Savva Frost and Andreev House of Friendship of Peoples. Literary and historical notes of a young technician. Childhood of Savva Morozov

Born in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsk district, Moscow province. Grandson of the founder of the Morozov dynasty, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov. The son of a major textile manufacturer, the founder of the Nikolskaya cotton manufactory, an Old Believer Timofey Savvich Morozov and Maria Fedorovna, nee Simonova.

He received his primary education at the 4th Moscow Gymnasium. Then he studied at the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1885. He continued his studies at Cambridge in England, where he studied chemistry, was going to defend his dissertation, but returned to Russia to head the family business.

Upon his return, he took over the management of the family Nikolskaya manufactory. He was the director of the Trekhgorny Brewery Association in Moscow, headed the committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was a member of the Moscow branch of the Council of Trade and Manufactories and the Society for Promoting the Improvement and Development of the Manufactory Industry. "For useful activity and special works" he was awarded the Orders of St. Anne of the 3rd and 2nd degrees.

S.V. Morozov is one of the largest patrons of the Moscow Art Theater, to whose cause he devoted a lot of time and soul. Stanislavsky recalled: “This remarkable man was destined to play in our theater an important and wonderful role of a patron of art, able not only to make material sacrifices to art, but to serve it with all devotion, without pride, without false ambition and personal gain.”

Savva Timofeevich was married to the daughter of a Bogorodsk merchant of the second guild, G.E. Zimina Zinaida Grigorievna Zimina. In her first marriage, she was Morozov's cousin, Sergei Vikulovich Morozov, whom she divorced and a few years later married Savva Morozov. Their romance made a lot of noise in Moscow, and caused a storm of protests in the family. Divorce, marriage to a divorced woman is a terrible sin in the Old Believer environment. Nevertheless, Morozov insisted on his own and the wedding took place. For his beloved wife, Savva Timofeevich built according to the project of F.O. Shekhtel luxury house on Spiridonovka. Had four children: Maria - married to I.O. Kurdyukov; Elena; Timothy; Savva.

The merchant Morozov provided all kinds of support to the revolutionary forces of Russia: he gave money for the publication of Iskra, smuggled printing typefaces, hid the revolutionary Bauman from the police, himself delivered forbidden literature to his factory, but most importantly, he provided considerable financial assistance to the revolutionaries. He was a close friend of M. Gorky. Towards the end of his life, he tried to break ties with the Bolsheviks by reconsidering his political views.

In 1898, Morozov met Maria Fedorovna Zhelyabuzhskaya, nee Yurkovskaya, an actress of the Moscow Art Theater with the stage name Andreeva. This was Morozov's last strong passion, which ended in a tragic break for him - in 1904, the actress Andreeva became the common-law wife of M. Gorky.

In 1905, Savva Timofeevich was in the deepest spiritual crisis. Rumors circulated in Moscow about his madness. The family decided to send him to France. In Cannes, in a hotel room on May 13, 1905, at four in the afternoon, Morozov was found dead. The official version - shot himself. Currently, there are two versions of what actually happened in Cannes: Morozov committed suicide due to persecution by the Bolsheviks, or he was killed by the Bolsheviks themselves.

The body was transported to Moscow and buried at the Old Believer Rogozhsky cemetery. In Moscow, a rumor spread that the coffin was lowered into the ground empty, and Morozov was alive and hiding somewhere in the depths of Russia.

Nemirovich-Danchenko left some comprehension of the tragic end of Savva Timofeevich: “Human nature cannot stand two equivalent opposing passions. The merchant does not dare to get carried away. He must be true to his element, the element of endurance and calculation. Treason will inevitably lead to a tragic conflict ... And Savva Morozov could be passionately carried away. Until love. Not a woman - this did not play a role for him, but a person, an idea, a public .... He ... gave significant sums to the revolutionary movement. When the first revolution broke out in 1905 and then a sharp reaction, something happened in his psyche, and he shot himself.

Quote message Mysterious death in Cannes. Savva Morozov.

Mysterious death in Cannes

AT Everyone knows that the famous industrialist and philanthropist, one of the main sponsors of the Bolshevik Party, Savva Morozov, was found dead in a hotel in the French city of Cannes. The debate about whether it was suicide or someone dealt with Savva Timofeevich has been going on for more than a hundred years. The authors of the film found new unexpected arguments in favor of each of these versions and
expanded the circle of suspects. However, the most unexpected find was evidence that the death of Savva Morozov was only a staging. The film includes interviews of the descendants of S.T. Morozov and competent experts, chronicle footage, documentary materials, as well as game episodes. The film is attended by: Marina Smolyaninova, Irina Morozova, Fyodor Morozov (descendants of S.T. Morozov), Lyubov Syroezhkina (director of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky Museum of Local Lore), Lyudmila Kaminskaya (head of the Museum of the History of the Moscow Police of the KC Central Internal Affairs Directorate for Moscow) , Mikhail Vinogradov (doctor of medical sciences), Metropolitan Kornely (primate of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church) and others.

Let's start with the pedigree of Savva Timofeevich Morozov.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the first Savva did not have a middle name. And it was simply called “Sava son Vasiliev”, since he was born a serf. An enterprising peasant in the Vladimir province opened a workshop that produced silk lace and ribbons. He worked on the only machine tool himself, and he himself walked to Moscow, 100 miles away, to sell goods to buyers. Gradually, he switched to cloth and cotton products. He was lucky. For 17 thousand rubles - huge money at that time - Savva received a "free" from the nobles of the Ryumins, and soon the former serf Morozov was enrolled in the Moscow merchants of the first guild.
Having lived to a ripe old age, Savva Vasilievich did not overcome the letters, but this did not prevent him from doing excellent business. He bequeathed to his sons four large factories, united by the name "Nikolskaya Manufactory". His son turned out to be a clever and resourceful heir. Timothy was literate and, although he “did not graduate from universities,” he often donated rather large sums to educational institutions and publishing.
On January 7, 1885, a strike of workers, the Morozov strike, broke out at the Nikolskaya manufactory. When the instigators of the unrest were tried, Timofey Morozov was summoned to court as a witness. The hall was overcrowded, the atmosphere tense to the limit. The anger of the public was caused not by the defendants, but by the owner of the factory.
Savva Timoffevich recalled that trial: “They look at him through binoculars, like in a circus. Shouting: “Beast! Bloodsucker!" The parent got lost. He went to the witness stand, fussed, stumbled on the smooth parquet - and with the back of his head on the floor, as if on purpose in front of the dock itself. Such a mockery arose in the hall that the chairman had to interrupt the meeting.” After the trial, Timofey Savvich lay in a fever for a month and got out of bed a completely different person. He didn’t want to hear about the factory: “Sell it, and the money goes to the bank.” And only the iron will of his wife saved the manufactory from sale. Timofei Morozov refused to conduct production affairs at all: he transferred the property to his wife, since the eldest son, in his opinion, was young and hot.

Savva Timofeevich, mother - Maria Fedorovna Morozova and wife Zinaida Grigoryevna Morozova

Savva Timofeevich Morozov
The future capitalist and freethinker was brought up in the spirit of religious asceticism, in exceptional severity. On Saturdays, underwear was changed in the house. The brothers, the elder Savva and the younger Sergei, were given only one clean shirt, which usually went to Seryozha, his mother's favorite. Savva had to wear the one that his brother took off. More than strange for the richest merchant family, but this was not the only eccentricity of the hostess. Occupying a two-story mansion with 20 rooms, she did not use electric lighting, considering it to be demonic power. For the same reason, she did not read newspapers and magazines, she shied away from literature, theater, and music. Afraid of catching a cold, she did not take a bath, preferring to use colognes. And at the same time she kept her family in her fist so that they did not dare to rock the boat without her permission. At the same time, “forms of education” tested for centuries were used - for poor academic success, the young merchant growth was mercilessly beaten.

Representatives of 4 branches of the Morozov family (4 Morozov manufactories):
Morozov Abram Abramovich, Morozov Timofey Savvich, Morozov Vasily
(Makar?) Zakharovich, Morozov Vikul Eliseevich

Moscow. Photo by Bergner A.(?)

Savva was not distinguished by special obedience. In his own words, while still at the gymnasium, he learned to smoke and not to believe in God. His character was paternal: he made decisions quickly and forever.
He entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. There he seriously studied philosophy, attended lectures on the history of V.O. Klyuchevsky. Then he continued his education in England. He studied chemistry at Cambridge, worked on his dissertation and at the same time got acquainted with the textile business. In 1887, after the Morozov strike and his father's illness, he was forced to return to Russia and take charge of the affairs. Savva was then 25 years old.
He ordered the latest equipment from England. The old man was disgusted by his son's innovations, but in the end he gave in: fines were canceled at the manufactory, prices were changed, new barracks were built. Timofey Savvovich stamped his feet on his son and scolded him as a socialist.
- And in good moments, very old - he stroked me, it happened, on the head and said: “Oh, Savvushka, you will break your neck.”
But the realization of the disturbing prophecy was still far away.

Secretly, Maria Fedorovna was proud of her son - God did not deprive him of either intelligence or mastery. Although she got angry when Savva first ordered in his own way, as he saw fit, and only then approached: “Here, they say, mama, let me report ...”
On the love front
In Moscow, Savva Timofeevich made a lot of noise by falling in love with the wife of his cousin-nephew Sergei Vikulovich Morozov - Zinaida. There were rumors that Sergei Vikulovich took her from the weavers at one of the Morozov factories. According to another version, she came from the Zimin merchant family, and her father, Bogorodsk merchant of the second guild, Grigory Zimin, was from Zuev. Zinaida Grigoryevna adored luxury and reveled in social success. Her husband indulged her every whim.

Savva Morozov and Zinaida Grigorievna, his wife

Morozov was lucky to have powerful, arrogant, intelligent and very ambitious wives. Zinaida Grigorievna only confirms this statement. An intelligent, but extremely pretentious woman, she entertained her vanity in a way that is most understandable to the merchant world: she adored luxury and reveled in secular success. Her husband indulged her every whim.
The personal apartments of Zinaida Grigoryevna were luxuriously and eclectically furnished. Bedroom "Empire" made of Karelian birch with bronze, marble walls, furniture covered with blue damask. The apartment resembled a dishware shop, the amount of Sevres porcelain was frightening: even the mirror frames were made of porcelain, porcelain vases stood on the dressing table, tiny porcelain figures hung on the walls and on brackets.
The study and master bedroom looked alien here. Of the decorations, only the bronze head of Ivan the Terrible by Antokolsky on a bookcase. These empty rooms resembled a bachelor's dwelling.
In general, mother's lessons were not in vain. In relation to himself, Savva Morozov was extremely unpretentious, even stingy - he walked at home in worn-out shoes, on the street he could appear in patched shoes. In defiance of his unpretentiousness, Madame Morozova tried to have only “the very best”: if toilets, then the most unthinkable, if resorts, then the most fashionable and expensive.
Savva looked through his fingers at his wife's affairs: mutual frenzied passion soon grew into indifference, and then into complete alienation. They lived in the same house, but practically did not communicate.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov with children.

Even four children did not save this marriage.
Captivating, with an insinuating look and an arrogant face, complexed because of her merchant class, and all hung with pearls, Zinaida Grigorievna sparkled in society and tried to turn her house into a secular salon. She "easily" visited the queen's sister, the wife of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna. Evenings, balls, receptions followed in succession ... Morozova was constantly surrounded by secular youth, officers. A.A. Reinbot, an officer of the General Staff, a brilliant boyfriend and socialite, enjoyed her special attention.

Zinaida Grigoryevna Morozova - Wife of Savva Morozov

Later he received the rank of general for the fight against the revolutionary movement. And two years after the death of Savva Timofeevich, he married Zinaida Grigoryevna. One must think that her vanity was satisfied: she became a hereditary noblewoman.

Savva Timofeevich and Maria Fedorovna Andreeva
Keeping a strict account of each ruble, Savva did not skimp on spending thousands for the sake of a good, in his opinion, business. He gave money for the publication of books, donated to the Red Cross, but his main feat was the financing of the Moscow Art Theater. Only the construction of the theater building in Kamergersky Lane cost Morozov 300 thousand rubles.
In 1898, the Moscow Art Theater staged the play "Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich" based on the play by Alexei Tolstoy. Savva Morozov, accidentally stopping by the theater in the evening, experienced a deep shock and since then has become an ardent admirer of the theater.
Savva Timofeevich was an enthusiastic and passionate nature. Mother Maria Fyodorovna was not without reason afraid: “Hot Savvushka! .. will be carried away by some innovation, will contact unreliable people, God forbid.”

"Portrait of M.F. Andreeva" 1905

God did not save him from the actress of the Art Theater Maria Fedorovna Andreeva, ironically - the namesake of his mother.
The wife of a high-ranking official A.A. Zhelyabuzhsky, Andreeva, was not happy in the family. Her husband met another love, but the couple, keeping up appearances, lived in one house for the sake of two children. Maria Fedorovna found solace in the theater - Andreeva was her stage name.
Having become a regular at the Art Theater, Morozov also became a fan of Andreva - she had the glory of the most beautiful actress on the Russian stage. A stormy romance ensued. Morozov admired her rare beauty, bowed before her talent and rushed to fulfill any desire.

Stanislavsky about Andreeva and Morozov
“The relationship of Savva Timofeevich to you is exceptional ... These are the relationships for which they break their lives, sacrifice themselves ... But do you know what sacrilege you reach? .. You boast publicly to outsiders that Zinaida Grigorievna, painfully jealous of you, is looking for your influence over her husband. For the sake of acting vanity, you are telling right and left that Savva Timofeevich, at your insistence, is contributing a whole capital ... for the sake of saving someone ....
I love your mind and views and I do not like you as an actor in life at all. This actress is your main enemy. It kills the best in you. You start telling lies, stop being kind and smart, become harsh, tactless both on stage and in life.

M.F. Andreeva

Passion and revolution
Andreeva was a hysterical woman, prone to adventures and adventures. Only the theater was not enough for her (or rather, she was stung by the undoubted artistic genius of Olga Knipper-Chekhova), she wanted a political theater. She was connected with the Bolsheviks and raised money for them. Later, the Okhrana would establish that Andreeva collected millions of rubles for the RSDLP.
“Comrade Phenomenon,” as Lenin called her, managed to force the largest Russian capitalist to fork out for the needs of the revolution. Savva Timofeevich donated a significant part of his fortune to the Bolsheviks.

M.F. Andreeva. Artist I.I. Brodsky M.F. Andreeva. Artist I. Repin.

Passionate, carried away, nature in everything going “to the end”, “to the complete death in earnest”. Rogozhin in the novel “The Idiot” seems to have been written off by Dostoevsky from Morozov - or the great writer knew the very type of a talented Russian businessman who was bored with his money, went crazy from the surrounding vulgarity and vanity, and put everything in the end on a woman and on love.
A Russian rich man, as soon as he becomes educated, falls in love with a fatal intellectual who embodies for him culture, progress and passion at the same time. And then either he dies, unable to overcome the marginality of his existence, or ... becomes an intellectual.

Andreeva and Gorky

“Pity humiliates a person”
The tragedy began with the fact that Stanislavsky quarreled with Nemirovich-Danchenko.
And they quarreled because of the artist Andreeva, who made a scandal because of the artist Knipper-Chekhova. The genius talent of Olga Leonardovna Knipper was recognized by absolutely everyone.
Andreeva was given secondary roles - she demanded the main ones, complained to Stanislavsky and Morozov about Nemirovich-Danchenko. In the end, the two co-owners of the theater hated each other so much that they could not talk calmly. Morozov resigned his directorship. Together with his close friend Maxim Gorky and Maria Fedorovna, he started a new theater.

Andreeva and Gorky

But then Andreeva and Gorky fell in love with each other. This discovery was a severe shock for Savva.
Actor A.A. Tikhonov spoke about it this way:
“A bare, shoulder-length female hand in a white ball glove touched my sleeve.
- Tikhonych, dear, hide this for now ... I have nowhere to put it ...
Maria Fedorovna Andreeva, very beautiful, in a white dress with a deep neckline, handed me a manuscript with Gorky's poem "The Man". At the end, a donation was made - they say that the author of this poem has a strong heart, from which she, Andreeva, can make heels for her shoes.
Morozov, who was standing nearby, grabbed the manuscript and read the dedication.
- So ... a New Year's gift? Fall in love?
He pulled out a thin gold cigarette case from the pocket of his tailcoat trousers and began to light a cigarette, but from the wrong end. His freckled fingers were shaking."

Rivals - S.T.Morozov and A.M.Gorky

Morozov could not resist the venerable rival, and was forced to improve relations with his wife, and not without success. A year later, their fourth child was born - the son of Savva. “What a disgusting person, indeed! - Savva Timofeevich once exclaimed in his hearts, having a strong quarrel with Maxim Gorky. “Why does he appear to be a tramp when everyone around knows very well that his grandfather was a wealthy merchant of the second guild and left a large inheritance to the family?”

The fatal mistake of Savva Morozov
Savva Timofeevich lived according to the laws of Russian literature, where suffering from love and indulging bitches and hysterics was revered as a virtue. Even after Andreeva and Gorky began to live together, Morozov still anxiously cared for Maria Fedorovna. When she was on tour in Riga, she was hospitalized with peritonitis and was on the verge of death, it was Morozov who looked after her. He bequeathed to her an insurance policy in the event of his death. After the death of Morozov, Andreeva received 100 thousand rubles from insurance.

M.F. Andreeva in the play

... It was already the beginning of 1905. A revolution broke out. A strike broke out at the Nikolskaya manufactory. In order to negotiate with the workers, Morozov demanded from his mother a power of attorney to conduct business. But she, outraged by his desire to negotiate with the workers, categorically refused, and she herself insisted on removing her son from business. And when he tried to object, she shouted: “I don’t want to listen! If you don’t leave, we will force you.”
The circle of loneliness was inexorably shrinking. Morozov remained in complete isolation. A talented, intelligent, strong, rich man could not find something to rely on.
Love proved impossible and untrue. The secular wife was annoying. He had no friends in his circle, and in general it was unimaginably boring among the merchants. He contemptuously referred to his colleagues as a "wolf pack." The “flock” answered him with timid dislike. Gradually, an understanding came of the true attitude towards him on the part of the “comrades”: the Bolsheviks saw him as just a stupid cash cow and shamelessly used his money. In the letters of Gorky's "sincere friend" there was a frank calculation.
Savva fell into a severe depression. Rumors about his madness spread around Moscow. Savva Timofeevich began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in complete solitude, not wanting to see anyone. His wife was vigilant that no one came to him, and seized the correspondence that came in his name.
At the insistence of his wife and mother, a council was convened, which made a diagnosis: a severe nervous disorder, expressed in excessive excitement, anxiety, insomnia, bouts of depression. The doctors recommended sending the “patient” abroad for treatment.
Accompanied by his wife, Savva Timofeevich left for Cannes. Here, in May 1905, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in the room of the Royal Hotel, the 44-year-old chintz magnate shot himself. They said that on the eve there were no signs of a tragic denouement - Savva was going to the casino and was in a normal mood.

Suicide or Murder?
A significant role in shaping the revolutionary mood of the workers of the Morozov manufactory was played by Leonid Krasin, who was assigned by Savva to supervise the construction of the power plant back in 1904. Krasin was well versed not only in electricity, but also in the manufacture of explosive devices. No wonder he headed the Combat Technical Group under the Bolshevik leadership. Krasin's expropriations consisted in organizing bandit raids on bank crews in order to seize money. In Moscow, Krasin's workshop was equipped in Gorky's apartment, which was vigilantly guarded by the Georgian militants of the legendary Kamo. It was here that the bombs that exploded at Stolypin's residence in August 1906 were constructed. This time Stolypin was unharmed, but the explosion killed 32 people and injured dozens. Terrorist actions were gaining momentum. “Krasin dreamed of creating a portable walnut-sized bomb,” Trotsky recalled. Krasin's military merits were highly appreciated by his comrades-in-arms, and he was appointed treasurer of the Central Committee. Finally, Savva realized what a threat to society the fiery revolutionaries posed, and stopped injecting money into their treasury. Such a turn did not suit the Bolsheviks, they tried to put pressure on the sponsor, but Savva was adamant, the Bolsheviks too. Many researchers of this dark affair believe that Krasin was the organizer of the murder.

1870 Leonid Borisovich Krasin
I repeat. Shortly before his death, he insured his life for 100 thousand rubles. He handed over the insurance policy “to bearer” to Maria Andreeva along with a handwritten letter. According to her, in the letter, “Savva Timofeevich entrusts the money to me, since I alone know his desires, and that he cannot trust anyone but me, even his relatives.” A significant part of these funds was transferred by Phenomenon to the fund of the Bolshevik Party.
Most of Morozov's fortune went to his wife, who shortly before the revolution sold shares in the manufactory.
The reasons for allegedly suicide were called different, including a conflict with the mother. Perhaps his mother's actions hurt his pride, but did not affect his material wealth. Morozov remained a wealthy industrialist. He owned mines, logging, chemical plants, hospitals, newspapers. The break with Andreeva occurred several years ago and also could not cause a nervous breakdown. The act of the forty-three-year-old Savva to draw up his insurance policy for a huge amount of money at that time, one hundred thousand rubles, without indicating the name of the recipient, that is, “bearer”, is surprising. In fact, it was a death warrant signed with his own hand. What or who forced Savva to act in such a reckless way remained a mystery. When the time came to collect the money, the bearer was found. The document ended up in the hands of Andreeva, and, according to Morozov's former lover, this was an act of caring for her.

Later, Zinaida Grigorievna recalled that some suspicious personalities were constantly wiping around their house in France. On May 13, a shot rang out in Morozov's apartment. Zinaida Grigorievna ran into her husband's room and found him shot through the heart. Through the open window, she saw a man running away. Near the body of the murdered police found two notes. In one it was written: “Debt - payment. Krasin. In the other, Savva's posthumous appeal, in which he asked no one to blame for his death. The handwriting of the last note was similar to Krasin's. Morozov's personal doctor noted with surprise that the dead man's hands were neatly folded on his stomach, his eyes were closed. The doctor doubted that the suicide could have done this unaided. Until the end of her life, Zinaida Grigoryevna did not believe in Savva's suicide and claimed that Krasin visited her husband in Cannes. At the insistence of the mother of the deceased, the official version was adopted - suicide due to a nervous breakdown. “Let's leave everything as it is. I will not allow a scandal, ”she decided. “There is something mysterious in this death,” Gorky wrote to E. L. Peshkova, having heard about Morozov’s death and still not knowing what had happened. Morozov's relatives protested Andreeva's right to dispose of the policy, but lost the case. “Krasin was in charge of all these operations,” Andreeva wrote in a letter to N. E. Burenin, Lenin’s ally. Most of the money received under the policy went to the Bolshevik cash desk. About 28,000 rubles were transferred to E.F. Crete, Andreeva's sister, who raised her children. Andreeva herself, together with the "petrel of the revolution," began to carry out a new task for the Bolshevik committee to raise money. To this end, they went to New York with a letter of recommendation from the Executive Committee of the RSDLP and a personal note from Lenin. Maxim Gorky, in his passionate speeches to the Americans, exposed the bloodthirsty policy of tsarism and asked for money to support the revolution in Russia. After the victory of the revolution in 1917, Ilyich did not forget the merits of Andreeva, and handed her the briefcase of the commissioner of theaters and spectacles of Petrograd and its environs. The new government remembered Savva Morozov as a wealthy exploiting manufacturer, trying to oblivion his large cash contributions, which went to the revolutionary cause. But the memory of this outstanding man remained in the hearts of ordinary people.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov was born on February 3 (February 15, according to a new style) in 1862 in the village of Zuyevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. His childhood and youth years were spent in Moscow in the parental mansion, located in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatsky Lane. The freedom of children in the house was limited to a chapel and a garden, beyond which well-trained servants did not let them go. He rarely saw his father, his mother, it seemed to him, gave preference to other children. For the first time, parents showed interest in him when Savva was already a teenager: home teachers announced to Timofey Savvich and Maria Fedorovna that they could not teach Savva anything else - the boy showed remarkable abilities in the exact sciences and needed a serious education. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1881, Savva entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, and after attending the course, in 1885 he left for England. In Cambridge, Savva Timofeevich successfully and deeply studied chemistry, he was going to defend his dissertation here, but the need to head the family business forced him to return to Russia.

After the strike of 1885, the health of Savva Morozov's father began to deteriorate, and he actually retired. At the initiative of Savva Timofeevich's mother, Maria Fedorovna, a share partnership was created from relatives, the technical director of which was the 25-year-old talented engineer Savva Timofeevich Morozov, who gladly took over the management of the manufactory.

Having become the head of the Nikolskaya manufactory, Savva Morozov hastened to destroy the most egregious oppressive measures introduced by his father. He abolished fines, built many new barracks for the workers, and provided exemplary medical care. He carried out all these improvements as a manager.

However, in the true sense, he was never the owner of the manufactory, since after the death of Timofey Savvich most of the shares passed to the mother of Savva Timofeevich, Morozova Maria Fedorovna, a very domineering woman with a great mind and independent views. Possessing a huge capital, Maria Fedorovna never forgot about charitable deeds, and surpassed her husband in scale. For example, in 1908, Maria Fedorovna bought up and closed all the notorious overnight houses in the Khitrovka area. At the expense of Morozova, a student dormitory and a building for the laboratory of the mechanical technology of fibrous substances of the Imperial Technical School (now named after Bauman) were built. M. F. Morozova made her will in 1908, distributing her fortune among her children and grandchildren and allocating 930 thousand rubles. for charitable purposes She died in 1911 at the age of 80, leaving behind 29 million 346 thousand rubles. net capital and increasing her husband's fortune, which she inherited, by almost 5 times.

Shortly before graduating from university, Savva informed his parents that he had fallen in love and was going to marry the divorced wife of his close relative, Zinaida Grigorievna Zimina. His chosen one was completely different from the submissive, naive merchant daughters with whom Savva was introduced by her parents. She was a strong, charming, passionate and sensitive woman with a sharp mind. Despite attempts by relatives to dissuade Savva from this marriage, the wedding still took place. And immediately after graduation, the newlyweds left for England. After returning to Russia, according to the project of F. O. Shekhtel, a house was built for his wife on Spiridonovka (now the Reception House of the Russian Foreign Ministry), where all the color of the then intelligentsia of Moscow attended receptions. To receive an invitation to a reception from Zinaida Grigoryevna was considered an honor by the most senior officials of the city. However, Morozov himself rarely appeared at these receptions and felt superfluous. Heavy and clumsy, he could not organically fit into high society. After several years of such a life, Morozov gradually lost interest in his wife and did not approve of her overly luxurious lifestyle.

Loud fame Savva Morozov brought his charitable activities. In addition, he was a great philanthropist, and many cultural undertakings of those years took place with the participation of his capital. However, he had his own views here - he did not give money to everyone and not indiscriminately. For example, Morozov did not donate a penny to the Museum of Fine Arts, which was created with the active participation of Tsvetaev. But on the other hand, regardless of any expenses, he supported everything in which he foresaw an important influence on national culture. In this sense, his attitude to the Moscow Art Theater is indicative, in the creation of which Morozov's merit is no less than Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. The establishment of the theater required significant funds. Neither Stanislavsky nor Nemirovich-Danchenko had them. Having received a refusal from the government, they began to turn to patrons. Morozov from the very beginning in 1898 gave 10 thousand rubles to the theater. In 1900, when serious complications arose in the activities of the troupe, he bought out all the shares and undertook to finance the current expenses alone. His donations have become the most important source of funds for the theater. For three years, he kept the theater afloat, saving its leaders from exhausting financial troubles and giving them the opportunity to focus entirely on the creative process. According to Stanislavsky, "he took over the entire economic part, he delved into all the details and gave the theater all his free time." Morozov was very keenly interested in the life of the Moscow Art Theater, went to rehearsals and predicted "that this theater will play a decisive role in the development of theatrical art." Under his leadership, the building was rebuilt and a new hall for 1300 seats was created. This construction cost Morozov 300 thousand rubles, and the total amount spent by him at the Moscow Art Theater approached half a million.

At the beginning of the XX century. Morozov became keenly interested in politics. Semi-legal meetings of the Cadets took place in his mansion. This, however, was not yet surprising, since many large industrialists at that time gravitated towards the constitutional democrats. But Savva Morozov soon ceased to be satisfied with the half-hearted reforms that they were going to carry out in Russia. He himself had much more radical views, which eventually led him to close contact with the Bolshevik Party, which adhered to the most extreme socialist orientation. It is known that Morozov gave money for the publication of Iskra. At his expense, the first legal Bolshevik newspapers Novaya Zhizn in St. Petersburg and Borba in Moscow were founded. All this gave Witte the right to accuse Morozov of "feeding the revolution with his millions." Morozov did even more: he smuggled printing type, hid the revolutionary Bauman from the police, and delivered banned literature to his factory himself.

In February 1905, when Savva Timofeevich decided to carry out some extreme transformations at his factory, which were supposed to give the workers the right to a part of the profits, his mother, Maria Fedorovna, removed him from management. In addition to this event on January 9, 1905, which went down in history as "Bloody Sunday" became a real shock for him. Apparently, all these circumstances caused a severe nervous breakdown. Morozov began to avoid people, spent a lot of time in solitude, not wanting to see anyone. He began to have insomnia, sudden bouts of melancholy and obsessive fears of insanity. And in the Morozov family - although this was hushed up - there were many who lost their minds. A council of doctors convened in April at the insistence of his wife and mother stated that Savva Timofeevich had a "severe general nervous breakdown" and recommended that he be sent abroad. Morozov went with his wife to Cannes and was found dead here in the Royal Hotel room on May 13, 1905. A serious investigation into the circumstances of the death of S.T. Morozov was not carried out, so the true causes of his death remained unclear.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov was buried at the Old Believer Rogozhsky cemetery in Moscow.

serf capitalist

The history of the founder of the Morozov dynasty

THREE FACTORS

In the second half of the 18th century, a new stage in the development of Russian entrepreneurship begins, a stage that was later called the period of economic peasants. Peter's time moved the empire forward, several hundred more or less modern industrial and commercial enterprises were created. The country got acquainted with new technologies, but since everything was based on forced labor of serfs and on state orders, on state regulation, state monopolies and state institutions, the opportunities for business development were naturally limited. Somewhat similar to today's situation.

However, we must not forget that Russia has never been China behind the Chinese wall. Even in the most difficult periods, when it was cut off both from the south and from the west, the country still remained part of the European world. And the European world then is the industrial revolution in England, James Watt. This is Enlightenment. These are the French encyclopedists, these are Voltaire and Diderot, whom the Russian imperial throne cannot ignore, seeking in some way to imitate the ideas and moods of these people. And finally, the third moment - Emelyan Pugachev, who in 1771 raised all the Eastern Russian peasants, and only the completely ugly organization of this uprising and the antediluvian moral level made it easy to deal with them. Because the muzhiks in Ryazan, the muzhiks in Kaluga were waiting for Pugachev and said bluntly that as soon as he got here, they would "recast" their masters. These three factors could not leave unchanged the system that was created by Peter and which seemed to work well.

The accession of Catherine, this 100% German woman, who had no blood relationship not only with the royal house, but in general with any of the Russian influential figures, her proclamation as a wise mother was a sign of a very serious turn in public consciousness. The leaders understood that some new human material was needed, and there was an expectation that this young German woman, who had shown herself to be very intelligent, reasonable and realistic, and at the same time unusual, would turn out to be proactive.

DRESS RUSSIA

In the very first decrees of Catherine, at first timidly, the idea of ​​allowing serfs to start their own business begins to be put forward, which was previously excluded by existing laws. Industrial enterprises could be created by nobles and merchants. And here it is proclaimed that serfs have the right to set up weaving, blacksmithing or any other mills in their huts, to make products and sell them in the markets. A very interesting system is being created. The peasants get access to business, and the autocracy is even strengthened. Serfdom is preserved, and they began to clamp down here more strongly than before - they increased corvée. However, the upper stratum of the peasants, those who, even under the conditions of the centuries-old serfdom, retained their working and human qualities, commercial initiative and orientation, received the opportunity to occupy a completely new place. And the exit of these economic men into business begins.

Technically, nothing new has happened. On the same village weaving mills, on which sackcloth was made for centuries for peasant use, they begin to make goods for sale. How does this happen? Quite young people leave the village, asking for leave from the master for quitrent, they become apprentices at some good textile enterprise of the Petrine type. They become weavers, dyers or spinners and then leave the factory and open their own workshop. Whether in his village house or somewhere on the outskirts of Moscow. Primarily these commercial enterprises arise in the field of textile production. The creators of some new way of life always succeed not only because of their personal qualities, but also because they fall into the general stream of life. And it was then that old Russia began to strive to change into good clothes, and not only the middle strata, but also the top of the people. Already, they tried to let out brides to fairs not in homespun ponies, but in beautiful bright chintz sundresses and dresses. Simply put, a domestic revolution was taking place, which no one remembers now, although cardinal changes took place. The nobles began to build decent houses in their villages. And before that they lived in large huts. And the same thing happened with clothes.

OPENWORK BUSINESS

1780s. Our hero left the village at the age of 15 to study at a silk-weaving factory. He became a good weaver, and then set up a camp in his hut in the village of Zuevo (now Orekhovo-Zuevo). But at first there were only problems, because quite often a big business begins with a disaster. Savva Morozov has a lot to go to the army. This is 25 years of service and a considerable probability of returning sick or crippled. But there is a possibility: to contribute a large amount so that the relevant military registration and enlistment offices can hire a hunter, that is, a volunteer.

Morozov receives five rubles a month, but the owner of the factory is interested in keeping the guy who is promising in all respects, and gives him this money, hoping that he will work off the debt until the end of his days.

However, Savva takes the money, pays off recruiting, leaves the factory, practically marries a girl who comes from a family of good rural dyers. And together in their hut they begin to make openwork fabrics, silk ribbons and lace. The peasant paid off his debt in two years. At first, the goods were sold in the surrounding families. Then Morozov begins to walk with him a hundred miles to Moscow. Descendants said that in the summer he left the village in the morning, in the evening he was in the Mother See. “Grandfather ran with his goods,” the heirs said. He doesn't have a shop or shop. But the ribbons and lace are good, and obviously the price is right. The result is hundreds of clients. Morozov himself comes to people's homes, receives the exact order, buys silk, and then brings the finished product, if something needs to be redone, he does it without talking.

VILLAGE INVESTOR

In 1798, Morozov already had a workshop, he hired and trained workers of his age. Most likely, they do weaving work for him, and all the decoration is on him and on his wife. He does not trust anyone with the sale of goods and the purchase of raw materials. All this time, an already experienced businessman pays dues and is redeemed only at the age of 50. Nobody knows the exact amount, but it is known that the gentlemen constantly raised it. Its owner is the nobleman Ryumin. This is by no means Gogol's Korobochka; Ryumin had a good estate near Moscow, which Ryabushinsky later bought. Morozov himself is an illiterate man. An Old Believer who is subjected to harassment, and even direct persecution and persecution by the state. But this does not spoil his character, and he begins to invest without hope of profit.

Where can he invest? Very simply, the path is found by itself. The village is not rich, the land is bad, there is enough bread until Christmas, and then the peasants come and ask for bread until next summer. And he gives them the money. There are usurers everywhere, but the usurers of that time had a modern percentage or even higher. And Savva Morozov gives money without interest. A kind of practical humanism. Then wealthy men begin to give him small amounts for safekeeping, so as not to spend and be able to save up, say, for a horse. The reputation has already been established. Financially, our openwork specialist is a symbol of absolute reliability. And the villagers have a different way of thinking, a different system of working with money.

The very concept of accumulation arises. Naturally, not only neighbors turn to him, but also people from the surrounding villages. Does he set it as his goal consciously? Of course not. Everything develops intuitively, spontaneously. Over time, Morozov expands his production, the workshop gradually develops into a small factory. And he starts handing out work at home. He buys English yarn in Moscow, brings it to him and gives it to the peasants, who make good fabrics from it. (The fact is that we did not have spinning, but weaving turned out perfectly.) He was returned the finished product, he paid and independently dealt with finishing and marketing.

Here, too, everything was built on credit and trust. The yarn can be drunk away, and Morozov gave it to those in whom he had no doubts, of course, without concluding any contracts.

He keeps all financial transactions in his head. And then, when the business grows, this rural businessman distributes work to hundreds and even thousands of home weavers, keeping all the records from memory.

AFTER BORODIN

After 1812, a new conjuncture arises, and Savva Morozov skillfully uses it. Europe came to Russia with Napoleon. Tens of thousands of Frenchmen who did not completely freeze out remained here in the role of translators, teachers, secretaries, and many who fled returned to do business. In addition, everything burned down in Moscow, and this provoked a huge demand for fabrics. Business became more serious, and it was even easier to conduct it. Russia has thrown off some part of its medieval rigidity and isolation.

Eight years after Borodin, Morozov is redeemed free for 17,000 rubles (the usual rate was 20,000 rubles). Why so late? No one knows. But it is possible that he used his masters as a "roof". After all, the Old Believer peasant was a completely disenfranchised person, and when even Ryumin stood behind him, the local authorities and the police no longer pressed him to death, because they understood that he would complain. Or maybe they just didn't have enough money. Saved up barely by the age of 50.

In addition, when Morozov opened a factory in Zuev, it was legally the property of Ryumin. The serf peasant had no right to real estate. But over time, serf millionaires appeared. Apparently, the quitrent was worth it for the gentlemen to tolerate such people. At that time, there were hundreds of noble factories, to which the peasants were driven as to corvée, that is, they received, at best, some trifle for the holidays. And people like Morozov created their own business model, they got freelance labor, and with it - serf capitalism. There is a wage and there is no coercion. A person can work, can leave, can bargain for better conditions. But the employer makes demands on him that are not in the corvée. There you can pretend that you are working, here you need a quality result, otherwise you will be fined or kicked out.

So gradually in business there are new concepts and rules of conduct. The main thing in these capitalists is a deep inner respect for money. This is the basis of their worldview. Here they are no different from European Protestants. Every ruble is valuable. And the highest sin is to throw even a penny down the drain. What is it expressed in? Their children and relatives are not starved or cold, they eat normally, dress normally. They have very good village-type houses, the first floor is brick, the second is wooden. In Moscow, they occupy three districts: the first - Zamoskvorechye, the second - Taganka, the third - the area of ​​​​Prospect Mira. They live perfectly, but no extra expenses, everything in moderation. Strict discipline in everything. Turn off the lights early, wake up early. In the morning the owner is at his factory. Even having earned millions, these people are very frugal in personal expenses, which was the subject of bullying by our writers. It was difficult for the nobles to understand that money is something other than just a path to enjoyment, that it has some meaning and content besides the fact that it makes it possible to live well.

PRICE OF REPUTATION

When Morozov was already 70 years old, he unexpectedly capitalized on his reputation, which he had been building all his life. The project turned out fantastic. No longer a serf, the businessman made an agreement with Ludwig Knop, a representative of a very large British engineering firm. The British brought him 120 spinning machines, workers, engineers, technicians and steam engines to Zuevo.

Morozov built a building for them, they installed the equipment and gave out cotton, since the village illiterate peasant did not have access to world markets. So the production of yarn was set up, and a Russian student stood next to each Englishman. He did not have enough money for such an event. Knop did everything on credit. But the machine builders couldn't afford to do debt financing on their own, they went to their banks. English bankers gave credit to English machine builders, and on credit they dragged a mountain of equipment to Morozov. This is how he built his reputation. And after a while he issued shares and gave some part to the British. They became co-owners of the enterprise and therefore carried out repairs and consultations almost free of charge. Our public has been incredibly brave financially. Then Knop built about 150 textile factories in Russia, also equipped on credit. A whole office arose, where peasant capitalists came to Knop and said: “You are making factories, do it for me too.” The survey began. We drove, looked at what kind of enterprise, what degree of reliability, and built it. In the end, the British begin to invest a lot of money in bastard men. Their motives are clear - in Russia there is a market, the yarn is torn off with hands. It was the period of the founders of dynasties, the emergence of a new breed of people. Capital accumulation is just a consequence. The first and most important is the accumulation of human material. And even without serf millionaires at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, thousands of people in all provinces and districts were engaged in trade, transportation on horses and barges. The aristocracy believed that the people consisted of lazybones, swindlers and drunkards, but in fact it was an invincible public. They learned the trade, chose the right wives, creating a family artel, set up production, redeemed themselves from the masters, expanded their business, went to the cities and then knew how to beat the villagers who were hired. This class held the entire Russian economy until 1917. But that's another story. And our hero lived to be 90 years old and even learned to sign.

REVOLUTION WAITING

The history of the second generation of the Morozov dynasty

The founder of a famous family started industrial capitalism in Russia. The sons strengthened and put him on a very wide footing. But they also became witnesses and perpetrators of the first proletarian revolts.

Serfdom was abolished a year after the death of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov.

A huge free labor market has emerged in Russia. Serf capitalism, under which the manufacturer not only did not have the right to own real estate, but he could also be sold along with the enterprise, ended. The landowner lost his practically police power over the peasants. There was freedom. The freedom to leave your village, the freedom to find work, the freedom to drink vodka.

Someone went to the mines, someone to the construction of railways. Everything came to life. The trains that appeared made it possible to export goods that were already there, but which had nowhere to go. From Moscow to Chita and beyond, the cart was the main freight transport. These 50 years - from 1861 to 1915-1916 - changed the country. We are still living the legacy of that fifty years. Almost everything that was in the West appeared in Russia. The railway network, their ships, their steam locomotives, and even the problem of where to export their equipment.

FOOTBALL AND TREATS

In recent years, the founder of the dynasty more and more shifted the management of his enterprises to the shoulders of his sons. It is interesting for the Morozovs that it is impossible to establish a sharp boundary between generations, they overlapped each other, and this made it possible to smoothly move from one stage of the development of the case to another. So, Savva Morozov has five sons. There were four real successors. The fifth - Ivan - did not have a penchant for managing a business and, having received his due share, left the business. The difference in years between all of them was quite significant. The founder of the company until the age of 50 had no rights. Everything he acquired was legally considered the property of his owner, the nobleman Ryumin.

In 1820, Savva Morozov redeemed himself, his father, his children and all those productions that he created with his own money. The youngest son, Timothy, was born in 1823, that is, he was already a free man. The rest of the children were born and remained serfs for a long time. The parent did not send them to any educational institutions. The education they received was called Dyachkovsky. They learned to read, write, count, while the business books filled in by the younger Morozovs were of a very high level. By the time of his redemption from serfdom, their father had already managed to create a whole network of manufacturing enterprises. The eldest son Elisha was the first to raise the issue of leaving the common cause. He managed to build a small dye-finishing factory, and the descendants managed to make it quite successful. Elisha himself was drawn to his roots.

Although the Morozovs were strong, convinced Old Believers, Savva Vasilyevich, performing all the rituals and participating in the activities of the community, was still mainly engaged in entrepreneurship. His firstborn wanted another. Researchers write that the leaders of the enterprise under the nominal leadership of Elisha were his wife and eldest son Vikula Eliseevich. In the end, Elisha completely retires, becomes a religious thinker and writes a treatise on the Antichrist. Its exact content is unknown, but historians use the term "Elise's faith" or "Elise's faith" - the best proof that the author has become famous. Of course, with such labors, he was not up to the development of textile production. Vikula Eliseevich concentrated the matter more and more in his own hands. He turned out to be an excellent leader, achieved recognition throughout the empire, and the enterprise bore his name - the Nikolskaya Manufactory of Vikula Morozov and Sons. It was fair, the owner not only raised the technical level and increased volumes, but also took on the solution of social problems. From one of the existing points of view, even mass Russian football originated in his factory.

The Morozovs made extensive use of the work of British engineers and craftsmen. The English worked for them until 1918 and, of course, played football. First among themselves, and then they began to include Russians in the teams. The case was unusual and incomprehensible to the Old Believers. Moreover, Elisha belonged to one of the most extreme directions, the so-called Pomeranian agreement. For these people, to see their employees running after the ball in shorts, indulging in some unusual activity with such excitement was strange.

But the Old Believers were serious people, their business was always very high, and they quickly realized that although it resembled demonic games, there was a benefit from it. Firstly, for the health of workers - not the last factor in the successful development of the enterprise. Secondly, those who run around the field will not go to the tavern later. And the main enemy of the Morozovs was just alcohol. As a result, they provided a new hobby with a material base. We even ordered special shoes. And things went. First, mixed teams were created, then purely Russian teams, then - adults and teenagers. In the end, Morozovites at the beginning of the 20th century became a thunderstorm for football clubs from Moscow and other cities. However, the atmosphere here, as in any other pre-revolutionary enterprise, was not too sugary. Hard work, and in addition to it, the British are too demanding and punctual. However, this had the best effect on the quality of fabrics.

The second line is Zahara. This is the next oldest son of the founder. In the early 1830s, he received from his father the management of one of the production departments. And in the early 1840s, in Bogorodsk (modern Noginsk. - Ed.), he founded his own dyeing and finishing enterprise. Like all Morozovs, Zakhar built a house from the roof - he went from finishing, finishing operations, mastering first of all those links in the technological chain that determine the quality of the goods. An important moment in the history of Zakhar and his entire family was the corporatization of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory. This happened in 1855, during the life of the founder of the family, who later took an example from his son. But the best was yet to come. The factory waited for its commercial heyday already under Zakhar's grandchildren. One of them, Arseniy Ivanovich, in addition to everything else, left behind six volumes of ancient Old Believer chants. They were recorded not with notes, but with a special musical instrument - hooks. In Soviet times, one of the buildings of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory came in handy in the cinema. In Grigory Alexandrov's film The Bright Path, Lyubov Orlova hovers under the roof of a building built by Zakhar's descendants.

The next son was Abram Savvich. He died early, leaving two sons, not having time to create his own enterprise. But the family did not abandon them. Their younger uncle Timofey Savvich became their guardian.

He always worked with his father: the elders separated, stood out, started families, composed treatises, and Timothy helped his parent. Savva Vasilyevich left him the Nikolskaya manufactory, which he created himself. What did she represent? First, a small dyeing enterprise. Then came the production of cloth. And, finally, in Nikolskoye there was a breakthrough on an all-Russian scale. A huge spinning factory was created there. Until that time, yarn was brought from England. Russia could not compete with it due to the lack of spinning machines, everything was done by hand. The question arose of a spinning enterprise, and Savva Vasilyevich built it. He used American, Egyptian and West Indian cotton, and Timofey added Central Asian. The youngest son took over the leadership of the main inheritance at the age of 25. The total capital by that time was approaching 6 million rubles. The children of the deceased Abram Savvich were also in the share, they separated only in 1871, when they were in their 20s. By that time, my uncle managed to build a new large production center for his nephews on the outskirts of Tver, having begun to buy land there on the advice of his father. The eldest of Abram's sons, Abram Abramovich Morozov, was a controversial and complex person, but he turned out to be a brilliant organizer, and the Tver manufactory was very successful. But the owner of the factory also died early, leaving the enterprise in the hands of his wife Varvara Alekseevna Morozova. Their marriage was difficult. However, having been widowed at the age of 33, she did a great job of moving on until her three young children grew up. Thus, four completely independent enterprises of the Morozovs arose.

CREDIT HISTORY

All the heirs of Savva Vasilyevich worked in the same price segment. They write about everyone: “They made linen and clothing products.” Simply put, they produced cotton fabrics, worked for the mass market of the people. Overstocking at the Morozovs happened only during periods of crises, which were caused by ordinary economic and natural fluctuations. As soon as there was a major crop failure, the purchasing power of the population immediately decreased. And yet they were more effective than the noble merchants, who were guided by the treasury - if only they could grab the state order through bribes, patronage, and the inclusion of high-ranking princes in their composition.

Timofey, who was a truly brilliant entrepreneur, acted better than others. He constantly changed cars, spent large sums on equipment upgrades, and traveled abroad. Then this businessman with a deacon education takes his family to Europe. There are memories of how they spent time there, visiting theaters, the Louvre and the Dresden Gallery. In Germany and France, Timofey tries to spend more time at textile factories. The sons complain that he does not feed them, and receive the answer: “Strange people, I eat once a day, and I have enough, but you need to constantly eat something.” An example of a person who is completely absorbed in business.

He knows all the stages of his production thoroughly. And when the question of the release of a new type of fabric is raised, he himself participates in the process as a master. Specialists are also selected personally. First, it's the British. Then these are graduates of the Moscow Higher Technical School, in the development of which Timofey invests heavily.

His wife Maria Fedorovna later built a special research laboratory at Moscow Higher Technical School. Timofey takes students to his practice, and gradually Russian engineers appear with him. He knows well the scientific and technical environment of Moscow and invites professor-level experts. Under him, it even came to electricity. True, at first it was used only for lighting, and ordinary steam engines continued to give mechanical movement. But technology and organization of production is not everything. Timofey Savvich was interested in the organization of the bank. Loans are constantly needed, purchases are seasonal, cotton must be taken for a whole year, when it is the cheapest, immediately after the harvest. Together with other figures of his level, he creates the first private joint-stock Moscow Merchant Bank in Moscow and has a large block of shares in it. This, of course, is not the only source of borrowed capital. The Morozovs adopted a self-financing system. They loaned money to their firm. The director gives a loan from personal funds at 6% per annum. Both he and his wife, who has her own capital there, and other relatives. In addition, the company is credited at the state bank for large sums - up to hundreds of thousands, millions of rubles. Money is needed not only for cotton, but also for equipment - after all, equipment from Europe is purchased in large quantities. And you have to pay all at once. But as if that were not enough, Timofey Savvich also invests in the construction of railways. He buys shares and bonds of the respective firms. The acquired securities grow, Morozov sells them and, in general, behaves like a professional financier. At one time he was even chairman of the Moscow Exchange Committee, but not for long. Here, oratorical qualities were needed, which he did not have. Besides, there wasn't enough time. However, he did not lose his significance and, if necessary, could appeal to the government.

VERTICAL INTEGRATION

In the end, Timofey Morozov became such an influential figure that he had the opportunity to interfere in the economic policy of the state. Tariffs on foreign fabrics were then very high, thanks to which Russian textiles were able to take a good share of the market. Tariffs for cars and dyes, on the other hand, were kept low. Foreign entrepreneurs were encouraged to build their enterprises here. But there were different currents in the government, at some point the idea arose to reduce import duties. Timofei Savvich said that if this happens, he will close his factories and let his workers and everyone in the world earn where and how they want. As a result, the tariffs were not changed.

Although not everything was so smooth. Sometimes Morozov was reminded of his peasant origin. They were invited to the royal train, and then they forgot to provide a seat. But he carried himself with great dignity and calmly retired.

Timofey attached great importance to the quality of products, he checked and inspected everything himself. For example, he said: “This fabric is not good enough, but here the pattern is not very clear, it needs to be better.” He fined the workers and foremen, held all the staff firmly, but gave his orders very politely: “I suppose”, “I would consider it necessary”, “I advise”. He employed 18,000 workers in production, and another four thousand worked in peat mines. An almost vertically integrated company was created. Not only did the enterprise receive cotton, it produced absolutely finished goods, independently extracted fuel and even organized the production of cars. Morozov's workshops made about a thousand looms - not a very big business. The machines were of a good standard.

At the first stage of the development of the enterprise, the workers of the Morozovs slept in the same workshops where they worked, but gradually they began to build housing for them. Families - two, three - lived in one room, single ones - in large common bedrooms. The 19th century was generally very difficult for the proletariat. 24-hour work in two shifts, that is, 12 hours, while others used to have both 13 and 14. Wages, of course, grew throughout the century, but still remained low. Therefore, the Morozov social package included four hospitals with several hundred beds, a craft weaving school and schools. Compared to other textile enterprises, things were much better here.

And yet, Timofey Savvich overlooked a new period in the development of the country. The worst happened in 1885.

DAMNED CAPITALIST

In 1885, the famous Morozov strike took place. It happened at a time when Timofei Savvich was forced to reduce prices, the company was operating at a loss for a year or two. First, the bonuses from employees were cut off, and then they got to the salaries of workers.

Morozov, of course, tried to improve something, but he was no longer able to fully adjust social policy. Despite the crisis, he still tried to maintain the profitability of the enterprise, lowered prices and pressed more heavily on fines. Then - and this was a fatal mistake - he declared one of the major church holidays a working day in January 1885. The workers could not stand it and went on strike. The strike that happened was always portrayed as a great act of the working people, although it was a wild protest riot. Workers vandalized grocery stores, smashed windows, and threw away furniture in employees' homes. Pogrom and robbery, drunkenness, someone was crushed by the crowd. The workers at the manufactory showed themselves in a completely different way than their followers in 1905 (performances by very restrained, organized people who, as a rule, did not allow themselves any hooliganism). There was still semi-village confusion. But there was a lot of justice in their demands. As soon as a real riot began in Nikolskoye, the governor arrived there and immediately took the side of the workers, which is rarely remembered. Although this is an example of the tactical literacy of a not very gifted government of that time and an explanation of why Gapon's organization was so successful in our country. The authorities understood perfectly well that a completely insane fast industrial boom was necessary, but dangerous. After all, such masses of workers are concentrated in one place. Try to imagine the village of Nikolskoe. There are 18 thousand people at Timofey and 12 or 14 thousand at Vikula. Almost an army.

Of course, Morozov believed that he was feeding his workers, that otherwise these weavers would not have been able to get 15 rubles, that he himself worked even harder than they did. That's all right, but it didn't make it any easier for them. And then, their standard of living is not quite the same as his. The founder of the dynasty, Savva Vasilyevich, was the banner of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. In the public mind, he brought good. And his attitude was different. Everyone remembered how he walked 100 miles and carried goods to Moscow for sale, everyone knew that he remained illiterate, lived rather modestly, being a very rich man, by today's standards - a billionaire.

All this did not apply to Timofey Savvich, from the point of view of some proletarians, he was a "damned capitalist." It was a dark time for him. Trials began on those who beat and thrashed. At first they were given some terms. And then there was a second trial, and the jury acquitted them, Morozov himself was found guilty, which shocked him greatly. The strikers were defended by lawyers Plevako and Shubinsky, who, of course, downplayed their “merits”. This could not happen without the tacit consent of those in power. In general, the state reacted quite decently, several laws were immediately issued regarding the situation of workers. The same thing happened after the unrest that was staged in 1895-1896 by the "Unions of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" (Lenin was a member of one of them). After that, a whole series of laws was published. The working day was limited to 11.5 hours, night work of minors and women was banned. The government could not fail to respond to such outbreaks. But in general, the 19th century was incredibly difficult for everyone who fell under the definition of "simple hard worker." There was no choice of paths. In the village, these 15 rubles would never be seen, they had to agree to factory hardships. The youth thus opened the way to a new life.

Although enduring such labor for decades, of course, was very difficult. And here Timofey Savvich had to show understanding and be more careful. But the nature and circumstances did not allow.

Morozov, after all that he had experienced, remained the leader for some time, but more and more handed over the reins of government to his son Savva Timofeevich and son-in-law Alexander Nazarov. A new social policy began in 1889, after his death.

AFTERWORD

Savva Vasilyevich started his business in 1797 with five rubles. This money for good work and exemplary behavior was given to him by the manufacturer Kononov. Before the revolution, according to historians, the total capital of all four branches of the Morozovs was about 120 million rubles. We transfer to today's money, we get billions. But three generations worked hard for this achievement for 130 years, and together with them many thousands of people. The Morozovs were to become Russian Du Ponts, Vanderbilts and Rockefellers. But what happened happened.

TRIP TO THE EAST

Timofey Morozov was a hero of his time, but he would not have been lost among the legendary business leaders of the 20th century either. Selflessly and with the passion of a man with a goal, the head of the Nikolskaya manufactory delegated little authority and tried to delve into everything himself. The youngest son of Savva Vasilyevich organized the largest enterprise in Russia, managed more than 20 thousand workers, was the largest technologist, a successful private investor, and took part in the creation of a bank that was really useful for the entire economy.

The subject of special envy of competitors is the organization of the sale of goods. Timothy not only used the services of wholesalers, but also launched a whole system of trading enterprises of various levels. In addition, the Morozovs generously provided loans to fabric merchants. The notebooks preserved in the archives contain interesting characteristics of retailers: “You can give goods to this person for 20 rubles, no more”, “This one for 3 thousand”, “This one for 30 thousand, it is reliable, it has been trading for many years.” All the Morozovs practiced this approach, while Timofey was distinguished by the fact that he was the first to make his way to China with his tissues.

It was very difficult for him, the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire treated the imported product badly, but he stubbornly pursued his goal. By caravan route on camels he carried goods to the central regions of China. At that time, the eastern neighbor of Russia was opening up for Western capital, the Germans and the British brought their fabrics there. Timothy challenged them. When the CER (Chinese Eastern Railway) was carried out, the volume of deliveries increased many times over. It was possible to realize relatively little, but the principle was important for him - to be present everywhere.

Lev Krasnopevtsev, a series of essays in the SPEAR`S Russia magazine, Nos. 2(11) and 3(12) for 2011

Savva Morozov came from an Old Believer merchant family Morozov, was a hereditary honorary citizen.

He spent his childhood in the estate in Tryokhsvyatitelsky Lane. He graduated from the 4th Moscow gymnasium at the Pokrovsky Gate (1881).

In 1881 he entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Moscow Imperial University, from which he graduated in 1887 with a diploma in chemistry. During these years he wrote a significant work - a study on dyes, and later communicated with Mendeleev.

In 1885 - 1887 he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge (Great Britain), at the same time he got acquainted with the organization of textile business in English factories (in Manchester).

Since 1886 he was the managing director of the Association of the Nikolskaya manufactory "Savva Morozov's son and Co."

Nikolskaya manufactory won a lot of various diplomas and medals for the excellent quality of products. The Russian press dubbed Savva Morozov a "merchant governor." At the All-Russian Industrial Exhibition and Fair in Nizhny Novgorod, as chairman of the fair committee, Morozov brought bread and salt to the tsar. And later, at "Macarius" he delivered a combat speech. In it, Savva Timofeevich said such wise words that they still sound like a testament to posterity: “The richly endowed Russian land and the generously gifted Russian people should not be tributaries of someone else’s treasury and a foreign people ... Russia, thanks to its natural wealth, thanks to the exceptional sharpness of its population , thanks to the rare endurance of its worker, can and should be one of the first industrial countries in Europe. This speech of our great countryman was sharply criticized by Suvorin, but prominent representatives of industry and trade fully supported Savva Timofeevich.

He owned cotton fields in Turkestan.

He was very fond of work and said more than once: “I do not agree with Descartes in this formulation. Thinking is a process closed in itself. It may not go outside, remaining fruitless and unknown to people. We do not know what thinking is in a mysterious of our essence, but we know where its boundaries are... I say: I work, therefore I exist. It is obvious to me: only work expands, enriches the world and my consciousness "(p. 49).

In his factories, Morozov introduced pregnancy pay for female workers. He had his scholarship holders in technical universities of the country, and some of his scholarship holders studied abroad. Morozov's workers were more literate than the workers of other Russian industrial enterprises.

He was also the director of the Trekhgorny Brewery Association in Moscow.

In 1888, on June 24, the wedding of Savva Timofeevich Morozov and the ex-wife of his cousin Sergei Vikulovich, Zinaida Grigoryevna Morozova, took place; 6 months later, their first son, Timothy, was born.

In 1890, Morozov acquired an estate in the Urals in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, Perm province. The main goal was the availability of wood as a raw material for the production of chemical reagents. Reagents were needed to create new dyes used in manufacturing. In Vsevolodo-Vilva, Savva Morozov converted a former ironworks into a chemical one. He opened another plant of the same profile on the Ivaka River. The chief engineer of both was B. I. Zbarsky.

In 1893, Morozov bought a house on Spiridonovka from A. N. Aksakov, demolished it, and built a luxurious house for his wife according to the design of the architect F. O. Shekhtel.

Here he received guests and arranged balls where one could meet Mamontov, Botkin, Chaliapin, Gorky, Chekhov, Stanislavsky, Boborykin and other prominent people of Russia. Knipper-Chekhova recalled one of these balls: “I had to attend a ball at Morozov's. I have never seen such luxury and wealth in my life.” Yes, the wealth and power of ST Morozov, perhaps, had no equal in the country. Another case speaks of this. Once Zinaida Grigorievna was invited to the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna. The guest's bouquet was of such beauty and luxury that the highest person bit her lips with envy. The best Morozov gardeners made up this bouquet, which surpassed the royal one in art.

In 1905, he established the Joint Stock Company of United Chemical Plants “S. T. Morozov, Krel and Ottman. He enjoyed influence in business circles: he headed the committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was a member of the Moscow branch of the Council of Trade and Manufactories and the Society for Promoting the Improvement and Development of the Manufactory Industry.

He provided great assistance to the Moscow Art Theatre: in 1898 he became a member of the Association for the establishment of the Public Theater in Moscow, regularly made donations for the construction and development of the Moscow Art Theater, was in charge of its financial part (1901-1904), was the initiator and chairman of the board of the share partnership for the operation of the Moscow Art Theater (1901) and the construction of a new theater building in Kamergersky Lane.

Stanislavsky said, referring to Savva Timofeevich: “... the work you contributed seems to me a feat, and an elegant building that has grown on the ruins of a brothel seems like a dream come true ... I am glad that the Russian theater has found its Morozov, just as art waited for its Tretyakov ... " .

Honorary Member of the Society for Assistance to Needy Students of Moscow University.

The best trotters in Russia "Tashkent" and "Neyada", owned by S. T. Morozov, won almost all the prestigious races at the Moscow hippodromes.

At the beginning of the 20th century, he maintained relations with the leaders of the liberal movement, in his mansion on Spiridonovka, built in 1893-1898. for his wife Z. G. Morozova, semi-legal meetings of the Zemstvo constitutionalists were held.

Morozov was also associated with the revolutionary movement. He financed the publication of the social-democratic newspaper Iskra, the first legal Bolshevik newspapers Novaya Zhizn and Borba were founded at his expense. Morozov illegally smuggled forbidden literature and typographic fonts to his factory, and in 1905 he hid one of the Bolshevik leaders N. E. Bauman from the police. He was friends with M. Gorky, was closely acquainted with L. B. Krasin.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov always carefully monitored the condition of the workers at his factory. He personally looked through the lists of workers hired and fired from the enterprise. In the event that he discovered violations and deviations, he demanded explanations from his managers. Interestingly, in 1903, he discovered how one of the directors subordinate to him fired two workers who had served at the enterprise for 18 and 19 years. For this, the leader was severely punished. As a result, such a managerial approach ensured a long and stable peace in the enterprise. When hiring, Savva Timofeevich gave preference to family ones. When one day he saw many bachelors in the lists of newly hired people, he warned the director of the bleaching and dyeing factory S.A. Nazarov for this. Adolescents could enter the factory only after graduating from the course of a public school, the oldest age limit for employment was 45 years. They were fired mainly for serious violations - for example, at the Nikolskaya Morozov Manufactory, 40.4% of the dismissed were caught red-handed when trying to take goods out of the factory, 13.7% were sick with venereal diseases, 10.1% were prone to fights and violence, 9 .7% - truants and drunkards.

In January 1905, after January 9, 1905, he drew up a note “On the causes of the strike movement. Demands for the introduction of democratic freedoms” with demands for freedom of speech, the press and unions, universal equality, inviolability of the person and home, compulsory schooling, public control over the state budget, and more. The Note stated that “the working class should be given the full right to assemble, the right to organize all kinds of unions and other societies for self-help and protection of their interests. To the same extent, all the aforementioned rights should be extended to the class of industrialists. Strikes, according to Morozov, which are peaceful abandonment of work, accompanied by neither murder, nor threats, nor violence, nor destruction or damage to property, should not be punishable either by administrative or criminal order. The note was not given a move, since the board of the Nikolskaya manufactory, headed by M.F. Morozova, did not support it. “... Mother really threatened Savva Timofeevich with dismissal, but formally this was not done. On March 17, 1905, at a regular meeting of the shareholders of the Nikolskaya manufactory, M. F. Morozova was re-elected to the position of managing director, and Savva Timofeevich was re-elected to the position of managing director. The fact that Savva Morozov, contrary to many years of assertions by Soviet historians, was not removed from business is also confirmed by the study of the journals of the meetings of the board of the Nikolskaya manufactory. This, of course, an important discovery belongs to the great-granddaughter of Savva Timofeevich T.P. Morozova and the researcher of the Morozov manufactory I.V. Potkina.

Morozov was very worried about his helplessness, the inability to change anything. He began to spend a lot of time alone, did not want to see anyone. Rumors about his insanity began to spread around Moscow. At the insistence of Morozov's wife and mother, a council was convened on April 15, 1905, in which doctors G. I. Rossolimo, F. A. Grinevsky and N. N. Selivanovsky participated. The council concluded that Savva Morozov "had a severe general nervous disorder, expressed either in excessive excitement, anxiety, insomnia, or in a depressed state, attacks of melancholy, and so on." It was recommended that Morozov be sent to Europe for treatment.

Morozov Savva Timofeevich (1862-1905), Russian businessman, public figure, philanthropist.

Born February 15, 1862 in Moscow into a merchant family. He graduated from the gymnasium and the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University (1885), studied chemistry at Cambridge (1885-1887), at the same time getting acquainted with the organization of textile business in English factories.

Upon returning to Russia, Morozov became the manager of the Nikolskaya manufactory (1887) and turned it into one of the most productive and profitable in Russia. He abolished fines, built new barracks for the workers, and provided exemplary medical care.

Savva Timofeevich enjoyed great influence in business circles: he headed the committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was a member of the Moscow branch of the Council of Trade and Manufactories and the Society for Promoting the Improvement and Development of the Manufactory Industry.

In the early 90s. 19th century Morozov built factories in the Perm province for the production of products that are used in the textile industry, in 1905 he established an anonymous society of connected chemical plants.

Morozov was widely known as a philanthropist. He participated in helping the Moscow Art Theater not only with money, but also with personal labor. Under the influence of the actress M. F. Andreeva, he became close to the Bolsheviks, financed the publication of their newspapers; hid the revolutionary N. E. Bauman from the police.

After the January unrest of 1905, Morozov drew up a program of urgent socio-political reforms - it dealt with the abolition of autocracy, freedom of speech, the press and unions, the inviolability of the person and home, and public control over the state budget.

In February 1905, Savva Timofeevich decided to carry out social transformations at his factory, but his mother removed him from management, declaring him crazy. At the insistence of doctors, Morozov went abroad.

May 26, 1905 in Cannes, he shot himself. According to the official version, the entrepreneur committed suicide, but the circumstances of the tragedy are not completely clear. It is known that shortly before his death, he insured life for a large amount, and gave the bearer insurance policy to Andreeva. Perhaps she was somehow involved in what happened.