Present participle perfect in English. Participle I Perfect - Participle I perfect. Formation of the sacrament in English
The participle in English belongs to the most difficult category of grammar. It is a special form of a verb that is used in a sentence to change a noun, noun, verb, or verb, and acts as an adjective or adverb. Participle (abbr. PTCP) is one of the types of non-personal forms of the verb. In English, there are two types of participle - participle 1 and participle 2. Now we will tell you everything in detail.
So let's get started.
What is participle in English
Let's read the following sentence:
— Hearing a loud noise, the boy woke up. Hearing a loud noise, the boy woke up.
In this example, the word hearing has the qualities of an adjective, defining the noun boy. It is formed from the verb hear (hear) and has an addition - noise (noise). Accordingly, the word hearing has the properties of a verb (because it is derived from it) and an adjective, and is called participle, and the phrase “hearing a loud noise”, which is introduced by this very participle, is called participle turnover(particle phrase).
In English, as mentioned above, there are two main types of participles - participle 1 and participle 2. But what do 1 and 2 mean?
Participle 1 or Participle I is the present participle.
Participle 2 or Participle II is the past participle.
Participles are formed by adding the suffix to the base form of the verb (base form) - ing or - ed. For example, smash - smashing, smashed.
We add the -ing suffix if it is necessary to use the present participle (present participle), and the -ed suffix must be used for the past participle (past participle).
So what are past participle and present participle in English?
The main verb has the Present Participle form when the sentence is in (Present Continuous) or (Past Continuous). For example,
— The teacher saw the student laughing in her class. The teacher saw that the students were laughing in her class. (the sentence is in Present Continuous, because the action is happening at the moment).
In turn, the main verb has the Past Participle form when the sentence is in (Present Perfect) or (Past Perfect). For example,
— She was pleased to have talked to her old friend. She was glad to have spoken to her old friend.
The offer is in the Present Perfect, because the action happened in the past, but left an imprint in the present.
Past Participle what time is it
Participle II is used in passive tenses after the auxiliary verb be:
— It was written– Passive;
— It is written– Passive;
— It will be written– Passive;
— It had been written– Passive;
— It has been written– Passive;
— It will have been written– passive.
Participle II is also used in perfect tenses after the auxiliary verb have:
— I had written– Past Perfect Active;
— I have written– Present Perfect Active;
— It will have written– Future Perfect Active;
— It had been written– Past Perfect Passive;
— It has been written– Present Perfect Passive;
— It will have been written— Future Perfect Passive.
Having learned that the past participle can be used in perfect tenses and passive forms, let's look at examples of the past participle:
—Something should be done to protect holidaymakers from awful experiences. (The verb done is participle 2).
— Some many articles have been written so far in newspapers and magazines warning tourists to guard against being victims of tricksters. (Have been written - Present Perfect Passive - been and written is Past Participle).
Rules for writing participles
As you know, in English verbs are divided into and. Let's first look at how the participle form works with regular verbs.
Rules for writing participles with regular verbs
base form + ing / ed
| Verbs | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| Giggle (giggle) | giggle ed | giggle ing |
| Attend (visit) | attend ed | attend ing |
| Borrow (to borrow) | borrow ed | borrow ing |
Past Participle is also called the third form of the verb (V3).
Consider examples of the participle of regular verbs in English:
— She was giggling after smoking a joint with her boyfriend. She laughed after smoking marijuana with her friend.
— She has attended the soccer game with her sons. She attended the football game with her sons.
Communion Formation 1
There are some changes in the spelling of a number of verbs that have the present participle form. They mainly concern final letters. Rule for writing participles:
| rule | example | |
| item 1 | There is a "discard" of the final unreadable "-e" | rule (manage) - ruling |
| item 2 | But the readable trailing "-e" is preserved | free (free) - freeing |
| item 3 | The letter "y" at the end of the word is preserved | try (try) - trying |
| item 4 | The letter combination "ie" becomes "y" | tie (tie) - tying |
| item 5 | If the verb ends with "consonant + vowel + consonant" (with the exception of w, x and y) and is accented on the last syllable or consists of one syllable, then the last consonant is doubled. | rub (rub) - rubbing travel (travel) - travelling |
There are no visible changes in the spelling of verbs in the past participle, however, if the verb ends in “-e” (items 1 and 2), then when –ed is added, it is cut off: rule + ed = ruled, not ruleed. And if the verb ends in a consonant + "y" (item 3), then "y" turns into "i": try + ed = tried, not tryed.
Rule for writing with irregular verbs
Now let's figure out how the participle works with irregular verbs
The rule for the formation of the sacrament:
base form + ing
(present participle)
special form (special form)
(past participle)
As for writing verbs in the present participle, here, in fact, everything is the same as with regular verbs - overtak ing, learn ing, buy ing. Nothing complicated.
But the verbs in the past participle have a special form that must be remembered.
Table with examples of participles in English
| Verbs | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| overtake (catching up) | overtaken | overtaking |
| Learn (learn) | learned (ed) | learning |
| buy (buy) | bought | buying |
Consider examples of the participle of irregular verbs in English:
— The German racer has overtaken the British car on the last lap. – The German driver caught up with the British driver on the last lap.
— He is buying different stuff in bulk. He buys different goods in bulk.
Participle Forms in English
The table of types of participles found in English shows the main forms.
Let's look at examples.
Michael is supporting his team. Michael supports his team. (Simple PTCP1 active).
— Michael is being supported by his team. Michael is supported by his team. (Simple PTCP1 passive).
— Having supported his team Michael decided to thank them for the game. - Supporting his team, Michael decided to thank them for the game. (Perfect PTCP1 active).
— Having been supported by his team Michael decided to thank them. - Being supported by his team, Michael decided to thank them. (Perfect PTCP1 passive).
Is there a third kind of sacrament?
At the very beginning of the article, we mentioned that there are two main types of participle. However, some sources point to three types, singling out Perfect as independent.
Perfect participle (complete participle).
The rule for the formation of the sacrament: having + past participle
The perfect and imperfect form of the sacrament depends on the tense of the sentence.
With the present participle and past participle, everything is more or less clear, they can be found both in the main part of the sentence (main clause) and used in the present/past continuous and present/past perfect, respectively, and in the subordinate clause, but then the time at which it is used can be determined from the main clause.
With the perfect participle, the situation is slightly different. The fact is that you will not meet it in the main clause, it occurs only in the subordinate clause.
— Having taken the wrong turn, he ended up in a dangerous neighborhood. “By taking a wrong turn, he ended up wandering into a dangerous area.
Formation of the sacrament in English
After considering a few sentences, you will probably ask yourself the question “How is the participle formed in English?”
Present Participle
The present participle itself does not indicate the time of the action to which it refers. However, it refers to the fact that this time is the same as the time in the main clause.
— Farmers watched the herd approaching. The farmers watched the herd approach. (approaching refers to the same time as watched). That is, you can rephrase:
— Farmers watched as the herd was approaching. (past continuous)
Past Participle
The past participle (as well as the present participle) is in the same tense as the verb in the main clause.
— Philipp has all the qualifications required for the job. - Philip has all the qualities necessary for this profession. (required refers to the same tense as has). Can be rephrased:
— Philipp has all the qualifications that are required for the job. (present simple)
However, if we want to indicate that the action belongs to an earlier time, we use the passive perfect participle:
— Having been nominated three times for an Oscar, he is one of today's most acclaimed film directors. – Having been nominated for an Oscar three times, today he is one of the most famous directors.
Perfect Participle
The perfect participle indicates that the time of the action to which it refers was before the action that occurred in the main clause.
— The child having found his mother was again happy. - The child, having found his mother, was again happy.
Participle Functions in English
An important point is the functions (functions) of participle 1 and participle 2 in the sentence.
They can have the following roles in a sentence:
- definition (attribute)
- circumstance (adverbial modifier)
- predicate
- compound verb predicate (predicative)
How to define the function of the participle in English?
To do this, you need to look at the "environment", i.e. adjacent words and determine which question the participle answers.
Let's figure it out.
Participle as a definition
PTCP1 as a definition more often has the form simple active.
— Tom asked me to talk to the woman supervising the projects. Tom asked me to talk to a woman who manages projects.
The PTCP1 simple passive form is rarely used because in the definition function it is very similar to PTCP2, and is used only in cases where the verb expresses an action taking place at a certain moment.
— The documents being signed must be sent to the headquarters immediately. - The documents that are being signed now must be sent to the headquarters immediately.
PTCP1 Perfect is never used as a definition.
PTCP2 may also have a detection function.
— Gill collected all the photos taken during their trip to Paris and put them in an album. Jill collected all the photos taken during the trip to Paris and added them to the album.
Note
There are restrictions on the use of participles as a definition. We use an Attribute clause that starts with who, which, or that:
- 1. To describe events that precede the actions of the final verb:
- The mechanic who repaired the car is having a cup of tea. The mechanic who repaired the car is drinking tea.
— The mechanic repairing the car is doing his best. The mechanic who repairs the car is trying his best.
- 2. Talk about repetitive activities or habits.
— People who read newspapers always know the latest news. People who read newspapers always know the latest news.
— The lady reading the newspaper is my aunt. The lady reading the newspaper is my aunt.
- 3. When a sentence contains a verb that describes a mental state, emotions and attitudes - know, believe, like, hate, etc.
— People who know two languages are called bilingual. People who know two languages are called bilingual.
Participle as a predicate
Since the participle is involved in the formation of such tenses as Present / Past Continuous, Present / Past Perfect and Present / Past Perfect Continuous, as well as in the formation of the passive voice (), it, as it were, automatically performs the function of a predicate.
- For example, Present / Past Continuous are built as follows:
am/is/are + participle 1
was/were + participle 1
— Jason is buying a present for his girlfriend. He is buying a present for his girlfriend. (PrC).
— Carol and Damon were filing the application for the registration of marriage. Carol and Damon were applying for marriage registration. (Past C).
- Present/Past Perfect have the following formula:
have/has + participle 2
had + participle 2
— The group of climbers has climbed the highest mount in the area. — A group of climbers climbed the highest mountain in the area. (PrP).
— Christine had never been to an opera before last night. Christine had never been to the opera until last evening. (PastP).
- Present/Past Perfect Continuous are formed like this:
have/has been + participle 1
had been + participle 1
— The lecturer has been discoursing on geography and zoology for about four hours. The lecturer gave a lecture on geography and zoology for about four hours. (PrPC).
— By the time Sam found an umbrella, it had been raining for ten minutes. By the time Sam found the umbrella, it had been raining for ten minutes. (Past PC).
The passive voice is present in Present/Past Simple, Present/Past Continuous, Present/Past Perfect, Future Simple.
Let's give a couple of examples:
— The butter is kept in the fridge. - Butter is stored in the refrigerator. (PrS).
—His training regimen will be kept up for a month. “His training regimen will continue for a month. (FutS).
Participle as a compound verb predicate
PTCP1 and PTCP2 are used as a compound verb predicate.
— The result of this experiment was surprise. The result of the experiment was amazing. (one)
Graig was really disappointed hearing this. Craig was very disappointed to hear this. (2)
Communion as a circumstance
Adverbial modifier of time
PTCP1 and PTCP2 can be used as adverbs of time.
— Trying to find his keys he lost his notebook somewhere in the room. Trying to find the keys, he lost his notebook somewhere in the room. (When did he lose the book? When he tried to find the keys) - participle 1
With participle 1, when and while conjunctions are often used in the time adverbial function, when actions occur at the same time.
— When working with acids check all the equipment. – When working with acids, check all equipment.
But in the participle 2 clause, the conjunctions when or until are almost always preceded.
- When fallen Meredith could not get up. Meredith fell and couldn't get up.
- The computer will be here until restored . The computer will be here until it is fixed.
Please note that the participle form cannot be used as an adverb of time.
As a young man, he aspired to become famous. - As a young man he longed to be famous.
Adverbial modifier of cause
PTCP1 can also be used as a causal circumstance.
— Traveling different countries they got a whole collection of unusual things. - Traveling to different countries, they collected a whole collection of unusual gizmos. (Why did they collect the collection? Because they travelled.)
Adverbial modifier of comparison
PTCP1 and PTCP2 as a comparison circumstance. Often used with conjunctions as if, as though- as if, as if.
— Gwen opened her mouth as if intending to scream. Gwen opened her mouth, as if about to scream.
— The people were running as if stung. “People were running like they were stung.
Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
Participle 1 as a function of circumstance of concomitant conditions.
— Children played in the garden singing merrily. The children were playing in the garden, singing merrily.
Adverbial modifier of condition
Participle 2 in the condition circumstance function with if and unless unions.
- I promise to keep a secret unless tortured. “I promise to keep the secret if they don't torture me. (On what condition will he keep the secret? If he is not tortured).
Adverbial of concession
Participle 2 in the role of concession circumstances (concession) with unions though, although.
Thought gone she couldn't stop thinking of him. Even though she was gone, she couldn't stop thinking about him.
Using NON-Perfect Participle 1 (Simple Participle) in English
The non-perfect form suggests that the action expressed by participle 1 is simultaneous with the action expressed by the main verb (in the personal form). Therefore, the time frame of the action, expressed by the participle, can only be understood from the context, therefore, we can say that they are relative.
Simple participle (examples):
— When learning Portuguese language I start my class with practicing speaking. – When I learn Portuguese, I start the lesson with speech practice.
— I was jogging in the park when I heard barking dogs. I was jogging in the park when I heard barking dogs.
Cases of using non-perfect participles in English
- 1. When an action occurs at a certain point in time (present / past continuous).
- 2. As a gerund.
Riding horses makes Steven thrilled. – Riding scares Steven (riding is the subject).
- 3. As an adjective.
— She is an annoying girl in our team. She is the annoying girl on our team.
- 4. As an introductory construction.
- Strictly speaking, this is illegal. Strictly speaking, this is illegal.
After the sacrament, a comma must be used as an introductory construction.
Using Perfect Participle 1 (Perfect Participle) in English
Perfect participle 1 (perfect participle 1) is the present participle in English.
The perfect form indicates that the action expressed by the participle occurred earlier than that represented by the main verb.
— Sommer took a large box, and having prepared her possessions, put them into it. Sommer took a large box and, having prepared her personal belongings, put them in it.
The perfect participle is often used to indicate an interval of time between two actions, or that an action lasts for a period of time.
- Having gone to Brazil, he didn't see his family for years. - After leaving for Brazil, he did not see his family for several years.
Using Participle 2 (Participle 2) in English
When used:
The past participle in a sentence most often indicates that the action happened in the past.
Usage cases:
- 1) In the tenses of the perfect group.
—Ms Rachel has written the thank you note to her friend's dad. Miss Rachel wrote a thank you letter to her friend's father.
- 2) For the formation of a passive voice.
— Hospitals are built by the government because it's their duty. – Hospitals are built by the state, because it is his duty.
- 3) As an adjective.
The broken cup is lying on the floor. The broken cup is on the floor.
Participle of Active and Passive Voice
The present and past participles in English can be both active (real) and passive (passive) voice.
Let's study two examples.
— Gear-wheels that are fitting together turn in opposite directions. – Gears that are connected together rotate in opposite directions. ().
— Gear-wheels that have been fitted together turn in opposite directions. – Gears that have been connected together rotate in opposite directions. ().
The use of the active (active voice) or passive (passive) voice for participles in English depends on what needs to be emphasized. The active voice focuses on the subject, i.e. on who/what performs the action, but on the one over whom this action is performed.
Here are two more suggestions.
— The technician installed the software. – The specialist installed the software. (The emphasis is on who performed the action).
— The software was installed by the technician. – The software was installed by a specialist. (Emphasis on what the action is performed on).
The difference between Participle 1 and Participle 2
Having reached this point, we think you have already understood the difference between these two types of participles. However, let's put it all together and figure out how the first participle and the second participle differ in English.
1. The most banal - endings (ing for PTCP1 and ed for PTCP2).
2. What tenses are involved in the formation (PTCP1 in Present / Past Continuous and Present / Past Perfect Continuous; PTCP2 in Present / Past Perfect).
3. Functions in a sentence (both the present and past participles in English have similar functions, but different uses).
4. The formation of a passive voice (PTCP1 passive or PTCP2 active).
Adjectivized participles
Some participles, such as bored (PTCP2) or boring (PTCP1), can be used as adjectives (see p. Using non-perfect participle 1 and p. Using participle 2). They are different from regular adjectives.
Past participle (verb+ed)
As a rule, we use the past participle to express feelings and emotions. Examples:
— She was really bored during the trip. She was bored during the trip.
— Jack's frightened of bugs. Jack is afraid of bugs.
Present participle (verb+ing)
And we use the present participle to indicate the person, object or situation that provoked these feelings and emotions:
— It was such a long, boring trip. It was such a long and boring trip.
— Many people find bugs to be frightening. Many people find bugs intimidating.
Note that there is a big difference between I'm bored and I'm boring. In the first case, it means "I'm bored", in the second case, "I'm bored."
Like many adjectives, adjectival participles have comparative and superlative degrees.
comparative:
— That book is more boring than this one. That book is more boring than this book.
Superlatives:
— For 24 hours on the trip to Bern, I was the most bored I've ever been. - I have never been more bored than on a 24-hour trip to Bern.
The examples below reflect some of the notable differences between participles and adjectival participles.
| particles | Adjectivized Participles |
| The person following you must be a detective. = The person following you is probably a detective. | Read the following pages. = Read the following pages. |
| Everybody touching that wire get a shock. = Anyone who touches this wire will get hit. | We listened to his touching story. = We listened to his touching story. |
| Telling us her story, he sobbed. = When he told us his story, he sobbed. | It's a telling comment. = This is a weighty remark. |
Difference between Gerund and Participle 1 in English
How to distinguish gerund from participle 1 when both have the ending ing?
In English, the difference between a participle and a gerund is that a gerund is a form of a verb used as a noun, while a participle is a form of a verb used as an adjective or a verb in combination with an auxiliary verb.
If you see an auxiliary verb (is walking) in a sentence, then you have a verb (walking) in front of you, not a noun. Accordingly, is walking is a participle, not a gerund.
Or, for example, such a phrase is a walking contradiction (a walking contradiction). In this case, it is also a participle, because. walking acts as an adjective.
However, in another example - walking is good for you (walking is good for you) - you are dealing with a gerund, because walking here is nothing but a noun.
Detailed analysis
Let's dive deeper into this topic and visually compare these two non-personal forms.
Because the gerund evolved from , it has nominal properties. Unlike the participle I, the gerund can be:
- 1. Before prepositions
Compare two sentences:
— We would spend hours in playing hockey. (Gerund).
We would spend hours playing hockey. (Participle).
- 2. Determined by nouns in the possessive case or possessive pronouns
—On her coming home, everybody sat down to lunch. (Gerund).
— Coming home, she saw everybody at lunch. (Participle).
- 3. Used as subject and object
Horseback riding is fun for me.
- Some people don't enjoy horseback riding.
Gerund attributes shows the occupation of a person or what an object is intended for
Participle attributes denote the actions of modified nouns. Compare:
However, there are cases that can be interpreted in a different way:
Hunting dog = the dog for hunting Or hunts/is hunting.
Cooking stove = the stove is used for cooking Or cooks/is cooking.
Context makes meaning clear:
We have a new dancing teacher. We have a new dance teacher. (Gerund).
Have you seen a dancing teacher of math? Have you seen the dancing math teacher? (Participle).
Gerund and participle as a predicate
A gerund predicative expresses either the state or the identity of the subject.
A participle predicative is close to an adjective in this function, it gives the subject a qualitative assessment.
- The only remedy for such a headache is going to bed. “The only remedy for such a headache is to go to bed. (Gerund).
— Her influence is spoiling. “Her influence is corrupting. (Participle).
Gerund and participle as circumstance
The adverbial modifier gerund is always used with prepositions, while the participle can be used on its own or with conjunctions:
— On arriving home, she phoned us. When she got home, she called us. (Gerund).
— (When) Arriving home, she phoned us. When she got home, she called us. (Participle).
The gerund and participle as an adjective can be a little confusing for English learners. Thus, the denial Not+ gerund "can have the meanings condition (condition) and reason (reasons) in Russian. Compare:
- Without knowing German, she will not be able to work in this company. (Condition).
- Not knowing German, she could not work in this company. (The reasons)
These examples are displayed differently in English depending on their function. Without + gerund is used to describe a condition, Not + participle is used to express the reason:
— Without knowing German she won't be able to work for this company. = If she doesn't know German, she won't be able to work for this company.
— Not Knowing German she couldn't work for this company. = As she didn’t know…
However, both the gerund and the participle can be used as an adverbial modifier and related conditions:
—Richard lay without/not moving , which frightened me. (A gerund and participle adverbial modifier of manner).
— Demi left without/not saying good-bye . (Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances).
Exercises for participle 1 and participle 2
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Participle I (present participle) has two forms simple (Simple) and perfect (Perfect). Consider the perfect form of the present participle.
The perfect or perfect participle is a complex form of Participle I, which is used in the active and passive voice. In Russian, it corresponds to the gerund participle of the perfect form (having read, built).
Forming the perfect participle
The III form of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed to the stem of the verb:
See the III form of irregular verbs in (III form - 3rd column).
Participle Perfect (perfect participle) expresses an action that precedes the action of the verb-predicate. In sentences, it is used only in the function of circumstance.Perfect participle as a circumstance
The perfect participle (Perfect Participle I) in a sentence can play the role of a circumstance of cause and time.
As a cause circumstance
Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house. - Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house (he could not get into the house, because he lost the key).
Having worked in the garden all day, we were very tired. - Having worked in the garden all day, we were very tired (very tired, since we worked in the garden all day).
Not having slept at night, he wasn't able to concentrate. - Having not slept at night, he was not able to concentrate (he could not concentrate, because he did not get enough sleep).
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. - Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost (passive voice).
As a circumstance of time
In the adverb function of time, the perfect participle is used to show that the action expressed by the participle precedes the action of the verb-predicate, or there was a gap in time between these two actions.
Having switched off the lights, we went to bed. - Turning off the light, we went to bed (turned off the light, and then went to bed).
Having asked his mother's permission, the boy went out to play. - Having asked permission from his mother, the boy went out to play (he asked permission, and then went to play).
Having read the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. After reading the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf (she read the story and then closed the book).
Having been shown in, he was told to take off his coat and wait for a while. - When (he) was seen off, he was asked to take off his coat and wait a bit (passive voice).
Entering the room, she turned on the light. She entered the room and turned on the light.
Running into the road, he stopped a taxi. He ran out onto the road and hailed a taxi.
On a note: if actions follow directly one after another, then gerunds with prepositions can also be used on or after, which will also be translated into Russian as a gerund of perfect tense.
On hearing (gerund) the news, the woman suddenly turned pale. Hearing this news, the woman suddenly turned pale.
On arriving (gerund) at the town, they went straight to the hotel. — Arriving in the city, they went straight to the hotel.
After leaving (gerund) school, he went to Harvard University. After graduating from high school, he entered Harvard University.
The use of the perfect participle as a circumstance, as well as the gerund with the prepositions on / after, are characteristic of the literary language; in colloquial speech, the corresponding subordinate clauses are used.
(For the formation of Participle I and Participle II, see.)
Participle I Passive is formed by combining Participle I Active from the verb to be, that is, being and Participle II of the semantic verb: being done.
Perfect Participle Active is formed by combining Participle I from the verb to have, that is, having and Participle II of the semantic verb: having done.
Perfect Participle Passive is formed by combining Perfect Participle Active from the verb to be, that is, having been and Participle II of the semantic verb: having been done.
Methods for translating complex (analytical) participle forms into Russian
Participle I Passive expresses an action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the personal form of the verb-predicate. It can perform the following functions:
1. Definitions, and Participle is translated into Russian by the present participle of the passive voice or by a definitive subordinate clause.
2. Circumstances (time, reasons), and Participle is usually translated into Russian by a circumstantial clause.
Perfect Participle Active expresses the action that preceded the action expressed by the personal form of the verb - the predicate. It most often performs the function of a circumstance of time, a reason, and is translated into Russian as a perfect participle.
Perfect Participle Passive, performing the function of a circumstance (time, reason), expresses the action that preceded the action of the verb-predicate, and is translated into Russian by a circumstantial clause. At the same time, the subject of the English sentence is used as the subject of the Russian subordinate clause, since this is a dependent participle turnover (see explanations in).
As can be seen from the examples, the translation into Russian of participial forms depends on the function they perform.
| Active | passive | |
|---|---|---|
| Participle I expresses an action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate |
using in function 1) definitions: applying (sometimes: - former) 2) circumstances: applying (sometimes: -iv) |
being used in a function 1) definitions: applied, applied, which is applied 2) circumstances: being applied, when applied |
| Participle II expresses an action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate, before or after this action |
not used | used in function 1) definitions: applied, applied 2) circumstances: when applied |
| Perfect Participle expresses the action that preceded the action expressed by the predicate |
having used in function circumstances: applying (-av, -having, -ya) |
having been used in a function circumstances: after it was applied, because it was applied, when it was applied |
Note: it should be remembered that the category of time in the participle has a relative meaning, namely: it shows whether the action expressed by the participle is simultaneous with the action of the verb in the personal form (Participle I Active and Passive and Participle II Passive), or precedes it (Perfect Participle active and passive).
The Perfect Participle Active is equivalent in content to the adverbial clause of time (example 1) and reason (example 2).
Comparison of the translation of sentences with simple and complex participle forms
| Active | passive |
|---|---|
| The operator using new methods of work is an experienced worker. Operator using new working methods, experienced worker. The operator using that method of work did not get the desired result. |
The new method of work being used by this experienced worker gives good result. The new method of work which is now (and is now) being employed by these experienced workers is producing good results. The method of work being used by that worker was unsuccessful. |
hello there! Today's article is devoted to fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you probably heard about, but did not want to know - participles in English. We will tell you what types are, what they mean, how they differ from the gerund, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.
Participle in English- this is an impersonal form of the English verb, which can have the properties of the verb , both adverbs and adjectives.
The good news is that sometimes the English participle matches the Russian participle.
The bad news: it can be translated as a Russian gerund.
Terrible news: English can be easily confused with the gerund.
Understand and accept: has several forms.
Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle
This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the verb-predicate. To make the Present Participle, you need to add the ending "-" to the verb. ing».
I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that it was the first time I saw her after a long time.
A few spelling rules:
- If the word ends with " e”, then it is omitted, however, if the word ends with “- ee", then it does not go down.
com e-com ing
s ee-s eeing
- If a word ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled.
- If the word ends in " ie", then " ie» change to « y».
Present Participle Functions in a Sentence
- Definition(will come before or after a noun).
It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
- Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerund with the ending “-aya”).
Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.
- Part of the predicate(together with the forms of the verb "to be" forms the tenses of the Continuous group).
They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They are they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They are swim together.
- After verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).
I see him looking at me.
I see that he is looking at me. (I see him, beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we were learning. (She noticed us students)
Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle
Such participles are formed with the ending "- ed” (if the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if wrong).
The museum was just opened last year.
The museum was only open In the past year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers grown in almost every part of the world.
Rules for adding the ending "-ed":
- If the word ends with " -e”, then only the ending “- d».
- If the word ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends in "- l”, preceded by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .
adm i t - admitt ed
travel l- travell ed
- If the word ends in "- y”, then “y” changes to “ ie».
Past Participle Functions in a Sentence
- Definition(before or after the word being defined).
An opened book was on the table.
open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
methods, used in this study, were quite effective.
- circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: “When?”, “Why?”, “For what reason?”).
When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When it asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn't continue the way.
Since the ship was compressed by ice ( pinched ice), he could not continue his journey.
- Complex addition(with noun or pronoun).
She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job made immediately).
- Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have it forms a predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).
He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.
- Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)
My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked frightened.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt oppressively.
IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did- who came, who arrived) are translated into English with the help of subordinate clauses without the participation of participles.
The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, stayed at the hotel (the verb "arrive" has a second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver "s license. Policeman, approached to him, asked to see a driver's license.
Communion in passive (Passive participle)
If an object or person performed an action not independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive Voice .
It also happens at communion. For this we need "be" + "-ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).
The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive sacrament, because the food did not serve itself, someone did it).
What is the difference between gerund and participle?
It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:
- Gerund in Russian can always be replaced by a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).
Walking is so pleasant…
Walking is so nice.
I don't like being offended by you.
I don't like that you hurt me (I don't like "offending").
- The participle is always attached to the noun, while the gerund walks on its own.
That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on a policeman human seems familiar to me. ("shouting" refers to the noun "man" - participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
screams they will not help the cause ("shouting" - gerund).
Perfect participle
Such a participle is formed from the verb " have" in Present Participle (that is, with the ending "- ing") and semantic verb Past Participle.
This formula " having» + « V3” looks like this: having done (having done), having translated (translating), having visited (visiting).
The perfect participle shows that the action being expressed happened before the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of a circumstance and corresponds to the Russian gerund participle of the perfect form.
We use the perfect participle to connect sentences and make speech flow more smoothly.
Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having bought bicycle, she rode it home.
having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house.
Lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
having lived there for a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he did not want to move to another city.
If it is difficult to understand this, then just use " after» + gerund(will be the same in value):
After graduating from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation University, he decided to go to the Far East.
Perfect participle passive voice formed as follows: having been» + « V3».
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked being cooked), she looked very tasty.
Forming participles in English
Conclusion
So, English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:
1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ What do you do?», « Which?»,« Doing what?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): " Which?», « What has done?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): " Having done what?».
We hope that this article will help you understand English like never before!
Big and friendly family EnglishDom
, participle in english has the properties of a verb and or .
Participle Forms in English
The most important forms of participles are:
- Present Participle– present participle (in the active voice).
- Past Participle- past participle.
Usually the study of participles is reduced to the study of only these two forms, as the most important. In this article, we will look at them first, and then return to other forms.
Basic participle forms: Present Participle and Past Participle
In other sources, you may come across the names Participle I and Participle II - this is the same as Present Participle and Past Participle.
Present Participle - present participle
Despite the name, the present participle can refer not only to the present tense - it denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the predicate. That is, if the predicate is in the present tense, then the participle refers to the present, if in the past, then to the past, etc.
The present participle is formed with -ing at the end of a word: waiting, living, thinking.
Present Participle used in the following cases:
1. For the formation of longtimes
That is, all tenses of the verb Continuous and Perfect Continuous
I am waiting for you. - I'm waiting for you.
I have been waiting for you. -I was waiting for you.
2. Before a noun as an adjective
The participle defines the noun, shows the sign as an adjective.
It was an amazing film. “It was an amazing film.
He was trapped inside the burning house. “He was trapped inside a burning house.
3. To indicate simultaneous actions
When two actions occur at the same time and are performed by the same person or object, one of the actions can be expressed by a participle.
whistling to himself, he walked down the steer. Whistling, he walked down the street.
He sat on the bench reading a newspaper.–He was sitting on a bench reading a newspaper.
It is also possible to express the first action with the sacrament if the second, performed by the same person or object, occurred immediately after the first.
dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she raised her hands up.
Putting on his coat, he left the house. He put on his coat and left the house.
If you need to emphasize that one action happened before another, the Perfect Participle form is used (see below)
4. To express the circumstances of the cause
The participle can be used in place of a cause beginning with conjunctions as, since, because. In this case, the participle turnover explains the reason for the action.
Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Because he was poor, he did not spend much money on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat. Knowing that his mother would come, he cleaned the apartment.
5. In circulationcomplex objectwith verbs of perception
Past Participle - past participle
The past participle is formed:
- For regular verbs: using -ed at the end of the word: danced, liked, lived, invited.
- For irregular verbs: in a special way, see.
The past participle is used:
1. For education timesPerfect
That is, the tenses of the verbs Perfect and Perfect Continuous
I have read the book. - I read the book.
We have decided to leave. - We decided to leave.
2. For the formation of forms of the passive voice
I am given a mission. - I was given a task.
I have been trusted with a great secret. I have been entrusted with a great secret.
3. As a nominal part of a compound predicate
In this case, the predicate consists of the verb to be + Past Participle
My heart is broken. - My heart is broken.
The problem is taken care of. - Problem taken care of.
4. As a definition for a noun
The participle is used before a noun as an adjective:
A purchased item can be returned. – Purchased goods can be returned.
They fixed the broken cup. They fixed the broken cup.
After a noun, the participle replaces the adjectival clause with a passive verb:
This is the letter received this morning (which was received this morning) - This is the letter received this morning.
a man betrayed by his friend (who is betrayed by his friends) - A person who was betrayed by friends.
5. To express the circumstance of time or reason
In this case, the participial phrase replaces the adverbial clause with the verb in the passive voice.
Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away. Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away.
Asked for help, Jim called the police. When asked for help, Jim called the police.
These sentences can be replaced by similar ones with subordinate clauses:
As my puppy was frightened by the cat, he ran away. Since my puppy was scared by the cat, he ran away.
When he was asked for help, Jim called the police. When asked for help, Jim called the police.
Other forms of the present participle
The present participle can take four forms:
| Active | passive | |
| Present Participle | Writing | being written |
| Perfect Participle | having written | Having been written |
We have already considered the main, most important form - it is crossed out in the table. Let's see why we need the rest.
Present Participle Passive
This form is formed according to the scheme: being + Past Participle; being held, being taken, being crushed etc.
It is used:
1. As a definition
As a definition, this participle form is used in participial phrases corresponding to subordinate clauses-definitions with a verb in the passive voice.
The car being towed(which is being towed) is mine. “The car being towed is mine.
The house being demolished(which is being demolished) is haunted. The house that is being demolished is haunted.
2. To express cause and time
This form is used as a circumstance in participial phrases, where it expresses reason and time. These phrases are equivalent to subordinate clauses of cause and time with a verb in the passive voice.
being left alone, the puppy felt lonely. - Being left alone, the puppy felt lonely.
Being asked for explanation, he didn't refuse to answer. When asked to explain himself, he did not refuse to answer.
Perfect Particle Active\Passive
Communion in the form Perfect Participle in the active or passive voice expresses an action that happened before the action in the predicate.
Education scheme:
- Active Collateral: having + Past Participle
- Passive voice: having been + Past Participle
This form is used
1. To express the circumstances of the cause.
Having worked in the company for ten years, he had good connections. Having worked for the company for ten years, he was well connected.
Having been wounded, he asked someone to call the ambulance. Being wounded, he asked someone to call an ambulance.
2. To express the circumstance of time
finished the painting, he opened a bottle of wine. Having finished the picture, he opened a bottle of wine.
Having been packed, my books were sent to the library. After they were packed, my books were sent to the library.
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