Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Circumstances of concession expressed by nouns with a preposition in spite of, are isolated: 1) Despite the difference in characters and the apparent severity of Artyom The brothers loved each other deeply. (BUT.); 2) The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go. (L. T.); 3) The day was hot, bright, radiant day, despite the falling rains. (T.)

2. Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Separation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-proliferation of circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of a sentence: For lack of a room for visitors at the station, we were given an overnight stay in a smoky hut. (L.) But: He did not go to the cinema for lack of time. Circumstances isolated in this way are close in meaning to subordinate clauses.

Most often, the following circumstances are isolated: 1) circumstances of the cause with prepositions thanks to, according to, in view of, due to or with prepositional combinations due to, on occasion, for lack of, due to and others: I went to the post office, and he, due to heavy load couldn't follow me. (L.); 2) circumstances of the condition with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, under the condition, etc.: Racing on yachts, if the weather is favorable, will take place next Sunday; 3) the circumstances of the concession with a pretext contrary to: Our parking lot in Kamrang Bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on. (New-Rev.)

Target: deepen the concepts of the syntactic role of gerunds and gerunds, repeat the morphology of verbs and gerunds, suffixes of gerunds;
further development of the skill to see sentences with separate definitions and applications in the text, the ability to distinguish them with intonation and punctuation marks;
spelling repetition not with participle - n- and - nn- in participle, derivative prepositions.

During the classes.

1 . Isolate:(writing on the board)

1. distinguish from the general, creating a special position from others;
2. in grammar: intonationally highlight some semantic segment within a sentence.

S.I. Ozhegov

We continue this topic, consolidating what we have learned about separate applications and definitions and dwelling in more detail on isolated circumstances, understanding the importance of intonational and semantic separation of these phrases and the even greater need for correct punctuation in a sentence.

2. Fragments of d / z are checked on the board (test tasks in the Russian language are used. Author A.B. Malyushkin, Moscow 2007, Sfera publishing house).

1) The first student enters the correct answers to the tests in the table.

№ 1 2 3 4 5 6
Answers 3 1 2 4 1 1

a) the spelling is explained not with an adjective and a participle,
b) parsing is done according to the composition of the word related,
c) task No. 3 is explained and a description of sentence No. 2 is given

(narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, complete, widespread, complicated by a separate circumstance).

2) The second student gives answers to tasks No. 4,5,6,

a) explains the spelling -n-, -nn- in the second task,
b) analyzes the word by composition preserved and parsing the given word as a part of speech.

3. At this time, work with the class takes place.

a) I recall the general nature of the isolation of secondary members, which, as a rule, denote some additional action, some additional sign.
b) Separate secondary members are characteristic primarily of bookish speech. They are very widely used in fiction.
c) Pupils give examples from the homework text: (punctuation marks and missing letters) students put down:

Text.

1. Panikovsky and Balaganov rolled silently on the carpet, throwing out their legs.

2. They wandered through the streets, pale, disappointed, stupefied with grief. 3. Bender walked behind everyone with his head down and mechanically purring. In the depths, under a canopy, the Antelope was yellow. Kozlevich was sitting on the porch of the tavern. Puffing sweetly, he pulled hot tea from a saucer. He was blessed.

Adam! - said the great strategist, stopping in front of the driver. - We are out of stock. We are beggars, Adam! Accept us! We are dying.
Kozlevich got up. The commander, humiliated and poor, stood before him with his head uncovered. The bright Polish eyes of Adam Kazimirovich were dim with tears. He stepped down the steps and hugged each of the Antelopes one by one.
- Taxi is free! - he said swallowing tears of pity. - Please sit down.
Panikovsky wept, covering his face with his fists and whispering:
- What a heart! Honest, noble heart! What a heart!

Questions:

Indicate all isolated parts of the sentence, placing punctuation marks.
Name the work and its author.
For what purpose do I. Ilf and E. Petrov use separate members?
(They help writers paint the subject in an economical way.)
Explain the spelling of words with missing letters.

4. Let us turn to the texts of A.S. Pushkin and M. Gorky.

Nothing to do. She is,
Full of black envy
Throwing a mirror under the bench,
Called a blackie
And punish her
To his hay girl,
The message of the princess in the wilderness of the forest ...

b) M. Gorky in the story "Childhood" describes his grandmother:
“She tells fairy tales quietly, mysteriously, leaning towards my face, looking into my eyes with dilated pupils, as if pouring into my heart my strength that lifts me ...” The author, using isolated members of the sentence, emphasizes the main idea - grandmother for Alyosha was the most wonderful man. It was she who woke him, hidden in the darkness, and brought him into the light.
Students by ear determine the isolated members of the sentence (who will have time to name them more) and conclude that it is necessary to use fiction in texts.

5. We return to the text by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

a) A diagram for the 3rd sentence is made on the board and its characteristics are given.
It is determined that with one predicate there can be two adverbial phrases, i.e. two separate circumstances.
How are punctuation marks put in this case?
(In this case, a comma between isolated circumstances connected by a union and, is not set).

b) Such cases should be distinguished from sentences in which isolated circumstances refer to different verb-predicates:
pay attention to the table (each student has it on the desk as a handout) point number 3, read the sentence.

Separation of circumstances

Here we have homogeneous members-predicates. Therefore, punctuation marks will stand differently. Let's pay attention to the scheme of this proposal in the table.

1. Why is there a comma before the union?
2. Why is it not in the second example?

6. Work continues with the table of isolated circumstances.

1. What circumstances have we not talked about yet?
   (Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition. Left column).
2. What suggestions? (derivatives).
3. What is a derivative preposition? (An independent part of speech, losing its lexical and morphological meaning, passes into an official one).
4. Examples (Who will lead faster?).
5. What is the difference in writing: during- during; towards - to a meeting;
   about - to the account; in continuation - in continuation; as a result - in consequence.

7. Textbook work p. 145, approx. No. 2.

What other prepositions can be used with such isolation?

Ex. No. 333, p. 147.

8. Make sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition, and use these words as independent ones
parts of speech:

1. option - (c) consequence ...
2. option thanks.

9 . The circumstance of concession with a preposition is always isolated in spite of.

In spite of all my suffering, I could not sleep at all.

10. Separation of other circumstances depends on stylistic tasks.

Circumstances are especially common the reasons(because of, because of, because of) terms(if available, if not), concessions(contrary).

11 . After that, we continue to work with the table in the section "Non-isolated circumstances"

What are the conditions for non-isolation of these circumstances?

a) The circumstance is a stable turnover, i.e. phraseological turn.

We find examples of sentences and read them.

Name phraseological units known to you (which row will complete this task faster).
(Listen with your ears open; rush headlong; answer without further ado; scream without remembering yourself; listen with your mouth open; ...)
- Compose one sentence using any phraseological phrase, and write it down as shown in the table.

b) Single gerunds of adverbial meaning or, as they used to call it, adverbs.

Let's pay attention to their place in the sentence.

(they stand after the predicate, answer the questions: how? in what way? in what position?).

c) We work with the note of the textbook on p. 145 (top).

Name such adverbs.
(Sitting, lying, standing, silently, joking, reluctantly, etc.)

These words have firmly passed into adverbs. When used alone, they are not isolated, they can be replaced by synonymous adverbs. For example, he speaks slowly - slowly; answered reluctantly - sluggishly.

An assistant here can be intonation. There is no pause before and after the adverb, but after a separate participial turnover, the pause is observed.
- This rule is confirmed by the example of exercise No. 326.

d) The third case from the table (b) is being worked out.

These are single gerunds, which also stand after the predicate at the end of the sentence and are circumstances of the mode of action, you can also find synonyms for them. See table examples.
- Replace the adverb with the participle and make sentences:

1. in. Lightning flashed continuously (without ceasing).
2. in. The cloud was moving slowly (slowly).

12. Quiz.

Task number 1.

Explain why gerunds are not separated in the following sentences:

a) Then the strange man slowly went around the lower decks.(Cat.) b) The porter decided to go slowly.(paust.) c) The fox turned to the chicken coop and left without salty slurping.

a) a single gerund is closer to the adverb, as if merging with the predicate;
b) slowly - adverb;
c) is a phraseological unit.

Task number 2.

Rearrange the sentences so that the isolated circumstances become non-isolated:

1.. Gritting their teeth, they continued to work. 2. Lowering her head, she left the room. 3. He continued to sit, determined to finish the job.

Task number 3.

Compose a sentence with phraseological units, indicating which of them stand apart:

Headlong, slipshod, heading for something, without hesitation, taking into accountAttention.(one row at a time).

Task number 4.

Specify the errors in the use of adverbial phrases: 1. Leaving the open steppe,a storm caught them. 2. Reading the story, we face a vivid image of the leaderpopular uprising.

13 . Test tasks(attached). The result of the assimilation of new material in the lesson is summed up. Answers are written by students on the board. Notebooks are exchanged for verification.

Test.

1. Point out false statements.

1. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished by meaning with the help of intonation in the mouth
   speech and with the help of punctuation marks in written speech.
2. Definitions related to the personal pronoun are always separated.
3. Applications with the union as are always isolated.
4. Separate applications can be distinguished with a dash.
5. The circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover are always isolated.
6. Only minor members of the sentence can be clarifying.

2. Find sentences with separate definitions (punctuation marks are not placed).

1. Carelessly scattered stars shone brightly in the sky.
2. The forest covered with a haze of young greenery came to life.
3. The overgrown country road clung to the river.
4. Tired of the spring bliss, I fell into involuntary oblivion.
5. The captain, exhausted by the storm, went down to his cabin.
6. A cloudy and foggy March night enveloped the earth.

3. In which example is it not necessary to isolate a single definition?

1. Invisible you were already sweet to me.
2. Behind the blue seas, forgotten, he faded alone.
3. The flown poplar is silvery and bright.
4. The poor woman cries tirelessly.

4. Indicate in which sentences there are punctuation errors when separating applications.

1. The island was covered in fog - a gray motionless haze.
2. Fedka, our young director, came out from around the corner.
3. Artillery captain Maximov hangs up the phone.
4. Yuri, as a native of the south, found it difficult to get used to the climate of the Arctic.

5. Everyone knows Alexander Blok as a brilliant poet.

1. Find the sentences in which the adverbial phrase is incorrectly separated.
2. Peace to the aspens that, spreading their branches, looked into the pink water.
3. After drinking tea, before dawn I went hunting.
4. Playing merrily through the window, a young ray of sunshine peered in.
5. There, leaving the stellar round dance, a beautiful star sits on the pipe.

6. Indicate a sentence in which it is not necessary to isolate a single gerund (punctuation marks are not placed).

1. Saying goodbye, the young people bowed.
2. The father nodded his head without looking back.
3. The uncle looked at the grandmother with narrowed eyes.
4. The boy dropped the spoon with a start.

7. Find a sentence in which you do not need to isolate the highlighted circumstance.

1. There at a coal mine the boy was noticed.
2. On the other side over the river sang the nightingale.
3. We lived then in the Meshchersky forests in the village.
4. Turning for the sun during a long day almost all flowers.

14 . The words rye work.

Task No. 11 (tests) is being worked out the word maneuver(French - manouere, lat. - manuopera from manus "hand" and opera "deeds".)
Maneuver - deftly and cunningly act, bypassing troubles; movement of troops with the aim of striking the enemy.

15. Mini-dictation (distribute into columns).

Spread, spreading, calculated, not calculated.
What spelling rules are common to explain the spelling of these words.

16 . Rearrange the sentences so that they contain all possible cases of isolation.

1 row. 2 row. 3 row.
A small forest bloomed fruit The dog was frightened
crossed, twisted trees and filled and barked loudly.
between the trees the air is intoxicating
path. aroma.

17 . Change the sentence into a complex one by replacing the preposition in spite of union although.

Despite the good weather, we managed to walk a little that day.
(That day, despite the fact that the weather was good, we managed to walk a little).

18. Find isolated circumstances in the poem by A. S. Pushkin.

What can we quickly say to her in verse?
Truth is dearer to me than anything.
Without having time to think, I will say: you are the sweetest of all.
Thinking about it, I'll say the same thing.

19. It is interesting.

1. Remember the lines from I.A. Krylov's fable "Fish Dance": Here, the headman licked the Liongraciously in the chest ..., set off on a further journey. This is a rare case when the subject took a completely unusual place for itself - it was located inside the participial turnover.

2. At the will of the author, the adverbial turnover can be attributed not to the verb. Here is an excerpt from a poem by Leonid Martynov: Sleeves, islands ... This is a river delta! Here it is, starting to evening! However, this is not the norm, but a property of the individual author's style.

3. Think about the offer!He wrinkled his forehead, unable to understand what was written.
It does not fit under any type of isolation known to you. It turns out that this is a “splinter” of the adverbial turnover being unable to in which the participle played only an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning.

20 . The lesson is summed up.

1. What new things did you learn about isolation of circumstances at the lesson today?
2. What caused the difficulty?

We will continue this topic in future lessons.

A separate circumstance, expressed by a participle, is always distinguished by commas in speech and answers certain questions given in this article. Here are also exceptions when separating adverbial phrases in a sentence with examples.

What is a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover?

In russian language isolated circumstance expressed by adverbial turnover, is a minor member of the sentence, represented by a gerund with dependent words. It denotes a sign of action, depends on the verb-predicate and is always distinguished in writing by commas. Answers the questions - When? How? How? For what purpose? and etc.

Examples of sentences with isolated circumstances with adverbial turnover:
Moving furniture, we freed up space (we freed up - how? - moving furniture). Guys, hiding from the rain in a hut, discussed what they saw (discussed - when? - sheltered from the rain). Mom went to sleep kissing my son goodnight(went to sleep - when? - kissing son).

Exceptions when separating adverbial phrases in a sentence

A separate circumstance can be represented by two homogeneous gerunds or a gerund with a single gerund, which are used through the union and. In this case, the whole circumstance is separated by commas, and not each adverbial turnover separately.

Examples: Girl, winding up a song and dancing walking through the park. Greeting an opponent and shaking hands to each other, the athletes got ready for the match.

In addition, the circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover, do not separate:

• If the adverbial turnover is part of the phraseological expression.

  Examples: They labored tirelessly all day. Worried about her brother, she spent the night without closing your eyes.

• If there is an allied word in the adverbial turnover which the.

  Examples: Masha made an essay plan, following which she will write an interesting story. Serezha had many friends, talking to whom he learned a lot.

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17. Separate definitions, circumstances and applications. General and particular conditions of separation.

Isolation is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with the rest of the members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in the position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union how is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

Circumstance - a secondary member that answers adverbial questions in a sentence and is expressed by a gerund, participle, prepositional constructions. Circumstances characterize an action, a sign, a way of performing an action. (How? How?), place ( Where? Where? Where?), reason ( Why?), condition ( Against what? Under what condition?), goal ( What for?). On these issues, the category of the circumstance, its significance is determined. Circumstances can be expressed by prepositional-case groups, phraseological units, infinitive.

An isolated circumstance is a circumstance that can have different meanings and is distinguished by intonation (in pronunciation) and punctuation (in writing).

(stumbling She nearly fell to her knees. Rodion, bouncing with impatience, tried to keep pace with his father. From the impact, he began to slide on the ice, like a puck. Despite the tears and excitement, the day was good.)

1. An isolated circumstance can be expressed by a single gerund or a gerund with dependent words. This type of circumstance is separated by commas, regardless of its place in the sentence. ( Lying on a shelf, he stared blankly at the ceiling of the car. He was sitting on the windowsill lazily swinging your legs. He, humming under my breath, slowly walked towards the side street).

2. Separation of circumstances, which are expressed by prepositional-case forms of a noun, is optional. Their isolation depends on the semantic load (connection of two or more adverbial meanings), weak syntactic connection with the predicate, expressed verb, or on the stylistic tasks set by the author.

If the circumstance has a comparative meaning and is expressed by a noun with prepositions (like, as if, as if, as if, exactly), then this is a separate circumstance. (He bounced on the trampoline, like a ball. Like a storm annoyed Victor rushed across the room. Natalia, as if sleepy narrowed her eyes in disbelief.)

3. A circumstance that has the meaning of a concession is considered isolated if it begins with a union in spite of. (Despite the morning surge Now she felt a little dizzy).

Note

An isolated circumstance can sometimes be expressed by a group of words preceding the predicate and beginning with prepositions ( due to, in the presence of, in the absence of, due to, in view of, in spite of, in spite of, due to). (Examples. Due to his strong character, Elena overcame sudden difficulties. But: Elena overcame sudden difficulties due to its strong character. Contrary to the Charter and the requirements of the authorities, Sergei came to the training camp in a blue shirt. But: Sergey came to the training camp in a blue shirt contrary to the requirements of the Charter.)

4. If there is a homogeneous isolated circumstance in the proposal, then it is put in the same way, with ordinary homogeneous members. ( Waving arms, bouncing clumsily, shouting loudly for joy he ran down the road. He ran down the road waving your arms, bouncing high. Waving your arms and shouting loudly he ran down the road . )

Sentences with isolated circumstances are similar in structure to other syntactic constructions that do not require punctuation marks.

Remember! Commas are not put if the circumstances

• Expressed (He approached the drafting slipshod).
• Expressed by uncommon single gerunds. It is believed that these words (sitting, lying, reluctantly, without looking, etc.) are substantivized, i.e. formed by the transition of one part of speech (adverbs in this case) to another (gerund participle). (We were talking sitting. But: We talked sitting in chairs.

*Note. If the circumstance is expressed by the usual gerund, formed from the verb, it is necessarily isolated. ( turning away she wiped her tears).