Which river originates in the Altai mountains. Altai mountains. Black Iyus River

General information

The relief of the Altai Mountains is diverse, it stands out: sections of ancient plains, alpine-type glacial high-mountain relief, mountains of medium (1800-2000 meters) and low height (500-600 meters), deep basins. The ridges are cut by numerous rivers fed by snow. Stormy water flows flow into the lakes famous for their beauty, lying in picturesque valleys. In the Altai Mountains, the Biya and Katun rivers are born, which, merging, form the Ob, one of the deepest and longest rivers in Russia.

The highest ridge of the Altai Mountains is Katunsky. With its snowy slopes, sharp peaks, picturesque lakes and glaciers, this part of the Altai mountain system looks like the Alps.

The Altai Mountains are famous for their caves, of which there are more than 300, especially in the basin of the Katun, Anui and Charysh rivers. Gorny Altai is the land of waterfalls, the highest of which is the 60-meter Tekelu, which flows into the Akkem River.

The weather in the Altai Mountains is unpredictable, so you should not rely on weather forecasts. Being in the mountains on a warm clear day, you can witness the sudden birth of a cloud and visit its very thick.

The climate of the region is sharply continental with cold winters and warm summers. The weather in any particular place depends on its altitude and the prevailing winds. In the Altai Mountains there is both the warmest place in Siberia and its cold pole. The climate is formed under the influence of arctic masses, warm and humid winds of the Atlantic and the hot air of Central Asia. Winter in the region lasts from 3 to 5 months, one of the coldest places is the Chui Valley, where the temperature drops to -32°. It is much warmer in the southern regions of the Altai Mountains - for example, in the region of Lake Teletskoye, winter pleases with comfortable ten degrees below zero. In spring and autumn, cold snaps and frosts are frequent, lasting until mid-June in the highlands. The warmest month is July with an average temperature of +14 to +16°; in the highlands - from +5 to +8°, ​​here the temperature drops by 0.6° with an increase in altitude for every 100 meters.

In summer, daylight hours in the region last 17 hours, which is more than in Yalta or Sochi.

Gorny Altai is famous for its rich flora and fauna. In a relatively small area of ​​the region, almost all types of vegetation in Asia, Kazakhstan and the European part of Russia grow. Taiga, steppe, mountain tundra and alpine meadows are located on the Altai Mountains of different heights.

Each natural zone is inhabited by animals adapted to certain environmental conditions. Some of them - bears, deer, sable - roam from one area to another. Elk, musk deer, roe deer, ground squirrel, fox, wolverine, squirrel, and ermine are also found in the Altai Mountains. The rarest animal on Earth lives in the highlands - the irbis (snow leopard), as well as the Siberian goat and the red wolf.

In the Altai Mountains, endemic species have also formed that live only here: mountain turkey, tundra partridge, Altai buzzard. Other birds of the region are the gray goose, mallard duck, gray crane, snipe, owl, nutcracker.

Attractions

Lake Teletskoye is a true pearl in the placer of Altai lakes. The purest waters, framed by mountains and centuries-old cedars, alpine meadows and magnificent waterfalls, remoteness from civilization are the sources of the charm of the famous lake.

The Ukok Plateau is a protected natural area, a place of concentration of barrow burials of various chronological epochs. Local residents believe that the plateau is the threshold of the firmament, "the end of everything", a special sacred place to which they entrust the bodies of the dead. In many burial mounds, cooled by permafrost, well-preserved household items of great historical value were found. The unique nature of the plateau and the surrounding Altai Mountains inspired the artist Nicholas Roerich to create world-famous paintings. In the village of Upper Uimon there is a house-museum of the painter, where you can see his paintings and buy their copies.

Chemal is a picturesque area of ​​the Altai Mountains, where the Katun carries its waters past rocky mountains that fascinate with their impregnability.

Karakol lakes - 7 reservoirs of amazing beauty, stretching in a chain along the western slope of the Iolgo ridge. To admire the lakes lying at an altitude of 2000 meters, you will have to use horses or a specially equipped vehicle.

Lower Shavlinskoye Lake is located surrounded by mountains Dream, Fairy Tale and Beauty in the vicinity of the village of Chibit. Pagan idols are installed on the shore of the reservoir.

The discovery of the Denisova Cave, located in the valley of the Anui River in the Soloneshsky District, has become a notable event in world archeology. The remains of a 42,000-year-old man were found in the cave. In addition, the oldest cultural layer of habitation of people who lived in a cave 282,000 years ago was discovered here. More than 80,000 different stone household items, iron products of the XIV century, bronze knives of later periods were found at the site of the ancient man. The cave is accessible to people with any level of physical fitness. Before the eyes of a tourist who is not too lazy to get here, a unique so-called "layer cake" appears, consisting of more than 20 cultural layers formed in different eras of human existence.

Altai cave, one of the deepest and longest in Siberia and Altai, goes down 240 meters, and its length is 2540 meters. This natural attraction, protected as a geological monument of nature, is located in the village of Cheremshanka in the Altai Territory. The Altai cave is actively visited by amateur tourists and professional speleologists.

Mount Belukha, which is part of the Katunsky Range and revered as sacred by local residents, is the highest point in Siberia and Altai, towering 4509 meters above the picturesque valleys of the Ukok plateau. Belukha is located at an equidistant distance from the four world oceans and is the geographical center of Eurasia. Many who have visited Belukha or near it admit that they felt the enlightenment of consciousness and the incredible energy of these places. A special atmosphere reigns here, setting you in a philosophical mood. And this is not self-hypnosis, many scientists claim that powerful bioenergy fields really exist around the mountain. Buddhists believe that somewhere on the top of the mountain there is an entrance to the fabulous land of Shambhala, which only the elite can see. The sources of the main Altai river Katun originate in the Belukha glaciers.

Chuisky Trakt is the Novosibirsk-Tashant highway, ending at the borders of Mongolia. After driving along it, you will be able to get to know the Altai Mountains better and see all their diversity.

Other sights of the Altai Mountains worthy of attention:

• Lake Aya;
• Multinsky lakes;
• Kucherlinsky lakes;
• Lake Manzherok;
• Rock paintings of primitive people in the Kalbak-Tash tract;
• Scythian burial mounds of Pazyryk;
• Mount Altyn-Tu;
• Patmos Island on Chemal with the Church of St. John the Evangelist;
• The Tsar's mound - a burial site over 2000 years old;
• Valley of the Chulyshman River with numerous waterfalls.

This is only a small part of those natural and man-made wonders that the Altai Mountains are rich in.

Why go

Adherents of sports tourism have known and visited the Altai Mountains for several decades. Mountain rivers of Altai are ideal for rafting. Speleologists descend into mysterious caves, climbers storm mountain peaks, paragliders hover over picturesque landscapes, nature has prepared countless places of stunning beauty for hikers. Equestrian tourism is well developed in Altai, which makes it possible to visit the most inaccessible corners of the region, where you can see the Red Book argali sheep, lakes of unreal beauty, hear the inimitable and heartbreaking cries of deer during the rut.

Fishing in the Altai Mountains traditionally attracts many tourists not only from neighboring regions, but also from the European part of Russia, as well as from abroad. The waters of local rivers are rich in valuable fish - grayling, taimen, whitefish, rainbow trout, burbot, pike and other species.

People go to Altai to get medical treatment and relax in one of the most environmentally friendly places on Earth. The seismically active region is rich in healing thermal springs, local radon waters are especially valued. Belokurikha is the most popular Altai balneological resort, famous for its unique microclimate, modern sanatorium and medical facilities and excellent opportunities for outdoor activities. Vacationers get an unforgettable pleasure walking along the health path along the turbulent river Belokurikha, rushing through the forest gorge. At the service of tourists is a chairlift that lifts the guests of the resort to Mount Tserkovka (height 815 meters), from the top of which a stunning view of the Altai expanses opens.

One of the hallmarks of the Altai Mountains is deer, on the treatment of which the whole medical industry is based on the treatment of antlers. Panty - young, non-ossified antlers of deer, cut only from males in June-July. Male individuals provide a unique healing product, rich in amino acids and microelements, a recognized elixir of health and longevity. To obtain valuable raw materials, deer are bred in captivity - the animals live in the vast territory of the deer, where they are protected from predators and poachers. Only once a year the red deer are disturbed in order to cut off their antlers. On the basis of many marals, medical bases have been created, where vacationers improve their health among mountains and forests, enjoying peace and quiet in the bosom of Altai nature.

In winter, visitors are welcome to the ski resorts of Altai - Manzherok, Belokurikha, Turquoise Katun, Seminsky Pass.

Recently, the tourist infrastructure in the mountainous regions of Altai has been developing rapidly: modern hotels and recreation centers are being built, new excursion routes are being developed, new roads are being laid and old ones are being improved. The number of agencies offering a variety of tours to Altai has grown significantly.

Information for tourists

Finding suitable accommodation in the tourist areas of the Altai Mountains is not difficult - everywhere there are camp sites of different levels of comfort, hotels and boarding houses. Many locals offer private accommodation for a very reasonable fee.

Communication in Gorny Altai is available in all major tourist destinations. It would be useful to have SIM cards of two or three operators with you, because. in some areas, the connection is better with Beeline, and in others - with Megafon.

Going to Altai even at the height of summer, be sure to stock up on warm clothes - in mountainous areas, the night temperature can drop to +5°C.

Popular souvenirs from Gorny Altai are honey, velvet antlers, pine nuts, teas from alpine herbs, original wooden products of local residents, amulets, national musical instruments and household items.

In places that are sacred to the Altaians, one should not indulge in fun, shouting and littering. Do not flatter your pride - do not leave ugly inscriptions "Here was ..." on the man-made and natural sights of Altai. From tourists, local residents expect respect for their land, ancestors and wildlife.

How to get there

The most convenient way to get to Altai from Novosibirsk is by train or bus to Barnaul or Biysk. From these cities there are several flights a day to Gorno-Altaisk and other settlements in the region. If you are traveling by car, then from Novosibirsk you should go along the M-52 highway (Chuysky Trakt).

Gorny Altai is an area of ​​intensive feeding of the Ob, the main river of the region under consideration. Against the background of the adjacent plains, Altai stands out in relief not only for its mountainous character, but also for its dense river network. The sources of the Ob are born here - pp. Biya and Katun, to the basins of which most of the Altai rivers belong, with the exception of the watercourses of its western part, belonging to the Irtysh basin (the rivers Kaldzhir, Bukhtarma, Ulba, etc.). Katun - the left component of the Ob - originates on the southern slope of Mount Belukha; bending around it, it describes almost a circle. From the mouth of the Argut, the Katun turns sharply and heads straight north, at 665 km from the source it merges with the Biya near the city of Biysk. The catchment area is 60,900 km2.

The river has a mountainous flow; its valley is deeply incised, and its channel is replete with rapids and small waterfalls. Only in the lower reaches the slopes of the channel decrease and the current becomes calmer. Navigation is only possible up to 90 km from the mouth. Katun is characterized by significant water content. Its average annual water consumption is 630 m 3 / s, and the runoff module is 10.3 l / s km 2. The relative water content of the river is still somewhat lower than the Biya; this is explained by the fact that its basin includes vast high-mountain steppe spaces, characterized by a relatively small surface runoff. The main tributaries of the Katun are the Chuya and the Argut.

Biya is the right component of the Ob; it flows from the largest body of water in Altai - Lake Teletskoye. In terms of its length (306 km, counting from the point of exit from Lake Teletskoye) and the catchment area of ​​37,000 km 2, Biya is significantly inferior to Katun. Just like the Katun, it has a mountainous character in the upper reaches, and becomes calmer in the lower reaches, here it is available for navigation for 205 km above the city of Biysk.

The average annual water flow of the river is 480 m 3 / s (13.0 l / s km 2). Right-bank tributaries of the Irtysh. A significant number of rivers belonging to the Irtysh basin flow down from the western slopes of Altai. Among them, the largest are Bukhtarma, Ulba and Uba. These rivers are mountainous; their slopes are great, and the valleys look like gorges. The river basins are located on the western slopes of the Altai, abundantly irrigated with precipitation, so the rivers are characterized by high relative water content: runoff moduli range from 15 to 25 l/s km2. The Anui and Charysh, which flow from its northern spurs and flow directly into the Ob, are also among the major rivers of Altai.

Chumysh, Tom and Chulym. Below the confluence of the Biya and Katun, the Ob receives a number of large tributaries flowing from the slopes of the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau. Among them are Chumysh, Tom and Chulym. The first place among these rivers in terms of catchment area is occupied by the Chulym, and by water content - by the Tom, although in terms of catchment area it is approximately 2 times smaller than the Chulym (Table 1).

Table 1. Basic information about the Chumysh, Tom and Chulym rivers

Chulym and Chumysh in a significant part of the course are steppe, relatively shallow rivers, and only their upper reaches are in the mountainous region of Salair and spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau. In contrast, Tom, whose basin is located between the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, is predominantly mountainous. Only below the city of Tomsk, in the area of ​​the lower reaches, its slopes decrease and the valley becomes wide.

The water regime of the Tom is similar to that of other Altai rivers. The river is characterized by a spring flood, consisting of a series of waves formed by water from melting snow in the mountains; the maximum runoff is observed around mid-May. The Tom has a very high annual runoff modulus - about 20 l/s km2, which is a record value for other Russian rivers with such catchment areas. Powerful ice jams are observed on the river during periods of spring floods, which are especially significant in the region of Tomsk. They occur mainly due to the later opening of the river in the lower reaches compared to its middle course.

At present, navigation on the river is possible only in the lower reaches - from the mouth to the city of Tomsk, but ships can rise to the city of Novokuznetsk in high water. General features of the rivers of Altai. The rivers of Altai are typical mountain streams with large falls, often reaching 50-60 m/km; their channels are replete with rapids and drops, sometimes there are waterfalls.

Due to the dominant latitudinal direction of the ridges, the rivers have transverse valleys in areas of considerable length. An example is r. Argut, interrupted between the Katunsky and Chuisky ridges in a gorge up to 2000 m deep.

Depending on the position of the basin in the system of mountains, the longitudinal profiles of the rivers have a concave or convex shape. The first is characteristic of rivers flowing from ridges with sharply defined forms resembling those of the Alps; these rivers include the Katun, Bukhtarma, Charysh, and others. The second form of profiles is typical of rivers flowing from plateau-like uplands; these include the rivers Sary-Koksha, Pyzha, and others. In the upper reaches, such rivers flow, as it were, along a plain elevated high above sea level; here their slopes are small, and the banks are often swampy. In the middle course, they cut deeply into the plateau, the slopes increase, their course takes on a mountainous character; in the lower reaches, the slopes of the rivers decrease again and their course becomes more calm.

Nutrition of the rivers of Altai

A large amount of precipitation and the mountainous nature of the relief create favorable conditions for surface runoff, so the rivers have a high water content here. Especially water-bearing are the rivers of the western part of Altai, the basins of which are located on the path of moisture-bearing winds blowing from the west. The relative flow of rivers here reaches 15-25 l/s km 2 , and in some places (upper reaches of the Katun) - up to 56 l/s km 2 . The rivers of the central regions of Altai (the Chulyshman and Ukok plateaus) are characterized by relatively low water content.

The feeding of the rivers is mixed; it includes: seasonal snow, high-mountain snowfields and glaciers, as well as rainfall and groundwater. Among other types of nutrition, snow is predominant, which is carried out mainly due to the melting of seasonal snows. As an example, the distribution of runoff by sources of supply for the Biya River can be given, where the share of snow supply is 40%, glacial - 22%, rain - 19% and ground - 15% of the annual runoff. Only in the highest mountain regions of Altai there are small rivers that are fed mainly by glaciers. With an increase in the height of the basin, as a rule, the importance of snow and glacial nutrition increases, while the share of ground nutrition, on the contrary, decreases.

The regime of most rivers of Altai is characterized by the following:
1) a relatively low spring flood, stretched until the first half of summer due to the inflow of melt water from different altitudinal zones at different times; floods from rains are also superimposed on the main wave of the spring flood;
2) weakly pronounced summer low water, often interrupted by rain floods, which are inferior in height to the spring flood;
3) the lowest water content in winter.

On the rivers of the foothill zone, the basins of which are located no higher than 800 m above sea level, the spring flood passes in the form of one, more or less high wave, and the low water is clearly expressed. On the rivers of the alpine region, with basins above 2000 m, the spring flood merges with the summer flood, which is formed due to the melting of eternal snows and glaciers; summer low water is not expressed in them. Thus, the higher the basin is located, the smaller the share of spring runoff and the more falls on summer runoff. The runoff maximum in the foothill zone takes place in the spring (in May), and in the high mountain zone - in the summer (in July).

Freezing Altai rivers (ice regime)

The ice regime of Altai rivers is complex. The development of ice phenomena is greatly influenced by the slopes and speeds of the flow of rivers. The combination of climatic conditions with the nature of the river flow in some areas causes large differences in the timing of the onset of ice phenomena. Before freezing on the rivers, an intense sludge drift is usually observed, lasting up to 1.5 months and often accompanied by ice jams.

Most of the Altai rivers, excluding rapids, freeze in the second half of November. The most significant rapids do not freeze all winter. They are powerful "factories" of sludge, which poses a serious threat to the hydropower plants of Altai. The thickness of the ice cover is highly dependent on the speed of the current: the greater the speed of the current, the less the thickness of the ice. Often there are icings, the origin of which is associated with jamming phenomena.

The opening of the rivers occurs in the period from the second half of March to the end of April. Sometimes it is accompanied by traffic jams, which are caused by the earlier opening of the rivers in the upper reaches, where rather significant current velocities contribute to the rapid destruction of the ice cover. The economic importance of the Altai rivers is great. The total reserves of hydropower are estimated at about 10 million kilowatts. The large water content of rivers and the presence of concentrated falls, as well as the alternation of narrowed sections of river valleys with expansions that favor the creation of reservoirs, open up broad prospects for hydropower construction in Altai. Of particular importance in this regard is the Biya, flowing from Lake Teletskoye, which is a natural regulator of its flow. In the narrow gorge of the Argut, it is possible to build a powerful high-pressure hydroelectric power station.

The transport significance of the Altai rivers is insignificant, since the mountainous nature of the river flow makes it difficult for the development of water transport. Only the lower sections of the main rivers of Altai - the Biya and Katun - are used for navigation and timber rafting.

The famous rivers of Altai are exactly the same property of the region as mountains, glaciers and lakes. The water arteries flowing through the Siberian expanses are also the most important tourist sites. Hundreds of hiking and combined routes run exactly along the Altai rivers, and sometimes along with rafting and crossings from one bank to another.

It is better to talk about the rivers of Altai, covering two regions - the Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai.

Rivers of the Altai Territory

Almost all the rivers of the Altai Territory are the Ob and its numerous tributaries. Unlike the mountainous republic, most of the local rivers are valley and full-flowing arteries, suitable both for navigation and for outdoor activities.

The mighty Ob, one of the largest rivers in the world, originates precisely in the Altai Territory, in the suburbs of Biysk, at the confluence of two mountain Altai rivers - the Katun and the Biya. The entire section of the upper reaches runs through the territory of Altai.

Due to the relatively flat relief, the river is considered a valley with a wide channel and calm waters. Along the entire course on the banks you can find several hundred villages, towns and regional centers of Altai. The largest of the cities on the Ob in the Altai Territory - the capital of the region - Barnaul.

The calm waters of the Ob are deceptive - every spring the river overflows, flooding the right bank, and bringing a lot of worries to the inhabitants of the coastal regions. Due to abnormal precipitation in 2014, the Ob was among the rivers that caused enormous damage to flooded areas.

Throughout the summer, small pleasure boats with tourists and motor ships go along the Ob. The cultural program of tourist destinations is also rich in events - various open-air festivals are often held on the banks of the Ob.

The river that gave its name to the second largest city in the Altai Territory - Biysk. This waterway originates in the Altai Mountains, in the legendary Teletskoye Lake, but most of the river flows through the neighboring region. The total length of Biya exceeds 280 km.

The upper part of the Biya is a typical mountain river, unsuitable for serious navigation, but attractive for fans of kayaking. A large number of rapids and the restless nature of the current only add popularity among local tourists. The lower reaches of the Biya are a full-flowing channel with navigable sections, up to the confluence with the Ob.

Regular navigation along the Biya was discontinued in 2006 due to unprofitability. All cruising boats and motor ships today are tourist ships. The river "comes to life" only during periods of large floods.

The purity of the water in Bie also affected the popularity of the river among fishermen - from amateurs to fishing professionals. Several dozen species of river fish live here, including grayling, taimen and burbot, which are especially revered by Siberian fishermen.

It is believed that the Aley is the longest river flowing through the territory of the Altai Territory. The water artery originates in Eastern Kazakhstan, but it is in Altai that it turns into a full-flowing tributary of the Ob, on the banks of which the city of Aleysk, famous for its farmland, and Rubtsovsk arose.

It was the active development of arable land in the 1930s that made it possible to create several irrigation canals in the river valley with a total length of 50 km, which are still used to supply land for growing wheat and other cereals.

Two reservoirs have been created on the Alei, providing water to several cities and dozens of rural settlements. The river itself is notable, like the Biya, for its regular sporting events - for example, fishing competitions are regularly held here with a bait.

Rivers of the Republic of Altai

The rivers of Gorny Altai are a lot of turbulent mountain arteries that give rise to full-flowing valley rivers. Unlike the rivers of the neighboring region, the reservoirs in the republic have strong currents, many rapids and rocky shores.

River tourism in the Altai Mountains is extreme - the water in most reservoirs is cold even in summer, due to the fact that almost all large rivers are fed by glaciers hidden among the mountain peaks of the Katun and Chui massifs.

Due to the specifics of the flow, many mountainous Altai rivers do not freeze in winter.

The main river of Gorny Altai - Katun - appeared on the map thanks to the Gebler glacier, located on Mount Belukha. It is there that the source of this majestic and, in some areas, very restless river is located.

The total length of the Katun to the place where it flows into the Ob near Biysk is 688 km. And along this entire length, the river passes through all types of the Altai landscape - from high-mountain regions to the flat steppe. Moreover, the inhabitants of Altai remember the stormy mountain nature of the river every spring during floods. Like the Ob, the Katun flooded in 2014, bringing great destruction.

Water tourism on the Katun is in great demand. In addition to the rapids that have their own names, you can also see waterfalls on the river. The total number of such objects is in the thousands. And this despite the fact that even on hot summer days the water temperature rarely warms up above +15 ° C - this does not stop tourists.

There are many cultural sites on the Katun, the most famous of which is the island of Patmos, where the Znamensky Convent is located, which can only be reached by a suspension bridge from the right bank.

Interesting to visit are also such natural objects as the confluence of the Katun Chemal, Chuya and other famous rivers of the Altai Mountains.

In many sources, the Argut is unequivocally called one of the largest tributaries of the Katun. This is a 232 km long river, fed by glaciers, eternal snows of the mountains and streams originating on the legendary Ukok plateau.

It is believed that the Argut is the best river for testing extreme rafting skills in kayaks and other types of boats. Some rapids are considered impassable, and at regular competitions, a number of sections of the river are patrolled by doctors due to high injuries - the current of “boiling” water is so strong here.

The Argut Valley attracts not only thrill-seekers, but also ordinary tourists. On the banks of the river there are many Altai burial mounds, famous stone statues and other attractions. Of the local fauna on the banks of the Argut, snow leopards and other rare animals of Altai are regularly noticed.

The muddy waters of the Chulyshman River increasingly began to attract tourists from all over the world. In reference books, this is the main water tributary of Lake Teletskoye, originating in the high-mountain lake Dzhulukul. And on most extreme forums, the Chulyshman River is an artery impregnable for rafting, flowing through the wild regions of the Altai Republic.

The very “dirty” color of the water in some areas is not due to the human factor, but to the natural washing out of the clay rocks of the channel by the river. Closer to Lake Teletskoye, the waters of Chulyshman brighten noticeably, filling the lake with cleared runoff.

The river valley of Chulyshman itself is very attractive for tourists. Due to the height difference, the vegetation along the banks of the river changes - from dwarf birches to dense taiga thickets.

The Chulcha River is one of the main tributaries of the Chulyshman with a length of 72 km. The stormy mountain artery originates from Lake Itykul, and almost throughout its entire length remains an extremely restless body of water with many rapids, cascades and other unpleasant surprises for those who want to raft along it.

Despite the inaccessibility, the hand is popular among backpackers. They go here in order to see the Chulchinsky waterfall, which the river feeds. Together with all the cascades, its length exceeds 160 meters.

In addition, the Bolshoi Proryv Canyon surrounding Chulcha on one of its sections has become a place of pilgrimage for tourists and photographers from all over the world.

The second most important river in the Altai Mountains after the Katun is the Chuya, which gave its name to the track of the same name - the Chuisky tract, as well as to the mountain range of the same name - the Chuisky Ridge. It is also a watershed for some mountainous regions of the region.

Chuya is a powerful river passing from a mountain stream into a majestic valley channel. Here you can see both canyon landscapes and flat landscapes. The diversity of the river determined not only the places of settlement by people, but also modern tourism. Chuya is one of the centers of sports rafting in Altai; competitions of various classes are held here every year.

On the banks of the Chuya River you can see the legendary sights of Altai. These are the Shirlak waterfall, Bely Bom, the Kalbak-Tash tract, dozens of ancient burial grounds and thousands of rock paintings recognized as the property of the Altai Republic, as well as the river itself.

The rivers of the Altai Territory mainly belong to the Ob system. In the west and north-west of the region there is an area of ​​internal flow - the drainless basin of the Kulunda lowland.

The Altai Territory is crossed in its upper reaches by the Ob River. At a distance of 500 km, its wide ribbon forms two gigantic bends. Ob and its tributaries Chumysh, Alley, Big River, Barnaulka and others have a calm flow, wide developed valleys, in which lie strongly winding riverbeds, with well-defined sandy stretches.

The river network in the Altai mountains, with the exception of the southeast, is well developed. Rivers start from glaciers and numerous lakes. On some flat watersheds there are swamps that give rise to rivers (Bashkaus is a tributary of the Chulyshman). Mountain rivers flow in narrow valleys, sometimes in dark, gloomy gorges. Along the rocky channel, strewn with boulders and pebbles, the water rushes down during a big fall, meets solid crystalline ledges, thresholds on the way, breaks against them, turning into white bubbling foam. The noise of the rapids is replaced by the roar of waterfalls, which are many in the Altai highlands.

The picture of roaring water falling in ledges from a height of tens of meters is amazing. The highest and most beautiful waterfalls are located on the slopes of the Belukha massif. On the northern slope along the Tekel (the right tributary of the Akkem) there is a 60 m high waterfall; on the Tigirek (left tributary of the Kucherla) - a 40 m waterfall. On the southern slope of the Belukha, in the upper reaches of the Katun, on its right tributary, there is a 30 m high placer waterfall. There are dozens of waterfalls on the rivers flowing into Lake Teletskoye. The Korbu waterfall is well known, its powerful stream falls from a 12-meter height.

The rivers of the Altai Territory have a mixed supply: rain, snow, glacier and soil.

Near the rivers of the Kulunda lowland, snow feeding prevails. They are characterized by spring floods. In summer, there is very little precipitation, the rivers become very shallow, in many places they dry up. By the end of summer, there is almost no water left in the upper reaches of the Kuchuk River; the channel represents chains of small elongated lakes.

Ob- a flat river, but its sources and main tributaries are located in the mountains, therefore, signs of flat and mountain rivers are observed in the feeding and regime of the Ob. The Ob has two maximum water rises - in spring and summer. The spring rise of water comes from the melting of snow, the summer - from the melting of glaciers. The lowest water level in the Ob in winter.

Low water in winter is typical for most rivers of the region. Rivers freeze for a long time. Freezing on the Ob and the rivers of the plains begins in the second half of November; by the end of April they are freed from ice.

Mountain rivers belong to the Altai type, which has a special regime and nutrition. First of all, they are rich in water, as they have power sources that continuously replenish their water reserves from atmospheric precipitation, from the melting of glaciers and the influx of groundwater.

Snow in the mountains melts for several months, from April to June. The second feature of snow melting is that first the snow melts in the north of the Altai Mountains in the low mountains, and then in the middle mountains and finally in the southern high mountains. In June, snowfields and glaciers begin to melt. Sunny clear days alternate with rainy ones. There are years with long summer rains. Often, precipitation falls in the form of showers, and the water level in the rivers rises rapidly and strongly. The rivers of the highlands are fed by snow and glaciers, and therefore they are characterized by a summer, namely, June rise in water. There are autumn floods. In four to five months, most of the annual water flow drains.

Hydrography gives an idea of ​​the maximum water level in the river. Altai rivers can be roughly divided into five groups.

1. Rivers with spring floods. Snow food. This group includes medium and small rivers of the foothill part with an average catchment height of up to 500 m.
2. Rivers with spring floods and rain floods. This group includes medium and small rivers with an average catchment height of 500 to 1500 m.
3. Rivers with spring-summer floods and rain floods. Food - snow, ice, rain. This group includes all large and medium-sized rivers with a catchment height of 1500 to 2500 m.
4. Rivers with a summer flood. Ice food. These are mainly medium and small rivers at altitudes above 2500 m.
5. Rivers with an even course of flow throughout the year. Ground food. Mostly these are small rivers.

The greatest groundwater supply is observed in rivers with an average catchment height ranging from 600 to 2000 m. The exception is the Chuya River, in which the share of groundwater is 33% of the annual runoff. This is due to the fact that the Chuya basin, filled with sand and pebble deposits, is a huge accumulator of groundwater, gradually entering Chuya.

The duration of freeze-up on the rivers of Altai ranges from 110 to 200 days, and in some parts of the rivers the water does not freeze. The beginning of freeze-up usually occurs in November, the opening - at the beginning - mid-April.

Belukha is not only a glacial knot, but also the most important feeding center for large and small rivers flowing from Belukha in different directions. The Belukha glaciers are very active in this regard, because they end low, which means they melt strongly and at the same time receive a lot of precipitation. According to the available hydrometric data, the first place in terms of water content belongs to the river Iedygem, the second and third place belongs to the Katun and Berel, then Ak-kem and Myushtu-airy. The total flow of glacial waters, which gives Belukha, is estimated at approximately 400 million cubic meters. m. per year. All this mass of water is taken at an altitude of about 2000 m and, therefore, has a huge potential reserve of power.

Characteristics of the rivers of Altai

The rivers of the Altai Territory mainly belong to the Ob system. In the west and north-west of the region there is an area of ​​internal flow - the drainless basin of the Kulunda lowland.

The Altai Territory is crossed in its upper reaches by the Ob River. At a distance of 500 km, its wide ribbon forms two gigantic bends. Ob and its tributaries Chumysh, Alley, Big River, Barnaulka and others have a calm flow, wide developed valleys, in which lie strongly winding riverbeds, with well-defined sandy stretches.

The river network in the Altai mountains, with the exception of the southeast, is well developed. Rivers start from glaciers and numerous lakes. Some flat watersheds have swamps that give rise to rivers ( Bashkaus- Chulyshman tributary). Mountain rivers flow in narrow valleys, sometimes in dark, gloomy gorges. Along the rocky channel, strewn with boulders and pebbles, the water rushes down during a big fall, meets solid crystalline ledges, thresholds on the way, breaks against them, turning into white bubbling foam. The noise of the rapids is replaced by the roar of waterfalls, which are many in the Altai highlands.

The picture of roaring water falling in ledges from a height of tens of meters is amazing. The highest and most beautiful waterfalls are located on the slopes of the Belukha massif. On the northern slope Tekel(the right tributary of the Akkem) there is a waterfall 60 m high; on the Tigirek (left tributary of the Kucherla) - a 40 m waterfall. On the southern slope of the Belukha, in the upper reaches of the Katun, on its right tributary, there is Rossypnaya waterfall 30 m high. There are dozens of waterfalls on the rivers flowing into Lake Teletskoye. well known Korbu waterfall, its powerful stream falls from a 12-meter height.

The rivers of the Altai Territory have a mixed supply: rain, snow, glacier and soil.

Near the rivers of the Kulunda lowland, snow feeding prevails. They are characterized by spring floods. In summer, there is very little precipitation, the rivers become very shallow, in many places they dry up. By the end of summer, there is almost no water left in the upper reaches of the Kuchuk River; the channel represents chains of small elongated lakes.

Ob- a flat river, but its sources and main tributaries are located in the mountains, therefore, signs of flat and mountain rivers are observed in the feeding and regime of the Ob. The Ob has two maximum water rises - in spring and summer. The spring rise of water comes from the melting of snow, the summer - from the melting of glaciers. The lowest water level in the Ob in winter.

Low water in winter is typical for most rivers of the region. Rivers freeze for a long time. Freezing on the Ob and the rivers of the plains begins in the second half of November; by the end of April they are freed from ice.

Mountain rivers belong to the Altai type, which has a special regime and nutrition. First of all, they are rich in water, as they have power sources that continuously replenish their water reserves from atmospheric precipitation, from the melting of glaciers and the influx of groundwater.

Snow in the mountains melts for several months, from April to June. The second feature of snow melting is that first the snow melts in the north of the Altai Mountains in the low mountains, and then in the middle mountains and finally in the southern high mountains. In June, snowfields and glaciers begin to melt. Sunny clear days alternate with rainy ones. There are years with long summer rains. Often, precipitation falls in the form of showers, and the water level in the rivers rises rapidly and strongly. The rivers of the highlands are fed by snow and glaciers, and therefore they are characterized by a summer, namely, June rise in water. There are autumn floods. In four to five months, most of the annual water flow drains.

The rivers of the middle and low mountains have two high water levels: in spring and summer - high water in late May and early June; in summer and autumn - floods from melting glaciers and autumn rains. In autumn and winter - low water. Mountain rivers freeze later than flat ones. Water does not freeze on the rapids, and ice forms through open rapids. Often the rivers freeze to the bottom, ice plugs appear that the water cannot break through, it comes to the surface, and the ice floods the valleys. In some mountain rivers, the process of ice formation occurs simultaneously on the surface and along the bottom of the channel. Surface and bottom ice, when combined, create a barrier to water. She finds a way out through the surface ice and ice forms again. The ice cover lasts up to 7 months.

Belukha is not only a glacial knot, but also the most important feeding center for large and small rivers flowing from Belukha in different directions. The Belukha glaciers are very active in this regard, because they end low, which means they melt strongly and at the same time receive a lot of precipitation. According to the available hydrometric data, the first place in terms of water content belongs to the river Iedygem, the second and third place belongs to the Katun and Berel, then Ak-kem and Myushtu-airy. The total flow of glacial waters, which gives Belukha, is estimated at approximately 400 million cubic meters. m. per year. All this mass of water is taken at an altitude of about 2000 m and, therefore, has a huge potential reserve of power.

The Ak-kem River flows out of the Ak-kem glacier and is a turbulent foamy stream. There are two lakes on the Ak-kem River: Upper and Lower, which are of glacial origin. The largest of them is Lower Akkemskoye Lake, 1350 m long and 610 m wide, has a surface area of ​​1 sq. km and a depth of 15 m. It lies at an altitude of 2050 m and is formed by one of the young moraines. The upper Ak-Kem lake, which is small in size, is located near the tongue of the Ak-Kem glacier and was formed by the youngest Late Holocene ...

The Alambay River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it near the city of Zarinsk. It originates 2.5 km southeast of the Alambay railway station (Zarinsky district of the Altai Territory). Length 140 km, basin area 1960 sq. km. Main tributaries: Ingara (right, 28 km long), Lesnoy Alambay (right, 68 km long), Khmelevka (right, 28 km long), Borovlyanka (left, 21 km long). The upper part of the basin is located on the dissected low mountains of the Salair Ridge, the lower part - on the gently sloping Predsalairskaya...

The Alei River is the left tributary of the river. Obi. It flows into it near the village of Ust-Aleyka, Kalmansky district, Altai Territory. The source of the East Aley River is taken as the beginning of the river. The length of the Aley is 866 km, the catchment area is 21,100 sq. km. The main tributaries are: Goltsovka, Kamenka, Zolotukha, Kizikha, Transverse, Klepechikha, Yazevka, Gorevka, Chistyunka. In the middle reaches, the floodplain is crossed by large longitudinal channels: Sklyuikha (62 km long), Bashmachikha (15 km), Babylon (40 km). On the left bank are the cities...

The Barnaulka River is a left tributary of the river. Ob and flows into it near the city of Barnaul. It flows out of Lake Mirror in the Shipunovsky district of the Altai Territory. Length 207 km, catchment area 5720 sq. km. Basically, all tributaries flow into it from the left: Voronikha, Rozhnya, Kolyvan, Panshikha, Shtabka, Vlasikha. The catchment is completely located on the Priobsky plateau. It stretches in a narrow strip (20-27 km) from the southwest to the northeast for 240 km. The modern valley is located in the hollow of the ancient runoff. AT...

Biya Biy (river), Biysk (city) - "Biy is the lord." The Biya is the second most powerful (after the Katun) river of the Altai Republic. It receives the bulk of its water from Lake Teletskoye; the average annual water consumption at the outlet is 221 cubic meters. m per second. For the first 100 km, the average drop is about 1.6 m per kilometer. The speed of the current is 7-9 km per hour, depending on the water level in Lake Teletskoye. In the upper reaches of the Biya, it passes through the territory of the Republic of Altai in a northerly direction among low ridges. For s. Lake-Kureyevo...

Bolshaya Rechka, river, right tributary of the Ob. It originates 12 km from the village of Gornovoe, Troitsky district, Altai Territory. The length is 258 km, the catchment area is 4000 sq. km. There are 294 lakes in the catchment area with a total surface area of ​​28.9 sq. km. Main tributaries: Eltsovka (left, 23 km long), Belaya (left, 61 km long), Borovlyanka (left, 45 km long), Listvyanka (right, 25 km long), Kamyshenka (left, 76 km long). The upper and middle parts of the basin are located on the ridges of the Biysko-Chumysh Upland with dense...

The Burla River is located in the closed region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve. The river originates 8 km northeast of the village of Dolganki, Krutikhinsky district. In high-water years, it flows into the endorheic bitter-salty Lake Bolshoy Adzhbulat on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and in medium and low-water years it flows into Bolshoye Topolnoye Lake, Burlinsky District, Altai Territory. The length of the river is 489 km, the basin area is 12800 sq. km. Main tributaries: Panshikha (left, length 22 km), Kurya (Aksenikha, left, length ...

The Kasmala River, the left tributary of the Ob, originates in a swampy watershed south of the Podstepnoe of the Rebrikhinsky district of the Altai Territory. It flows into the Ob-Tikhaya channel in the Pavlovsky district of the Altai Territory. The length of the river is 119 km, the catchment area is 2550 sq. km. It receives a number of tributaries: Kalmanka, Rebrikha, Barsuchikha, Torbachikha, Borovlyanka, Rogozikha, Funtovka, Chernopyatovka. The catchment area is flat, on the Priobsky plateau. Bolina is located in the hollow of the ancient runoff, in the Kasmalinsky ribbon forest. Floodplain...

Among the numerous rivers of Altai, the Katun is the largest and longest. It originates from the glaciers of Mount Belukha and extends beyond the Altai Mountains in the northwest. Merging with the second most full-flowing river of Altai, the Biya, the Katun gives rise to one of the largest Siberian rivers, the Ob. The length of the Katun is 688 km. Depending on the slope and nature of the channel, the river either rumbles between stones and boulders, or calmly flows along the flattened sections of the bottom, overgrown on low islands with willow bushes and ...

The Kulunda River is located in the closed region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve. It flows out of a small swamp 2 km north of the village of Ust-Mosikha, Rebrikhinsky district, Altai Territory. It flows into Lake Kulundinskoye with two branches. The length of the river is 412 km, the basin area is 12400 sq. km. The largest tributaries: Ermachikha (left, 37 km long), Solonovka (right, 37 km long), Cheremshanka (right, 56 km long), Proslaukha (right, 78 km long), Chuman (right, 88 km long). The catchment area is flat...

The Kucherla River, which flows into the Katun, is formed as a result of the confluence of three equal river flows of sources: Koni-Aira, Ioldo-Aira and Myushtu-Aira. The common valley of Kucherla turns out to be deeper than the valleys of each of the three equal sources. These rivers have large beautiful waterfalls. At the confluence with Kucherlinskoye Lake, the Kucherla River already looks like a turbulent river, which is not so easy to cross. There are 43 lakes in the Kucherla valley, most of which are concentrated in the upper reaches of the valleys...

The Kuchuk River originates 10 km south of the village. Voznesenka, Rodinsky district, Altai Territory, flows into Lake Kuchukskoe. Length 121 km, catchment area 1020 sq. km. In the upper reaches, small temporary streams flow into it. The catchment area is located on the Priobsky plateau and the Kulunda lowland. The valley is expressed throughout, the floodplain is only in some areas. The channel is blocked by earthen dams, in the areas between the ponds it is dry, the water is only in pits or reaches. The constant flow of the river ...

The Ob River is one of the largest rivers in the world. It is formed from the confluence of the Biya (length 301 km) and Katun (length 688 km) on the territory of the Altai Territory, 22 km below the city of Biysk, near the village of Sorokino (right bank) and the village of Verkhne-Obsky (left bank). The Ob flows into the Gulf of Ob of the Kara Sea at Cape Yam-Sale. The length of the river is 3650 km, the basin area is 2990000 sq. km, within the Altai region (Altai Territory) its length is 493 km, the basin area is 209,500 sq. km. The main tributaries of the Upper Ob (from...

The Sungai River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it above the village of Zarechny, Kytmanovsky District, Altai Territory. In the lower reaches it is called Kolbikha. It originates 2 km southwest of the Tyagun railway station. Length 103 km, catchment area 1480 sq. km. Main tributaries: Mishikha (right, 28 km long), Potaskuy (left, 33 km long), Mostovaya (right, 45 km long). The upper part of the basin is located on the Salair Ridge, occupied by taiga. The lower part is located on a ridged patch, mostly plowed.

The Uksunai River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it at the village. Buranovo, Togulsky district, Altai Territory. It originates on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge. The length is 165 km, the catchment area is 2600 sq. km. Main tributaries: Kamenushka (left, 43 km long), Togul (right, 110 km long). The catchment area is formed on the slopes of the Salair and the Predsalair Plain. In the upper part it is forested (fir, aspen, birch), in the lower part it is almost treeless, heavily plowed. The valley is well defined throughout...

The Chemrovka River is a right tributary of the river. Ob and flows into it below the village of Fominskoye of the Zonal region of the Altai Territory. It is formed from the confluence of two rivers - the left and right Marushka - near the village. Marushka of the Tselinny district of the Altai Territory. The length of the river is 123 km, the basin area is 2830 sq. km. Main tributaries: Dry Chemrovka (left, 60 km long), Shubenka (right, 68 km long), Utkul (right, 55 km long). The catchment area of ​​the upper part of the basin is located in the south of the Biysko-Chumysh Upland with gentle hills and dense...

The Chumysh River is a right tributary of the Ob River, flows into the latter 88 km below the city of Barnaul. Chumysh is formed from the confluence of the Kara-Chumysh and Tom-Chumysh rivers in the Kemerovo region. The length of the river is 644 km, the catchment area is 23,900 sq. km. Main tributaries: Kara-Chumysh (left, length 173 km), Tom-Chumysh (right, length 110 km), Sary-Chumysh (left, length 98 km), Angurep (left, length 48 km), Yama (left, length 67 km), Uksunai (right, length 165 km), Taraba (left, length 70 km), Sungai (right, length...

Chuya (river), Chui squirrels, Chui steppe, Chui tract - "Water, river". Chuya is of interest to water tourists from the mouth of the Mazhoy River, where the Mazhoy cascade of rapids of 5-6 difficulty category begins, one of the most interesting and technically difficult for rafting. Mazhoysky cascade is the most popular among tourists due to the convenience of access roads. Downstream there are also several interesting rapids, on one of them - "Behemoth" - annual water tourism competitions are held...