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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"National State University of Physical Culture,

sports and health named after P. F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg"

Department of Sports Medicine and Health Technologies

Test

in the discipline "Sports Medicine"

Topic: "Bleeding, types of bleeding, ways to stop various types of bleeding"

Executor:

5th year student 54 groups

Correspondence form of education

Mikhailov Dmitry Alexandrovich

Saint Petersburg 2014

Introduction

This paper briefly discusses the types of bleeding and ways to stop them.

You need to know about the types of bleeding, and you also need to know how to stop them correctly. And it doesn’t matter at all who a person works for, where he is, whether he plays sports or not - everyone can face this problem in everyday or professional activities.

Sometimes there are situations when a person's own life, or the life of his comrade, depends on the knowledge and skills of a person. For example, if a small group of tourists went on a hike, and a disaster happened in the forest or in the mountains, the wounded person may die from blood loss if qualified PHC is not provided for bleeding.

That is why such knowledge and skills will never be superfluous and will come in handy if you yourself or a friend need help in an emergency.

bleeding bandage venous

1. Definition of bleeding. Types of bleeding

Bleeding is the outflow of blood from the vessels, which occurs most often as a result of their damage. In this case, we are talking about traumatic bleeding. Bleeding can also occur when the vessel is corroded by a painful focus (tuberculous, cancerous, ulcerative). Thus, non-traumatic bleeding occurs.

Traumatic bleeding is one of the main signs of every wound. A blow, a cut, an injection violate the walls of blood vessels, as a result of which blood flows out of them. Blood clotting. Blood has an important protective property - clotting; due to the ability of the blood to clot, there is a spontaneous stop of any small, mainly capillary bleeding. A clot of clotted blood clogs the opening of the vessel that has arisen during the injury. In some cases, bleeding stops as a result of compression of the vessel.

Bleeding. With insufficient coagulability, manifested by a disproportionately long, delayed coagulation, bleeding occurs. Persons suffering from this disease can lose a significant amount of blood when bleeding from small vessels, small wounds, and even death can occur.

consequences of bleeding. With bleeding, the main danger is associated with the occurrence of acute insufficient blood supply to tissues, blood loss, which, causing an insufficient supply of oxygen to organs, cause a violation of their activity; first of all, it concerns the brain, heart and lungs.

Types of bleeding. Bleeding, in which blood flows out of the wound or the natural openings of the body to the outside, is commonly called external and bleeding. Bleeding in which blood accumulates in body cavities is called internal bleeding. External bleeding is divided into:

1. capillary - occurs with superficial wounds; blood flows from the wound drop by drop;

2. venous - occurs with deeper wounds, such as cut, stab; with this type of bleeding, there is an abundant outflow of blood of a dark red color;

3. arterial - occurs with deep chopped, stab wounds; bright red arterial blood spurts from damaged arteries, in which it is under great pressure;

4. mixed bleeding - occurs when veins and arteries bleed simultaneously in the wound.

2. Ways to stop bleeding

Stop bleeding happens:

1) Temporary stop - arterial bleeding: tourniquet, twists, maximum flexion of the limbs, arteries pressed with a finger above the site of its injury.

The temporal artery is pressed with the thumb against the temporal bone in front of the auricle when bleeding from head wounds.

Mandibular artery - pressed with the thumb to the lower jaw when bleeding from wounds located on the face.

Common carotid artery - pressed against the vertebrae on the front surface of the neck to the side of the larynx. Then a pressure bandage is applied, under which a dense bandage or cotton wool is applied to the damaged surface of the artery.

Subclavian artery - pressed against the first rib under the clavicle with a bleeding wound in the shoulder joint, upper third of the shoulder or in the armpit.

When the wound is located in the region of the middle or lower third of the shoulder, the axillary artery is pressed against the head of the humerus, in order to rely on the thumb on the upper surface of the shoulder joint, the rest squeeze the artery.

The brachial artery is pressed against the humerus from the inside of the shoulder to the side of the biceps muscle.

The radial artery is pressed directly against the underlying bone in the wrist area near the thumb in case of damage to the arteries of the hand.

The femoral artery is pressed in the groin and pubic bone by crushing with a clenched fist (this is done when the femoral artery is damaged in the middle and lower thirds).

In case of arterial bleeding from a wound located on the lower leg or foot, the popliteal artery is pressed in the region of the popliteal fossa, for this, the thumbs are placed on the front surface of the knee joint, and the rest are pressed against the artery and bones.

After performing finger pressing of the vessel, it is necessary to quickly apply, where possible, a tourniquet or twist and a sterile dressing on the wound.

The use of a pressure bandage for venous bleeding

The method of pressing the artery with the bones of the limbs is the maximum pressing by the joint, above the place of bleeding.

The imposition of a tourniquet (twisting) is the main way to temporarily stop bleeding. Esmarch's tourniquet is a rubber band or tube, on one side a chain with a hook, and on the other side a chain with large links (length - 1.25). A tourniquet is applied to only one bone (shoulder, thigh).

The order of applying the tourniquet:

We try to bleed the limb by lifting it up for 3 minutes. At the same time, finger pressure of the artery to the bone is applied, then we bend the limb as much as possible in the shoulder or hip, etc. joint with simultaneous imposition of a tight roller under the flexion surface;

We take the lining (gauze, napkin, towel, clothes) and wrap the limb above the injury site (where there is one bone);

We wind the tourniquet in the following way:

The tourniquet is brought under the limb, strongly stretched, and without reducing the tension, the first round is made around the limb, so that an overlap is obtained;

We make subsequent rounds with a gradual weakening of the tourniquet tension;

We fix the tourniquet with a chain and a hook.

We lower the limb and cover it with something warm;

We leave a note about the time of applying the tourniquet;

The patient surrenders to the doctor and is necessarily warned that the patient has a tourniquet.

Apply a tourniquet in winter for 30 minutes, in summer for 90 minutes. When transporting over a long distance, the tourniquet must be dissolved from the limb until bleeding resumes. Next, finger pressure and re-application of the tourniquet.

Next to the stump (when a limb is torn off), a tourniquet cannot be applied (it is applied above).

The tourniquet is applied no closer than 20 cm from the wound.

Signs of the correct application of the tourniquet:

1) Stop bleeding.

2) Absence of pulsation in the distal extremities.

3) The limb is pale, cold.

If the tourniquet is loosely applied, there are no signs.

If there are strong burning pains, it is necessary to weaken it. There is a strong compression of the nerve bundle, which can lead to paresis of the limb.

If the tourniquet lay for more than 4 hours, traumatic toxicosis or prolonged squeezing syndrome occurs.

2) The final stop of bleeding is a method that assumes that the bleeding will not resume.

Ways to stop bleeding

Mechanical method - applying a ligature (thread) to a bleeding vessel or chipping this place, clamping the vessel or bandaging it in the wound.

ligation of the vessel above the site of bleeding;

clamp on the vessel;

suturing of the vessel;

shunting of the vessel;

physical way:

electrocoagulation (cauterization);

ice on the wound

Chemical way - medicines:

Adrenaline into the hole of the tooth or into the nasal cavity on a swab;

swab with hydrogen peroxide;

calcium chloride 10% - 5-10 ml IV;

1% calcium chloride 100-200 ml, IV;

Sodium chloride 20% or 10% - 20-40-60 ml, IV;

10% gelatin IV;

Vikasol 1% or vitamin K in / m;

Aminocaproic acid %% - 100 ml IV;

protamine sulfate 1% - 5 ml;

liquid extract of water pepper;

biological method:

blood transfusion - direct;

Plasma transfusion - dry frozen;

blood components - erythrocyte mass, suspension, platelet mass;

hemostatic sponge;

fibrin film - with extensive burns.

Stopping bleeding with minor injuries and bleeding is carried out by tight bandaging.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be noted that it is possible to stop bleeding even without special means. Every person who has a solid knowledge of stopping bleeding, and a minimum set of materials at hand, is able to stop bleeding even in the field.

Knowledge, and if there is, experience, will help you orient yourself and not panic at a decisive moment. After all, if key arteries are damaged, delay is simply tantamount to inaction. Therefore, we can confidently say that a person who is able to timely and correctly provide PMP for bleeding can save the life of the victim.

Bibliography

1. Galinskaya, L.A., Romanovsky, V.E. First aid while waiting for a doctor / L.A. Galinskaya, V.E. Romanovsky. - Rostov - on Don: PHOENIX, 2000

2. Kostrub A. A. Medical tourist guide. /BUT. A. Kostrub., - M.: Profizdat, 1986. - 240 p.

3. Textbook "Medical care in disasters." Ed. prof. HA. Musalatov;

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Kinds

What is bleeding in medical terms? Bleeding refers to the release of blood from the walls of injured hematopoietic vessels. This may be due to injury or have another cause. What types of bleeding are there? Bleeding types of bleeding first aid are very interconnected with each other. Separation into different types in bleeding is necessary, since when providing first aid for bleeding, it will be easy to determine the algorithm of actions that any physician clearly knows. This allows you to quickly help with bleeding and minimize blood loss. But a person who is far from medicine must also have an idea about the types of bleeding in order to know the rules of first aid in difficult times and be able to put them into practice, thereby saving the lives of his friends, relatives and himself.

What types of bleeding exist:

1. For the correct provision of first aid for bleeding, a table will help, which presents the definitions of injured vessels due to what type of vessel is damaged.

Type of injured vessel	Characteristic
capillary	blood flows from small vessels of the skin surface; if the mucous membranes are injured, they also bleed; not characterized by strong intensity; - if the injury is wide, it is characterized by abundance due to large capillary damage.
arterial	flows from the lungs through the arteries; saturated with oxygen; the wound is serious because the arteries lie close to the bones; spontaneous cessation of blood flow. This is due to the fact that the shell of the artery consists of muscles, the injury causes their spasm.
venous	flows from venous vessels from tissues and cells to the heart and lungs; blood contains carbon dioxide and metabolic products; due to their superficial location, their damage is more frequent than that of the arteries; do not have the ability to contract if they are injured, but because of the thin walls they are able to stick together.
mixed	from which vessel the blood flows cannot be seen, since the organ has all varieties and, as a rule, all are damaged; occurs with injuries of the arms and legs, since the location of the veins and arteries in them runs close.
parenchymal	the type of blood flow occurs during operations, due to the fact that all internal organs are considered parenchymal; cannot be determined, since organs consist of various types of tissues and vessels, everyone gets injured.

2. In addition, the classification of bleeding includes dividing them according to the place of blood flow and there are:

internal, when internal organs or vessels are injured, the location of which is inside the body. Signs of bleeding become visible over time, so this blood flow is considered dangerous. First aid for bleeding of this type should be provided as soon as possible. Signs of this bleeding are indirect;
external bleeding when the skin surface of the body, mucous membranes or soft tissues located near the surface is damaged. Wounds, cuts and other injuries are expressed by the external flow of blood. The strength of the current depends on the damaged vessel. In addition, the external blood flows are divided, in addition to skin, into uterine, pulmonary, gastric, intestinal, and urinary system bleeding. In this regard, they are divided into hidden (detected after some time) and explicit. Blood clots can be attributed to the latent external blood flow, as well as to the internal one, if blood is retained inside the human body.

3. The type of bleeding is also classified according to its intensity and happens:

acute, when a large loss of blood occurs within a short time period. As a rule, this situation is associated with injuries. This leads to anemia;
chronic, when blood loss occurs in small portions over a long period of time, which gradually causes chronic anemia in a person.

4. From what causes bleeding it happens:

traumatic;
pathological;

5. Depending on the intensity of the blood flow, it is classified as follows:

if the blood loss is up to 0.5 liters, then such a blood flow is called light;
with an average loss of up to one liter;
with severe - up to one and a half liters;
with a massive - up to two and a half liters;
with fatal - up to three liters;
Absolutely deadly - up to three and a half liters.

In a child, this figure should not exceed 0.25 liters, otherwise it becomes dangerous for their health.

Symptoms

From which vessel is damaged, the symptoms of bleeding are different.

1. The symptoms of capillary are as follows:

red blood;
her losses are small;
stops flowing.

2. Symptoms of venous blood flow:

it is dark red, may have a burgundy color;
characterized by a fast flow in the form of strips;
if you press down from the injury, then the blood flow decreases;
poses a danger without providing first aid on time;
it rarely stops flowing.

3. Symptoms of arterial blood flow:

she is bright red;
the peculiarities of this species are that the blood flows in the form of pulsating shocks quickly;
if you press higher and lower than the injury, the flow continues in the same way;
very dangerous because of its intensity, can lead to a state of shock. First aid for them should be provided immediately.

4. Symptoms of internal blood flow:

a person is drawn to sleep, from being exhausted;
the stomach starts to hurt;
blood pressure decreases;
there is an increase in heart rate;
the skin takes on a pale shade;
a person has a painful sensation on the right or left in the cervical region. If he lies down, the pain intensifies;
are very insidious due to the fact that they manifest themselves when a large loss of blood has already occurred, and in the initial period it is difficult to detect the flow of blood. A person can suddenly become ill a few days after the onset of the injury.

5. Symptoms of latent blood flows:

with the appearance of foamy blood of a bright red color, accompanied by a cough, one can suspect the flow of blood in the lungs;
with gastric blood brown, it happens in the form of clots. At the same time, the person is exhausted, his pulse rate increases, blood pressure decreases, the skin color becomes pale, vomiting begins with a brown blood admixture, black or bloody liquid feces;
with intestinal in the feces, a change in their color to dark, brown or black is detected;
if the blood flow occurs in the kidneys or from the urinary system, then the color of the urine changes to red;
when flowing from the reproductive system, its color is red with pieces of mucus;
the scarlet color of blood in the form of drops on the feces indicates bleeding in the rectum;
a person can suddenly become ill a few days after the onset of the injury. Calling emergency care for bleeding in this case is mandatory.

About the reasons

Why is there blood? With different types of causes of bleeding are different. With a traumatic form of bleeding, the causes are as follows:

thermal effects can cause bleeding;
mechanical impact. Why is there blood in this situation? For example, fractures, bruises that occur in traffic accidents, during air travel, a fight, this can also include household and work injuries, can cause blood flow.

With a pathological form, the reasons are as follows:

vascular diseases;
diseases associated with the coagulation of the circulatory system;
diseases that can be classified as common. Why is blood flowing? It is related to illness. These include diseases of the endocrine system, for example, diabetes mellitus, diseases associated with a viral infection, and various diseases of internal organs.

Help before doctors arrive

What to do with bleeding, if it happens, how to stop the bleeding at home? What is first aid for bleeding? First aid for bleeding requires speed. Types of bleeding and first aid are interrelated.

The following describes the types of bleeding and how to stop them:

1. If the bleeding looks like a mild capillary, then the first first aid to stop the bleeding at home is as follows:

treat the affected area with iodine solution, after washing it with clean water;
ways to stop bleeding are to bandage the damaged area with a pressure gauze bandage, you can use any clean cloth;
methods to stop bleeding in case of damage to the limb are to raise the injured limb slightly up.

2. How to quickly stop the blood if it is venous bleeding:

the first first aid in this case will be to apply a tight tight bandage. If the limb is damaged, then it must be raised.

3. How to stop the arterial blood flow:

you can stop it by applying a bandage, which should compress the wound;
if a large artery is damaged, methods to stop bleeding in this case are to press the vessels against the bones. As a result, blood stops flowing to the site of injury. But we must remember that these are methods of temporarily stopping bleeding;
how to stop heavy bleeding, which is possible with this form? Ways to temporarily stop bleeding include the method of applying a tourniquet. It can be any thing such as a belt, tie, which is at hand. This method is applicable if there is profuse bleeding in the extremities. At the same time, one must remember and know that it is necessary to apply a tourniquet in a place that is located above the injured area, it is tightly knitted into a knot, while for a greater effect of compression, a stick or something like it is placed under the improvised remedy. This achieves a temporary stop of bleeding. It is necessary to note the exact time of applying the tourniquet and, upon the arrival of the doctors, be sure to tell them or put the sheet with the time of applying the bandage under the tissue;
ways to stop the flow of blood, consisting in bending the arm or leg at the joint, will help with wounds under the knee or at the elbow. In this case, it is necessary to apply a tight bandage in order to fix the arm or leg. If the femoral artery is damaged, the thigh should be pulled up to the stomach as much as possible and squeezed. Blood will not be able to go in this state;
if there is severe bleeding and how to stop it if there is nothing at hand? In such a situation, you can be anywhere. First aid here is simply to press down the damaged vessel above the area of injury with your hand, fingers, fist. Thus, the flow of blood is stopped for a short period of time, while you can orient yourself and find another way. If the brachial or femoral artery is injured, then this method is applicable. How to call an ambulance, everyone should know this.

4. With the internal form of the blood flow, you need to know its symptoms:

the skin has a pale appearance;
the pulse quickens, it is barely audible;
lips turn blue;
the patient complains that he is dizzy, dark before his eyes;
the patient breathes often and superficially;
may be fainting;
the patient is in a retarded state.

How to provide first aid for this type of bleeding? It is impossible to provide first aid for bleeding at home. With this type of bleeding, the treatment will consist of resting and applying cold to the injured area, if it is determined. In such a situation, support for the victim is also important.

In this case, do not forget about such an important matter as calling the doctors of the ambulance.

5. I would especially like to talk about the flow of blood from the nose. How to stop bleeding in this case. Why is there blood? These cases can occur with various ailments, with overheating in the sun, etc. These bleedings in children are not uncommon. It stops like this:

breathing should be carried out only through the nose;
swallowing blood is strictly prohibited;
close the nasal openings for about ten minutes, no more;
apply cold to the back of the head and nose;
put cotton swabs into the nasal openings;
the head, when applying cold and using tampons, should be slightly thrown back, otherwise it is necessary to lean slightly down. There is nothing left but to call PMP if the blood has not stopped within a quarter of an hour.

In contact with

As already noted, there are spontaneous and artificial stops of bleeding, as well as temporary and final.

Temporary stop of bleeding

The methods of temporarily stopping bleeding include the imposition of a pressure bandage, an elevated position of the limb, maximum flexion of the limb in the joint and squeezing the vessels passing in this area, finger pressure, applying a tourniquet, and also applying a clamp to a bleeding vessel in the wound. The use of any method should provide for the immediate delivery of the patient to a medical institution, where he can be provided with a final stop of bleeding. A temporary stop of bleeding can often lead to its final stop due to the formation of a blood clot in a wounded vessel.

Each of the existing methods of temporarily stopping bleeding has positive and negative sides and is used for certain indications as an independent one or in combination (for example, a pressure bandage and an elevated position of the limb). The imposition of a pressure bandage on the area of a bleeding wound contributes to an increase in interstitial pressure and a decrease in the lumen of damaged vessels, which leads to the formation of blood clots in them. The indication for applying a pressure bandage is any injury, mainly to the limbs, without clear signs of damage to a large vessel, when a tourniquet should be preferred. The disadvantage of a pressure bandage is that it does not stop bleeding when large vessels are injured and, by squeezing tissues, leads to impaired blood circulation in the peripheral parts of the extremities.

The elevated position of the limb allows you to stop bleeding, mainly if the veins are damaged. This method is often used in combination with the application of a pressure bandage.

The maximum flexion of the knee joint in case of injury to the popliteal artery, the elbow joint in case of injury to the brachial artery in the elbow bend, the hip joint in case of injury to the femoral artery in the inguinal region sometimes leads to a temporary stop of bleeding, which makes it possible to deliver the victim to the surgical department.

Finger pressing of large vessels to the bone helps to stop bleeding when some arteries are injured (carotid, subclavian, brachial, femoral, etc.). The carotid artery can be squeezed by pressing it with a finger against the transverse process of the VI cervical vertebra, which corresponds to a point in the middle of the length of the sternocleidomastoid muscle from its inner side. The subclavian artery is squeezed, pressing it against the 1st rib at a point located above the clavicle, immediately outward from the place of attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the handle of the sternum. The axillary artery can be compressed by pressing against the head of the humerus in the armpit. The brachial artery is pressed against the inner surface of the humerus at the inner edge of the biceps brachii. The femoral artery is most easily squeezed by pressing it against the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at a point immediately below the inguinal (pupart) ligament, midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis.

Finger pressure is rarely used to temporarily stop bleeding. They are used in order to provide emergency assistance or in the production of amputations, when the application of a tourniquet is for some reason undesirable (arteriosclerosis, gas gangrene, etc.). When a vessel is pressed with a finger, large nerve trunks located nearby are often compressed, which causes severe pain. A long stop of bleeding in this way is impossible due to arm fatigue, even when working with two hands superimposed on one another, when their alternate rest is possible. At the slightest opportunity, finger pressure is replaced by a tourniquet.

By applying a tourniquet, compression of the soft tissues of the limb together with blood vessels and pressing them to the bone is achieved. Many different modifications of the tourniquet have been proposed (twisting, tourniquet with a pilot, elastic tourniquet, etc.). Esmarch's tourniquet, which is a thick rubber tube up to 1.5 m long, is most widely used, at one end of which a metal chain is fixed, and at the other - a hook. It is used to stop bleeding only from the vessels of the extremities.

The technique of applying a tourniquet for arterial bleeding is as follows. A highly stretched tourniquet is applied around the base of the raised limb, which surrounds the limb 2-3 times, after which it is tied or crocheted to a chain. In order to prevent infringement of the skin, a towel is placed under the tourniquet. A tourniquet is used in case of injury to the artery and is applied above the injury site so that it completely occludes the artery. A loosely applied tourniquet compresses only the veins, which leads to stagnation of blood in the limb and increased bleeding. If only the veins are injured, a tourniquet is usually not required, as bleeding can be controlled by applying a pressure bandage, elevating the limb, and improving drainage. The correctness of the imposition of a hemostatic tourniquet is determined by the disappearance of the peripheral pulse on the limbs and the cessation of bleeding.

After the tourniquet is applied, blood circulation in the limb is completely stopped, which creates a threat of necrosis. Therefore, the tourniquet should not be left for more than 2 hours. In the accompanying document or on a piece of white oilcloth attached to the tourniquet, indicate the time of its application. The ability to immediately and completely stop bleeding in case of damage to the vessels of the limb is a positive side of this method.

However, the method of stopping bleeding with a tourniquet has disadvantages:

1) there is compression not only of the arteries, but also of the nerve trunks, which can lead to paresis or paralysis of the limb;
2) the danger of gangrene of the limb when it is squeezed with a tourniquet for more than 2 hours;
3) cessation of blood circulation in the extremity reduces the resistance of infection tissues and reduces their regenerative abilities, and the cessation of oxygen delivery to tissues creates favorable conditions for the development of anaerobic infection. Given this, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet strictly according to the indications and always take urgent measures to finally stop the bleeding. The doctor of an institution where the final stop of bleeding cannot be performed is obliged to ensure the immediate delivery of the patient to the surgical department, warning the surgeon about the time of applying the tourniquet. To reduce the adverse effect of this method of bleeding, it is recommended to dissolve the tourniquet 1-2 times for several minutes within 2 hours. This improves tissue nutrition and increases their resistance, which is especially important when transporting victims in the cold season (especially in winter).

In addition to the tourniquet, a rubber bandage is also used to stop bleeding, which injures the tissues less.

A tourniquet is also used for bleeding from large veins of the extremities. In such cases, a tourniquet is applied below the site of damage to the vessel with a force that causes compression of only superficial veins, and for up to 6 hours. A tourniquet is also used for other purposes (blood deposition in the extremities during bloodletting, etc.).

To temporarily stop bleeding, the doctor can use the method of applying a hemostatic clamp to the bleeding vessel in the wound, and such a patient needs transport immobilization. When clamping a bleeding vessel, avoid trapping neighboring nerve trunks in the clamp.

bleeding is called the outflow of blood from the vessels either outwards or into any cavities of the body. Bleeding is divided into the following types. Depending on the place of bleeding, they can be:

- external bleeding- these are bleeding that occur when the skin and subcutaneous soft tissues or mucous membranes are damaged and, as a rule, are visible to the naked eye to any person. To detect such bleeding, no medical education is required, since both the patient and the people around him see the outflow of blood.

- internal bleeding- this is a type of bleeding in which blood is poured either into the lumen of an internal organ (for example, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, bleeding from the bladder, uterine bleeding, bleeding from the kidney, etc.), or into a closed cavity of the human body. An example of such bleeding may be bleeding into the abdominal or chest cavity, bleeding into the cranial cavity, or into the cavity of any joint).

Also, bleeding is divided depending on the type of damaged vessel from which it arose. According to this principle, bleeding is of the following types:

- arterial bleeding- from the name it is clear that it occurs when an artery is damaged. With arterial bleeding, blood, as a rule, pours out in a pulsating stream, its color is scarlet. Such bleeding is most often life-threatening, as it very quickly leads to bleeding of the human body.

Venous bleeding occurs when a vein is damaged. Blood with this type of bleeding pours out with a much less weak pressure, unlike arterial blood, it never pulsates and flows in a continuous stream. Blood, as a rule, has a dark cherry tint. Most often, these bleedings are not threatening, they stop much easier. However, when large veins are injured, they can also lead to rapid bleeding and death if it is not stopped in time.

- capillary bleeding- this is bleeding that occurs with small superficial injuries. At the same time, blood is poured out of many small capillaries. In this case, the entire surface of the wound bleeds, like a sponge. The blood has a bright, as in arterial bleeding, a scarlet tint. As well as venous, capillary bleeding is rarely life-threatening.

There are many ways to stop bleeding. The choice of the optimal one depends on whether the blood flows outward or inward, and also on whether arterial, venous or capillary bleeding occurs.

Temporary methods to stop external bleeding include the following:

- Applying a rubber band- This method is paramount in arterial bleeding. A tourniquet should be applied above the site of bleeding (for example, for bleeding from the hand or forearm, the tourniquet should be applied to the shoulder; for bleeding from the lower leg, to the thigh, and so on) and tighten it until the bleeding stops.

- Applying a pressure bandage- can and should be used for any bleeding, especially in the absence of a tourniquet. The essence of the method lies in the fact that a bandage or any clean cloth is applied to a bleeding wound, over which a tight bandage is carried out.

- Finger pressing of the arteries. This type of stop bleeding requires certain skills. There are typical places where the arteries are pressed, after which the bleeding stops at least temporarily, but effectively. For example, if you press the femoral artery with your fingers, which is located slightly below the inguinal fold, you can stop almost any bleeding from the lower limb. Finger pressure on the carotid artery on the side of the injury helps stop bleeding on the face or scalp.

There are many classifications of this pathological condition and experts teach them all. However, we are interested in dividing bleeding into varieties, first of all, from a practical point of view. For the successful provision of first aid, the following classification is important. It shows the types of bleeding depending on the nature of the damaged vessel.

arterial bleeding

It comes from the arteries, which contain oxygenated blood flowing from the lungs to all organs and tissues. It poses a serious problem, since these vessels are usually located deep in the tissues, close to the bones, and situations where they are injured are the result of very strong impacts. Sometimes this type of bleeding stops on its own, because the arteries have a pronounced muscular membrane. When such a vessel is injured, the latter spasms.

Venous bleeding

Its source is venous vessels. Through them, blood containing metabolic products and carbon dioxide flows from cells and tissues to the heart and further to the lungs. Veins are located more superficially than arteries, so they are damaged more often. These vessels do not contract during injury, but they can stick together because their walls are thinner and their diameter is larger than that of arteries.

capillary bleeding

Blood flows from small vessels, most often the skin and mucous membranes, usually such bleeding is insignificant. Although it can be frighteningly abundant in a wide wound, since the number of capillaries in the tissues of the body is very large.

Parenchymal bleeding

Separately, the so-called parenchymal bleeding is also isolated. The organs of the body are hollow, in fact, - these are "bags" with multilayer walls - and parenchymal, which consist of tissue. The latter include the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, pancreas. Typically, this type of bleeding can only be seen by a surgeon during an operation, since all parenchymal organs are "hidden" deep in the body.

Depending on whether blood remains in the cavity of the body or organ or is poured out of the body, bleeding is distinguished:

Internal. The blood does not go outside, lingering inside: in the cavity of the abdominal, thoracic, pelvic, joint (s), ventricles of the brain. A dangerous type of blood loss that is difficult to diagnose and treat because there are no outward signs of bleeding. There are only general manifestations of its loss and symptoms of significant dysfunction of the organ(s).
External bleeding. Blood is poured into the external environment, most often the causes of this condition are injuries and various ailments that affect individual organs and systems. These bleedings can be pulmonary, uterine, from the skin and mucous membranes, gastric and intestinal, from the urinary system. At the same time, visible outpourings of blood are called explicit, and those that occur in a hollow organ that communicates with the external environment are called hidden. The latter may not be detected immediately after the onset of bleeding, because it takes time for blood to come out, for example, from a long digestive tube.

Usually bleeding with clots is external hidden or internal, when the blood lingers inside the organ and partially clots.

Acute. In this case, a large amount of blood is lost in a short period of time, usually it occurs suddenly as a result of an injury. As a result, a person develops a state of acute anemia (anemia).
Chronic. Long-term loss of small volumes of this biological fluid is usually caused by chronic diseases of organs with ulceration of the vessels of their walls. Cause a state of chronic anemia.

The main causes of bleeding

Why is there blood? With different types of causes of bleeding are different. With a traumatic form of bleeding, the causes are as follows:

thermal effects can cause bleeding;
mechanical impact. Why is there blood in this situation? For example, fractures, bruises that occur in traffic accidents, during air travel, a fight, this can also include household and work injuries, can cause blood flow.

With a pathological form, the reasons are as follows:

vascular diseases;
diseases associated with the coagulation of the circulatory system;
diseases that can be classified as common. Why is blood flowing? It is related to illness. These include diseases of the endocrine system, for example, diabetes mellitus, diseases associated with a viral infection, and various diseases of internal organs.

What can cause bleeding? Here it is appropriate to note that there are also two fundamentally different types of them, based on the factor whether the normal vessel is damaged or the pathological condition has arisen against the background of the destruction of the altered vascular wall. In the first case, bleeding is called mechanical, in the second - pathological.

The following main causes of bleeding can be distinguished:

Traumatic injuries. They can be thermal (from exposure to critical temperatures), mechanical (in case of a bone fracture, wound, bruise). The latter occur in various extreme situations: traffic accidents, railway and plane crashes, falls from a height, fights involving piercing objects, gunshot wounds. There are also industrial and domestic injuries.
Vascular diseases, including tumors (purulent tissue lesions with vascular involvement, atherosclerosis, hemangiosarcoma).
Diseases of the blood and liver coagulation system (hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, fibrinogen deficiency, hypovitaminosis K, hepatitis, cirrhosis).
General diseases. For example, diabetes mellitus, infections (viral, sepsis), lack of vitamins, poisoning cause damage to the vascular walls throughout the body, as a result, plasma and blood cells seep through them and bleeding occurs.
Ailments that affect various organs. Expiration of blood from the lungs can cause tuberculosis, cancer; from the rectum - tumors, hemorrhoids, fissures; from the digestive tract - ulcers of the stomach and intestines, polyps, diverticula, tumors; from the uterus - endometriosis, polyps, inflammation, neoplasms.

Classification

Separation into different types in bleeding is necessary, since when providing first aid for bleeding, it will be easy to determine the algorithm of actions that any physician clearly knows. This allows you to quickly help with bleeding and minimize blood loss. But a person who is far from medicine must also have an idea about the types of bleeding in order to know the rules of first aid in difficult times and be able to put them into practice, thereby saving the lives of his friends, relatives and himself.

1. For the correct provision of first aid for bleeding, a table will help, which presents the definitions of injured vessels due to what type of vessel is damaged.

Type of injured vessel	Characteristic
capillary	blood flows from small vessels of the skin surface; if the mucous membranes are injured, they also bleed; not characterized by strong intensity; - if the injury is wide, it is characterized by abundance due to large capillary damage.
arterial	flows from the lungs through the arteries; saturated with oxygen; the wound is serious because the arteries lie close to the bones; spontaneous cessation of blood flow. This is due to the fact that the shell of the artery consists of muscles, the injury causes their spasm.
venous	flows from venous vessels from tissues and cells to the heart and lungs; blood contains carbon dioxide and metabolic products; due to their superficial location, their damage is more frequent than that of the arteries; do not have the ability to contract if they are injured, but because of the thin walls they are able to stick together.
mixed	from which vessel the blood flows cannot be seen, since the organ has all varieties and, as a rule, all are damaged; occurs with injuries of the arms and legs, since the location of the veins and arteries in them runs close.
parenchymal	the type of blood flow occurs during operations, due to the fact that all internal organs are considered parenchymal; cannot be determined, since organs consist of various types of tissues and vessels, everyone gets injured.

2. In addition, the classification of bleeding includes dividing them according to the place of blood flow and there are:

internal, when internal organs or vessels are injured, the location of which is inside the body. Signs of bleeding become visible over time, so this blood flow is considered dangerous. First aid for bleeding of this type should be provided as soon as possible. Signs of this bleeding are indirect;
external bleeding when the skin surface of the body, mucous membranes or soft tissues located near the surface is damaged. Wounds, cuts and other injuries are expressed by the external flow of blood. The strength of the current depends on the damaged vessel. In addition, the external blood flows are divided, in addition to skin, into uterine, pulmonary, gastric, intestinal, and urinary system bleeding. In this regard, they are divided into hidden (detected after some time) and explicit. Blood clots can be attributed to the latent external blood flow, as well as to the internal one, if blood is retained inside the human body.

3. The type of bleeding is also classified according to its intensity and happens:

acute, when a large loss of blood occurs within a short time period. As a rule, this situation is associated with injuries. This leads to anemia;
chronic, when blood loss occurs in small portions over a long period of time, which gradually causes chronic anemia in a person.

4. From what causes bleeding it happens:

traumatic;
pathological;

5. Depending on the intensity of the blood flow, it is classified as follows:

if the blood loss is up to 0.5 liters, then such a blood flow is called light;
with an average loss of up to one liter;
with severe - up to one and a half liters;
with a massive - up to two and a half liters;
with fatal - up to three liters;
Absolutely deadly - up to three and a half liters.

In a child, this figure should not exceed 0.25 liters, otherwise it becomes dangerous for their health.

In total, doctors distinguish five types of blood loss:

Capillary. Characteristic for damage to small blood vessels system, for example, in case of abrasion or a shallow cut. Blood is released in the form of drops, and bleeding stops most often on its own.
Venous. In this case, the wound touches the deep layers of the skin with damage to the veins. Blood flows out very slowly, visually representing a continuous stream of dark red color. If the veins of the upper half of the body were injured, then the blood comes out in the form of an intermittent jet synchronously with breathing.
Arterial. The cause of bleeding in this case is damage to the arteries. The rate of blood leakage and the risk of bleeding are directly proportional to the size of the damaged vessel. In particular, damage to the femoral or iliac artery can be fatal in just a few minutes. Arterial injury is characterized by the ejection of blood in a jet. Stopping bleeding in this case is provided by clamping the affected artery above the site of the injury.
Mixed. With such blood loss, simultaneous damage to both veins and arteries occurs.
Parenchymal. It is characteristic of damage to internal organs, while the wound surface bleeds continuously. Self-stop bleeding in this case is almost impossible. It is important to seek qualified help as soon as possible.

In this case, external and internal bleeding is distinguished. With the external type, you can clearly see how the blood is released from the wound.

It is very difficult to self-diagnose internal bleeding because the surface of the skin remains intact. In this case, blood accumulates either in tissues or in body cavities.

The cause of the onset of internal bleeding can be, for example, a fall from a height or a blow with a blunt object.

Bleeding is usually called the outflow of blood from damaged vessels as a result of their injury. Non-traumatic bleeding may also occur. Its causes may be painful foci (ulcerative, cancerous, tuberculosis), which are the cause of corrosive vessels.

Traumatic bleeding is the main sign of injury. Blood has a very important property - clotting. Thanks to it, a spontaneous stop of minor bleeding is possible. Blockage of the opening of the vessel resulting from injury occurs through a clot of clotted blood.

If blood clotting is poor, then even minor bleeding slows down very slowly. Therefore, with insufficient coagulability, there is a loss of a significant amount of blood.

Bleeding is distinguished depending on the type of damaged vessel. So, it is customary to distinguish:

Capillary. It is noted by a slow, uniform release of scarlet blood from the entire wound. Usually they are subject to self-stop (if clotting is normal).

Venous. The blood is poured out in an even, uninterrupted stream. Her color is dark.

Arterial. A stream of blood flows out, pulsing, in the form of shocks. Her color is scarlet. The blood loss is very large. Dangerous if large arteries are damaged.

Determining the type of bleeding in practice is complicated by the fact that all the vessels are located close to each other. In most wounds, they are injured at the same time. Therefore, when determining the type of bleeding, it is worth determining the following types:

Weak. Stops when treating a wound.
Strong. It is characterized by rapid blood loss. Therefore, bleeding is initially stopped, and then the wound is treated. After all, a large blood loss can provoke a fatal outcome.

It is important to know how to determine the type of hemorrhage, and what emergency measures to take. A person who remembers how to act in this or that case can save a person's life. What are the ways to temporarily stop external and internal bleeding, how to stop hemorrhage inside the body - you will learn in our article.

Differential diagnosis of bleeding is an important procedure that allows you to save precious seconds during the rescue of the wounded.

Having studied the symptoms of bleeding, you can quickly determine its type and provide competent first aid. So you not only save a person, but also minimize blood loss. Consider the main types of bleeding and how to stop them briefly.

Depending on the damaged blood vessel, the following bleeding is divided:

Capillary is the least dangerous external hemorrhage. It occurs when the integrity of the capillaries is violated. After an injury, blood of a rich red hue oozes evenly, like from a sponge. The body copes with bleeding on its own, except in cases where the victim has reduced blood clotting or an extensive wound. Tight bandaging is used to stop the blood;
Venous is bleeding that occurs when a vein is damaged due to a superficial or deep wound. After an injury, dark blood flows from the wound, the hemorrhage is intense and constant. To stop the blood, use the method of finger pressing under the wound or a bandage of a pressing type. If the previous methods did not work, then it is necessary to apply a tourniquet;
Arterial - this is the most severe and dangerous bleeding that occurs as a result of knife, gunshot or mine-explosive wounds. After an injury, a pulsating jet of bright red blood flows from the wound. The hemorrhage is very strong, if you do not help a person, he will die in 3 minutes. To stop the bleeding, fingers pinch the damaged artery over the wound, after which a tourniquet is applied to the place of pressing.

Signs of bleeding

Patient complaints:

Weakness, unmotivated drowsiness;
Dizziness;
Thirst;
Feeling of palpitations and shortness of breath.

The external symptoms of blood loss that are observed with any type of bleeding are as follows:

Pale skin and mucous membranes;
Cold sweat;
Increased heart rate;
Dyspnea;
Disorders of urination up to the complete absence of urine;
drop in blood pressure;
Frequent weak pulse;
Violations of consciousness up to its loss.

Local

But the spilled blood may not have contact with the environment. In this case, we talk about internal bleeding. It also has several varieties:

hemorrhages in the free abdominal cavity;
gastrointestinal;
uterine, vaginal;
hemorrhages in internal organs.

With blood loss in a person, the following common symptoms appear:

thirst;
dizziness;
weakness, drowsiness;
palpitations and shortness of breath.

With a strong loss of blood of any kind, the following consequences appear:

pallor of the skin;
dyspnea;
increased heart rate;
release of cold sweat;
urination disorder;
frequent and weak pulse;
pressure drop;
disturbance of consciousness up to its loss.

For all types of external bleeding, a common symptom is the presence of a wound or damage to the skin or mucous membrane and a visible outflow of blood from it. However, the character varies depending on the type of vessel.

Capillary bleeding covered with dried blood crust

Capillary hemorrhage is the most common, since it occurs with any injuries and injuries with a violation of the integrity of the skin. This species is characterized by a non-intensive uniform outflow of blood, which usually stops on its own. Difficulties do not arise either in diagnosing the condition or in treating it.

The cause of venous bleeding is deep wounds of any size and superficial injuries that violate the integrity of the intermuscular and saphenous veins. You can recognize them by the intensity of the blood stream, which is difficult to stop, since there is a constant flow of blood through the vein. The blood has a dark tint, its outpouring can be stopped by pressing on the damaged blood vessel below the wound.

Venous bleeding is very dangerous, and therefore require urgent medical attention. In a short time, a person can lose a large amount of blood. Only in rare cases, venous hemorrhage stops on its own. Superficial wounds bleed less intensively, and if deep veins are damaged, profuse bleeding occurs.

Arterial vessels lie deeper, because their effusion is the least common. As a rule, knife, mine-explosive and gunshot wounds can provoke arterial bleeding. In domestic conditions, such damage can only be obtained with a very thin and sharp object.

Arterial bleeding is characterized by an intense, pulsating hemorrhage of bright red blood. Blood loss cannot be stopped by conventional pressure below or above the wound.

As a rule, with an arterial hemorrhage, a person quickly loses a lot of blood, which causes shock. With a complete rupture of the artery, the blood in the full circulating volume can expire in just 1 minute. Therefore, such injuries require immediate attention.

Mixed external bleeding is typical for extensive wounds and injuries, such as fractures, falls from a height onto sharp objects, etc.

Depending on the localization of latent bleeding, characteristic symptoms and signs are established.

A similar table can be drawn up for internal bleeding. Its difference from the hidden one is that the blood does not come out. You can recognize the localization of blood loss by characteristic signs.

Loss or confusion of consciousness, local disturbances of motor functions, coma

Pain in the abdomen, nausea and vomiting; abdominal muscle tension

Pain in the chest, shortness of breath

Swelling of the joints, pain on probing and movement

A temporary stop is performed before the delivery of the patient to medical institutions. After, in a hospital setting, medical workers finally stop the hemorrhage.

There are several ways to ensure minimal blood loss. This or that method is used depending on the type of bleeding and localization of vascular damage.

Apply direct compression of the bleeding site. It can be used for non-intense hemorrhages (venous, capillary and mixed). It is more effective when the wound is located in the upper and lower extremities.

A temporary stop is performed as follows:

apply a sterile napkin to the wound (in its absence, clean, fresh linen);
make a roller of cotton wool or clothes, press it against the wound;
tighten with a bandage or press with your hand.

For minor bleeding of the hands, fingers, or feet, you can raise the wounded limb. This method can be combined with the use of a pressure bandage.

tourniquet is indicated only for arterial bleeding;
it must be applied above the site of bleeding and only on the shoulder or thigh;
it is necessary to use a fabric gasket;
in the absence of an elastic tube or strip, use a bandage (twist in 4-5 layers), a strip of fabric and or a rope;
tourniquet should be applied for no more than 2 hours in summer and 1 hour in winter;
it is necessary to mark on the free limb, paper or the bandage itself the time of applying the tourniquet.

To stop arterial bleeding, you can use the method of violent flexion of the limbs. To do this, they are strongly bent in the joints that are above the wound - the hip, knee, elbow. After that, the limb is fixed with bandages.

To immediately stop bleeding, when there are no conditions and opportunities for applying a tourniquet, you can use another way to stop it. By pressing the main arterial trunks stop arterial circulation. The vessels closest to the bones and surfaces are selected.

The common carotid artery presses against the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae in the middle of the inner edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. If the patient lies on his stomach, then turn his head in the opposite direction. The hand is positioned so that the thumb is on the back of the neck, and the remaining fingers press the carotid artery.

Compression of the subclavian (a) and carotid artery (b)

When the subclavian artery bleeds, it is pressed against the 1st rib in the supraclavicular fossa in the place where it lies between the scalene muscles. When the victim lies on his stomach, the caregiver takes his head away from the subclavian artery, places four fingers on the back of the neck, and squeezes the artery with his thumb.

The brachial artery is compressed with fingers at the edge of the biceps brachii. The brush wraps around the shoulder from the outside.

Compression of the brachial (a) and intramuscular artery (b)

To clamp the femoral artery, it is compressed to the horizontal branch of the pubic bone under the ligament located in the middle between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic section. To do this, use two thumbs, which clasp the thigh, or clench the right hand into a fist and squeeze it hard, acting on top of the left hand. If these methods are ineffective, then the knee is used to press the artery.

Compression of the femoral artery

A fist is used to stop bleeding in the abdominal aorta. They press the artery to the spine in the epigastric region. The force of pressure increases with the help of the left hand.

If bleeding comes from the brachial or axillary artery, then the victim's elbows are bent and held in this position with bandages or other dressing

The rules for stopping mixed bleeding depend on which part of the body is damaged. The first aid algorithm is as follows:

1. If a hemorrhage occurs from a limb, then it is lifted and they try to fix it for several minutes until a first-aid kit is brought.
2. With the outpouring of blood in large quantities from the damaged artery, press on the vessel above the wound (methods are described above).
3. If the damage is extensive, then press the wound with the palm of your hand, using a lining from a handkerchief, clean linen.
4. After 3-5 minutes, the limb is placed on a flat surface, fingers or hands are removed from the wound. A gauze bandage or bandage is applied, folded in 7-10 layers.
5. Before the arrival of the ambulance, local anesthesia is performed (Ketanov, Lidocaine, analgin). These drugs are administered to the victim, who is conscious.
6. After another minute, the bandage is removed, the wound is treated with hydrogen peroxide, and the area around it is treated with brilliant green and iodine.
7. Again apply a squeezing clean bandage on top.

For internal bleeding, apply cold to the injury site. To do this, you can use snow covered in a bag, ice wrapped in a towel, ice-cold water in a bottle.

Give the victim plenty to drink. If he does not have signs of an "acute abdomen", then you need to constantly give him sweet tea. This is necessary to replenish the fluid balance. For anesthesia, you can enter 3 ml of Dexamethasone, and to reduce the intensity of hemorrhage - substances such as Hemophobin, vitamin C, calcium chloride, Vikasol.

To completely stop bleeding, there are also various methods. It is carried out in a hospital setting.

Symptoms

From which vessel is damaged, the symptoms of bleeding are different.

1. The symptoms of capillary are as follows:

red blood;
her losses are small;
stops flowing.

2. Symptoms of venous blood flow:

it is dark red, may have a burgundy color;
characterized by a fast flow in the form of strips;
if you press down from the injury, then the blood flow decreases;
poses a danger without providing first aid on time;
it rarely stops flowing.

3. Symptoms of arterial blood flow:

she is bright red;
the peculiarities of this species are that the blood flows in the form of pulsating shocks quickly;
if you press higher and lower than the injury, the flow continues in the same way;
very dangerous because of its intensity, can lead to a state of shock. First aid for them should be provided immediately.

4. Symptoms of internal blood flow:

a person is drawn to sleep, from being exhausted;
the stomach starts to hurt;
blood pressure decreases;
there is an increase in heart rate;
the skin takes on a pale shade;
a person has a painful sensation on the right or left in the cervical region. If he lies down, the pain intensifies;
are very insidious due to the fact that they manifest themselves when a large loss of blood has already occurred, and in the initial period it is difficult to detect the flow of blood. A person can suddenly become ill a few days after the onset of the injury.

5. Symptoms of latent blood flows:

with the appearance of foamy blood of a bright red color, accompanied by a cough, one can suspect the flow of blood in the lungs;
with gastric blood brown, it happens in the form of clots. At the same time, the person is exhausted, his pulse rate increases, blood pressure decreases, the skin color becomes pale, vomiting begins with a brown blood admixture, black or bloody liquid feces;
with intestinal in the feces, a change in their color to dark, brown or black is detected;
if the blood flow occurs in the kidneys or from the urinary system, then the color of the urine changes to red;
when flowing from the reproductive system, its color is red with pieces of mucus;
the scarlet color of blood in the form of drops on the feces indicates bleeding in the rectum;
a person can suddenly become ill a few days after the onset of the injury. Calling emergency care for bleeding in this case is mandatory.

It will not be superfluous to have information that allows, by accompanying signs, to determine which vessel or organ has received damage. Symptoms are divided into two types: general and local.

The general symptoms for any type of bleeding are the same. The victim has the following:

severe weakness;
dizziness accompanied by fainting;
dry mouth and intense thirst;
pale skin color;
instability of blood pressure;
weak and unstable pulse.

But the local symptoms characteristic of internal bleeding are quite diverse. With the outflow of blood into the cavity of the cranium, signs of compression of the medulla will be clearly manifested.

Filling the pleural cavity with blood is accompanied by signs of hemothorax. In this case, the victim experiences severe shortness of breath. He has a weakening of breathing, trembling of the voice, and the depth of inspiration also decreases. A chest x-ray will help confirm the diagnosis, as well as a puncture of the pleural cavity.

Blood accumulated in the abdominal cavity can provoke signs of peritonitis. These are pain, vomiting, nausea, tension of the anterior abdominal wall, common signs of peritoneal irritation. Ultrasound can confirm the fears.

The clinic of outflow of blood into the joint cavity depends on the size of the damaged vessel. Local manifestations include:

severe swelling of the joint;
a feeling of bursting;
pain of varying intensity.

If no action is taken, then gangrene may develop in the future.

Now you are familiar not only with the symptoms and types, but also with ways to stop bleeding. We hope that in a difficult situation this knowledge will be useful to you.

Before sorting out what types of bleeding are and first aid for them, it is important to learn how to recognize this pathological situation. After all, not all damaged vessels can be seen from the outside, and this makes diagnosis very difficult.

So, if large arteries are damaged, the most dangerous bleeding occurs - arterial. The color of blood is bright red, it is thrown out by a powerful and fast jet. The patient quickly loses consciousness, his pulse is rapid, weak. The patient may have nausea, vomiting, dizziness. Death occurs quickly if proper assistance is not provided and the bleeding is not eliminated.
Venous bleeding is slower, uniform, its color is dark cherry. If small vessels are damaged, the blood can even stop itself, as a result of which a blood clot forms. With prolonged bleeding, the blood level drops sharply, which leads to a state of shock and even death.
The most harmless bleeding is capillary. The body itself can achieve its stop, since the vessels are very small, and their damage is not even visible. Capillary bleeding can be dangerous only if there is a clotting disorder.
Parenchymal bleeding is also very dangerous. It can be observed when organs with a huge vascular network (kidneys, liver) are damaged, when not one vessel bleeds, but many. Stopping this bleeding is a difficult task because it is often internal.

Naturally, with different types of bleeding, first aid for them will also be different.

Therapy after stopping bleeding in the hospital

The use of coagulation-improving, blood-substituting drugs, whole blood / plasma / platelet suspensions is mandatory. Intravenous infusion therapy is also needed to restore the balance of ions. Since bleeding after serious traumatic incidents is usually far from the only problem, in parallel with the work to stop it, doctors carry out emergency diagnosis and treatment of concomitant disorders.

The main thing is not to lose your head if trouble happened to one of the people around you, and the person has bleeding. In order to cope with it, you can use materials from the car first-aid kit, things from your own bag, items of clothing or household items.

The task and duty of every normal person is to provide first aid to the victim, which consists in temporarily stopping the loss of blood. And then you should immediately take the patient to a medical institution on your own or urgently call an ambulance.

What methods of temporary stop of bleeding are known? Here they are:

Pressure (pressing the vessel in the wound, applying a pressure bandage).
Applying a hemostatic sponge, ice, irrigation with hydrogen peroxide (for capillary bleeding).
Very strong flexion of the limb.
Dense tamponade with a bandage, gauze, cotton wool (for the nasal cavity, deep external wounds).
Applying a hemostatic tourniquet.

Ways to finally stop bleeding, which can only be performed by a doctor and in a medical institution, are:

Mechanical: ligation of the vessel in the wound, performing a vascular suture, stitching the tissue together with the vessel.
Chemical: anticoagulants and vasoconstrictors (calcium chloride, epinephrine, aminocaproic acid)
Thermal: electrocoagulation.
Biological (to stop capillary and parenchymal bleeding during operations): fibrin films, hemostatic sponges, hemming of the body's own tissues (omentum, muscle, fatty tissue).
Vessel embolization (introduction of small air bubbles into it).
Removal of the affected organ or part of it.

First aid for arterial bleeding

A tourniquet is very effective if the vessel of the limb is damaged. The method of pressure and tight tamponade of the wound is also used.

To stop bleeding, it is important to know what types of bleeding exist and how to stop them. When bleeding is detected, various methods can be used to stop bleeding. For this, the following measures are taken:

The bleeding site must be given an elevated position.
In the presence of capillary, venous bleeding, it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage.
Mandatory compression of the artery.
It is necessary to bend the limb at the joint with maximum force.
If the bleeding on the limbs is strong, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet, twist.

After completing all of the above steps, a sterile dressing should be applied.

Since arterial bleeding is considered the most dangerous for a person, it is necessary to recognize it very quickly and provide urgent assistance. Blood loss is very large and rapid due to the fact that the fluid moves through the arteries with high pressure and pulsation. First aid for this type of bleeding is provided according to the following algorithm:

Find the damaged artery and press it tightly with a tourniquet to the bone above the site of hemorrhage.
A tissue is placed under the tourniquet so that it does not pinch the soft tissues of the body so much. Next, the time is recorded when this tight bandage was applied, since it can be kept for a maximum of 1-1.5 hours. Display this time on a piece of paper and hide under a bandage. If the time limit is ignored and the tourniquet is held for longer, tissue without blood flow can die, leading to amputation of the limb.
If the tourniquet needs to be removed already, and the patient has not yet been delivered to the hospital, the bandage is loosened for a few minutes, holding the wound with his hands.
The patient must be taken to the clinic as soon as possible for further medical treatment.

If arterial bleeding occurs on the feet or hands, a tourniquet is not used. Instead, the damaged area is bandaged tightly and raised above the rest of the limb.

If the carotid, temporal, subclavian and iliac arteries are damaged, it is not possible to apply a conventional tourniquet. Therefore, it is necessary to make a tight tamponade. They take sterile cotton wool, put it deep into the damaged area, make sure that the blood flow has stopped, and then apply a dense layer of bandage on top.

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