UDC 811.111

SHCHEGLOVA Natalya Vladislavovna,

Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Krasnodar, Russia e-mail: [email protected]

THE SPECIFICITY OF THE TRANSLATION OF REALIA (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE ENGLISH ART LITERATURE)

The article discusses the features of the translation of realities. Concepts for the definition of words-realities in Russian translation studies are given. Various methods of conveying words-realities within the framework of literary texts are described. Ways of interpreting realities are analyzed on the material of translations of the novel by the English writer J.K. Jerome "Three in a boat, not counting the dog".

Key words: realities, translation, translation equivalents, translation adequacy.

SHCHEGLOVA Nataliya Vladislavovna,

associate professor of Foreign languages ​​Department, Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, Krasnodar, Russia e-mail: [email protected]

PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF NON-EQUIVALENT VOCABULARY(ON THE EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE)

The article analyzes the means of translating non-equivalent vocabulary. The review of classification of non-equivalent vocabulary is submitted. The peculiarities of translation of foregoing vocabulary from English into Russian are considered. Ways of interpretation of non-equivalent vocabulary are analyzed on material of the translations of the novel of the English writer J. K. Jerome "Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog)".

Keywords: non-equivalent vocabulary, translation, translation equivalents, adequacy of the translation.

As the history of translation shows, “translating goes through the entire history of mankind, through the civilizations of the East and West: scientists find translation monuments among the Phoenicians, and among the Carthaginians, and in the Iranian civilization, and among the ancient Persians, and in Ancient India, and in China , and in Japan. Here, everywhere, history has preserved translation dictionaries and monuments of not only linguistic translation (information and communication, that is, translation of management acts, business, trade, diplomatic documents, etc.), but also literary criticism, that is, translation of works of art.

The translation of literary texts makes it possible to expand the collective memory of mankind, master the world and erase borders and barriers. In literary translation, it is very important to preserve the form, content, structure and aesthetic impact of the original text. In the process of translation, not only languages, but also cultures are compared.

Non-literalness can be attributed to the features of literary translation. Often, when faced with difficult-to-translate elements in a literary text, one has to find equivalents in the language into which the text is being translated. In translation theory, such concepts are referred to as "realities". In domestic translation studies, the following concepts are used to define realia words:

1) "gaps" (lacunas) - situations that are common for the culture of one people, but not observed in another culture;

2) "non-equivalent vocabulary" - words that do not have equivalents outside the language to which they belong;

3) "exotic vocabulary" - lexical units denoting geographical and historical realities;

4) "barbarisms" - words with the help of which it becomes possible to describe foreign customs, features of life and life, the creation of local color;

5) "ethno-lexemes" - lexical units that characterize the system of knowledge about the specific culture of a certain people as a historical and ethnic community of people;

6) "alienisms" - words from little-known languages ​​that emphasize the stylistic function of exoticisms.

All the authors we have listed addressed the question of methods of translating realities. In our opinion, it is advisable to highlight the following:

1) transcription (transliteration) / practical transcription;

2) hypo-hyperonymic translation;

3) tracing paper (tracing paper, semi-tracing paper);

4) descriptive translation;

5) introduction of a functional analogue;

6) use of transposition;

7) contextual translation.

For practical analysis, we chose the novel by J. K. Jerome "Three men in a boat, not counting the dog", published in 1889. The story of the journey of three gentlemen along the river

Philology and linguistics

The Thames has been repeatedly translated into Russian (the most popular were two versions - Mikhail Salier, as well as Mikhail Donskoy and Elga Linetskaya, created in the 1950s-1970s). Let's give some examples.

1.1 lb. beefsteak, with 1 pt. bitter beer... 1. 1 pound steak and 1

A pint of bitter beer.

Possible methods of transferring realia-measures in the text, according to S. Vlakhov and S. Florin, are transcription, transcription followed by an explanation in footnotes or translation through a functional analogue / equivalent. In the given example, the realia-measure is in the center of attention, therefore the method of its transmission chosen by the translator, transcription, allowed to preserve the original data, as well as the national flavor.

When studying the features of the translation of realities, one must remember that they are a component of background knowledge and language competence. When transferring realities, it should be taken into account that the recipient of the translation most likely does not have the necessary background knowledge, which requires the need to introduce certain transformations into the translation text. As an example, here is an excerpt in which the difference in the names of meals is clearly visible.

2. The steward recommended the last course, as it would come so much cheaper. He said they would do him for the whole week at two pounds five. He said for breakfast there would be fish, followed by a grill. Lunch was at one, and clustered of four courses. Dinner at six - soup, fish, entree, joint, poultry, salad, sweets, cheese, and dessert. And a light meat supper at ten .

The steward advised the second method, as more profitable. He said that food for the whole week would cost two pounds five shillings. He said that they serve fish and grilled meat for breakfast. Lunch is at one o'clock and consists of four courses. At six o'clock - lunch: soup, entrée, roast, game, salad, sweets, cheese and fruit. And finally, at ten o'clock, a light supper of several meat dishes.

Lunch was served when the ship had just left Sheerness.

Before sailing, the barman approached him and asked if he would pay for each meal separately, or would he pay in advance for the whole time.

The barman recommended the latter to him, as it would be much cheaper. He said he would charge him two pounds five shillings a week. Fish and grilled meats are served in the morning; breakfast is at one o'clock and consists of four courses; at six - appetizer, soup, fish, roast, poultry, salad, sweets, cheese and dessert; at ten o'clock - a light meat supper.

The second breakfast was served as the steamer passed Sheerness.

S.G. writes about this difference. Ter-Minasova: “...the equivalence of translations into English of the simplest words breakfast, lunch, dinner is highly doubtful due to differences in culture. Breakfast exists in two varieties: continental and English - with a stable and regular, meager, in terms of Russian traditions, menu. Russian breakfast is a completely unlimited variety of foods, varying in different social and territorial groups, and simply from family to family.

Lunch confuses the picture even more, because it is both lunch and dinner, or rather, neither lunch nor dinner, which does not coincide either gastronomically, in terms of a set of dishes, or in time (lunch at 12.00 is too early, dinner at 20-21.00 is too late for lunch). Dinner is both dinner and supper.

M. Donskoy and E. Linetskaya, in an effort to preserve the national flavor, turned to the method of transliterating the reality of lunch without explanation in the translation text, which led to the appearance of an obscure word. At the same time, in M. Salier's translation, the translation of this reality by the word breakfast causes bewilderment in the reader, since in Russia traditionally the afternoon is followed by lunch or dinner.

Summing up our analysis, we note that the practical material of this article can be used in the preparation of classes on the theory of translation, regional studies, as well as in foreign language classes for mastering sociocultural, social and intercultural competence.

REFERENCES

1. Berkov V.P. Questions of bilingual lexicography. - L., 1973.

2. Vlakhov S., Florin S. Untranslatable in translation. - M., 1986.

3. Jerome K. J. Three men in a boat, not counting the dog. - St. Petersburg, 2004.

4. Jerome K. J. Three in one boat, not counting the dog / per. from English. - M., 2002.

5. Jerome K. J. Three in one boat, not counting the dog. Three on four wheels. Stories: novels, stories / trans. from English; vtup. Art. S. Markish. - M., 2005.

6. Nelyubin L.L. Translation studies in retrospect // Philology -Philologika. - 1997. - No. 12.

7. Revzin I.I., Rosenzveig V.Yu. Fundamentals of general and machine translation. - M., 1964.

8. Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to linguistics. 4th ed., rev. and additional - M., 1967.

9. Suprun A.E. Exotic vocabulary // Philological sciences. - M., 1958. - No. 2.

10. Ter-Minasova S.G. Language and intercultural communication: textbook. allowance. - M., 2008.

11. Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the general theory of translation (linguistic problems). 4th ed. - M., 1983.

12. Chernov G.V. Theory and practice of simultaneous translation. 2nd ed., 2007.

13. Sheiman L.A. On the accounting of ethnocultural vocabulary in Russian-language courses for non-Russian students // RYANSH. - 1978. - No. 5.

1. Berkov V.P. Voprosyi dvuyazyichnoy leksikografii. Leningrad. 1973. (in Russ.).

2. Vlahov S., Florin S. Neperevodimoe v perevode. Moscow, 1986. (in Russ.).

3. Jerom K. J. Troe v lodke, ne schitaya dog. Saint-Petersburg. 2004. (in Russ.).

4. Jerom K. J. Troe v odnoy lodke, ne schitaya sobaki / per. s engl. Moscow, 2002. (in Russ.).

5. Jerom K. J. Troe v odnoy lodke, ne schitaya dog. Troe na chetyireh kolesah. Rasskazyi: po-vesti, ras-skazyi / per. s engl.; vtup. st. S. Markisha. Moscow, 2005. (in Russ.).

6. Nelyubin L.L. Translation of a retrospective. Philologiya Philologika. 1997. no.12. (in Russ.).

7. Revzin I.I., Rozentsveyg V.Yu. Osnovyi obschego i mashinnogo perevoda. Moscow, 1964. (in Russ.).

8. Reformatskiy A.A. Vvedenie v yazyikovedenie. 4th ed., ispr. i dop. Moscow, 1967. (in Russ.).

9. Suprun A.E. Ekzoticheskaya leksika // Filologicheskie nauki. Moscow, 1958. no. 2. (in Russ.).

10. Ter-Minasova S.G. Yazyik i mezhkulturnaya kommunikatsiya: ucheb. posobie. Moscow, 2008. (in Russ.).

11. FYodorov A.V. Osnovyi obschey teorii perevoda (linguisticheskie problemyi). 4th ed. Moscow, 1983. (in Russ.).

12. Chernov G.V. Teoriya i praktika sinhronnogo perevoda. 2nd izd., 2007. (in Russ.).

13 Sheyman L.A. Ob uchete etnokulturovedcheskoy leksiki v russkoyazyichnyih kursah dlya nerusskih uchaschihsya. RYaNSh. 1978 no. 5. (in Russ.).

UDC 811.111’255

Publication date 27.01.2017

Features of the translation of realities from English into Russian (based on the materials of the British news service "BBC")

Chervotkina Yulia Alexandrovna

Zakharova Natalia Vladimirovna
National Research Tomsk State University, Russian Federation, Tomsk

Resume: This article is devoted to the analysis of reality as part of the science of translation studies. The themes of the emergence, development and role of realities in the modern language of the media are touched upon. The classification of realities and their types are described. The authors focus on the problem of translation of realities. The authors have proposed several methods of translation, given recommendations for their use. In the practical part of the study, some examples of the translation of articles taken from the website of the British news service BBC are considered, and the reasons for the chosen method of translation are explained.
Keywords: reality, translation techniques, media language, English, Russian, cultural features of the language

Translation of realias from English into Russian (based on BBC articles)

Chervotkina Yu. A.

Zakharova N.V.
National Research Tomsk State University, Russia, Tomsk

Abstract: The article is devoted to realias as a translation problem. It focuses on the main features of the phenomenon: the emergence of realias, their development, and the role they play in the modern language of the mass media. The authors describe a range of classifications of realias and illustrate their types. Due to their complex nature, realias are hard to translate. It requires knowledge of language and culture. Therefore, the article offers a set of methods and recommendations for interpreters how to translate different types of realias. The research is based on news articles published on the website of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The authors selected realias, classified them, provided an adequate translation of words, word combinations and excerpts of authentic English articles into Russian.
Keywords: realias, translation techniques, mass media language, English, Russian, cultural particularities of the language

INTRODUCTION

Translation is an integral part of the daily life of mankind. Previously, he contributed to the dissemination of cultural, religious ideas, works of art and scientific works. Today, translation is an important part of the process of information exchange and communication between people, regardless of their origin and country of residence. Translation appears wherever there is a barrier of interlingual communication.

There are many details in translation that require special attention, for example, realities. There are several reasons why translators are wary of realities. Firstly, the high speed of their distribution - every day dozens of new concepts and objects appear in languages ​​that move around the world very quickly. One of the difficulties is the need to find the correct translation of the word. However, not only language, science also does not stand still. Today, linguists and translators have a large arsenal of techniques for conveying realities by means of the target language and ways of using them in the speech of a native speaker of the receiving language.

METHODOLOGY

Despite the fact that realities have existed since the beginning of communication between representatives of different linguistic cultures, the concept of realia, as well as scientific works devoted to this phenomenon, appeared only in the middle of the 20th century. The term “realia” became widespread after the publication in 1980 of the work of the Bulgarian authors S. I. Vlakhov and S. P. Florin “The Untranslatable in Translation”.

In translation studies, the concept of "reality" refers not only to facts, phenomena and objects, but also their names. These terms are national in nature and refer to non-equivalent vocabulary - words that serve to express concepts that are absent in another culture or language, as well as words that have no equivalents outside the language to which they belong. Realities have a specific meaning, which is due to the referent's belonging to a particular culture and is expressed in the opposition "one's own - someone else's".

The problem of translation of realities was considered in the works of such researchers as Ya. I. Retsker, A. V. Fedorov, I. I. Revzina, V. Yu. , L. Ya. Chernyakhovskaya, L. K. Latyshev, V.S. Vinogradov, R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev, V. N. Komisarov. The most relevant information on the issue under study can be obtained from modern articles by N. A. Fenenko, A. N. Chitalina, I. V. Charychanskaya.

Realities, like terms, in most cases are nouns (for example, bookmaker, hot dog). However, unlike terms, verbal nouns are never found among realities.

There is a special category of words - derivatives of realities, the vast majority of which are denominative adjectives, for example: vershokovy, arshin, ruble. It should be remembered that regardless of whether we consider the words derived from realities to be realities or not, they have national, temporal and other coloring, like the realia itself. It should be noted that adjectives with direct and figurative meaning can be formed from some realities. For example, the word "pound" means "weighing one pound" and can only be used in its direct meaning, so it is rare. The word "penny" is used not only in its direct meaning ("worth a penny"), but also figuratively - "inexpensive", "low-paid", "petty-prudent". Often the figurative meaning of such adjectives prevails over the direct. For example, in the phrase "pood boots" the word "pood" does not mean that they weigh a pood, they are just very heavy.

Getting into another language, the realia "acclimatizes" and begins to "behave" like other words of this language - change in cases, numbers. However, there are also less flexible realities, which are more difficult to take root and remain inflexible. In Russian, they are mostly neuter (for example, bistro, dajibao). Also, realia can get into another language not in the form in which it is present in the native language. For example, the word comics from the English language entered Russian in the singular - comics, in contrast to the original, which is used only in the plural. In Russian, this word has received the plural form - comics, since, according to S. I. Vlakhov, the rules of the host language, not the source language, play a decisive role in the issue of grammar.

Realities can be not only lexemes, but also aphorisms, i.e. phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, popular expressions, as well as abbreviations, phrases and sentences (for example, “All roads lead to Rome”, “To carry coal to a Newcastle”).

For the most complete study of the realities, we considered several of their classifications. It is known that any classification of units that are not amenable to clear regulation is conditional and schematic. Therefore, we have studied several classifications of realities, depending on the feature underlying them.

So, Z. G. Proshina proposes to divide the realities into four types:

1) unique words associated with culture: kimono (English) - kimono, Christmas yule log (English) - a large log burned on Christmas Eve;

2) analogues: drug-store (English) - pharmacy, hazing - hazing (English);

3) similar words with different functions: cuckoo's call (eng.) - cuckoo's call: American girls count how soon they will get married; Russians count to find out how many years they have left to live;

4) gaps: clover-leaf (eng.) - road junction in the form of a clover leaf.

N. A. Fenenko believes that the concept of reality has a terminological flaw, since it denotes both the phenomenon of extralinguistic reality (object), and its cultural equivalent (concept), and the means of nominating this concept in the language (lexeme or phrase combination). She proposes a division of realities into: R-realities (from French realite), denoting an object; C-realities (from French concept culturel) or cultural equivalent; L-realities, i.e. lexemes or phrase combinations (from French lexeme).

Among the realities in linguistic and regional studies are onomastic realities (proper names, names), including: 1) geographical names (toponyms), especially those with cultural and historical associations; 2) anthroponyms - the names of historical figures, characters of fiction and folklore, the names of works of literature and art; 3) historical facts and events in the life of the country, the names of state public institutions.

One of the most common classifications, covering the main criteria of realia in the Russian language, is the classification of S. I. Vlakhov and S. P. Florin:

1. Subject division of realities:

• geographical realities:
• names of objects of physical geography (steppe, tornado),
• names of geographical objects associated with human activity (polder, chaltyk),
• names of endemics (koala, yeti, sequoia);
• ethnographic realities:
• life: food (spaghetti, cabbage soup), clothes (mittens, moccasins), housing (hut, yurt, igloo), transport (rickshaw, cab, coachman),
• labor (drummer, farmer, gaucho, machete, lasso, collective farm, ranch, latifundia),
• art and culture (lezginka, tarantella, blues, balalaika, banjo, ikebana, geisha, carnival, holi, Thanksgiving),
• ethnic objects (crest, fritz, yanks, tarasconian, gabrovecian),
• measures and money (arshin, foot, yard, barrel, centime, lira, ruble);
• socio-political realities:
• administrative-territorial structure (canton, province, department),
• bodies and holders of authority (mejlis, Sejm; chancellor, sheriff),
• social and political life (Ku Klux Klan, Red Crescent, lobby, bachelor, college, gentry),
• military realities (legion, crossbow, tunic, midshipman);

1. Local division of realities:

1) national realities - objects belonging to one people, nation and strangers outside the country. Most of the realities belong to this type, especially since nationality is one of the main features of the realities (English lobby; German - schnapps; Russian - oprichnik); 2) regional realities - realities that have spread among several peoples and are an integral part of several languages. These include Sovietisms, Latin American and African realities, the realities of the English-speaking countries, the Far Eastern realities and others (Bolshevik, drummer); 3) international realities - realities that appear in many languages, retaining their national coloring (cowboy, sombrero); 4) local realities - realities that do not belong to the language, but to the dialect, adverb, or the language of a less significant social group (for example, babuk, mamuka); 5) micro-local realities - a conditional term denoting realities, the social or territorial basis of which is very narrow: the word can be characteristic of one city or village (for example, hallore, lanovka);

1. Temporary division of reality into historical and modern. Their status is not constant, along with the change of the referent, the status of realia also changes. It recedes into history, or, conversely, the old word begins a new life in the form of a reality. For example, the word “airplane”, which began its history with a fairy-tale reality (“flying carpet”), is now an element of everyday life. The words "satellite" and "foreman" are prime examples of this process.

Another aspect that was subject to research in our work is the methods of translating realities. The emergence of such a variety of techniques for translating realities is explained by the complexity of this concept. Translation practice has developed several techniques for translating such words: transliteration / transcription, tracing, descriptive translation. Transliteration takes as a basis the graphic transmission of the form of the word, i.e. transmission of the word of the original language using letters. Most often, this method is used to convey such realities as proper names and geographical objects. For example: English. lady, lobby, hobby, apartheid; Russian muzhik, samovar, troika, knout, pogrom, bolshevik, spoutnik. Transcription is based on the phonetic principle - the transfer of words of a foreign language in Russian letters: New York, Wall Street. This method conveys the sound of the word more accurately.

Tracing is the creation of a new word, phrase or compound word to designate the corresponding subject based on morphological elements that already exist in the target language. For example: sky-scraper (skyscraper), people of good will (people of good will), Cape of Good Hope (Cape of Good Hope). There is also a half-calculus technique, which is based on the translation of only part of a word or phraseological unit. The rest is not translated, for example: television (television), workaholic (workaholic).

However, if the use of these methods for the translation of reality is impossible or inappropriate, theorists and practitioners of translation suggest resorting to descriptive translation. It is believed that there is not a single word that cannot be translated in this way. For example, the English word lobby can not only be translated as a lobby, but also be described as "pressure exerted on members of the English Parliament in the lobby" .

It is impossible to say unequivocally which of the above methods of translation is better. Relevance is decisive when choosing a translation in any situation: an inappropriately applied technique will be unsuccessful. When translating any text, it is necessary to take into account the following features: the nature of the text, the significance of realia in the context, the nature of the realia, its place in the lexical systems of foreign and translating languages, word-formation possibilities, linguistic and literary traditions of both languages, who will read the translated texts. Genre features of literature significantly influence the choice of the method of translating reality. In a scientific text, reality is often a term and is translated by it. In journalism, they often resort to transcription, in fiction - to transcription or descriptive translation. Transcription techniques should be avoided in dialogues.

When choosing a translation method, one should take into account whether the realia is alien (taken from a third language) or one's own (is native to one of the languages ​​used). The meaning of someone else's reality is usually revealed by the author of the original, and his own reality poses more complex tasks for the translator. If the author of the original focuses on any realities, it makes sense to translate it by transcription in order to preserve the national flavor and historical flavor. It is believed that you should not overload the text with transcribed realities - this will not help the reader get closer to the original.

The main ways of translating proper names are tracing, transcription and transliteration. In the past, transliteration was widely used. For example, the name Newton was translated by M. Yu. Lermontov as Newton, and Isaac as Isaac. This variant has been widely used. However, over time, the transcription changed transliteration, and the name Isaac today is translated as Isaac. According to , transcription is today the most reasonable and generally accepted method of transmitting onomastic realities.

None should leave transliteration in the past. If the language of origin of the proper name is unknown, this is the most appropriate method to use. When the translator cannot guarantee correct pronunciation, transliteration helps prevent spelling errors.

In the modern language of the media, a new approach to translation is noticeable: translators of articles refuse transliteration and transcription and use the transfer technique when translating proper names written in Latin into their text. For example:

« Guardian: Russia has revived the naval power of the Soviet era"

"Konstantin Kiselev on the radio Sputnik noted that WEF participants have something to discuss in terms of the economy”

« Le Figaro: oil prices could explode the "speculative bubble" in the US"

The reason for this lies in the recognition of the brand or name, because many Russians are more or less familiar with the English language. In addition, more and more people are interested in the events taking place in the world, so you can understand what is at stake even without knowing the exact translation of a popular cafe (for example, KFC or McDonald’s) or the name of a newspaper. Another reason for this may be that there are a number of narrow concepts (for example, the names of companies whose activities are limited to a certain area, and it is of interest to people of a particular social or professional group). In this case, the “recognition effect” also works. If the translator translates the name of such a company into the receiving language using transliteration/transcription, there is a high chance that the reader will not understand what is being said. Writing PricewaterhouseCoopers in an article in Russian would look more appropriate than PricewaterhouseCoopers. For a person who does not speak English, it looks like an incomprehensible and unreadable set of letters, unlike a professional who quickly orients himself in the media material mentioning this company.

Media texts often use abbreviations that also represent realities. Researchers offer three options for translating such lexical units: 1) borrowing in Latin, 2) transliteration / transcription, and 3) translation and creation of a new abbreviation in the receiving language. Examples from news articles illustrate the above techniques:

« PEGIDA Since October 2014, he has been holding actions "against the Islamization of Europe" in Germany"

"Chapter UNESCO condemned the terrorist attack in Kabul that claimed the lives of media workers"

“The authorities of the country are waiting for a successful consideration IMF memorandum of cooperation"

Due to the fact that in the modern world it is becoming an increasingly common practice to transfer a Latin-language proper name into text written in the host language, it is worth remembering that there are correspondences established by the dictionary (for example, New York (New York), Florida (Florida), Wild West (Wild West), from which under no circumstances can you deviate.

Articles in the media, speeches of political figures are texts with a high proportion of the use of proper names - more than 13%. Proper names are always culturally specific, so we can talk about the extreme importance of the correct translation of these units and their difficulty for the translator's work.

STUDY AND RESULTS

Our study, firstly, was aimed at identifying, categorizing and quantitatively analyzing the realities in the printed materials of the BBC news agency. As part of the study, we made a selection of realities from 20 articles on political, economic and other general topics published by the British News Service in the period from July 2015 to June 2016. Below is a classification of the selected realities by subject matter, set out in the works of S. I. Vlahova and S. P. Florin (Table 1). In parentheses is the language of origin of the word according to the electronic etymological dictionary.

Table 1. Subject classification of realities

Type of reality	Examples
Geographic	Oceania, Africa, US, Falklands, Arctic Circle, Mediterranean, Gulf States, Europe
Ethnographic
Life	zika virus, smartphone (smart - English, telephone - French, but the telephone was invented by a Scot), Italian Cup, minicab (English)
Art and culture	Olympic games (English), Oscar (English), FinTech, football (English)
Ethnicity	Russian, British, Egyptian, German, Sharia, Muslims
Measures and money	pound (English), mile (English), barrel (Old French), million (French), dozen (French), dollar (German), liter (French), kilometer (French), meter (fr.)
Socio-political
Administrative-territorial structure	province (French), capital (English), country (French), area (Latin), city (French), El Salvador, Brazil, US, Sao Paulo, Haiti, Britain, Dawson’s Field, Switzerland, Shanghai
Bodies and authorities	Health Ministry (fr.), the US Centers (fr.) for Disease Control and Prevention, the chairman (chair - fr., man - eng.) of the Electoral Council, president (fr.), ruling party (fr.) , candidate (Latin), spokesman (English), MP (member - Latin, parliament - French), the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee, the Organization (French) for Economic Cooperation and Development, Foreign Minister (French), Government (French), Pentagon (Greek), Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Environmental Audit Committee (Latin), t s ar (Latin Caesar), the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (French), the Commonwealth (common - French, wealth - English), the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Latin), boss (Dutch), HM Treasury ( fr.), managing director (latin), international energy agency (latin), major (latin) the chief (fr.) executive of International Airlines Group (fr.), CEO, institution (fr.), Pentagonal Mart (latin) , Anglo-Persian Oil (Latin) Company (French), World Economic Forum (Latin), Arab Spring (Latin), US Federal Reserve (French)
Social and political life	Today (English) program (Latin), Guardian (French), Daily (English) Politics (Latin), Autumn (French) Statement (Latin), GDP (Gross - French, Domestic - French, Product - Latin), Constitution (French), BBC, Virgin (Latin), Amazon (Greek), Starbucks, El Al, Uber, TalkTalk, BT, Sky

The studied material contains 100 realities, which is 100%. Geographic realities account for 8% (8 units), ethnographic realities - 25% (25 units), socio-political - 67% (67 units). Thus, most often in the BBC articles during the period under study there were realities related to a socio-political group, in second place in frequency were ethnographic realities. Among them, the most frequently used is the group denoting measures and money - 40% (10 units). This is followed by everyday realities - 25% (5 units), realities expressing ethnicity - 24% (6 units), and realities from the sphere of art and culture - 16% (4 units).

In the group of socio-political realities, the most representative subgroup is the realities, denoting the bodies and holders of power. They made up 50% of the studied material (35 units). Socio-political life is determined by 22% of realities (15 units), administrative-territorial structure - 20% (14 units). Military realities accounted for 8% (6 units).

For the second part of the study, 111 onomastic realities were selected from the BBC materials, which were classified according to the above concept of O. V. Filippova into toponyms, anthroponyms and names (Table 2).

Table 2. Classification of onomastic realities

Type of reality	Examples
Anthroponyms	Ricardo Lourenco, Pierre-Louis Opont, Jude Celestin, Michel Martelly, Jovenel Moise, Matt Brittin, Marcel Gyr, Margaret Hodge, Pierre Graber, Imogen Foulkes, Didier Burkhalter, Curtis Rodda, Sir Michael Caine, Nick Robinson, Jeremy Corbyn, Richard Norton -Taylor, Alex Vines, Dan Damon, Bob Dudley, Kamal Ahmed, Christine Lagarde, George Osborne, Willie Walsh, Antony Jenkins, John MacFarlane, Jes Staley, Robert Lewandowski, Xabi Alonso, Rene Adler, David Alaba, Aaron Hunt, Pep Guardiola , Maurizio Sarri, Roberto Mancini, Dido Harding, Carolyn McCall, Philip Hammond, Mark Price, David Cameron, Rob Collins, Charlie Mayfield, Michael Horn, Paul Willis, Stuart Gulliver, Douglas Flint, Justin Trudeau, Maureen Levy, Noel Desjarlais, Bill Gates, Yahya Jammeh, Muammar Gaddafi
Toponyms	El Salvador, Barcelona, ​​Oceania, Africa, US, Haiti, Glasgow, Mediterranean, The Canal Saint, Martin, Gulf States, Falklands, Arctic Circle, Taipei, Luton, Wolfsburg, Hong Kong, Saskatchewan, the city of Prince Albert
Titles	BBC, Olympics, HMRC Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, Google Europe, Amazon, Starbucks, OECD, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Arab Spring, Ecowas, OBE, Inter Milan, Aldi, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, El Al, Half King , BP, IMF, Heathrow, Barclays, JP, Morgan, VW, PR, Uber, CBC news, World Economic Forum, HSBC, TalkTalk, BT, Sky, Virgin, Easyjet, Waitrose, Channel 4, John Lewis Partnership, Lidl, Bank of England, Mark Carney, MPC, Standard and Poor's, La Loche Community School

This analysis made it possible to determine which onomastic realities dominate in media materials for the subsequent consideration of this factor in the work of a translator. As a result, almost half - 47% (52 units) - are anthroponyms. The names of companies, organizations, places of urban infrastructure and others are somewhat less common - 37% (41 units). Finally, toponyms play an insignificant role - 16% (18 units).

In continuation of our study, testing and selection of an adequate, most acceptable variant of the translation of realities based on the methods proposed in the authors' works were carried out in order to formulate recommendations for the translator on the choice of methods for transmitting the realities of the British media in Russian. Table 3 presents our own translation of some selected onomastic realities. Complex and non-standard realities were chosen in order to show the peculiarities of their translation.

Table 3. Techniques for translating realities

Original	Translation	Translation acceptance
Willie Walsh	Willie Walsh	transcription
Xabi Alonso	Xabi Alonso	transcription
Noel Desjarlais	Noel Dejarlet	transcription
Yahya Jammeh	Yahya Jammeh	transcription
Muammar Gaddafi	Muammar Gaddafi	transcription
El Salvador	Salvador	transcription
Barcelona	Barcelona	transcription
Oceania	Oceania	transliteration
africa	Africa	transliteration
US	USA	descriptive translation
haiti	Haiti	transcription
Glasgow	Glasgow	transliteration
Mediterranean	mediterranean	descriptive translation
The Canal Saint Martin	Canal San Martin	tracing paper
gulf states	Gulf countries	descriptive translation
Taipei	Taipei	transcription
wolfsburg	wolfsburg	transliteration
Hong Kong	Hong Kong	transcription
The city of Prince Albert	prince albert	transcription
BBC	BBC	transliteration
Aldi	Aldi	transfer
Inter Milan	Inter	transcription
OBE	Order of the British Empire	descriptive translation
Ecowas	Ecowas	transcription
Arab Spring	Arab spring	tracing paper
World Economic Forum	World Economic Forum	half-tracing paper
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	descriptive translation
OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development	descriptive translation
Google Europe	Google Europe	transfer
HMRC	HMRC	transfer
Olympics	Olympic Games	tracing paper
Anglo-Persian Oil Company	Anglo-Iranian Oil Company	descriptive translation
El Al	El Al	transcription
half king	half king	transfer
BP	BP	transfer
IMF	IMF	tracing paper
Heathrow	Heathrow	transcription
vw	Volkswagen	transfer
PR	Public relations	descriptive translation
Uber	Uber	transfer
CBC news	CBC	transfer
HSBC	HSBC	transliteration
talktalk	talktalk	transfer
easyjet	easyjet	transfer
Bank of England	Bank of England	tracing paper
MPC	Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England	descriptive translation
Standard and Poor's	Standard and Poor's	transfer
La Loche Community School	La Loche Settlement School	descriptive translation
UNESCO	UNESCO	transcription

A comparative analysis of the methods of translating specific lexical units existing in translation practice leads us to the following conclusions: the most acceptable method of translating onomastic realities is transcription, which we applied to 58% of the studied material (64 units). The following techniques in terms of adequacy in descending order of frequency of their use are transfer - 20% (22 units), descriptive translation - 11% (12 units), transliteration - 6% (7 units), tracing paper - 5% (5 units), semi-tracing paper - 1% (1 unit).

To check whether the above recommendations on how to translate realities in context are correct, we translated from English into Russian 5 BBC articles that appeared on the website of this media outlet from 2010 to 2016. The article "Saudi Arabia: All female Brunei crew in historic flight", published March 15, 2016, is abbreviated to allow for a concentrated analysis of the realities .

Saudi Arabia: All female Brunei crew in historic flight

Three Royal Brunei Airlines pilots have made history by being the company’s first all-female flight crew, making their first journey to Saudi Arabia, where women are not allowed to drive.

The women flew the Boeing 787 Dreamliner from Brunei to Jeddah. The milestone coincided with Brunei's National Day to celebrate independence.

Last year women in Saudi Arabia cast their votes for the first time in municipal elections. A total of 978 women also registered as candidates. They were alongside 5,938 men and had to speak behind a partition while campaigning, or be represented by a man. The decision to allow women to take part was taken by the late King Abdullah and is seen as a key part of his legacy.

Great achievement

The flight Captain was Sharifah Czarena, assisted by Senior First Officers Sariana Nordin and Dk Nadiah Pg Khashiem. Captain Czarena trained in the UK and in December 2013 became the first Royal Brunei pilot to fly out of London Heathrow in its flagship Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

She told The Brunei Times in 2012: “Being a pilot, people normally see it as being a male-dominant occupation. As a woman, a Bruneian woman, it is such a great achievement. It’s really showing the younger generation or the girls especially that whatever they dream of, they can achieve it.”

Saudi Arabia: Historic Brunei Female Crew Flight

The three pilots of Royal Brunei Airlines made history as the first female crew to make their first flight to Saudi Arabia, where women are not allowed to drive.

The women drove the Boeing 787 Dreamliner from Brunei to Jeddah. This event coincided with the National Day of Brunei, which marks its independence.

Last year, Saudi women were able to vote in local elections for the first time. In addition to 5,938 men, 978 women were registered as candidates. During the election campaign, they had to campaign behind a screen or be represented by a man. The decision to allow women to vote was taken by the late King Abdullah and is part of his legacy.

Great achievement

The role of the captain was played by Sharifa Tsarena, she was assisted by senior first officers Sarian Nordin and Nadia Hashim. Captain Tsarena trained in the UK and in December 2013 became the first Royal Brunei pilot to fly from London Heathrow on the airline's flagship Boeing 787 Dreamliner. In 2012, she told The Brunei Times: “People usually imagine that the position of pilot is occupied by a man. Being a woman, a Brunei woman, is a great achievement. It shows the younger generation, and especially girls, that they can achieve what they dream of.”

Table 4 illustrates the techniques for translating realities in this article.

Table 4. Translation of realities in the article

"Saudi Arabia: All female Brunei crew in historic flight"

Original	Translation	Translation acceptance
Saudi ArabiaBruneiJeddahAbdullahSharifah Czarena Dk Nadiah Pg Khashiem	Saudi ArabiaBruneiJeddahAbdullahSharifa Tzarena sariana nordin Nadia Hashim	Transcription: the norm is fixed in the dictionary, the most reasonable and generally accepted method of transmission
	Royal Brunei AirlinesBoeing 787 DreamlinerThe Brunei Times	Transfer: "brand awareness effect"
the UK	United Kingdom	Descriptive translation: common norm
Brunei's National DayKingCaptainSenior First Officer	Brunei National DayKingCaptainSenior First Officer	Tracing paper: the absence of this concept in the Russian language or the generally accepted norm in the Russian language

Below are excerpts from four BBC articles, which demonstrate the features of choosing the method of translating realities and provide an explanation of the reasons for the choice.

Queen's 90th birthday is marked at Trooping the Color parade

Weeks of preparation go into the tightly choreographed spectacle, which includes mounted military bands and Guardsmen wearing traditional bearskin hats and scarlet tunics.

The massed bands of the foot guards performed music, including an arrangement of Happy Birthday, and an intricate display of marching manoeuvres before the Queen received the royal salute .

The queen celebrated her 90th birthday at the Trooping the Color parade

Weeks of preparations resulted in a superbly choreographed spectacle, which involved military musicians and guardsmen, traditionally dressed in fur shakos (bear-skin hats) and scarlet uniforms.

Numerous bands of the Infantry Guards played music, including an arrangement of "Happy Birthday", and demonstrated elaborate maneuvers before the royal salute was given.

This paragraph contains a number of military realities: a guardsman, a bearskin hat, a tunic, a foot guard, a royal salute. For the translation of most of them, we used a descriptive translation, a translation by a phrase for a better understanding of readers who are ignorant of this subject. Another reality is the name of the parade Trooping the Color, the translation of which into Russian sounds like “bringing out the banner”, “solemn guards with the removal of the banner”. Obviously, such a translation will look cumbersome and less attractive, so we suggest using the transfer technique. It is justified by the "brand recognition effect" - this parade is traditionally held in honor of the birthday of the British monarch.

Whiskey: Scotland's billion pound industry

Adam Parsons visits the Isle of Arran, fifty miles west southwest from Glasgow including a ten mile hop over the Firth of Clyde. He spends the morning learning about the four billion pound whiskey industry.

James MacTaggart, master blender at the Isle of Arran Distillery, tells Adam that there's no rule as to whether or not you should add water to whiskey, it's up to personal preference .

Whiskey: production per billion

Adam Parsons visited the Isle of Arrana, located fifty miles west-south-west of Glasgow. The journey included a ten-mile flight across the Firth of Clyde, an inlet of the Irish Sea off the western coast of Scotland. He spent the morning studying the four billion dollar whiskey industry.

James McTaggard, master blender at the Isle of Arran Distillery, assured Adam that there was no rule to add water to whiskey. It's just a matter of everyone's taste.

This passage presents several realia-anthroponyms - Adam Parsons (Adam Parsons), James MacTaggart (James McTaggard), as well as place names - Isle of Arran (Isle of Arran), Firth of Clyde (Firth of Clyde), which are translated by transcription , with the exception of the word Firth of Clyde, the method of translation of which is tracing and likening translation with explanation.

Another reality is whiskey. This word is of Irish origin and is associated with readers with this particular country, being by right a bright element of culture and language. This word in Russian appeared due to the translation technique of transcription.

Abdi Gutale death: Man charged with murder of mini-cab driver

Abdi Gutale, from Leytonstone, died when a gunman opened fire as he drove down a residential street in Leyton in the early hours of 14 May.

Kingsley Harvey, 25, also from Leytonstone, was arrested on Wednesday and remanded in custody after a hearing at Thames Magistrates' Court. He will next appear at the Old Bailey on 7 June.

Two men aged 19 and 31 have been arrested on suspicion of murder and released on bail until early July.

Death of Abdi Guteil: Man accused of killing taxi driver

Abdi Guteil, a resident of the Leytonstone area, died after being shot at by an armed man. Guteil was attacked while driving down a residential street in Leyton in the early hours of 14 May.

Kingsley Harvey, 25, also of Leytonstone, was arrested Wednesday and placed in custody after a hearing in Thames Magistrates' Court. He will next appear at London Central Court on 7 June.

Two men aged 19 and 31 were arrested on suspicion of murder and released on bail until early July.

In this passage of the article, you can see several anthroponyms (Abdi Gutale (Abdi Guteil), Kingsley Harvey (Kingsley Harvey), geographical name (Leytonstone - Leytonstone), also the names of socio-political institutions Thames Magistrates' Court (Thames Magistrates' Court), Old Bailey ( London Central Court). Of particular interest is the phrase Old Bailey, for which the technique of descriptive translation is used, as well as the word mini-cab, transmitted in the same way. Due to the absence of such a concept in Russian, we turned to the technique of generalization and used the word "taxi" This type of transport as a mini-cab is distributed mainly in the UK and differs from ordinary taxis in size, and also in that it can only be ordered by phone and not stopped on the street.

Straw attacks by lobbyists' 'stupidity'

Justice Secretary Jack Straw has spoken out against the “stupidity” of Stephen Byers, Patricia Hewitt and Geoff Hoon after they were suspended from the Parliamentary Labor Party over lobbying claims.

Speaking on the Today programme, he said that, from what he had seen, their behavior “does indeed bring the Parliamentary Labor Party, as well as Parliament, into disrepute” .

Stroh's attacks on "stupid" lobbyists

Attorney General Jack Straw has spoken out against the "stupidity" of Stephen Byers, Patricia Hewitt and Geoff Hoon after their membership in the Labor parliamentary group was suspended on suspicion of underhanded machinations.

Speaking on the program "Today", he noted that their behavior actually harms both the Labor Party and the Parliament as a whole.

This excerpt of the article presents anthroponymic realities (Jack Straw (Jack Straw), Stephen Byers (Stephen Byers), Patricia Hewitt (Patricia Hewitt) and Geoff Hoon (Jeff Hoon), as well as political realities - Labor (Labor, Labor). These examples are translated into Russian by transcription. Derivatives from them were adapted by us in form to the words of the Russian language by using the necessary suffixes and endings. For the word "lobby" (lobby), which, although it exists in Russian and is understandable to connoisseurs of political discourse, we chose a descriptive translation, emphasizing the negative connotation of the essence of claims against members of parliament.

FINDINGS

The study of realities in media texts in English and the implementation of their translation into Russian led to the following conclusions. Media texts are saturated with realities. The most common types of realities are socio-political (which are dominated by realities denoting authorities and holders of power) and ethnographic. From the group of onomastic realities, anthroponyms and various names are most often encountered. To translate these groups of realities, we recommend using transcription and transfer techniques. The form of the word during transcription should receive morphological features corresponding to the rules of the grammar of the Russian language. Transfer as a translation technique is typical for the language of the media, since the words used by the English-language media have become international and therefore well recognizable.

In the case of rare and culturally specific realities, it is advisable to use the method of descriptive translation or tracing (if the norm is fixed in such a variant in the dictionary of the target language). To do this, the translator must be familiar with the subject of the article being translated and the features of the linguistic culture described in it. All special cases of choosing an acceptable translation of a word in the context are subject to analysis in terms of its equivalence and adequacy.

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MAIN WAYS OF REALITY TRANSLATION

The translation of realia presents great difficulties in view of the fact that in most cases in the culture of the target language there is no phenomenon or object designated by realia in the target language. In this regard, when translating realities from English into Russian, it is necessary to use various translation transformations, which are “various interlingual transformations that are carried out to achieve translation equivalence (“translation adequacy”) despite the differences in the formal and semantic systems of the two languages.”

From the point of view of V.N. Komissarov, the main ways of transferring realities from one language to another are the following five ways:

• 1. Correspondences - borrowings that reproduce the form or pronunciation in the target language;
• 2. Correspondences - tracing papers that reproduce the morphemic composition of a word or phrase;
• 3. Correspondences - analogues, which are the closest word in the meaning of the translating language, however, it can be used, as a rule, only in this context;
• 4. Correspondence - lexical substitutions that are formed in the process of translation transformations;
• 5. Description used when other methods are not appropriate or not possible to use them.

It should be noted that analogues of realities, used several times, quite often become common and often used in the target language. In the case of realities - phrases, we can talk about the creation of new phraseological turns.

If we talk about non-equivalent units not only as lexical units, but also as grammatical structures, in this case we can distinguish the following three ways of translating realities into Russian:

• 1. Zero translation, in which a grammatical non-equivalent unit is omitted or compensated with the help of some lexical reality;
• 2. An approximate translation, in which a non-equivalent grammatical unit is partially transferred in the translation;
• 3. Transformational translation, in which a grammatical non-equivalent unit is transmitted using various grammatical transformations.

The application of transformational theory in the field of transferring realia from English into Russian is also possible under the conditions of transferring the lexical form of realia. Among the translation transformations used to convey realities from English into Russian, we note the following:

• · Conversion is a method of translation in which a grammatical unit in the original is converted into a unit of the target language with a different grammatical meaning. A grammatical unit of the source language of any
• level: word form, part of speech, sentence member, sentence of a certain type.
• · assimilation - giving common grammatical properties to different grammatical forms in the source and target languages. This translation technique is used when the grammatical form of the source language is generally absent in the target language.
• · antonymic translation - replacement of the negative structure of the source text by the affirmative structure of the target language, or vice versa. In addition, a unit of the source language can be replaced not only by a unit that is opposite in structure, but also by a unit that is opposite to the original one in terms of semantics.
• expansion, which is the transformation of a synthetic form into an analytical one, "where several different grammatical meanings are formed by separate grammatical elements."
• contraction, which consists in the compression of the grammatical form during translation. Tension is most often subjected to tense forms of the verb, phrasal verbs, gerunds, etc.

HELL. Schweitzer adds such a way of transferring realia as hyperonymic transformation, which is a translation technique in which not the realia itself is in the first place, but its functional role in the text, for example, reflecting the expression of the context Schweitzer 1988].

The most common methods of translation of realities are:

• 1. Transcription and transliteration;
• 2. Tracing;
• 3. Translation using a functional analogue;
• 4. Descriptive translation;
• 5. Transformational translation;
• 6. Omission of reality in translation.

Translation transcription is "a formal phonemic reproduction of the original lexical unit using the phonemes of the target language, phonetic imitation of the original word." Another method of translation is transliteration - “formal letter-by-letter recreation of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the translating language, literal imitation of the form of the original word. In this case, the source word in the translated text is presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language.

The transcription of the realia is "the mechanical transfer of the realia from the FL to the TL by the graphic means of the latter with the maximum approximation to the original phonetic form." Transliteration and transcription are used when translating realities in the case when the translator wants to reflect the national flavor in the target language, or this realia is the main topic of the statement, as a result of which it cannot simply be omitted. Quite often, transliteration and transcription are used in conjunction with a translation commentary, since a unit that is not known to the recipient of the translation must be explained in some way. When transcribing or transliterating, such a translation technique as mastering is also often used, which consists in "adaptation of a foreign language realia, that is, giving it the appearance of a native word on the basis of a foreign language material."

Tracing is a reproduction of the combinatorial composition of a word. The essence of tracing is that "the constituent parts of a non-equivalent unit (morphemes of a non-equivalent word or lexemes of a non-equivalent phrase) are replaced by their literal counterparts in the target language". In other words, the elements or words of the translated phrase are transmitted word by word, morphemically. When tracing, the number of words in a phrase or phrase, various case forms, declension, word order can also change. The translation of reality with the help of tracing is “borrowing by literal translation (usually in parts) of a word and phrase. Calques are more often realities - phrases than realities - individual words.

Along with tracing, when translating realities, a technique called a semi-bag can be used. This technique consists in tracing one component of the reality, while the other part of the reality is transmitted using transcription or transliteration. This transformation A.D. Schweitzer calls the interhyponymic way of translating reality. Interhyponymic translation is “the replacement of one specific concept by another within the framework of a single generic concept”.

Realia in the translated text can be replaced by its functional analogue, which has similar functions to the original reality, but differs from reality in its characteristics. In other words, a non-equivalent reality is replaced not by an equivalent, but only by an analogue, which is such only in a given context, or, as A.D. Schweitzer, "contextual analog". In a general sense, the essence of this technique can be explained by the fact that "the same objective situation is depicted in the target language on the basis of different, albeit interconnected, features."

A descriptive translation of realities takes place in cases where the non-equivalent unit of the original is little known to the recipient of the translation. In such cases, descriptive translation can be called the best way to convey reality, since the recipient of the translation can not only feel the national flavor of the context, but also understand the essence and definition of a particular reality. reality transcription tracing translation

Speaking about descriptive translation, it is also necessary to note such a translation technique as a translation note. A translation note is quite often necessary when translating realities that are a reference to some well-known historical or literary character in the original text. So, the translator can convey the allusion present in the original text using transcription, transliteration or tracing, providing it, at the same time, with a comment or note. In the case of little known fact or character of the literature or history of the source country, the translator can use the functional analog that we talked about above, thus replacing the known character of the source country with the known character of the translating country. However, within the framework of socio-political translation, such a replacement is, from our point of view, inappropriate.

Transformational translation is the transfer of reality through some kind of lexical, grammatical or stylistic transformation. During transformational translation, the stylistic coloring of reality is most often transmitted, and its graphic essence remains in the background. S. Vlakhov calls this method of translating reality contextual translation. From his point of view, in the contextual translation of reality, the context plays a dominant role.

Such a method of translating realia, as its omission in translation, is quite often used as a refusal to convey the national color of reality. In this case, the recipient of the translation understands the meaning of reality, but the reflection of the culture and mentality of another people remains untranslated. As a result, we can talk about the lack of adequacy of the translation. Although, on the other hand, in scientific sources it is noted that the oversaturation of the text of the translation with national color and the specifics of culture can also lead to "violation of the adequacy of the translation."

So let's sum up the above. Realities, well-known to a wide range of recipients of the translation, as a rule, are translated using transcription, transliteration or tracing. Realities unknown to the recipients of the translation can be translated using transcription or transliteration with a translation commentary or descriptive accompaniment. If the realia used in the original does not carry an important semantic load, it can be conveyed by a functional analogue to reflect the national color or be completely omitted.

Reality - an object, a thing, materially existing or existing. According to dictionary definitions, realities are “objects of material culture”. In linguistics and translation studies, realities are words and expressions denoting these objects, as well as set expressions containing such words.

There are several classifications of realities according to various criteria. Realities as translation units are divided into: abbreviations (DK, registry office, collective farm); words (borscht, sundress); phrases (house of life, house of culture); suggestions (Not all cat carnival).

The distinguishing features of realia are the nature of its content (the connection of the designated object with a certain country, nationality, social community) and its belonging to a certain period of time. On the basis of these features, the researchers proposed a subject, temporal and local classification of realities.

Subject classification of realities

Geographic realities: names of objects of physical geography (steppe, trade wind); names of objects related to human activity (rancho, duval); endemic names (sequoia, iguana).

Ethnographic realities (concepts belonging to the life and culture of the people): household (rickshaw, kimono, caftan); labor (skiff, cowboy, drummer); names of the concepts of art and culture (bogatyr, harlequin, balalaika); ethnic concepts (Cossack, Goth, Yankees); measures and money (pound, fathom, league, franc).

Socio-political realities: concepts related to the administrative-territorial structure (farm, province, state); names of carriers and authorities (rada, knesset, veche); military (cooning, knight, samurai); names of organizations, ranks, titles, estates, castes (earl, laborer, prince, yeoman).

Temporary division of realities

Modern realities used by some language community and denoting concepts that exist at a given time.

Historical realities denoting concepts characteristic of the past of a certain social group.

Local division of realities

In the plane of one language, one should consider one's own and other people's realities, which, in turn, are divided into national (known to all residents of the state, to the whole people), local (belonging to one dialect or dialect), micro-local (characteristic of a particular area).

From the standpoint of two languages, realities are divided into external realities that are alien to this pair (for example, “samurai” for Russian and English), and realities that are alien to one language and their own to another (“rada” for Ukrainian and Russian languages).

Considering several languages, one can single out regional realities (“euro” for countries that have adopted this currency as a national one) and international realities, present in the vocabulary of many languages, included in their vocabulary, but retaining their original coloring (rancho, tequila).

From all that has been said, we can conclude that the main feature of reality is its color.

17. The main ways of translating realities.

The main feature of reality is its color. It is the transfer of color when translating a text from one language to another that constitutes the main problem of the translator when working with realities. Before proceeding directly to the translation, it is necessary to comprehend the unfamiliar reality in the original, that is, the place it occupies in the context - how it is presented by the author and what means he uses to bring its semantic and connotative content to the reader's consciousness. Unfamiliar most often is someone else's reality. There are two main difficulties in transferring realia in translation: the lack of a correspondence (equivalent, analogue) in the target language due to the lack of an object (referent) denoted by the realia among the speakers of this language and the need, along with the objective meaning (semantics) of the realia, to convey color (connotation) - its national and historical coloring.

All ways of translating realities can be expressed in the following scheme:

1. a) transliteration;

b) transcription;

2. a) tracing paper;

b) half-calca;

c) development;

d) semantic neologism;

3. likening translation;

4. contextual translation;

5. hyponymic translation;

6. replacement of the reality of the source language with the reality of the target language;

7. transfer of realities alien to the source language and the target language;

8. omission of reality.

The realities that Irving uses in the text are his way of communicating with the reader, creating a kind of language for communication. Language, as a means of communication between people, coordinates their joint activities in a sign way in the process of speech interaction, during which communication activities are coordinated based on the resources of the language system. Language is involved not only in the transmission of thoughts about something already known, but also in the formation of new thoughts about a new cognizable phenomenon, process, object, etc. This property of the language is manifested in the cognitive activity of a person, i.e. thinking, in the dynamic formation and linking of thoughts. Language is the basis of every person's thinking, "which always takes place in verbal forms, even if it reaches an extremely high level of abstraction."

Definition and ways of translating realities

Types of non-equivalent vocabulary can be classified as lacunae (that is, associated with an inexplicable lack of a concept). Based on this, non-equivalent vocabulary characterizes the lexical composition of the original language, and gaps, being white spots, characterize the target language. A more harmonious definition of the concept of "reality", along with not very clear boundaries of the objective meaning itself, is also hampered by noticeable differences in terminology. Realities to the concept of "non-equivalent vocabulary" in the interpretation of E. M. Vereshchagin and V. G. Kostomarov and even expanding its boundaries. A. A. Reformatsky, calling realia barbarisms (“foreign words suitable for coloristic use in describing alien realities and customs”), also refers “personal proper names”, onomastics to this category [Reformatsky A.A. 1996, 315]. There are many examples of such a designation of one concept by different names, but these are enough to come to the conclusion that it is necessary to more accurately define the content of the term “realia” in translation studies, at least in our understanding.

Translation is an act not only linguistic, but also cultural, an act of communication on the border of cultures. The translation process always has two aspects - language and culture, as they are inseparable. Language and culture are interconnected: language not only expresses cultural reality, but also gives it a form. The meaning of a linguistic element is clear only when it is consistent with the cultural context in which it is used. Translators must pay great attention to differences in quality and degree of conventionality when translating text from the language of one culture into the language of another. One of the main characteristics of translation is the “double bind situation”, when the translator has to link the cultural context of the source text and the cultural and communicative features of the target text. The theory of translation, as an introduction to literary criticism, helps translators (literary scholars) to study the theory, discover its secrets, master all its subtleties. Linguistics offers its own specific branch, which is called the linguistic theory of translation. Today, in the theory of translation, the concept of equivalence is very important, it is the ability to translate accurately, observing the generality and semantic closeness of the text of the original and the translation, which becomes the primary task of forming professional competence. What distinguishes a professional from an amateur is not only the ability to always translate at the highest possible level of equivalence for a given specific situation, but also the ability, if necessary, to move to a lower level, to use those variations that are possible at a particular level.

The translation of realities is part of a large and important problem of conveying national and historical identity, which probably goes back to the very birth of the theory of translation as an independent discipline. Without setting ourselves the goal of giving a historical overview, we will give only some facts and names related to the development of this problem in translation studies.

This area, to one degree or another, from one point of view or another, has been touched and touched by all the theorists of translation, the supporters of untranslatability adopted their arguments from it, they were refuted by realist theorists, pointing out and proving the possibility of transferring color by moving away from the translation of the “letter”.

The concept of "translation of realia" is twice conditional: a realia, as a rule, is untranslatable (in dictionary order) and, again, as a rule, it is transmitted (in context) not by translation. A.V. Fedorov wrote that "there is no such word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, that is, by a common combination of words of this language" [Fedorov A.V. 1968,136]. As a rule, translators face two main difficulties in conveying realia: the lack of an equivalent in the target language due to the lack of a referent denoted by the realia among native speakers of this language, and the need, along with the substantive meaning (semantics) of the realia, to convey the color (connotation) - its national and historical coloring. When choosing the most suitable method of translation, it is necessary to pay special attention to the place, presentation and understanding of unfamiliar realities in the original. Unfamiliar most often is someone else's reality. The author introduces it into the text of a work of art when describing a reality that is new for the speaker of a given language, for example, in a novel from the life of such and such a people, in such and such a country, telling about a life alien to the reader in one or another episode. These words, unfamiliar to the reader of the original, require such a presentation that would allow one to perceive what is being described, at the same time feeling that specific “aroma of alienation”, a characteristic local or national historical flavor, for the sake of which these foreign elements are allowed into the text. Therefore, we can conclude that the most successful should be considered such an introduction to the text of an unfamiliar reality that would ensure its completely natural, unconstrained perception by the reader without the author using special means of comprehending it. For the most part, the realities that are familiar to readers do not require explanation either. With even greater reason, regional realities do not require explanation. However, in doubtful situations, the translator must carefully check whether the word in question exists in the target language, whether it corresponds in meaning to the translated one in the source language, and what its phonetic and graphic appearance is in the target language. Very often, the considerations of the writer and translator include the expectation of contextual comprehension, that the reader will understand the introduced reality “by meaning”. Cases of overestimation of the background knowledge of the reader are not rare, when the author does not explain the reality, someone else's or his own, but clearly unfamiliar to the reading public. This applies to many authors writing on historical topics. It is obvious that the reader who has met an unfamiliar reality in the original is in a slightly more favorable position compared to the reader of the translation. Some writers expect the reader to inquire about the meaning of an unfamiliar word in dictionaries, but according to S. Vlakhov and S. Florin, it is unlikely that a reader (not a scientist or researcher) who has taken a book for pleasure will start rummaging through dictionaries. The presentation and interpretation of realities in special dictionaries, comments and glossaries at the end of the book, part, chapter significantly complicates the reader, tearing him away from the story. The methods of transferring realities can, summarizing, be reduced mainly to two: transcription and translation. According to A.A. Reformatsky, these two concepts can be opposed to each other: translation seeks to make “alien” as “one’s own”, and transcription seeks to preserve “alien” through the means of “one’s own”. Thus, “in practical terms, translation and transcription should be considered as antipodes” [Reformatsky A.A. 1996,312]. The actual transcription of the realia involves the mechanical transfer of the realia from the source language to the target language by the graphic means of the latter with maximum approximation to the original phonetic form. Reality translation as a method of transferring it into the target language is usually used in cases where transcription is impossible or undesirable for one reason or another. we can talk about the introduction of neologism, an approximate translation of realities, or a “contextual translation”.

Thus, the reality every time puts the translator in front of an alternative: to transcribe or translate? The choice of the path depends on several prerequisites: on the nature of the text, on the significance of reality in the context, on the nature of the reality itself, on the languages ​​themselves, and on the reader of the translation (compared to the reader of the original).

As a rule, the translation of historical realities causes particular difficulty. It should be remembered that they usually speak of historical realities not as a specific group of vocabulary, but rather taking into account the historical attribution of realities to a particular era, without losing sight of their subject content, which connects them with the corresponding headings of the subject classification. So the translation of historical realities is essentially the transfer of the historical coloring of these words in addition to their material content and other types of connotations. Many realities can and do become historical. For example, historically colored realities are often found among military realities: words denoting all kinds of military objects - or terms. The translator can meet historical realities both in old authors (relatively speaking, in archaic works), and in the works of modern writers, but depicting a distant or near past - archaized. the differences between the two require a different approach when translating realities into them. A.V. Fedorov very clearly defined the goal of translating a truly archaic work: “to acquaint the modern reader with a literary monument, which at the time of its creation, that is, for the reader of his era, was also modern” - a goal that “involves the use of mainly modern language in translation , albeit with the selection of vocabulary and grammatical elements, which in certain cases would make it possible to observe the necessary historical perspective” [Fedorov A.V. 1968 359]. So, the preservation (transcription) of too many historical realities when translating an archaic work would be deliberate, inconsistent with the general tone of the narrative and would not meet the intentions of the old master describing his own reality. In an archaized work, on the contrary, the author deliberately introduces historical realities into the text, and replacing them with more neutral correspondences would already go against his intentions. Obviously, when translating historical realities, the translator can include many different types of “linguistic weapons” in his arsenal, from transcription to obsolete words of his language. One of the main tasks of the translator is to convey the content of the original as completely as possible. Differences in the systems of the original language and the target language, and the peculiarities of creating texts in each of these languages, to varying degrees, may limit the possibility of fully preserving the original content in the translation. The task of the translator is to extract the information contained in the original text as fully as possible, for which he must have background knowledge that the "native speakers" of the source language have. Therefore, the successful performance of the functions of an interpreter requires a comprehensive acquaintance with the history, culture, literature, customs, modern life and other realities of the people who speak the original language. In other words, the main requirement for a full-fledged translation is the translator's knowledge of the realities or specific conditions of life and life of the country, from the language

which the translation is being made. In conclusion, let me quote the well-known translator A.L. Andres: “In the art of translation, as in any other art, there can be no ready-made standards, once and for all certain rules and decisions. There can be no single decision on the question of whether the translator, re-expressing a work separated from us by a certain historical distance, should make the modern reader feel this distance and to what extent he should do it "[Andres A.L. 1966, 83]