Dictionary of ecological terms and concepts. Dictionary of ecological terms. Sciences and their object of study

21.04.2020

Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - dwelling, "logos" - science) - the science of the laws of the relationship of organisms, species, communities with the environment.
External environment - all conditions of animate and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the state, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.
Environmental factors(from Latin "factor" - cause, condition) - individual elements of the environment that interact with the body.
Abiotic factors(from the Greek "a" - negation, "bios" - life) - elements of inanimate nature: climatic (temperature, humidity, light), soil, orographic (relief).
Biotic factors - living organisms interacting and influencing each other.
Anthropogenic factor(from the Greek "anthropos" - a person) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or impact through a change in their habitat.
The optimal factor the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the organism (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).
Limiting factor - environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.
Endurance limit - the boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible (icy desert, hot spring, upper atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species, there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.
Ecological plasticity - the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the effects of environmental factors.
Climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the influx of solar energy, the direction of the winds, the ratio of humidity and temperature.
photoperiodism(from the Greek "photos" - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.
Seasonal Rhythm - the response of organisms to changes in the seasons regulated by photoperiodism (when the autumn short day sets in, the leaves fall from the trees, animals prepare for overwintering; when the spring long day begins, the renewal of plants and the restoration of the vital activity of animals begin).
The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to the alternation during the day of a period of light and darkness of a certain duration (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of the movement of flowers and leaves in plants, the rhythm of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).
Hibernation - adaptation of animals to the transfer of the winter season (winter sleep).
Anabiosis(from the Greek "anabiosis" - revival) - a temporary state of the body, in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and in the hot period of summer).
winter calm - adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous life forms and leaf fall in woody and shrubby forms.
Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to endure low negative temperatures.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Ecological system - a community of living organisms and their habitats, constituting a single whole based on food relations and ways of obtaining energy.
Biogeocenosis(from the Greek "bios" - life, "geo" - earth, "cenose" - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.
Biocenosis - a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, interconnected in the food chain and influencing each other.
population(from the French "population" - population) - a set of individuals of the same species occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, genetic basis and, to one degree or another, isolated from other populations of this species.
Agrocenosis(from the Greek "agros" - field, "cenosis" - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation, and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or more species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.
Producers(from lat. "producentis" - producing) - green plants, producers of organic matter.
Consumers(from Latin "consumo" - to consume, spend) - herbivorous and carnivorous animals, consumers of organic matter.
decomposers(from Latin "reducer" - reduction, simplification of the structure) - microorganisms, fungi - destroyers of organic residues
Food chains- chains of interconnected species that sequentially extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.
Nutritional level - one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.
Power supply networks complex relationships in the ecological system, in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for various members of the ecosystem.
Ecological pyramid rule - the pattern according to which the amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is about 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less.
Self-regulation in biogeocenosis- the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.
Population fluctuation - a successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, fodder yields, natural disasters. Due to the regular repetition, fluctuations in population size are also called life waves or population waves.
Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals by their extermination or breeding.
Disappearing population - a population in which the number of species has declined to an acceptable minimum.
Commercial population - population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the undermining of its resources.
Population overcrowding - a temporary state of a population in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.
Density of life - the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a tone or other medium.
Self-regulation of numbers - limiting action of the ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to an average norm.
Change of biogeocenoses - the successive natural development of an ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps form in place of forests, and meadows in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).
Restoration of biocenosis - it is more natural to develop a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after cutting or fire, the spruce forest is restored in more than 100 years) -
Restoration of biocenosis artificial - a set of measures to ensure the renewal of the former biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, returning extinct animals.
Phytocenosis(from the Greek "phyton" - plant, "cenosis" - general) plant community, historically formed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of \u200b\u200bthe territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (aboveground and underground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), placement, aspect (appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities).

Lakhdenpokhya

2017

Dictionary of environmental terms

BUT

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT (from Greek. a is a negative particle andbiotikos - vital, living) - a set of inorganic conditions (factors) of the habitat of organisms.

AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHS (gr. autos - myself, trophy - nutrition) - organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.

AUTOCHTON(S) - living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.

AGROCENOSIS (from Greek. agros- field and koinos- general) - a community of organisms living on agricultural land, occupied by crops or planting of cultivated plants.

ADAPTATION (lat. a dapto - fit) - adaptation of the body to various conditions of existence in the environment.

ALLELOPATHY (gr. allelon - each other, mutually,pathos - suffering) - the influence of cohabiting organisms of different species on each other through the release of waste products.

ALLOCHTON(S) - living organisms found in a given area, but originated outside of them.

ANTIGENS - substances alien to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.

ANTIBODIES - proteins of the immunoglobulin group, which are formed in the human body and warm-blooded animals in response to the ingress of antigens into it and neutralize its harmful effect.

ANTHROPOCENTRISM (from Greek. antbropos - human, kentron - center) - the view that man is the center of the universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.

AREAL (lat. a rea - area, space) - part of the earth's surface (territory or water area), within which a given species is distributed and undergoes a full cycle of its development.taxon : species, genus, family.

B

BACTERIOPHAGE - A virus that infects microorganisms.

BACTERIA(O)CID - a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances (corrosive sublimate, formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.

BENTAL - the bottom of the reservoir, inhabited by organisms that live on the ground or in its thickness.

BENTHOS - a set of organisms that live at the bottom of a reservoir

BIOGAS - a mixture of gases generated during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste by cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, admixtures of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES - biogeochemical circulation of substances, the exchange of matter and energy between various componentsbiosphere , due to the vital activity of organisms and bearing a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and form the dynamic basis for the existence of life. The energy flows of the Sun and the activity of living matter serve as the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement of chemical elements.

BIOGEOCOENOSIS - an evolutionarily developed, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.

BIOINDICATOR - a group of individuals whose presence, condition and behavior is used to judge changes in the environment, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS - periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes, the links of which they are. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

BIOM - (from Greek. bios - life and lat. about ma - ending, totality) - a set of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the tropical rainforest biome.

BIOMASS - the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, referred to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg/ha, g/m 3, kg / m 3, etc.)

BIOSPHERE (from Greek. bios - life; sphair - ball) - the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. - the largest ecosystem of the Earth - the area of \u200b\u200bsystem interactionalive and inert substance on the planet. It includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the Earth's lithosphere, inhabited by living organisms.

BIOTA(gr. biote - life) - a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of \u200b\u200bdistribution, living in some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographic) barriers. Unlike biocenosis, biota includes species that may not have ecological links with each other.

BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT - a set of living organisms that exert their vital activity on other organisms.

BIOTOPE - a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic factors of the environment.

BIOFILTER (biological filter) - a facility for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of the gradual passage of the cleaned masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of cleaning organisms, for example. reeds.

BIOCHOR - a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.

BIOCENOSIS (gr. bios - life and koinos - common) - a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of the same biogeocenosis and inhabit the same biotope. Part of the ecosystem

BIOCYCLE - a large subdivision of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.

BOGARA - land in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without irrigation.

BONITET - an economically significant, as a rule, comparative natural characteristic (richness of soils, wood yield per 1 ha, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguish them from other similar formations.

SOIL BUFFERING - the ability of the soil to maintain an acid reaction (pH). Acquired special significance in connection with acid precipitation.

AT

VALENCE ECOLOGICAL - the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.

VERMICIDE - means for the destruction of worms.

EXPLOSION DEMOGRAPHIC - a sharp increase in population associated with a change in socio-economic or general environmental conditions of life (including the level of healthcare).

WATER IS PURE – water free of contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.h. - does not cause a deterioration in human health.

G

Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs (gr. heteros- different, different trope- nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live on autotrophs.

Hypodynamia (gr. hypo - at the bottom, dinamis - strength) violation of body functions with limited motor activity (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).

Global(from lat. globe - ball) - covering the entire globe, planetary.

HOMEOSTASIS(IS) - the state of the internal dynamic balance of the natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and the constant functional self-regulation of its components.

HOMOYOTHERM(IA) - the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the ambient temperature.

D

Degradation(fr. degradation - stage) - gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.

DISINFECTION - the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and domestic animals in the external environment by physical, chemical and biological methods.

Demography(from Greek. demos - people, grapho - I write) - the science of population and the laws of its development.

Detritus(from lat. detritus - abraded) - small organic particles (the remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, together with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.

Detritivores (from lat. detritus - worn and Greek.phagos - devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms contained in it.

DEFLATION – blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles brought by the wind, the transfer of weathering products.

DIVERGENCE (from lat. divergence) - the process of divergence of signs in initially close groups of organisms in the course of evolution.

DOMINANT - a species that quantitatively predominates in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, those included in the same level of the ecological pyramid or vegetation layer.

AND

Living matter - the totality of all living organisms, numerically expressed in elemental chemical composition, weight, energy; connected with the environment by the biogenic current of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.

W

ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION - Pollution resulting from human activities.

SOIL SALINATION – an increase in the content of easily soluble salts (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates) in the soil, due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts by ground and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline if the content of salts is more than 0.25% in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).

WASTE DISPOSAL - placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or the deepest depressions of the seabed without the possibility of reverse extraction.

"GREEN REVOLUTION" - a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of cereals (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of breeding.

ZOOPLANKTON - a set of animals that live (as a rule, freely floating) in the water column of marine and freshwater reservoirs and are able to resist the transfer by currents. Z. is an integral part of plankton. Z., although very rarefied, occurs almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.

ZOOPHAG - an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.

And

Immunity(from lat. immunitas - getting rid of something) - the body's immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.

INTRODUCTION - intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.

IONOSPHERE - a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant number of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays an important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on the earth; auroras and ionospheric magnetic storms are observed in it, reflecting on the state of terrestrial organisms.

To

CARCINOGEN - a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.

QUARANTINE - a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.

SOIL ACIDITY is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active or actual acidity) and in the soil absorbing complex (potential acidity).

CLIMAX - the "final" phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the "final" succession stage of the development of biogeocenoses for these conditions of existence (including anthropogenic, for example, "fire climax").

CLONE - 1) a group of individuals in same-sex organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.

COMMENSALISM - permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on the remains of food or excretory products of the other, without harming him.

COMPOST - fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.

CONVERGENCE – the emergence of similar external features in species and biotic communities of different origin as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to similar environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America).

COMPETITION - rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and sooner achieve some goal compared to other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; allocate intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.

PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER) - an organism that eats plant foods.

SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER) - an organism that feeds on animal food.

COPROPHAGE - an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).

RED BOOK – a list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, abundance and reasons for its decline, reproduction features, already adopted and necessary measures for the protection of species. There are international, national (on a national scale), and local variants of K. k., as well as separately K. k. of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.

SURVIVAL CURVE - a graph showing the number of individuals of a species that have survived to a certain period of time. It is constructed by depositing on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of the average (deviation of the registered age from the average life expectancy) or absolute life expectancy, and along the ordinate axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand born.

A crisis(from Greek. krisis - decision, turning point, outcome) - a difficult, difficult situation.

CRYOPHIL - an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that impregnates sea ice. The mass development of algae colors the snow (eg "red snow") or ice.

CRYOPHYT - cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.

CRYPTOFIT - a perennial herbaceous plant, the terrestrial organs of which die off in a season unfavorable for vegetation, and renewal buds are laid on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).

CRITERION ENVIRONMENTAL - a sign on the basis of which the assessment, definition or classification of ecological systems, processes and phenomena is carried out. K.e. may beenvironmental protection (preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat),anthropoecological (impact on a person, on his population) andeconomic (up to the impact on the entire system of "society - nature").

XENOBIOTIC (from Greek. xenos - alien) - any substance alien to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause a violation of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.

XEROPHIL - an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore living in places with low humidity (from animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).

XEROPHYTE - a xerophilous plant that endures temporary wilt with a loss of 50% moisture or is able to live in arid areas. There are various categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray-haired veronica, etc.

culture(from lat. culture - cultivation, processing) - a way of adapting and organizing people's life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.

CUMULATION - 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (eg, increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);

2) the summation of the action of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in the effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).

L

LANDSCAPE - a natural system homogeneous in terms of development, the main category of territorial division of the geographical envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and wildlife are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system that is homogeneous in terms of development. According to the nature of the impact on humans, the landscape is divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).

Limiting (limiting) factor - a limiter for the flow of any process or the existence of an organism.

LITHOSPHERE - the upper solid shell of the Earth, composed of rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with a lower strength of the substance. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of L. is 50-200 km, including the earth's crust - up to 75 km on the continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.

Local(lat. localis - local) - relating to a limited area.

MESOSPHERE - layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50 - 80 km above the earth's surface, and replaced by the thermosphere: characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from about 0 o to -90 o C).

MELANISM - the phenomenon of the dark color of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integuments. Industrial moth - the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats polluted with soot.

HABITAT OF THE SPECIES - a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, providing the entire development cycle of individuals, populations or species as a whole, - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where this type of living thing is found (cf. Station).

weather sensitivity (gr. meteora - atmospheric phenomena) - the body's sensitivity to weather changes.

MYCORRHIZA - the symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and in the tissues of the roots of plants, which ensures that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.

MICROCOSM - 1) an ecosystem, an extremely limited microecosystem in extent (often an artificial one is meant). Widely used to model large ecosystems; 2) a figurative expression for denoting the "world" of a single grain of sand, a drop, an atoll, etc. (lit. "miniature world").

MINERALIZATION - 1) the process of decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without participationdecomposers ; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg/l, g/l, g/m 3 and % 0 ; with an increase in the dryness of the climate, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg / l, and in the river. Emba - 164 mg / l.

MONITORING(from English. monitor - warning) - observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, human environment).

MUSEUM-RESERVE - a group of specially protected cultural objects in nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural M.-z. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial natural M.-z. (eg, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Small Karely, etc.).

Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio - change, genes - giving birth ) - the process of occurrence in the body of hereditary changes - mutations.

MUTUALISM - 1) a form of symbiosis, in which each of the cohabitants receives a relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms, in which the partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines, which convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; 400 - 500 species of microorganisms live in the human stomach and intestines, many of which a person cannot do without.

H

NEISTON - a set of living creatures that live near the surface of the water, on the verge of aquatic and air environments (then a surface film up to 5 cm deep into the waters). Sometimes only the population of the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston.

necrophage - an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. corpse-eater).

NICHE ECOLOGICAL - the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If a habitat is, as it were, an “address” of an organism, then AD This is his "profession".

NOOSPHERE(from Greek. n ö os - mind and spbaire -ball) - letters. "thinking shell", the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of mankind in it. The formation of the noosphere assumes that human activity in various fields is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge of natural and social activities, that the political unity of mankind will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be eco-humanistic values and ideals.

EMISSION RATE – total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the cumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the MPC.

PRODUCTION RATE - 1) a limit on the removal of individuals from a population, which establishes the number and sex and age composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain restriction on the production of a given species of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).

RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE – a scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources (mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-recovery or rational gradual use. NORMSANITARY AND HYGIENIC - a qualitative-quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal living conditions for a person (for example, the norm of living space per family member, the norm of water, air quality, etc.). Synonym - hygienic standard.

O

NEUTRALIZATION - complex measures aimed at: 1) suppression of the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (med.); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.

OZONE SHIELD - the layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth's surface), absorbing ultraviolet radiation, fatal to organisms.

ORGANISM (from lat. organize- I arrange, I give a harmonious look) - here: a living being, an individual having a systemic structure.

WASTE - types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of this product, its unused residues or substances arising in the course of technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration (including in agriculture and in construction).

BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION – neutralization of waste with the help of biological objects (by passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).

P

PARK NATIONAL - a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not affected by humans) landscapes or parts thereof, intended, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes intact, mainly for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that implements land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory P. n. zoned.

Greenhouse effect - the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to the absorption by the atmosphere of the thermal radiation of the earth's surface. It increases with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.

PASTEURIZATION - destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 about C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.

BIOMASS PYRAMID - the ratio between producers, consumers (of the first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (the number is the pyramid of the Elton number, the enclosed energy is the pyramid of energies) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are calledecological pyramids).

PLANKTON - a set of organisms passively floating in the water column (algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill) molluscs, etc.), incapable of independent movement over long distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, with limnoplankton in lakes and potamoplankton in rivers. Synonym - bioseston.

PLEYSTON - inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental reservoir with special environmental conditions resulting from the direct interaction of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Examples:sargasso algae, duckweed and other organisms.

FLOOD - annually repeating, usually in the same season of the year, a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and floodplain flooding.

GREEN SOUND PROTECTION STRIP - a strip of tree and shrub vegetation that separates the source of noise (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15–20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.

FOREST PROTECTIVE STRIP - forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise, perform sanitary and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from adverse roads at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways - 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).

IRRIGATION FIELDS - areas intended for biological wastewater treatment and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.

FILTRATION FIELDS - territories intended (usually specially arranged) for biological wastewater treatment from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.

population(from lat. populus - people, population) - a set of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals from different populations.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD) - an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen, which for a set time (usually 5 days, BOD 5 ) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.

NATURE MANAGEMENT - the totality of all forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) the extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) the use and protection of the natural conditions of the living environment and c) the conservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change in the ecological balance (balance, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of the development of society;

PRODUCTIVITY BIOLOGICAL (from lat. producer- produce create) - the rate of accumulation of biomass, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity should also include energy and biogenic volatile substances (gases, aerosols).

PRODUCTIVITY SECONDARY - biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of the biomass of consumers.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY - biomass (aboveground and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (TOTAL, TOTAL) is the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including the energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients (phytoncides etc.).

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET - the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used for respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or net assimilation.

PRODUCER(S) - (from lat. produceris - producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs that produce organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.

prokaryotes(from lat. pro - repartition, before, instead of and Greek.k ä ryon - nucleus ) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).

R

Dynamic balance - the balance of the system, maintained by the constant renewal of its components and structure.

RADIATION – flux of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flux) and/or electromagnetic energy.

IONIZING RADIATION – natural radiations (eg cosmic rays) which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. i. acts destructively on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).

VEGETATION RUDERAL - plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.

Regional (from lat. regionalis – regional ) - pertaining to a particular territory.

decomposers(from lat. redycentis - returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.

RECREATION - restoration of health and working capacity by resting outside the home - in the bosom of nature or during a tourist trip associated with visiting places of interest for viewing, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.

RECLAMATION - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation after man-made disturbance of nature (open-cast mining, etc.).

RELIC - a species or community, earlier in geological history, widespread, and now occupying small areas. According to the time of the previous domination or wide distribution, R. is distinguished by a certain geological dating:Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries - forest R. in the Arctic; the muskrat is a Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;

REPELLENT - a substance that repels animals. In nature, one of the agentsallelopathy, in the economy is one ofpesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorant R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use Ch. arr. to protect people and animals from the attack of blood-sucking insects, prevent ttransmissive diseases, protection against arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.

REPRODUCTION - reproduction of individuals. The size of the population R.(pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the size of survival, characteristic of a given age of individuals, by the birth rate, specific for this age (the number of offspring per female).

fertility - the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, germinate from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as on environmental conditions.

FROM

SAPROBITY - the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Set according to the species composition of saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities.

SAPROPEL - sediment formed at the bottom of continental water bodies and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms, mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation - detritus. Used as fertilizer.

SAPROPHYTE (Saprotrophs) (from the Greek.sapr ö s - rotten and tropb ē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use organic compounds of dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals for nutrition.

RESET MAXIMUM (substances into a water body) (MPD) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD is established taking into account the MPC of substances in places of water use, the assimilative capacity of a water body and the optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.

environmental certification – activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of nature management and environmental protection.

SYMBIOSIS - the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with the external environment (C. algae, fungi and microorganisms in the body of a lichen).

Mortality - the death of individuals in the population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.

SMOG - a combination of field particles and fog drops (from the English. "smoke"- smoke, soot and"fog"- thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed).

Medium resistance - the whole set of factors (including adverse conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and distribution. Opposite in action to biotic potential.

Habitat - a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.

STATION is the habitat of the population.

stenobiont - an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow ecological valence.

STERILIZATION – complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 about C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage and on objects used for special purposes, e.g. medical instruments (sanitary).

DRAIN POLLUTED - wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the MPC.

STORM DRAIN - resulting from intense rainfall (showers).

In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 about 100 m.

Stress(lat. stress - stress) - a state of stress that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.

SUCCULENT - a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. A distinction is made between stem plants (cacti and cactus spurges), which store water in their stems, and leaf plants (agaves and aloe), which store moisture in their leaves.

SUCCESSION(from lat. successio - continuity) - a successive change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions in the development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; now, as a rule, is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. S.'s end result is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.

T

TECHNOLOGY (from Greek. tecbn ë art, craftsmanship, skill and logos - doctrine) - a set of rules, skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool, substance.

TOXIC SUBSTANCES (from Greek. toxicon - poison) - poisonous substances.

TOLERANCE (lat. tolerance - patience) - the ability of the body to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor.

TROPHIC CHAIN (food chain, food chain) 1) the relationship between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) connected with each other by the relationship "food-consumer".

TROPHIC LEVEL - a set of organisms united by the type of food. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in the trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.

At

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - such a development in the global system "society-nature," which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people of the present without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies the support by society of the development of the natural environment.

F

FACTORY LINKS – type of biocenotic relationship, when a species uses excretory products, dead remains of other species for its structures (fabrication)

PHYTOPLANKTON (from Greek. pbyton - plant, planktos - wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist the transfer by currents.

X

TAILING FACILITY – closed or semi-closed (semi-closed occurs when an earth or similar dam is created, through which liquid partially infiltrates) a reservoir for storing liquid tailings. Tails – waste (usually liquid or gaseous) arising from mineral processing or other technological processes. "Fox tails" - emissions containing chlorine.

Chemosynthesis(from Greek. cb ë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) - type of nutrition of bacteria based on the assimilation of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

CHEMOTROPH - an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances present in water, soil and subsoil.

E

ECOLOGICAL NICHE - a set of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used in the study of the relationship of ecologically close species belonging to the same trophic level.

ecological pyramid - a graphic representation of the ratio of various trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: a pyramid of numbers, a pyramid of energy.

Environmental audit (environmentalaudit) - a systematic documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine compliance or non-compliance with audit criteria for certain environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems or information about these objects, as well as communicating to the client the results obtained during this process.

Ecology(from Greek. oikos - home and logos - word, doctrine) - a science that studies the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environment.

Ecosystem(from Greek. oikos - home and systema – combination, association) - a set of cohabiting organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a regular relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.

Ecotop - habitat of a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the habitat.

PROJECT EXPERTISE – establishing compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise.

Extreme conditions (lat. extremum - extreme) - extreme, dangerous environmental conditions to which the body does not have proper adaptations.

endemic(from Greek. endemos - local) - a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.

EROSION - the destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces with a violation of their integrity and a change in their physico-chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another ..

eukaryotes(from Greek. ë u- good, completely k ä ryon - nucleus) - organisms whose cells contain decorated nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).

I

Layered- dismemberment of a plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) into horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. A distinction is made between above-ground and below-ground levels.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

The science of the relationship of living organisms with each other and environmental conditions. The main methods of science: observation, experiment, modeling, accounting for the number of individuals, etc. The term "ecology" was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckel (1866).

HABITAT is what surrounds the body. Main habitats: aquatic, terrestrial-aquatic, terrestrial-air, soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- everything that has a direct or indirect effect on organisms.

ABIOTIC FACTORS- factors of inanimate nature - light, temperature, pressure, climate, water and air currents, composition of water, soil, air, etc.

BIOTIC FACTORS- wildlife factors, i.e. influence of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses.

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- this is human influence (hunting, fishing, protection, extermination, pollution, plowing, logging, etc.).

BIOCENOSIS (COMMUNITY)- these are all species living together in some territory and interconnected with each other (for example, the biocenosis of a lake, taiga forest, etc.).

BIOGEOCENOSIS (ECOSYSTEM) is a complex self-regulating system in which there is a relationship between living organisms and their living conditions ( biogeocenosis \u003d biocenosis + environmental conditions).

BIOTIC LINKS are different types of relationships between living organisms.

PREDATORY (-+)- the type of relationship when one organism eats another. There are predator-hunters (wolf, tiger, lion, etc.) and predator-gatherers (insectivores, herbivores). There are carnivorous plants (dew, venus flytrap, pemphigus, etc.)

COMPETITION (--) rivalry relations. The competition within the species and between related species is most acute, since they have common needs for food and living conditions. Examples: fox-wolf, owl - eagle owl, pine - birch, pike - perch, carp - crucian carp, etc.

NEUTRALISM (OO)- relationships when there are no direct links between species (wolves and grasshoppers, moose and squirrels, bees and hares)

COMMENSALISM (O+) A relationship in which one species benefits from another without harming it. There are several varieties: lodging (the use of burrows, nests of other animals by insects as a dwelling), parasitism (feeding jackals, hyenas, vultures with the remains of the food of predatory animals), companionship (feeding with different parts of the same resource, for example, pine needles and bark beetles, soil inhabitants consuming various plant residues)

AMENSALISM (O-)- relationships when one species is oppressed, and the other species is indifferent (for example, herbs growing under a spruce)

SYMBIOSIS (++)- mutually beneficial relationships between species. When living together is mandatory for both species, this is mutualism (symbiosis of birch roots and boletus mycelium, fungi and algae in the body of a lichen), if optional, then protocooperation (for example, meadow plants and their pollinators).

BIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM- this is the presence of all favorable conditions for the life of the organism.

PHOTOPERIODISM- this is the adaptability of organisms to a change in the length of daylight hours, i.e. to seasonal changes (spring and autumn molting, hibernation, seasonal flights and migrations, leaf fall, breeding season, nesting, mating games).

ANABIOSIS- this is the ability of organisms to endure adverse conditions in a state in which metabolism is reduced and all visible manifestations of life are absent (for example, the state of cysts in protozoa, spores in bacteria, winter and summer hibernation of animals)

ACCLIMATIZATION- physiological adaptation to the transfer of heat or cold.

WINTERING- fall into hibernation in winter.

DIAPAUSE- stop in development in an unfavorable period of the year.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY FOR SURVIVAL- the desire of organisms to survive.

FOOD CHAINS (FOOD CHAINS)- these are sequential connections of organisms, when the organisms of the previous link are food for the next one.

PASTURE CHAINS (grazing chains)- food chains in which the first link is green plants (grass --- caterpillar --- tit ---- falcon)

DETRITE CHAINS (decomposition chains)- food chains that start with dead organic matter (leaf litter -> earthworm -> titmouse -> falcon)

TROPHIC LEVEL- all species that consume similar food (for example, all herbivores form one trophic level; carnivores - another level)

BENTHOS- all inhabitants of the bottom part of the reservoir (crabs, bivalves, sea anemones, octopuses, coral polyps, etc.)

PLANKTON- microscopic algae and animals living in the water column. Consists of phyto- and zooplankton.

NEKTON- large inhabitants of the water column (fish, squid, dolphins, whales, etc.)

PERIFITON- organisms attached to aquatic plants or underwater rocks (crustaceans, bivalves, sea acorns, sea squirts)

PLEYSTON- a set of aquatic organisms floating on the surface of the water or in a semi-submerged state.

THE RULE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMID- when moving from one nutritional link to another, the biomass, the number of individuals and the amount of energy decreases several times (about 10 times). The reason for this pattern is that organisms spend 90% of food energy on vital processes (the energy of "breathing") , and only 10% goes to body growth and only this part goes to the next link in the food chain.

TOLERANCE- the ability of organisms to withstand changes in environmental conditions. Organisms with high tolerance can withstand wide ranges of environmental changes and are therefore more likely to survive, while those with low tolerance can only live under certain conditions.

BIONT- an inhabitant of the environment (hydrobiont - an inhabitant of the aquatic environment, geobiont (edaphobiont, pedofauna) - of the soil environment, stenobiont - an organism that requires strictly defined conditions, i.e. with low tolerance; eurybiont - an organism that can live in different conditions, etc. .)

LIFE FORM OF AN ORGANISM- the type of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions. For example, life forms in plants: trees, herbs, shrubs, creepers, succulents, etc.; in animals according to the method of movement - flying, jumping, crawling, burrowing, running, floating, attached, according to their habitat - waterfowl, forest, steppe, soil, etc.

TIERING- adaptability of plants, allowing more complete use of environmental resources: light, heat, moisture, soil nutrients. Layering is horizontal and vertical (in the soil).

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- these are three groups of organisms in any ecosystem that carry out the main processes in the ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers. Thanks to them, in the ecosystem there is a flow of substances and energy through food chains, which forms the basis of the circulation of substances, self-reproduction of the ecosystem.

PRODUCERS- these are producers of organic matter (autotrophs), i.e. plants, chemosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.

CONSUMERS are consumers of organic matter, i.e. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. Consumers are of the 1st order (herbivorous insect, bird, etc.), 2nd order (insectivorous, fish-eating or predators), 3rd order (predators).

REDUCERS- these are the destroyers of organic matter (bacteria of decay and fermentation, mold fungi, soil mites, worms, carnivorous insects, animals that feed on the secretions of other animals, etc.).

ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY- this is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand various impacts, maintain a relative constancy in the number of species and maintain basic processes in balance. Sustainability directly depends on the number of species! The greater the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem! The reason for this pattern: the more species in the ecosystem, the more opportunities for organisms to have alternative types of food, and the more likely it is to survive - with a shortage of one food, it is possible to eat other food. Therefore, biodiversity is very important in nature, because this is an important condition for ecological balance in all nature, in the biosphere.

SELF-REGULATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM- the property of an ecosystem to maintain the number of individuals in populations at a relatively constant level. Self-regulation occurs due to the presence in the ecosystem of direct, reverse and indirect links between organisms. For example, an increase in the number of plants leads to an increase in the number of herbivores, and this leads to an increase in the number of predators (direct links). But an increase in the number of predators will eventually lead to a decrease in the number of herbivores, and an increase in the number of herbivores will lead to a decrease in the number of plants (feedback). Predators influence the abundance of plants through herbivores (indirect relationship).

ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY- this is the interconnectedness of organisms in an ecosystem, which does not allow them to exist without each other and ensures the flow of all processes in the ecosystem (the flow of substances and energy through food chains, self-regulation, the circulation of substances).

OPEN ECOSYSTEM- lies in the fact that an ecosystem can exist only when an influx of energy from the outside is carried out into it! (the openness of any system lies in the fact that it needs an influx of energy and nutrients from the outside)

SUCCESSION- this is a successive change in time of some ecosystems by others in a certain territory in the course of their self-development. For example, in the place of a small lake, a swamp may form due to gradual shallowing and drying; in place of the swamp - a meadow; in place of a forest - a meadow, in the place of a lifeless volcanic island, a forest can grow in centuries, etc. In the course of succession, processes always go in the direction of achieving equilibrium in the ecosystem - the climax!

CLIMAX- a state in an ecosystem when it is in equilibrium without outside interference.

PRIMARY SUCCESSION- the process of development of various ecosystems in lifeless territories (on sand dunes, on volcanic islands, on the site of rocky mountains). This succession is the longest since First, it takes time for the soil to form. Process sequence:

"Pioneers" settle in lifeless places, the first settlers are blue-green algae, lichens. When they die, they form a thin layer of soil on which mosses can first settle. Then, as the soil layer increases, grasses, shrubs, and trees can grow.

SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of one ecosystem in place of another. Causes of secondary successions: climate change (gradual waterlogging of the area due to a humid climate), natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.), human activities (deforestation, pollution, plowing, mining, etc.) .), pest or disease invasion. Note: if the soil layer disappeared during the secondary succession (due to soil erosion), the processes will follow the type of primary succession.

AGROCENOSES (agroecosystems, artificial ecosystems)- ecosystems created by man (fields, gardens, aquarium, gardens, ponds, forest plantations, parks, etc.) Signs of agrocenoses: a small number of species; short supply chains; open circulation of substances (because part of the substances is taken out with the harvest and requires the application of fertilizers to the soil); instability; processes are regulated by a person; in addition to the energy of the sun, the energy of machines, human labor, etc. are used.

RESERVES- specially protected natural areas where all types of human economic activity are prohibited. Only scientific research, observations are allowed.

RESERVES- These are specially protected natural areas in which certain types of human economic activity are allowed during a certain period of the year, which do not cause severe harm.

BIOSPHERE- this is a special shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined in the atmosphere by the action of UV rays (up to the ozone layer, i.e. at a height of 20-25 km), in the hydrosphere by the action of high pressure and the absence of light and lack of oxygen (at a depth of 11 km), in the lithosphere - by high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen (at a depth of up to 3 km). The doctrine of the biosphere was created by V.I. Vernadsky, but the term "biosphere" was introduced by E Suess (1873).

NOOSPHERE ("sphere of mind")- a new state of the biosphere, when its existence depends on the rational economic activity of man. The term was introduced by V.I. Vernadsky.

BIOMASS (living matter of the biosphere) is the mass of all living organisms. Distinguish between land biomass, ocean biomass, plant biomass, animal biomass, soil biomass, etc. The distribution of biomass is different: land biomass predominates in the biosphere, plant biomass predominates on land (because the accumulation of biomass in plants predominates), animal biomass predominates in the World Ocean (because organic matter produced by plants (phytoplankton and algae) does not accumulate in them, and are immediately consumed by animals). Biomass decreases from the equator to the poles.

FUNCTIONS OF LIVING SUBSTANCE are the functions of living organisms on a global scale. There are 5 main biogeochemical functions:

Gas- living organisms, through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and azotobacteria, through participation in the nitrogen cycle, maintain a certain composition of the atmosphere.
concentration- Living organisms are able to accumulate certain chemicals in themselves. Due to this, sedimentary rocks were formed on Earth (chalk, lime from calcareous mollusk shells, protozoa; silica from radiolarian shells), iron and sulfur ores (the result of the vital activity of sulfur and iron bacteria), peat (from sphagnum deposits), coal deposits (from remains of ancient ferns), etc. For example, carbon accumulates more in the body of plants, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus accumulate in animals.
redox- due to the metabolism in living organisms, some substances are formed (reduced), while others decay (oxidize). For example, during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates, and during respiration, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Destructive- living organisms, participating in the destruction of dead organic matter to inorganic substances, contribute to the formation of soil and the biological cycle of substances in nature, and this is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere.
Biochemical Various biochemical reactions are constantly taking place in living organisms.

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE- these are global processes of transformation of substances in nature, occurring as a result of the movement of chemicals along trophic chains. This process is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere, i.e. all life on earth.

SOIL EROSION- the process of destruction of the fertile soil layer. Water erosion - leaching, wind erosion - weathering of the fertile layer. Causes: lack of plants, improper irrigation, improper plowing and tillage, etc.

RESISTANCE- the resistance of organisms to something.

URBANIZATION is the growth and development of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population.

AGGLOMERATION- a cluster around a large city of closely located settlements.

MEGAPOLIS- large urban agglomerations with more than 1 million people (Bombay, Cairo, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, Beijing).

RESIDENTIAL ZONE (RESIDENTIAL ZONE)- zone of location of residential, administrative buildings, objects of culture, education.

DEACTIVATION- removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of objects, structures, etc.

ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY- the size of the ability of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment to ensure the normal life of a certain number of organisms or communities without a noticeable violation of the environment itself.

IMMIGRATION- the process of natural penetration and settlement of living organisms in places where they did not previously live.

INTRODUCTION- the process of artificial introduction of species into places where they did not previously live (for example, the North American muskrat and mink in Siberia)

RECLAIM- a set of measures to improve the water and climate regimes of agroecosystems. There are hydromelioration (irrigation, drainage), agroforestry (creation of forest belts, fixing ravines, fighting erosion, landslides, etc.)

HEAVY METALS- metal, with a density of more than 8 thousand kg / cu. m. (lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, tin, bismuth, mercury, copper, nickel.)

CLEANING OF DRAINS- elimination of harmful impurities from wastewater in various ways: mechanical (settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation), physicochemical (coagulation, neutralization, chlorination, ozonation), biological (biofiltration, passing through aerotanks).

PNEUMOCONIOSIS- a group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of dusty air (sclerotic changes occur in the lungs): silicosis - by inhalation of quartz, sand, mica; silicatosis - by inhalation of silicate dust (talc, kaolin, etc.); anthracosis - by inhalation of coal dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust; siderosilicosis - iron and quartz dust; anthrasilicosis - coal and quartz dust.

FUNGICIDES- chemicals to combat fungal diseases of cultivated plants.

INSECTICIDES- insecticides.

HERBICIDES- chemicals for weed control.

eutrophication- "blooming" of the reservoir due to the rapid reproduction of algae in it as a result of pollution with mineral fertilizers.

EREMOFITS (psammophytes)- desert plants

EREMOPHILES- desert animals

rheophytes- plants of fast-flowing rivers or the surf of the sea (often have a ribbon-like shape).

ephemeroids- perennial organisms with a very short period of development, they spend most of the year at rest. For example, snowdrops, some insects (mayflies).

PATIENTS- plants that win in the struggle for existence due to their endurance (a kind of "camels" of the plant world)

DEFLATION- the process of wind erosion (weathering of the fertile part of the soil)

SCIENCES AND THEIR OBJECT OF STUDY:

AUTECOLOGY (factorial ecology)- studies the ecology of individuals.

DEMECOLOGY- ecology of small groups (populations)

SYNECOLOGY (biocenology)- community ecology

GLOBAL ECOLOGY- the ecology of the entire planet.

BIOSPHEROLOGY- ecology of the biosphere.

GEOECOLOGY- landscape (geographical) ecology.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY- deals with issues of environmental law, education, culture, medical ecology, environmental forecasting, industrial ecology, urban ecology, etc.

SYSTEMATIC ECOLOGY- ecology of various groups of organisms (fungi, plants, animals, etc.)

ETHOLOGY The science that studies the behavior of animals.

ARACCHNOLOGY- studies spiders

ALGOLOGY- studies algae

BRYOLOGY- studies mosses

LICHENOLOGY- studies lichens

MYCOLOGY- studying mushrooms

ORNITHOLOGY- studying birds

PROTOZOOLOGY- studies protozoa

ENTOMOLOGY- studies insects

PHENOLOGY- observation of seasonal changes in nature

DENDROLOGY- study trees

DEMOGRAPHY- studies the change in the number of people, gender and age structure in countries, cities, etc.

Information taken from publicly available sources

Dictionary of ecological terms and concepts. Dictionary of ecological terms. Sciences and their object of study

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