - in In this sense, the terrorists have achieved their goal. The same can be said about dozens of other terrorist attacks. Suffice it to recall the television appearance of the relatives of the hostages in the Moscow theater center on Dubrovka in October 2002, when, with tears in their eyes, they asked the Russian leadership to agree to the demands of the terrorists and withdraw federal troops from Chechnya. It was hard not to sympathize with these people. Of course, terrorist organizations existed long before the advent of television. But even then they sought to act in such a way as to intimidate the public and thereby draw the attention of the official authorities to their goals.

Finally, the fourth feature of terrorism can be called its organized, or group character. This is one of the most controversial characteristics of terrorism, although it is noted by many experts. Indeed, if this criterion is followed, a lone killer who is not part of a terrorist organization does not qualify as a terrorist. A fighter from the HLMLS organization who carried out an explosion in a disco or a cafe can rightfully be called a terrorist, while a simple Palestinian who is not part of any organization, but under the influence of indignation caused by the actions of the Israeli authorities, decided to take up arms and open fire on street by the Jews, does not fit this definition. No matter how controversial it may seem at first glance, but this is most likely the case. The fact is that terror is a long-term, well-planned, financially secure activity that only organized groups can do, and not lone killers who act emotionally and spontaneously. In this sense, Oswald, who killed Kennedy, cannot be called a terrorist, since his affiliation with any organization has not been proven (even if his crime was initiated and planned by someone). On the contrary, the murderers of Alexander II, V. Plehve, other representatives of the ruling circles of Russia, as well as Gavril Princip, who killed Archduke Ferdinand, were terrorists; The Tamil woman who blew herself up with Rajiv Gandhi could also be classified in the same category. In all these cases, it was proved that the killers were part of organizations that pursued political goals. This division into homicidal maniacs and representatives of criminal organizations is of great importance in the fight against terrorism.

As regards the definition of terrorism, and regarding its classification, there is no consensus. Dozens of typologies have been developed. There is a distinction between terror "from above" and "from below", left, right, separatist, revolutionary, etc. To understand the diverse manifestations of the phenomenon under consideration, we will introduce the following criteria: the goals and nature of the participants in terrorist activities.

Ethnic (nationalist) terrorism characterized by the action of ethnic or ethno-religious sub-national organizations that seek to achieve independence from any state, i.e. pursue separatist goals. A classic example is the ethnic terror in Northern Ireland, where the Catholic Irish Republican Army (IRA) fought for almost a century against the Protestant community and the British authorities for the independence and reunification of Ireland. In the modern world, ethnic terrorism is represented by many examples. In Europe, these are the Basque organization ETA in Spain, the National Liberation Front of Corsica (FNC) in France. These organizations are much more active and numerous in developing countries. These include Palestinian terrorist organizations (for example, Hamas), organizations of Indian extremists (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, Sikh and Kashmir militants), the Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey, etc. Terrorism in the North Caucasus in Russia also has ethnic overtones. At the same time, it should be emphasized that we are talking about militant extremist organizations, which have nothing in common with representatives of ethnic groups that solve their problems in a non-violent way or abandon terrorist methods (for example, Francophones in Canadian Quebec, Walloons and Flemings in Belgium).

The second type of terrorism is class, or rather socially directed terrorism, the purpose of which is the social reorganization of society or certain aspects of its life, and the participants are non-state actors. The best known is left-wing terrorism, which was quite widespread during the Cold War in Latin America and Europe. In the 1960s in Latin America, under the banner of the "urban guerrilla", numerous left-wing terrorist groups (in the USSR they preferred to call them leftists) launched their activities. The first to appear among them were the Uruguayan "Tupamaros", the Venezuelan "Left Revolutionary Movement" and the "Armed Forces of National Liberation". Several well-known left-wing groups were active in Peru. Among them are Sendero Luminoso, whose official name is the "Communist Party of Peru" - an organization of the Maoist persuasion, as well as the "Revolutionary Movement named after Tupac Amaru", whose ideology was a vinaigrette of Marxism-Leninism and Che Guevara's theory of "exporting revolution". An important role in the activation of these groups was played by the "Cuban factor": the example of the Cuban revolution, together with the persistent attempts of the Cuban secret services to export it to the countries of the American continent south of Mexico.

Since the early 1970s the urban guerrilla, gradually dwindling to a minimum on the periphery of the capitalist world - in Latin America, began to move to its main European centers. Youth riots that swept across industrialized countries in 1968 played a significant role in the formation of left-wing terrorist groups in Europe. Almost all prominent representatives of European terrorism were formed in their bowels, for whom protest actions became a transition from legal to illegal activities. The most famous among these groups are the "Red Army Faction" (RAF), which proclaimed the goal of fighting the "criminal fascist regime" of the FRG and promoting the proletarian communist revolution there, and the Italian "Red Brigades". By the way, a special role in the creation of the latter organization was played by the sociological faculty of the University of Trento, which was under the influence of the "new" left. At this faculty in the late 1960s. some leaders of the "Red Brigades" studied, their preferred set of book authors was specific: Karl Marx, Karl Clausewitz, Herbert Marcuse, Mao Zedong. The "brigadiers" were guided by the idea that there was a revolutionary situation in Italy and the possibility of a proletarian revolution in that country. Other well-known left-wing terrorist organizations in developed countries include Direct Action in France, as well as the Japanese Red Army. Like other leftists, these groups proclaimed their goal to provoke the masses to fight for socialism, interpreted in the Stalinist and Maoist spirit. An important role in the very possibility of the functioning of the left radicals in developed countries was played by the multilateral support of the socialist countries, primarily the USSR, as well as the GDR, from where the terrorists received material assistance, where many of them studied and underwent combat training.

Unlike the left, right-wing terrorism does not appeal to class contradictions, but proclaims the goal to be the fight against democratic values ​​and mechanisms of modern societies. Right-wing terror is imbued with the spirit of chauvinism, racism or nationalism, often based on the cult of a strong personality and the belief in superiority over the rest of the masses, and affirms the totalitarian principles of organizing society. Neo-Nazism is a characteristic feature of the far right. In the late 1960s in many countries of Western Europe and America, the ultra-right launched their terrorist activities. The main hotbeds of ultra-right terrorism were based in Italy ("Aryan Brotherhood", "Benito Mussolini Detachments", etc.), Spain ("Spanish Anti-Communist Front", "People's Catholic Army", etc.) and Germany ("Hoffmann Military Sports Group " and etc.). However, the most famous (although by no means the most powerful and dangerous) right-wing radical racist group is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the United States. It was created back in 1865 after the Civil War of the North and South, recreated in the early 1920s. and is still in effect. The ideology of the KKK is characterized as racist and radically fundamentalist Protestant.

The third type of terrorism is state terrorism. It differs from the previous types, first of all, by the subjects of activity. These can be, firstly, states that use methods of total suppression of civil society and mass repressions. Examples are Stalin's, Hitler's, Pol Pot's (in Cambodia) regimes. Secondly, methods similar to terrorist ones are present in the activities of the special services of many countries of the world - the Israeli Mossad, the American CIA, the Russian FSB, etc. and are used in response to the extremism of radical groups. So, after the death of Israeli athletes at the Olympics in Munich in 1972 at the hands of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir imposed a resolution: "Destroy everyone." The Israelis have decided to "respond with terror for terror" - that is, destroy terrorists if there is no way to bring them to justice. As subsequent events showed, this turned out to be the most effective way to fight terrorists: by 1980, all of the “sentenced” list, as well as most of the Black September activists, were liquidated, and the organization itself ceased to exist. A similar decision was made by President Putin regarding the death of Russian diplomats in Iraq in 2006 at the hands of terrorists. Thirdly, the activities of countries that provide all kinds of support to international terrorist groups can be attributed to state terrorism. Iran is now accused of such activities.

Of course, state terrorism has its own specifics and with good reason can be considered as an independent phenomenon. At the same time, it has common "generic" features of terrorism, perhaps with the exception of the "demonstration effect": both the special services and the states involved in terror are not inclined to advertise their activities.

Finally, the fourth type of terrorism is religious in nature. Its participants are non-state extremist groups whose ideology is one or another religious teaching, as a rule, in a fundamentalist interpretation. The terrorist attacks carried out by the Japanese sect "Aum Shinrikyo" in Moscow and Tokyo are now almost forgotten, and this was perhaps the first religious terrorist group that Russia encountered. But, of course, mainly here we need to talk about Islamist terrorism, represented by the criminal activities of numerous groups in the Islamic world - Al-Jihad, Hezbollah, Hamas, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, ethno-Islamic groups in the North Caucasus, etc. According to Western intelligence agencies and Russian experts, in 1968 there were 13 such organizations, in 1995 - about 100, and by the end of the 20th century. - about 200". At the beginning of the 21st century, there were already about 500 of them. It is this branch of modern terrorism that poses the greatest danger to the modern world. Islamist terrorism will be discussed in more detail below.

Summing up the analysis of the varieties of terrorism, it is worth referring to the remarkable opinion of W. Laker about their paradoxical similarity. Those who engage in terrorism, the scientist writes, have a certain ideological community. They may be on the left or the right of the political spectrum, they may be nationalists or, more rarely, internationalists, but in the main points their mentality is strikingly similar. Often they are much closer to each other than they themselves suspect. Just as the technology of terrorism can be successfully mastered by people of various persuasions, its philosophy also easily overcomes the barriers that exist between separate political doctrines. It is universal and unprincipled.

Different types of terrorism prevailed in different historical periods of time. Starting from the second half of the XIX century. left-wing terrorism, well known from the history of pre-revolutionary Russia, prevailed (although there was also a right-wing terrorism, for example, the Ku Klux Klan in the USA). At the same time, radical nationalist groups acted - Armenians, Irish, Macedonians, Serbs, who used terrorist methods in the struggle for national autonomy and independence. For the first half of the XX century. was most characteristic of state terrorism, terrorism "from above" (Stalin era, fascism). After the Second World War, left-wing terrorism again for some time was the leading one - both in developed countries ("Red Army Faction" in Germany, "Red Brigades" in Italy, "Direct Action" group in France, etc.), and in the developing world, especially in Latin America ("Tupamaros", "Sendero Luminoso", etc.) with the urban guerrilla methods characteristic of the latter. But gradually, left-wing terrorism is fading away. Apparently, the last nail hammered into his fob was the collapse of socialism and the socialist system.

Currently, we can talk about three prevailing types of terrorism - ethnic, legal and Islamist. It is no accident that terrorist organizations of the ethnic (nationalist) type are among the most durable. Some of them have existed for over 100 years, others for decades. Nationalism has become one of the main forces of change in the world community in the post-bipolar world. Therefore, we can confidently assume that ethno-nationalist terrorism will not only not disappear in the foreseeable future, but will become even more widespread.

Today's far right uses terrorist actions for the same purpose as in the past - to seize power. But now there are no mass fascist (and similar) parties anywhere. Ultra-right groups can only be accomplices of some other forces that occupy more powerful positions in the political world, but at the same time are close to them in spirit, ideas and aspirations. A particularly dangerous trend has been the strengthening of right-wing radical sentiments in the CIS countries, where the difficulties of the post-socialist period give rise to a craving for a "strong hand", according to some, capable of "putting things in order", and chauvinistic moods.

The most dangerous trend in the modern world is Islamist terrorism. That is what they mean first of all when they talk about international terrorism. By definition, international (or, as it is sometimes called, transnational) terrorism involves the use of territory or the involvement of citizens in the terrorist activities of more than one country. It is possible to define the specifics of international terrorism in another way: as a rule, these are terrorist acts undertaken by citizens of one country against citizens of another country and carried out on the territory of third countries. Both of the above definitions do not cover all cases of manifestation of international terrorism, but allow us to capture its specifics: the most significant feature of modern terrorism has become its globalization. In accordance with popular belief, the already mentioned terrorist attack, which led to the death of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics in 1972, is considered the symbolic date of the birth of international terrorism.

The aggravation of global problems at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has become a hallmark of the current stage in the development of the world community. They have become realities that largely determine today's features of international relations and the main directions of world politics.

Participation in international cooperation to overcome global problems should be considered as a specific form of continuation of the internal policy of the state beyond its borders into the global geopolitical space.

The goals and results of such participation testify to the political orientation of the state, the level of its social and cultural, scientific and technological development.

In our time, we are talking not only about the ability of individual states, but of the entire world community to find adequate responses to global challenges to its future. In this regard, it seems especially important to determine the significance of both universal problems in general and individual global problems for the prospects for the development of the world community.

In political global studies, a group of universal problems associated with the sphere of international relations is traditionally distinguished. Since the emergence of globalist studies, this group has been referred to as the central one - the problem of maintaining peace or, as it is also broadly referred to, the military-political global problem. This group also includes the problem of economic backwardness of many developing countries, the problem of nationalism and ethno-political conflicts, the problem of global controllability of the international community, etc.

Recently, the problem of international terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations. This transformation is due, in our opinion, to the following reasons:

First, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in the regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular, the United States and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.

Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the mournful account of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection of the modern phenomenon of international terrorism with other topical global problems of our time is becoming more and more obvious and evident. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the whole complex of universal, global problems.

The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has its own specific features. Let's consider in more detail the most important of them.

First of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and the societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight against a state dominated by a different religion or other religious trend. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits. Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of British scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is its difficult predictability. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most of the global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered as one of the most urgent global problems of our time.

However, recent terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in terms of their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. The number of victims, the size and nature of the destruction caused by terrorist attacks at the beginning of the 21st century turned out to be comparable with the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The retaliatory measures caused by these terrorist actions led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Reciprocal anti-terrorist military actions also acquired a planetary scale.

Under these conditions, the global problem of international terrorism, in our opinion, cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to the fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.

Introduction

The 20th century became a time of terror unheard of in history - state, political, national, religious. Totalitarian tyrants, political adventurers, religious fanatics, separatist nationalists, insane and semi-insane "correcters" of sinful humanity and just crooks became the perpetrators of the death of millions of innocent victims. And now the world community shudders at reports of more and more terrorist acts.

Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance.

The emergence of terrorism entails mass casualties, spiritual, material, cultural values ​​are destroyed. It generates hatred and distrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence, the victims of which can be innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.

Recently, the number of terrorist acts has increased greatly. According to some reports, if in the early 90s the probability of becoming a victim of a terrorist act was estimated as 1:10,000,000, now this probability has increased by 20-30 times! It is very scary that for many people, groups and organizations terrorism has become just a way to solve their problems: political, national, religious. It is now especially often resorted to by those who otherwise cannot achieve success in open battle, political rivalry in the implementation of their crazy ideas of rebuilding the world and universal happiness.

The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, primarily by legal methods, confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.

However, terrorism, as a global problem, requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application. We, ordinary people, can do the only thing in our power - to protect ourselves and loved ones. We must know our enemy by sight, which is why I undertook this essay.

I. Terrorism is a deterrent

First of all, it is necessary to say what terrorism is, what are its goals, essence, meaning, what is it as a means.

Horror is the main feature of terrorism, its specificity, which makes it possible to separate it from related and very similar crimes. Terrorism acts as a way to weaken the enemy by both physically changing some object (objects) of the crime, and mentally influencing the opposing side.

Terrorism should by no means be reduced to the assassination of leading statesmen, just as armed robbery attacks by revolutionaries with the aim of seizing material values ​​for their party should not be considered terrorism. So, the actions of a group of militants under the leadership of Stalin and Kamo, who on June 13, 1907, are not this crime. in Tiflis, on Yerevan Square, the famous expropriation was carried out. On that day, the militants bombarded the convoy that accompanied the collection carriage with money from the State Bank, and seized, according to various estimates, from 250 to 341 thousand rubles. Dozens of people were killed and wounded in this “exe”. The money was delivered to the Bolshevik leaders abroad. Robbery and murder are evident here, but not terrorism, since the meaning of the latter is intimidation, terrifying in order to achieve some specific goals, mainly psychological and political.

It is possible that such actions of the "exists" frightened the authorities, but this was only a side effect. And in the modern world there are quite a few general criminal groups that, committing banal robbery, will hide behind revolutionary and political phrases, without setting themselves tasks that can be achieved by intimidation.

It can be said that terrorism is violence that contains the threat of another, no less cruel violence, in order to instill fear in the military and public order, to force the enemy to make the desired decision, to cause political and other changes. Apparently, this is a fear of death.

1. Definition of terrorism in the Criminal Law.

For law enforcement practice, the only one is the definition of terrorism, which is given in the criminal law (Article 205): “... the commission of an explosion, arson or other actions that create a danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences, if these actions are committed in for the purpose of violating public security, intimidating the population, or influencing decision-making by authorities, as well as the threat of committing these actions for the same purposes”. In addition, the law defines a terrorist act (Article 277): “An attack on the life of a statesman or public figure, committed in order to stop his state or other political activities, or out of revenge for such activities…”.

In addition, the Russian Criminal Code provides for criminal liability for “knowingly false reporting of an act of terrorism”, “knowingly false reporting of an impending explosion, arson or other actions that create a risk of death or other socially dangerous consequences” (Article 207).

Now in journalism and in the media, terrorism is often used as a term for extremist, well-organized, trained and clandestine groups of criminals who commit the most dangerous crimes, usually murder. In the practice of recent decades, Arab terrorists often act as such criminals. Such an extended or displaced understanding of terrorism is acceptable, but it must be remembered that it does not comply with the criminal law of Russia and many other countries.

The UN General Assembly in different years adopted about 10 resolutions on national, regional and international terrorism, but could not give a more or less acceptable definition of this phenomenon. It is not easy to do this in view of the many aspects of terrorism, but in order to understand it, it is necessary to identify the meaning of terrorism, i.e. something for the sake of which terrorist acts are committed, and not any criminal violence.

The object of terrorist attacks are, on the one hand, the people who are victims of such attacks, and on the other hand, the existing order, including the order of administration, territorial integrity, administration of justice, political structure, etc.

The question of the methods of terrorism requires special attention, the criminal law, criminological, forensic (search) and moral significance of which can hardly be overestimated. Russian criminal law speaks of “committing an explosion, arson and other actions.” As it should be assumed, among other actions there may be all kinds of poisoning, the spread of epidemics and epizootics, infection, capture, and the use of firearms. There are a lot of such examples, since the world does not stand still, society develops, and with it, unfortunately, more and more new murder weapons come into life.

Some 20-25 years ago, almost no radioactive substances were used for murder. Now there is a real threat that such substances can be used on a fairly large scale by terrorists. Possible attacks on power plants, the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons. In 1995, in Japan, terrorists from the sectarian organization AUM-Senrikyo launched a gas attack on the subway, which injured hundreds of people. Just recently in America, recipients received letters in which spores of anthrax were found.

2. Terrorist.

.... Terrorists own modern weapons, means of communication, modern computer and other equipment, publish their own literature, newspapers, magazines and leaflets, they are supported by some totalitarian states, they have allies in the highest echelons of power.

How do terrorists create fear in people?

weapons of mass destruction . It has good reasons: firstly, from a technical point of view, it is not difficult to make such a weapon in our time. Secondly, neo-fascist states, for example, North Korea, Libya, Iraq, could supply terrorists with such weapons;

explosions . In the XIX-XX centuries. terrorists very often resorted to explosions, which led to numerous casualties. But sometimes they can just be warnings. In general, explosions, by virtue of their nature, have a significant psychological impact on people, giving rise to fear and panic in them;

hostage-taking . This also largely affects the human psyche when terrorists begin to kill in order to achieve their goal. However, this interpretation of terrorism does not comply with Russian criminal law, which singles out hostage-taking as an independent crime.

The danger of terrorism is not connected with the number of today's victims - the total number of terrorist murders around the world cannot be compared with ordinary murders, which are immeasurably higher. Nevertheless, terrorism, in particular international terrorism, can be placed next to the nuclear and radiation threat and the economic crisis, because, firstly, terrorists can, as has been repeatedly noted, use nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, cause significant damage to the natural environment; secondly, terrorists inspire not only horror and unequivocal condemnation, but also curiosity and admiration, and, therefore, are able to attract a lot of people; thirdly, the scale of terrorism in individual countries, its tendency to reach national borders, and especially the rampant transnational international organizations, pose a threat of provoking serious military conflicts and even wars; fourthly, a dangerous feature of terrorism lies in the fact that very often its meaning is not to improve, but to worsen the socio-political and economic situation in a given country or region of the world in order to achieve narrowly selfish desires, demonstrations of the strength of one's group, self-affirmation of leaders, ensuring the triumph of their ideas or teachings, etc.

Experts believe that terrorists are now using tougher, more sophisticated methods of carrying out terrorist acts, at a higher level of technology. Modern technical means, special technology make it possible for a professional terrorist to make the same sniper shot that a professional counter-terrorist can make. If at the beginning of the 20th century the revolutionary terrorists basically did not have special military training, they reached everything by experience, in fact they did not have a training base, a training program, then representatives of modern groups have their own bases both in their own country and abroad, special technology , qualified instructors, many of whom were trained by terrorists, can be compared with the training of special forces or secret services. They study intelligence and counterintelligence, outdoor surveillance and countersurveillance, and the use of special means for this.

The subject of terrorism can be the state, its higher and local bodies, its military units and punitive institutions, parties and movements and their “combat” links, partisan formations, separate groups, including secret societies, and finally, individuals.

The breeding ground for the emergence of these armed organizations are intra-national or international conflicts, in the latter case, the corresponding groups are created on the initiative or with the participation of the state. They can significantly influence the solution of political, national, religious and other problems, for example, in matters of national self-determination. However, one should not exaggerate their role and assume that as a result of their criminal actions alone, new states may even appear.

Types of terrorist movements

Terrorist groups may be sprawling offshoots or links of organized crime groups, or may be associated with and interact with such formations. If such a group arises at the initiative of the state or is supported by it, then if it fails, the state is likely to disown it.

P. Wilkinson rightly notes that one should not put an equal sign between terrorism and violence in general, that terrorism is a specific form of violence (“forced intimidation”); at the same time, he believes that active terrorist movements are largely connected with the ideas of Marxism. He distinguishes 4 types of terrorist movements:

a) movements of nationalist, autonomist and ethnic minorities;

b) ideological groups or secret societies striving for various forms of "revolutionary" justice or social liberation;

c) a group of emigrants or exiles with separatist or revolutionary aspirations regarding their homeland;

d) transnational gangs, supported by some countries and acting in the name of world revolution.

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Introduction

Over the past decades, the world system has been experiencing serious political and military-strategic cataclysms associated with acts of terrorism, the scale and cruelty of which are acquiring unprecedented proportions. In different parts of the world, extremists and terrorists seize aircraft and ships, blow up airports and railway stations, set off explosive devices in administrative and residential buildings, cultural centers, buses and cars, take hostage diplomats and journalists, businessmen and cultural figures. In essence, terrorism has become a real threat to the national security of many countries, and countering it today tops the list of foreign policy priorities of most states of the world.

The use of explosive devices or the threat of their use has become a harsh reality today. Increasingly, we hear about terrorist acts committed by criminal elements.

Terrorism is one of the most serious modern global problems, potentially or actually affecting every inhabitant of the planet. Meanwhile, as it often happens, the more serious, urgent and obvious the problem, the more myths and misunderstandings it is surrounded by.

It should be noted that the problem of terrorism has always been present both within individual states and in the international arena. However, it became more relevant after the end of the global conflict along the East-West vector. Modern terrorism is characterized by a sharply increased technical equipment, a high level of organization, and the availability of significant financial resources. Its main distinguishing feature is the blurring of the boundaries between international and domestic terrorism. The connections of terrorist organizations with the drug business and the illegal arms trade are expanding. The dynamics of the growth of terrorist groups in the modern world is noticeable.

The threat of terrorism continues to grow and becomes multi-vector. International terrorism is rapidly rebuilding, reaffirming its readiness to strike blow after blow in every region of the globe.

Despite the huge amount of research devoted to the problems of terrorism in recent years, the topic of the actions of extremist political organizations, especially with the use of nuclear weapons, remains almost untouched.

Terrorism in any form of its manifestation has become one of the socio-political and moral problems dangerous in terms of its scale, unpredictability and consequences, with which humanity has entered the 21st century. Terrorism and extremism in all their manifestations increasingly threaten the security of many countries and their citizens.

The social basis of terrorism is strengthened by poverty, unemployment, the lack of education of the population, the lack of social prospects for young people and their unpreparedness for modern types of work - on the one hand, and the formation of entire generations in an atmosphere of incessant armed clashes, the painful sharpening of religious and national feelings, the intensity of despair and hatred - with another.

And as soon as injustice is not eliminated on the planet, there are humiliated and offended, protest moods and actions will be generated among them, which in certain cases can unfold in violent forms. Terrorism is a perversion, a pathological form of reaction to the injustices of the world.

It is important to understand that a world without violence is not possible in the foreseeable future; the main anti-terrorist task is to reduce the volume of terrorism as much as possible (as the violence of the "weak" against the "strong"); the main way of such a reduction is the prevention or settlement of social problems and conflicts by non-violent, non-repressive, political methods.

“An absolutely non-violent world is an unrealistic prospect. The task of reducing the scale of political violence, trying to minimize it, is more realistic. This is evidenced by the political life of developed democratic states, where violence is most often a secondary means of power.

The purpose of this work is to investigate the problem of international terrorism on the basis of the studied sources and literature.

We have formulated the following tasks:

To study the features of modern terrorism;

To study the manifestations of terrorism in various regions of the world;

Consider the main terrorist groups operating in various regions of the world;

To study manifestations of terrorism in Russia;

Reveal the relationship between the phenomenon of globalization and terrorism;

Analyze modern methods of combating terrorism.

Object of study: international terrorism.

Subject of research: the place of international terrorism in the modern world.

Our thesis consists of five chapters:

1. Features of modern terrorism;

2. Terrorism in various regions of the world;

Terrorism in Russia;

Terrorism and globalization;

Fight against terrorism.

When analyzing the literature, I would like to note the collection of articles "Terrorism - a threat to humanity in the 21st century" edited by R.B. Rybakov. The book is devoted to the socio - political phenomenon of our time - terrorism. No state is insured against terrorists whose actions acquire an international character. The book is based on the materials of the scientific conference "Terrorism - a threat to humanity in the 21st century and the situation in the East", held in Moscow in March 2002 at the Institute of Oriental Studies.

The book by former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Nestanyahu, a man who is rightfully considered an expert in the fight against terrorism, analyzes the current situation. The book is based on rich factual material: it provides information about high-profile terrorist attacks of the past, terrorist organizations and their leaders.

The monograph "International Terrorism: The Struggle for Geopolitical Dominance" examines the causes of the emergence of international terrorism and the factors influencing its development in modern conditions. Geographically, the work covers different regions of the world - Europe, the Near, Middle and Far East, Central and South Asia, the Caucasus. Particular attention is paid to the problems of combating terrorism in Russia. The foreign experience of countering terrorism by the state and society is analyzed.

The author of the book "Drugs and Terrorism: The Web of Evil" Ivanich Yu. proves the connection between terrorism and the drug trade. Using extensive documentary material, the author tells about the history of the emergence and activities of many international terrorist groups and organizations in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America, professing radical political and religious doctrines.

In the magazine "Power" I would like to note the article by A. Selivanov "Modern terrorism as an instrument of global governance." The author of the article examines the terrorist acts committed in Russia, dwells in detail on the goals of terrorist attacks, and gives recommendations on countering terrorism.

In the work of Polezhaev A.P. , Savelia M.F. "Terrorism and anti-terrorist measures" deals with topical issues of combating terrorism at the present stage. The manual consists of five sections, in which, in the form of questions and answers, the organization, means, methods and individual measures for the prevention of terrorism at various sites, carried out by law enforcement agencies, are outlined. A significant place is given to the experience of combating terrorism in foreign countries, the use of high information technologies and technical progress in this field of activity.

In the book of Yunoshev A.T. "The threat of a terrorist attack. How to protect yourself and your loved ones" you can find out the types of terrorism, which terrorist societies are most active in the modern world, which tasks and goals they set for themselves.

Chapter 1. International terrorism as a global problem

.1 Features of modern international terrorism

The word "terrorism" comes from the Latin "terror" - fear, horror. Terrorism is understood as actions aimed at achieving goals by persecution, death threats, murders, maintaining a state of fear. Terrorism is the systematic intimidation of governments, population circles and entire peoples through the single or repeated use of violence to achieve political, ideological or social revolutionary goals and aspirations. (G. Deniker, Switzerland).

The phenomenon of terror has always existed. The distant original, the model of terrorism was tyrannicide, regicide. The execution of a tyrant was traditionally carried out in the name of justice, on behalf of the people. The word "terror" itself (translated at the beginning as simply "horror") has its political roots in the French Revolution. Then the word began to be used in the sense of terror practiced by the young state - the French Republic as self-defense. For with the Enlightenment (the ideas of Voltaire, Rousseau and the Encyclopedists) the idea of ​​the sovereignty of the people was born, it was in the name of sovereignty and to protect it, the Revolution justified state terror.

In the modern world, if there is a murder of an "ordinary" or even a famous person - an artist, a scientist, a businessman, we simply call it a murder. But if there is an attempt on the life of the first persons of the state - the monarch, the president, or persons representing the state - we call it a terrorist act. Therefore, we believe that terrorism always has a political connotation and is directed against the state or against the policies of the state. On the other hand, if the murderer of the monarch was guided by personal motives (revenge, jealousy), tried to hide after the murder, remain unrecognized, we would still call such a person simply a murderer, and not a terrorist. Therefore, it is believed that the terrorist is guided not by personal motives, but by some ideology that propagandizes, deliberately advertising their actions.

If a killer, hired by some terrorist organization, committed a terrorist act for a fee, without sharing the views of this organization, then in public opinion he is not a terrorist, but just a hired killer. Public opinion attributes the role of the terrorist to the organization that hired the killer.

Terrorism manifests itself in the form of:

Violence or threats of its use against individuals or legal entities;

Destruction (damage) or threat of destruction (damage) of property and other material objects, creating a danger of death of people;

Causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences;

Encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure, committed to stop his state or other political activities or out of revenge for such activities;

Attacks on a representative of a foreign state or an employee of an international organization enjoying international protection, as well as on office premises or vehicles of persons enjoying international protection;

Other acts that fall under the concept of terrorist in accordance with the national legislation of the Parties, as well as other generally recognized international legal acts aimed at combating terrorism.

Terrorism is becoming increasingly international. The most striking confirmation of this fact is the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, subsequent terrorist attacks associated with anthrax infection, explosions on the island of Bali in Indonesia, hostage-taking in the theater center in Moscow on October 23, 2003, an explosion near the Government House in Grozny December 27, 2002, etc.

In 2003 alone, 651 crimes classified as terrorism were committed in Russia, and in terms of this indicator, as well as in terms of the number of victims, Russia occupies one of the first places in the world.

According to competent US sources, "cells of terrorists" exist in 60 countries of the world. Only the lists of terrorist organizations of the US State Department included 33 organizations. The largest centers of terrorism are located in the Middle East, in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

One of the big features of today's terrorism is that we see it merging with criminal networks. Previously, these two phenomena were completely independent. Crime is its own line. They have different political structures, different goals, different methods, and only occasionally did they come into contact to fulfill and achieve some small private tasks. Now we see sometimes symbiosis. This is some kind of huge corporation in which it is very difficult to separate where crime ends and terrorism begins.

The destruction of the Pentagon and the World Trade Center by terrorists makes it possible today to speak openly about what was only vaguely outlined yesterday: the world is not just on the brink of World War III - it is already going on all over the space from China to Algeria. The fronts of this war are Kashmir and Afghanistan, Chechnya and the Balkans, Palestine and Sudan.

Today, many people ask: "Why has terrorism become so violent?" Suffice it to recall the classic example of the early 20th century. Ivan Kalyaev was supposed to throw a bomb at a member of the royal family, but did not. There is an analysis on the cell, they complain to him "Why didn't you do it?" He replies: "I couldn't, there were children." And the cell justified him, considering this an objective obstacle. How terrorism has grown during this time! Not only are children not an obstacle, they are the goal today. And this, unfortunately, is already natural. The development of terrorism has predetermined three theaters in which terrorism operates. The first theater is global. This is Al Qaeda. A global goal, global tasks, global means, because they rush to the components of weapons of mass destruction and make actions that really shock the whole world. This is a typical example of global terrorism.

The second theater seems to be just the opposite. Local. We saw him at the initial stage in Chechnya. This is what we see, for example, in Sri Lanka, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, and the Balkans. And between them is what we call the regional theater. And the task of jihad theorists is precisely to ensure that all these three theaters interact. If a local terrorist hotbed was born in Chechnya, everything had to be done so that the fighter, who at first allegedly simply challenged Moscow - for freedom, for secession - felt himself not only a fighter of Moscow, but also a part of the world jihad, felt at the same time part of a huge resistance . This gives him a completely different motivation - he becomes part of the brotherhood. Which one is another question. On the other hand, it is very important for the global jihad, figuratively speaking, to sit next to each other, to cuddle, to find oneself in every local conflict. That is why Al-Qaeda and Bin Laden, in particular, are so active in talking about the Middle East crisis, about the Palestinian issue, which he did not care about before. But it is important for him to infiltrate this conflict so that he also becomes part of this huge jihad.

History knows terrorism as a form of social (essentially deviant) activity of individuals directed against specific individuals. This is individual terror.

A direct continuation and, if this word is appropriate in this case, the development of individual terror has become socially oriented terror, which is characterized by a wider scope and scale. In this case, the individual becomes the object of terrorist violence not because of his own position or actions, but as an impersonal representative of a certain social group.

Another type is mass terrorism. If in the previous case “cleansing operations” are carried out with the aim of identifying and neutralizing or punishing persons who are de facto opponents of the desired order, then here a kind of “carpet bombing” is already being carried out, during which all representatives of a certain group are subject to destruction. The most egregious manifestation of such terrorism is genocide.

The modern world is faced with a new kind - diffuse terrorism. His attacks, as a rule, are not directed against those people who become victims of a terrorist act. In this case, the objects of attack are an indefinite number of relatively random people, such as passers-by in a Moscow underground passage.

The danger of such acts increases many times over, because in modern life huge crowds of people constantly and everywhere arise, whether in shopping centers, transport hubs or places of mass recreation for the population.

Modern literature distinguishes between state terror and oppositional terror. The difference between these types of terrorist activities is that state terror is open violence on the part of the ruling elites, relying on the power of the state's security forces in the form of repression. Oppositional terror is violence or intimidation used as a means of political struggle by groups hostile to the ruling regime. It manifests itself most often in the form of individual terrorist acts - the murders of statesmen, explosions in public places, hostage-taking, etc.

There are other classifications of terrorist activity in the literature. For example, in a number of sources, terrorism is classified in relation to the state (pro-government and anti-government), the degree and breadth of manifestation of the consequences of terrorist activities (international and domestic), the means used in terrorist activities (traditional and technological), the motives of terrorist activities (political, religious-nationalist, separatist). There are other classifications of terrorist activity, the geography of its distribution, terrorist ideological concepts. There is a distinction between purposeful (aimed at a specific person) terrorism and disseminated terrorism, the victims of which are random persons. Distinguish between hidden and demonstrative terrorism.

Modern manifestations of terrorism are diverse. Today, technological terrorism poses a particular danger to the world community. Its essence is the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemical, biological substances, as well as the threat of seizing nuclear and other industrial facilities that pose an increased danger to human life and health. As a rule, technological terrorism has political goals.

Technological terrorism is capable of causing a systemic crisis of the entire world community. Today it poses a serious potential threat to international and national security. With the further aggravation of the socio-political situation, the differentiation of society, the growth of unemployment, ethno-political tension in certain regions of the Russian Federation, technological terrorism can become a real threat to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

Under the scrutiny of modern terrorist groups are facilities for the storage and operation of nuclear weapons. Although these facilities are heavily guarded, the threat of terrorists using nuclear weapons remains.

There is a high probability of terrorist acts using electronic jamming of state and corporate transmitting and receiving information centers, computer networks - software (often unique) and especially stored information.

Banks, television studios, communications centers, publishing complexes, television and radio broadcasting, communications and intelligence satellites, electronic media, business centers, etc. can become objects of a terrorist strike using the principle of electronic suppression.

The danger of technological terrorism also lies in the fact that it can cause emergency situations (ES) of a natural and man-made nature, the consequences of which can be death of people, changes in the social structure of society, psychological consequences, an increase in the number of homeless and unemployed, exacerbation of interethnic and interfaith contradictions.

Modern terrorism has significant differences from the terrorism of previous eras.

1. If in the past individual or group (organized) terrorism was geographically localized, at present this phenomenon has become ubiquitous, a kind of globalization of terrorism has taken place.

2. Now people of different nationalities and from different countries have begun to unite in terrorist groups; these groups operate both on the territory of the host state and far beyond its borders.

Modern global terrorism is distinguished by high organization, the existence of a single control center. At the same time, there are network structures that are weakly or almost unrelated to each other and deeply conspiratorial groups aimed at certain tasks, as well as "sleeping groups" that are activated at the right time.

Modern terrorism uses all the latest scientific achievements, from satellite phones to global orientation systems; seeks to create and use bacteriological, chemical and nuclear weapons. He also makes extensive use of the media and the Internet, both to attract attention (and even sympathy) to himself, and to intimidate people, to maintain a state of fear.

A feature of globalized terrorism is the spontaneous formation of completely independent extremist groups that are not associated with any center, and usually include individuals zombified by sermons and various ideological nonsense, specially trained propagandists - religious ministers and teachers in schools. Such spontaneous groups are almost impossible to identify. Such people draw tactics and methods of carrying out terrorist attacks from the Internet, mass media

Modern terrorism requires significant funding. For many of its organizers, it has become a profitable business. The drug and arms trade provides funding for many terrorist acts. Interested politicians and often big business also participate in the financing of modern terrorism. The latter is carried out through legal funds, often with formally noble goals.

Modern terrorism is closely associated with extremist ideologies and extremist sectarian religious movements, such as, for example, in Islam, where extremists have transformed it into Wahhabism, an extremist-terrorist sect that undermines and prophesies traditional Islam.

Modern terrorism is increasingly linked with criminal structures and criminal business, which covers up its criminal activity by solving some social or national problems.

A serious and very dangerous phenomenon in modern terrorism has become the rapid growth in the number of people attracted by the ideologists of terrorism and the leaders of terrorist groups, who are ready to sacrifice their lives in committing a terrorist act. The so-called lethal or suicidal terrorism is on the rise, the Mujahideen-suicide bombers have become practically a mass phenomenon.

Modern terrorism has completely discarded all moral and ethical norms. Terrorists no longer choose a victim, they choose a place where there can be the maximum number of victims (and the victims may not have anything to do with politics or power), and the most barbaric method of action in which such a result is achieved. The task of terrorists is to inflict maximum damage, to create an atmosphere of fear and panic in society.

Another and not the last feature of modern terrorism: if in the past terrorists were not sufficiently technologically prepared for acts of terror, then modern terrorists often received training in intelligence services and at special-purpose training grounds. Now they are passing this knowledge and skills on to new generations of terrorists.

O. Belkov highlights the following features of modern terrorism:

· Increased cruelty of organizers and participants of terrorist actions;

· The use of political slogans and demands with a pronounced nationalist orientation;

· Professionalization, high degree of organization, tactics of actions and technical equipment;

· Increasing militarization of the struggle.

Relations between modern terrorism and the institution of statehood have moved to a new level. On the one hand, states are increasingly performing their functions of protecting citizens from terrorism. Apparently, this will continue to be so, since there is no ideal society capable of overcoming the dialectical contradiction between the democratic aspirations of some of its citizens and the need to tighten legislation and restrict freedoms in order to effectively combat terrorism. On the other hand, the flourishing of modern terrorism is undoubtedly predetermined by the active terrorist actions of states-institutions originally intended to combat terrorism.

One more important circumstance should be noted. It is paradoxical, but true: technological progress is better used by terrorists than by their enemy - the state. Indeed, thanks to technological progress, primarily the development of communications, and due to the absence of complex bureaucratic structures in terrorist organizations, terrorist attacks are organized faster than states have time to react to it. In other words, the rate of spread of the threat is higher than the rate of reaction to it. And the ratio of speeds is changing, apparently not for the better for us. For example, the procedure for financing the "work" of terrorist organizations is certainly much simpler and shorter than the procedure for allocating funds for the fight against terrorism from state budgets. In principle, it is impossible to get budget money quickly. States are now too complicated, and all the bureaucratic procedures in them are lengthy. In other words, the bureaucracy and the irresponsibility of officials turn out to be terrorists' accomplices. Suffice it to recall that long before the September 11 terrorist attack in the United States, the FBI had important information about this, which was "stuck" on the lower floors of the bureaucratic structure. During major terrorist attacks in Russia, responsible officials delayed decision-making, as they did not want to take responsibility.

There is a set of causes that give rise to terrorism in modern Russia, which includes:

· Deep-seated contradictions in the economic sphere, due to the objective difficulties of the transition to the market, as well as the subjective rejection by part of the population of new relations or the way of transition to them;

· Growing social differentiation of the population: according to sociological studies, about 20% of the population have entered into new economic relations, about 30% are lumpenized, and 40-50% are painfully looking for ways to survive;

· Low efficiency of the work of the state apparatus and law enforcement agencies, lack of effective mechanisms for the legal protection of the population;

· A fierce struggle for power between political parties and public associations pursuing political goals, or individual groups whose leaders have their own narrowly selfish goals;

· Reducing the effectiveness of the functioning of protective mechanisms in the field of morality and morality, the loss of guidance in educational work, especially among young people;

· Growth of tendencies to resolve the contradictions and conflicts that have arisen by force;

· Strengthening social contradictions under the influence of the growing criminalization of society, especially the growth of organized crime, which creates its own system of protection from law enforcement agencies and control by society.

In general, the current realities of terrorist activity in Russia are as follows:

· Unprecedented growth in recent years of terrorist acts;

· Transformation of the terrorist's personality and methods of carrying out terrorist actions;

· Terrorist activity and methods of its implementation often find "understanding" and a tolerant attitude on the part of individual social groups and entire social communities;

· The escalation of terrorism and political violence in a number of foreign countries affects the internal situation in the Russian Federation: organized crime is gaining unprecedented scope, using terrorist actions in its activities - explosions, hostage-taking, physical elimination of competitors, etc.

Terrorism "overwhelmed" our daily life, became, as it were, its indispensable component. And the roots of this social phenomenon, apparently, must be sought in the political conditions and processes that are taking shape in modern Russian society and acquiring an increasingly definite direction.

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Bibliography:

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation: [adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993] // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1993 - No. 237.25 December.

2. Russian Federation. On compulsory health insurance in the Russian Federation: federal law [adopted by the State. Duma 19. 11. 2010 (as amended on 21. 07. 2014) No. 326 - FZ] Collection of Legislation, 06.12.2010. - No. 49. - art. 6422.

3. Belov, V. A. “Sick” issue: civil legal relations with medical organizations // Legislation. 2013. No. 11. pp. 6-12.

4. Vronskaya M.V. Institute of the right to health protection in the system of social protection of citizens of the Russian Federation // Social and pension law. 2011. №2.

6. Electronic resource. // Access mode: http://www.prozdor.ru.

Ivanov V.I., Lubenets Ya.A.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM IN THE MODERN WORLD

Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law, Voronezh

Keywords: international terrorism, types of terrorism, globalization

Keywords: international terrorism, the types of terrorism, globalization.

Annotation: the article discusses the concept and essence

international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

Abstract: The article discusses the concept and essence of international terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

International terrorism is one of the most important problems not only of our country, but of the world as a whole. International terrorism is a complex interdisciplinary problem. The very aggravation of the global problem of international terrorism at the turn of the 21st century has become a hallmark of the current stage in the development of the world community.

The essence of terrorism is violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the authorities represented by individual civil servants or society represented by

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individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and public property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, a fall in the prestige of the authorities, political concessions from the authorities, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the proliferation of criminal transnational organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians.

The Russian scientist and author Kalinichev, in his work “The rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism,” believed that the problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has its own specific features.

Scientists, such as Grachev S.I. and Kolobov O.A., believed that, first of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the very problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, national, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious form of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight

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against a state dominated by a different religion or a different religious trend.

Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits.

Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is today an integral part of the spread of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt

government officials and politicians. So, in the widely known work of English scientists such as Held D., and Goldblet D., “Global Transformations”, it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is that it is difficult to predict. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that are not

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can be done by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

The peculiarity of today's terrorism is the interweaving of criminal and terrorist networks. Previously, they only occasionally came into contact, resolved some mutually beneficial issues, and then dispersed. Their contacts were not long and wide, local. Today we are witnessing a symbiosis. "Holdings", "joint ventures", figuratively speaking, which literally multiply their capabilities tenfold, they have one power structure, it becomes possible to easily move from one state to another. The classic example is the Balkans. A unified “pipeline” has been created in the Balkans, through which criminal networks pump drugs, live goods, and other criminal resources, but they can immediately provide this “pipeline” infrastructure for “pumping” weapons, for wiring and documentation

terrorist manpower.

Another extremely urgent problem is the desire of terrorists to possess weapons of mass destruction. An example of this is the terrorist attacks at the end of 2013 in the city of Volgograd. If we take into account all the signs of an explosion in the bus known by that time, then the explosion at the railway station can be qualified as a terrorist act. An explosion with a large number of victims in a public place is clearly calculated to sow panic among the population. The reasons for the attack, most likely, is that they are associated with the approach of the Sochi Olympics. Even during the Boston events that took place on April 15, 2013, it was obvious that as the 2014 Winter Olympics approached, terrorist financing should have increased, and attempts to commit terrorist attacks should have become more frequent, moreover, on Russian territory.

According to many scientists, international terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. And it is impossible to simply disagree with this. Terrorism is always a deliberate crime committed with direct intent. At the same time, the intent of a terrorist differs from the intent to kill. If in the case of a murder there are two sides - the perpetrator and the victim, then in the act of terrorism there is a third - the authorities or the public, to which the terrorist organization appeals.

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organization or terrorist. The victim of a terrorist may not be interested, it is not an end, but only a means. Their actions are aimed at achieving their goals (political, selfish, etc.) by arousing public attention, intimidating the population and government officials, promoting their political, religious or other views. At the same time, indifference to the victims is manifested, which leads to special cruelty, the mass character of innocent victims, and the death of random people.

One more problem that hinders the development of cooperation and the joint fight against terrorism can be noted - the lack of a single anti-terrorist information space at the international and national level. There is also another big threat at the international level - cyberterrorism. Indeed, there is no state in the world that would be completely protected from attacks by cyberterrorists, as evidenced by the large-scale Operation Red October, which has been successfully carried out over the past few years. The main targets of the criminals were government and diplomatic departments and scientific organizations of the most developed countries. Thus, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2013, the FSB of Russia was empowered to create a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation, information systems and information and telecommunication networks located on the territory of the Russian Federation and in diplomatic missions and consular offices. institutions of the Russian Federation abroad.

In turn, on February 13, 2013, the President of the United States signed a cybersecurity directive obliging him to create a country's cybersecurity system and develop standards and methodologies that will help reduce the risk of cyber attacks on the most important infrastructure.

Every year more and more organizations are being created to combat international terrorism - this mission is entrusted mainly to the United Nations, important documents are also issued aimed at countering terrorism; anti-terrorist centers are being set up.

A big problem in countering terrorism in Russia is the low awareness of the population. As a rule, safe behavior skills are not instilled in citizens, therefore, as a preventive measure against terrorism, it is worth setting up the production of special literature, free and widely available, posting

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memos on the topic in more visited places and in plain sight, conduct exercises in schools, universities, places of work. In the event of an increase in the level of a terrorist threat, immediately inform the population about this through the media.

Thus, the priorities of Russia's antiterrorist policy are in international cooperation, improving the economy of individual regions of the country, counteracting cyberterrorism, informing the population and instilling in it the skills of safe behavior.

Today, both in Russia and in other countries, as it seems to many, all the “i” in the ideological background of the fight against terrorism are tightly spaced, the actors, enemies and saviors have been identified. But, despite this, international terrorism is increasing every year.

Terrorism is only a method, a tactic, not a political program or ideology. It is possible and necessary to destroy terrorists and take measures to prevent terrorist attacks, but it is pointless to fight against tactics as such, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.

Bibliography

1. Kalinichev, V.V. Rights and freedoms of a citizen in the context of the fight against terrorism / VV Kalinichev // Power. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 56-59.

2. Grachev, S.I. United States of America and international terrorism / S.I. Grachev, A.A. Kornilov, O.A. Kolobov. - Nizhny Novgorod: ISI UNN, 1998

3. Held D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., Perraton J. Global Transformations. Politics, Economics and Culture. Oxford, 2000.

4. On the creation of a state system for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2013 No. 31s // Collection. law. Ros. Feder. - 2013. - No. 3. - Art. 178.