Edible fish list. Edible mushrooms - photo and name for the mushroom picker. Honey agaric false sulfur-yellow

03.05.2020

To collect edible mushrooms, it is not necessary to wait until the end of summer. Many appetizing species have inhabited the forest since June, and especially the early ones - already from spring. Knowing the species of some edible mushrooms will help distinguish them from dangerous ones.

Mushrooms that appear before everyone else, when properly prepared, are no less tasty than those picked in summer and autumn. The main thing is to distinguish them from poisonous species, which also grow immediately after the snow melts.

Morels

They appear in areas well warmed by the rays of the sun. Their hat is dotted with folds and indentations, giving the morel a wrinkled appearance. The mushroom has several common varieties, so the shape of the cap may vary.: be pear-shaped, elongated, conical.

Subpricot

Scientific name - thyroid rosacea. It has brown legs and a hat. The diameter of the latter is from 1 to 10 cm. The white pulp, which tastes good, is traditionally used in canning. Grows in gardens and wild groves with apricot.

Subpricot

oyster mushrooms

They grow in limbo on stumps, attaching to them with a thin leg. The color of the hat, often growing up to 30 cm in diameter, varies from snow-white to brown. Oyster mushrooms usually form whole flocks, which makes them easier to collect.

Meadow mushrooms

These are thin agaric mushrooms, appearing in May in glades and forest edges in the form of "witch's rings". The diameter of the chestnut hat is quite small: less than 4 cm.

Meadow mushrooms

Champignons

These valuable forest dwellers appear in mid-May in warm climate regions, choosing well-lit open spaces. The globular hat is painted white, and the leg may have beige shades. It is widely used in cooking, including for the preparation of gourmet dishes.

Gallery: edible mushrooms (25 photos)

boletus

They appear everywhere at the end of May. This is a hat mushroom that loves the sun. Boletus usually grows in "families" around trees. Their hemispherical cap can be either white or dark brown, depending on the age of the find. It is important to distinguish between boletus and gall fungus: the latter has a burning taste with bitterness and a pink layer of spores, while in boletus spores the spores are gray.

boletus

Oilers

Appear simultaneously with boletus, but prefer pine forests. A distinctive feature of the butter dish is a brown cap covered with a sticky film.

How to pick mushrooms (video)

summer edible mushrooms

In summer, spring mushrooms also grow, to which new ones join. Avid lovers of quiet hunting go to the forest from June itself, and in August, which is the peak of fruiting, everyone else joins them.

Porcini

The first place in the list of summer species is, of course, white. This is a very valuable species, because it has not only excellent taste, but also healing properties: it contains substances that kill bacteria.

The appearance of "white" is difficult to confuse with others: a fleshy hat, dyed in warm shades of brown, pink or even white, is attached to a plump leg. The pulp has a pleasant taste and aroma.

For its positive properties, it is called the "king of mushrooms." You can find "white" in forests with birches and pines, in open areas. But the fungus itself prefers to stay in the shade, hiding under fallen trees or thick grass.

Porcini

mokhovik

Grows in forests that have oaks or pines. At first glance, the flywheel resembles a butter dish, but the surface of its brown or olive cap is dry and has a velvety texture. Their diameter does not exceed 10 cm, but in a favorable environment, this figure can become larger.

Russula

It is a small and very fragile mushroom that grows in large numbers everywhere. The color of the hats is the most diverse: yellow, pink, purple, white. White flesh, easily broken when pressed, sweet in taste. Russula grow until late autumn mainly in the lowlands of any forest, and are undemanding to the soil. Despite the name, russula is better to cook: fry in breadcrumbs, boil, add to soup and potatoes, or pickle for the winter.

Russula

bittersweet

They grow in large "families" in well-moistened areas of mixed and coniferous forests. This agaric does not exceed 10 cm in diameter. His hat in a young bitter is almost flat, with time it turns into a funnel-shaped one. Both the leg and the skin are brick-colored. The pulp, like that of russula, is fragile; when damaged, white juice may appear from it.

Chanterelles

These are mushrooms loved by many, making an excellent duet with potatoes when frying. They appear in June among moss in birch or pine forests.

Chanterelles grow in a dense carpet or bright yellow (for which they got their name). The funnel-shaped hat has a wavy edging. A nice feature of the fungus is that it is almost always untouched by worms.

Varieties of edible mushrooms (video)

Edible autumn mushrooms

The beginning of September can be called the most productive time for picking mushrooms, when a wide variety of species grow in the forest: from boletus that appeared in May to autumn mushrooms.

Honey mushrooms

Perhaps the most beloved inhabitants of the mushroom kingdom that appear in the fall are honey agarics (they are also called honey agarics). Some varieties begin to grow as early as late summer.

Honey mushrooms never grow alone: they "attack" stumps, logs and even healthy trees in whole colonies. One family can have up to 100 pieces. Therefore, collecting them is easy and fast.

Honey mushrooms are brown and red hat mushrooms.. The diameter of the brown hat, darkening towards the middle, is from 2 to 10 cm. These are mushrooms that smell and taste good, therefore they are used for cooking in almost any form. Especially tasty are miniature young mushrooms with legs, marinated in spicy brine.

Ryadovki

A large family whose representatives grow in orderly rows in pine or mixed forests. Can sometimes form ring-shaped colonies . They have many species, most of which are edible. But there are also poisonous rows.

These are medium-sized mushrooms (average diameter is 5-13 cm), the caps of which are painted in various colors. Their shape changes over time: old specimens are usually almost flat, with a knob in the middle; young ones can be cone-shaped.

Mokruha

It is an edible species often confused with grebes. Its cap is usually covered with mucus, but may be dry. There are different types of mokruha, for example, spruce and pink.

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible

The task of a lover of quiet hunting is not only to find mushrooms, but also to distinguish edible from inedible and even poisonous ones. Knowledge and practical experience help in this. The easiest way to avoid mistakes is to know the characteristics of the species. But there are still general rules to determine how safe the mushroom is for health.

edible mushrooms

They have the following properties:

pleasant “edible” smell;
the bottom of the cap is covered with a tubular layer;
they were chosen by bugs or worms;
the skin of the cap is characteristic in color for its species.

There are general rules to determine how safe a mushroom is for health.

inedible mushrooms

If there is any doubt about the suitability for eating the find, then it is better to leave it when the mushroom:

has an unusual or bright color;
a sharp and unpleasant odor emanates from it;
there are no pests on the surface;
the cut acquires an unnatural color;
there is no tubular layer under the cap.

The variety of species does not allow us to derive an axiom of how to determine by appearance whether a mushroom is dangerous or not. They successfully disguise themselves as each other and almost do not differ. Therefore, the main rule of all mushroom pickers says: "If you're not sure - don't take it."

The main rule of all mushroom pickers is: If you're not sure, don't take it.

What mushrooms appear the very first

Poisonous mushrooms of small size usually appear first from the ground. They are thin, fragile and unremarkable; grow literally everywhere: in forests, parks and lawns along with the first grass.

The very first edible morels will appear a little later, from about mid-April in the middle lane.

The importance of edible mushrooms in human nutrition

Mushrooms are widely used in cooking. Their taste and smell are determined by extractive and aromatic substances. The product is used mainly after heat treatment: as an addition to vegetable and meat dishes, salads and snacks. Dried caps and legs are added to soups to give them a characteristic flavor and aroma. Another common cooking method is canning, in which spicy spices and plants are added.

All life on Earth is usually attributed either to the plant or to the animal world, however, there are special organisms - mushrooms, which for a long time scientists found it difficult to attribute to a certain class. Mushrooms are unique in their structure, mode of life and diversity. They are represented by a huge number of varieties and differ in the mechanism of their existence even among themselves. Mushrooms were first attributed to plants, then to animals, and only recently it was decided to attribute them to their own, special kingdom. Mushrooms are neither a plant nor an animal.

What are mushrooms?

Mushrooms, unlike plants, do not contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives green leaves and extracts nutrients from carbon dioxide. Mushrooms are not able to independently produce nutrients, but extract them from the object on which they grow: tree, soil, plants. Eating ready-made substances brings mushrooms very close to animals. In addition, moisture is vital for this group of living organisms, so they are not able to exist where there is no liquid.

Mushrooms can be hat, mold and yeast. It is the hats that we collect in the forest. Molds are well-known molds, yeasts are yeasts and similar very small microorganisms. Fungi can grow on living organisms or feed on their metabolic products. Fungi can create mutually beneficial relationships with higher plants and insects, these relationships are called symbiosis. Mushrooms are an essential component of the digestive system of herbivores. They play a very important role in the life of not only animals, plants, but also humans.

Diagram of the structure of a cap mushroom

Everyone knows that a mushroom consists of a stem and a cap, and we cut them off when we collect mushrooms. However, this is only a small part of the fungus, called the "fruiting body". By the structure of the fruiting body, you can determine the edible mushroom or not. Fruiting bodies consist of intertwined threads, these are "hyphae". If you turn the mushroom over and look at the cap from below, you will notice that some mushrooms have thin plastics there (these are agaric mushrooms), while others look like a sponge (spongy mushrooms). It is there that spores (very small seeds) are formed that are necessary for the reproduction of the fungus.

The fruiting body is only 10% of the fungus itself. The main part of the fungus is the mycelium, it is not visible to the eye, because it is located in the soil or the bark of a tree and is also an interweaving of hyphae. Another name for mycelium is "mycelium". A large area of \u200b\u200bthe mycelium is necessary for the collection of nutrients and moisture by the fungus. In addition, it attaches the fungus to the surface and promotes further spread along it.

edible mushrooms

The most popular edible mushrooms among mushroom pickers include: white mushroom, boletus, boletus, butterdish, flywheel, honey agaric, milk mushroom, russula, chanterelle, camelina, volnushka.

One mushroom can have many varieties, which is why mushrooms with the same name can look different.

White mushroom (boletus) mushroom pickers adore for its unsurpassed taste and aroma. It is very similar in shape to a barrel. The cap of this mushroom is like a round pillow and has a pale to dark brown color. Its surface is smooth. The pulp is dense, white, odorless and has a pleasant nutty taste. The leg of the white fungus is very voluminous, up to 5 cm thick, white, sometimes beige. Most of it is underground. This mushroom can be harvested from June to October in coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests and its appearance depends on where it grows. You can use white mushroom in any form.

Common boletus

Common boletus (boletus) also a mushroom quite desirable for mushroom pickers. Its hat is also pillow-shaped and is either light brown or dark brown. Its diameter is up to 15 cm. The flesh of the cap is white, but may turn slightly pink on the cut. The length of the leg is up to 15 cm. It widens slightly downward and has a light gray color with brown scales. Boletus grows in deciduous and mixed forests from June to late autumn. He loves the light very much, so most often he can be found on the edges. Boletus can be consumed boiled, fried and stewed.

boletus

boletus(redhead) is easy to recognize by the interesting color of its hat, reminiscent of autumn foliage. The color of the cap depends on the place of growth. It varies from almost white to yellow-red or brown. At the point of fracture, the pulp begins to change color, darkens to black. The boletus leg is very dense and large, reaching a length of 15 cm. In appearance, the boletus differs from the boletus in that it has black spots on its legs, as it were, drawn horizontally, while the boletus has more vertically. This mushroom can be collected from early summer to October. It is most often found in deciduous and mixed forests, in aspen forests and undergrowth.

butterdish

butterdish has a fairly wide hat, up to 10 cm in diameter. It can be colored from yellow to chocolate, convex shape. The peel can be easily separated from the pulp of the cap and to the touch it can be very slimy, slippery. The flesh in the cap is soft, yellowish and juicy. In young butterflies, the sponge under the hat is covered with a white film; in adults, a skirt remains on the leg from it. The leg has the shape of a cylinder. It is yellow at the top and slightly darker at the bottom. Oiler grows in coniferous forests on sandy soil from May to November. It can be consumed pickled, dried and salted.

Kozlyak

Kozlyak very similar to the old butter dish, but the sponge under the hat is darker, with large pores and there is no skirt on the leg.

mokhovik

Mokhoviki have a cushion-shaped hat with a velvety skin from brown to dark green. The leg is dense, yellow-brown. The flesh may turn blue or green on the cut and has a brown color. The most common are green and yellow-brown mossiness mushrooms. They have excellent taste qualities and can be consumed fried and dried. Be sure to clean the hat before eating it. Mossiness mushrooms grow in deciduous and coniferous forests of temperate latitudes from mid-summer to mid-autumn.

Dubovik

Dubovik grows mainly in oak forests. In appearance, it resembles a white mushroom in shape, and in color it resembles a flywheel. The surface of the cap in young mushrooms is velvety, in wet weather it is mucous. From touch, the hat is covered with dark spots. The pulp of the fungus is yellowish, dense, red or reddish at the base of the stem, turns blue on the cut, then turns brown, odorless, the taste is mild. The mushroom is edible, but it is easy to confuse it with inedibles: satanic and gall mushrooms. If part of the leg is covered with a dark mesh, this is not a oak tree, but its inedible counterpart. In an olive-brown oak, the flesh on the cut immediately turns blue, and in a poisonous double, it slowly changes color, first to red, and then turns blue.

All the mushrooms described above are spongy. Among spongy mushrooms, only the gall fungus and the satanic mushroom are poisonous, they look like white, but immediately change color on the cut, and even pepper is not edible, because it is bitter, about them below. But among the agaric mushrooms there are many inedible and poisonous ones, so the child should remember the names and descriptions of edible mushrooms before going on a “silent hunt”.

Honey agaric

Honey agaric grows on the base of trees, and meadow agaric - in the meadows. Its convex hat up to 10 cm in diameter has a yellowish-brown color, similar to an umbrella. The length of the leg is up to 12 cm. In the upper part it is light and has a ring (skirt), and at the bottom it acquires a brownish tint. The pulp of the mushroom is dense, dryish, with a pleasant smell.

The autumn mushroom grows from August to October. It can be found on both dead and living trees. The hat is brownish, dense, the plates are yellowish, there is a white ring on the leg. Most often it is found in a birch grove. This mushroom can be eaten dried, fried, pickled and boiled.

Autumn honey agaric

Summer honey agaric, like autumn, grows on stumps all summer and even in autumn. Its hat along the edge is darker than in the middle and thinner than that of the autumn honey agaric. There is a brown ring on the leg.

Honey agaric summer

The honey agaric has been growing in meadows and pastures since the end of May. Sometimes mushrooms form a circle, which mushroom pickers call the "witch's ring".

Honey agaric meadow

Russula

Russula have a round cap with easily detachable skin along the edges. The hat reaches 15 cm in diameter. The cap can be convex, flat, concave or funnel-shaped. Its color varies from red-brown and blue-gray to yellowish and light gray. The leg is white, fragile. The flesh is also white. Russula can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. They also grow in the birch park, and on the banks of the river. The first mushrooms appear in late spring, and the largest number occurs in early autumn.

Chanterelle

Chanterelle- an edible mushroom that looks and tastes good. Her velvety hat is distinguished by a red color and resembles a funnel in shape with folds along the edges. Its flesh is dense and has the same color as the cap. The hat flows smoothly into the leg. The leg is also red, smooth, tapering downwards. Its length is up to 7 cm. Chanterelle is found in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests. It can often be found in moss and among conifers. It grows from June to November. You can use it in any form.

breast

breast has a concave hat with a funnel in the center and wavy edges. It is firm to the touch and fleshy. The surface of the cap is white and is covered with fluff, it is dry or vice versa, mucous and wet, depending on the type of breast. The pulp is brittle and when broken, a white juice with a bitter taste is released. Depending on the type of milk mushroom, the juice may turn yellow or turn pink when broken. The leg of the mushroom is dense, white. This mushroom grows in deciduous and mixed forests, often covered with dry foliage so that it is not visible, but only a mound is visible. You can collect it from the first summer month to September. Mushrooms are well suited for pickling. Much less often they are fried or consumed boiled. The breast is also black, but black has a much worse taste.

White mushroom (real)

Dry breast (loader)

aspen mushroom

Black breast

Volnushka

Volnushki they are distinguished by a small hat, which has an impression in the center and a beautiful fringe along slightly tucked edges. Its color varies from yellowish to pink. The flesh is white and firm. This is a conditionally edible mushroom. The juice has a very bitter taste, so before you cook this mushroom, you need to soak it for a long time. The leg is dense, up to 6 cm in length. Volnushki love wet areas and grow in deciduous and mixed forests, preferring birch. They are best collected from August to September. Volnushki can be eaten in salted and pickled form.

Ginger

mushrooms similar to volnushki, but larger in size, they do not have a fringe along the edges, they are light orange in color, and the flesh on the cut is also orange, turning green along the edge. The mushroom does not have bitter juice, so you can cook it immediately without soaking it. The mushroom is edible. Ryzhik fried, boiled and marinated.

Champignon

Champignons grow in the forest, and in the city, and even in landfills and basements from summer to autumn. While the mushroom is young, its cap has the shape of a half ball of white or grayish color, the reverse side of the cap is covered with a white veil. When the hat opens, the veil turns into a skirt on a leg, exposing gray plates with spores. Mushrooms are edible, they are fried, boiled, marinated without special pre-treatment.

violinist

A fungus that creaks slightly when you run a fingernail over it or rub hats, many call it a squeaker. It grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, usually in groups. The violinist looks like a milk mushroom, but unlike the milk mushroom, its plates are cast in a yellowish or greenish color, and the hat may also not be pure white, moreover, it is velvety. The flesh of the mushroom is white, very dense, hard, but brittle, with a slight pleasant smell and a very pungent taste. When broken, it exudes a very caustic white milky juice. The white flesh becomes greenish-yellow when exposed to air. Milky juice, drying, becomes reddish. Violin is a conditionally edible mushroom, it is edible in salt form after soaking.

Value (goby) has a light brown hat with whitish plates and a white leg. While the mushroom is young, the cap is bent down and slightly slippery. Young mushrooms are harvested and eaten, but only after removing the skin, prolonged soaking or boiling the mushroom.

You can meet such bizarre mushrooms in the forest and in the meadow: morel, line, dung beetle, blue-green stropharia. They are conditionally edible, but recently they are less and less eaten by people. Young parasol mushroom and puffball are edible.

poisonous mushrooms

Inedible mushrooms or foods containing their poisons can cause severe poisoning and even death. The most life-threatening inedible, poisonous mushrooms include: fly agaric, pale grebe, false mushrooms.

A very noticeable mushroom in the forest. His red hat with white dots is visible to the forester from afar. However, depending on the species, hats can also be of other colors: green, brown, white, orange. The hat is shaped like an umbrella. This mushroom is quite large. The leg usually widens downward. It has a "skirt" on it. It is the remains of a shell in which young mushrooms were located. This poisonous mushroom can be confused with golden-red russula. The russula has a hat that is slightly depressed in the center and there is no "skirt" (Volva).

Pale grebe (fly agaric green) even in small quantities can cause great harm to human health. Her hat can be white, green, gray or yellowish. But the shape depends on the age of the fungus. The cap of a young pale grebe resembles a small egg, and over time it becomes almost flat. The stem of the mushroom is white, tapering downwards. The pulp does not change at the incision site and has no smell. Pale grebe grows in all forests with clay soil. This mushroom is very similar to champignons and russula. However, mushroom plates are usually darker in color, and in pale grebe they are white. Russula does not have this skirt on the leg, and they are more brittle.

false mushrooms can be easily confused with edible mushrooms. They usually grow on stumps. The cap of these mushrooms has a bright color, and the edges are covered with white flaky particles. Unlike edible mushrooms, these mushrooms have an unpleasant smell and taste.

gall fungus- doppelgänger of white. It differs from the boletus in that the upper part of its leg is covered with a dark mesh, and the flesh turns pink when cut.

satanic mushroom also looks like white, but its sponge under the hat is reddish, there is a red mesh on the leg, and the cut becomes purple.

pepper mushroom looks like a flywheel or butter dish, but the sponge under the hat is lilac.

false fox- an inedible twin of a chanterelle. In color, the false chanterelle is darker, reddish-orange, white juice is released at the break of the cap.

Both flywheel and chanterelles also have inedible counterparts.

As you understand, mushrooms are not only those that have a hat and stem and grow in the forest.

Yeast mushrooms are used to create some drinks, using them in the fermentation process (for example, kvass). Molds are a source of antibiotics and save millions of lives every day. Special types of mushrooms are used to give foods, such as cheeses, a special taste. They are also used to create chemicals.
Mushroom spores, with the help of which they reproduce, can germinate after 10 years or more.
There are also predatory species of fungi that feed on worms. Their mycelium forms dense rings, when hit, it is already impossible to escape.
The oldest mushroom found in amber is 100 million years old.
An interesting fact is that leaf-cutting ants are able to independently grow the mushrooms they need for food. They acquired this ability 20 million years ago.
In nature, there are about 68 species of luminous mushrooms. They are most often found in Japan. Such mushrooms are distinguished by the fact that they glow green in the dark, it looks especially impressive if the mushroom grows in the middle of rotten tree trunks.
Some fungi lead to serious diseases and affect agricultural plants.

Mushrooms are mysterious and very interesting organisms, full of unsolved mysteries and unusual discoveries. Edible species are a very tasty and healthy product, while inedible ones can cause great harm to health. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish them and you should not put a mushroom in the basket in which there is no complete certainty. But this risk does not prevent one from admiring their diversity and beauty against the backdrop of blooming nature.

What is the most important thing for a mushroom picker who goes to the forest for a "quiet hunt"? No, not a basket at all (although it will also be needed), but knowledge, especially regarding which mushrooms are poisonous and which can be safely put in a basket. Without them, a trip for a forest delicacy can smoothly turn into an urgent trip to the hospital. In some cases, it will turn into the last walk in life. To avoid disastrous consequences, we bring to your attention a brief information about dangerous mushrooms, which cannot be cut in any case. Take a closer look at the photos and remember forever how they look. So let's start.

Among the poisonous mushrooms, the pale grebe occupies the first place in terms of toxicity and the frequency of fatal poisoning. Its poison is resistant to heat treatment, moreover, it has belated symptoms. After tasting mushrooms, the first day you can feel like a completely healthy person, but this effect is deceptive. While precious time is running out to save lives, toxins are already doing their dirty work, destroying the liver and kidneys. From the second day, the symptoms of poisoning are manifested by headache and muscle pain, vomiting, but time has passed. In most cases, death occurs.

Even just for a moment touching the edible mushrooms in the basket, the poison of the toadstool is instantly absorbed into their hats and legs and turns the harmless gifts of nature into a deadly weapon.

The toadstool grows in deciduous forests and in appearance (at a young age) slightly resembles champignons or greenfinches, depending on the color of the cap. The cap can be flat with a slight bulge or egg-shaped, with smooth edges and ingrown fibers. The color varies from white to greenish-olive, the plates under the hat are also white. The elongated stem at the base expands and is "shackled" in the remains of a film-bag, which hid a young mushroom under it, and has a white ring on top.

In a toadstool, when broken, the white flesh does not darken and retains its color.

Such different fly agarics

Even children know about the dangerous properties of fly agaric. In all fairy tales, it is described as a deadly ingredient for making a poisonous potion. Everything is so simple: the red-headed mushroom with white spots, as everyone saw it in the illustrations in books, is not at all a single specimen. In addition to it, there are other varieties of fly agaric that differ from each other. Some of them are very edible. For example, Caesar mushroom, egg-shaped and blushing fly agaric. Of course, most species are still inedible. And some are life-threatening and it is strictly forbidden to include them in the diet.

The name "fly agaric" is made up of two words: "flies" and "pestilence", that is, death. And without explanation, it is clear that the mushroom kills flies, namely its juice, which is released from the hat after sprinkling it with sugar.

Deadly poisonous species of fly agaric, which pose the greatest danger to humans, include:

Small but deadly ragged mushroom

The poisonous mushroom got its name for its peculiar structure: often its cap, the surface of which is covered with silky fibers, is also decorated with longitudinal cracks, and the edges are torn. In the literature, the fungus is better known as fiber and has a modest size. The height of the stem is slightly more than 1 cm, and the diameter of the hat with a protruding tubercle in the center is a maximum of 8 cm, but this does not prevent it from remaining one of the most dangerous.

The concentration of muscarine in the pulp of the fiber exceeds the red fly agaric, while the effect is noticeable after half an hour, and during the day all the symptoms of poisoning with this toxin disappear.

Beautiful, but "shitty mushroom"

This is exactly the case when the title corresponds to the content. It was not for nothing that the people dubbed the mushroom a false valui or a horseradish mushroom with such an indecent word - not only is it poisonous, but also the flesh is bitter, and the smell is simply disgusting and not at all mushroomy. But on the other hand, it is precisely thanks to its “aroma” that it will no longer be possible to ingratiate a mushroom picker under the guise of a russula, to which the valui is very similar.

The scientific name of the fungus sounds like "glutinous hebeloma."

False valui grows everywhere, but most often it can be seen at the end of summer on the bright edges of coniferous and deciduous forests, under oak, birch or aspen. The cap of a young mushroom is creamy white, convex, with the edges tucked down. With age, its center bends inward and darkens to a yellow-brown color, while the edges remain light. The skin on the hat is beautiful and smooth, but sticky. The bottom of the cap consists of adherent plates of gray-white color in young valued, and dirty yellow in old specimens. The dense bitter pulp also has a corresponding color. The leg of the false valuation is quite high, about 9 cm. It is wide at the base, then narrows upwards, covered with a white coating similar to flour.

A characteristic feature of the "horseradish fungus" is the presence of black blotches on the plates.

Poisonous double of summer mushrooms: sulfur-yellow honey agarics

Everyone knows that they grow on stumps in friendly flocks, but there is such a “relative” among them, which outwardly practically does not differ from delicious mushrooms, but causes severe poisoning. This is a false sulphur-yellow honey agaric. Poisonous twins live in groups on the remains of tree species almost everywhere, both in forests and in clearings between fields.

Mushrooms have small caps (maximum 7 cm in diameter) of a gray-yellow color, with a darker, reddish center. The flesh is light, bitter and smells bad. The plates under the cap are firmly attached to the stem; they are dark in the old mushroom. The light leg is long, up to 10 cm, and even, consists of fibers.

You can distinguish between “good” and “bad” honey mushrooms by the following signs:

the edible mushroom has scales on the cap and stem, the false honey agaric does not have them;
The “good” mushroom is dressed in a skirt on a leg, the “bad” one is not.

A satanic mushroom disguised as a boletus

The massive leg and dense flesh of the satanic mushroom make it look like, but eating such a handsome man is fraught with severe poisoning. Satanic pain, as this species is also called, tastes pretty good: neither you smell nor the bitterness characteristic of poisonous mushrooms.

Some scientists even classify the bolete as a conditionally edible mushroom if it is subjected to prolonged soaking and prolonged heat treatment. But no one can say exactly how many toxins boiled mushrooms of this species contain, so it’s better not to risk your health.

Outwardly, the satanic mushroom is quite beautiful: a dirty white hat is fleshy, with a spongy yellow bottom, which turns red over time. The shape of the leg is similar to a real edible mushroom, the same massive, in the form of a barrel. Under the cap, the stem becomes thinner and turns yellow, the rest is orange-red. The flesh is very dense, white, pinkish only at the very base of the stem. Young mushrooms smell pleasant, but old specimens emit a disgusting smell of spoiled vegetables.

You can distinguish satanic pain from edible mushrooms by cutting the pulp: upon contact with air, it first acquires a red tint, and then turns blue.

Disputes about the edibility of pigs were stopped in the early 90s, when all types of these mushrooms were officially recognized as dangerous to human life and health. Some mushroom pickers to this day continue to collect them for food, but in no case should this be done, since pig toxins can accumulate in the body and symptoms of poisoning do not appear immediately.

Outwardly, poisonous mushrooms look like milk mushrooms: they are small, with squat legs and a fleshy round cap of a dirty yellow or gray-brown color. The center of the hat is deeply concave inward, the edges are wavy. The fruiting body is yellowish in section, but quickly darkens from the air. Pigs grow in groups in forests and plantings, they especially love wind-blown trees, located among their rhizomes.

There are more than 30 varieties of pig's ear, as mushrooms are also called. All of them contain lectins and can cause poisoning, but the thin pig is recognized as the most dangerous. The cap of a young poisonous mushroom is smooth, dirty olive, becoming rusty over time. The short leg has the shape of a cylinder. When the mushroom body is broken, a clear smell of rotting wood is heard.

No less dangerous are such pigs:

poisonous umbrellas

Along the roads and roadsides, slender mushrooms grow in abundance on tall, thin stems with flat, wide-open hats resembling an umbrella. They are called umbrellas. The hat, in fact, as the mushroom grows, opens and becomes wider. Most varieties of umbrella mushrooms are edible and very tasty, but there are also poisonous specimens among them.

The most dangerous and common poisonous mushrooms are such umbrellas:

Poison rows

Row mushrooms have many varieties. There are among them both edible and very tasty mushrooms, as well as frankly tasteless and inedible species. And there are also very dangerous poisonous rows. Some of them resemble their "harmless" relatives, which easily mislead inexperienced mushroom pickers. Before heading into the forest, you should look for a person as your partner. He must know all the intricacies of the mushroom business and be able to distinguish “bad” rows from “good” rows.

The second name of rows is talkers.

Among the poisonous talkers, one of the most dangerous, capable of causing death, are the following rows:

Gall mushroom: inedible or poisonous?

Most scientists classify the gall fungus as inedible, since even forest insects do not dare to taste its bitter flesh. However, another group of researchers is convinced of the toxicity of this fungus. In the case of eating dense pulp, death does not occur. But the toxins contained in it in large quantities cause tremendous harm to internal organs, in particular the liver.

In the people for a peculiar taste, the mushroom is called mustard.

The dimensions of the poisonous mushroom are not small: the diameter of the brown-orange cap reaches 10 cm, and the creamy-red leg is very thick, with a darker grid pattern in the upper part.

The gall fungus is similar to white, but, unlike the latter, it always turns pink when broken.

Fragile Impatiens Galerina marsh

In the swampy areas of the forest, in the thickets of moss, you can find small mushrooms on a long thin stem - the marsh galerina. A fragile light yellow leg with a white ring at the top is easy to knock down even with a thin twig. Moreover, the mushroom is poisonous and it is still impossible to eat it. The dark yellow hat of the gallery is also fragile and watery. At a young age, it looks like a bell, but then straightens, leaving only a sharp bulge in the center.

This is not a complete list of poisonous mushrooms, in addition, there are still a lot of false species that are easy to confuse with edible ones. If you are not sure which mushroom is under your feet - please pass by. It is better to make an extra circle through the forest or return home with an empty purse than to suffer from severe poisoning later. Be careful, take care of your health and the health of your loved ones!

Video about the most dangerous mushrooms for humans

Many people associate autumn primarily with mushrooms, although hunting for them begins in the spring. In total, there are more than 250 thousand of their species on Earth. All of them are divided into edible and poisonous. The former are rich in protein and minerals, the latter are dangerous to humans. Experienced mushroom pickers can easily distinguish one mushroom from another, but beginners should not rush and pick anything. You need to know that most edible mushrooms have "false twins", which are often unsuitable for consumption. In our today's photo fact - the most popular mushrooms of the forests of the middle lane.

10th place. Chanterelle ordinary.
The common chanterelle is an edible mushroom of the 3rd category. It has a light yellow or orange-yellow hat (up to 12 cm) with wavy edges and a leg (up to 10 cm). It grows in coniferous and mixed forests. (tonx)

9th place. Autumn honey agaric.
Autumn mushroom - edible mushroom of the 3rd category. It has a brown hat (up to 10 cm) of a convex shape, a white thin leg (up to 10 cm). It grows in large families on tree trunks or stumps. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

8th place. Aspen breast.
Aspen breast is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a white sticky hat (up to 30 cm) of a flat-convex shape, a white or pinkish leg (up to 8 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

7th place. The wave is pink.
Volnushka pink - edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a pale pink hat (up to 12 cm) with a small indentation in the center and edges wrapped downwards, a leg (up to 6 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Aivar Ruukel)

6th place. Butter dish.
Oiler - edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a brown oily hat of a convex or flat shape and a leg (up to 11 cm). It grows both in forests and in plantations. (Björn S…)

5th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a reddish-brown hat (up to 25 cm) and a thick leg with dark scales. It grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

4th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a dull brown cushion-shaped hat and a white thin leg (up to 17 cm) with brownish scales. It grows in deciduous forests near birches. (carlfbagge)

3rd place. The breast is real.
The real mushroom is an edible mushroom of the 1st category. It has a white mucous cap (up to 20 cm) of a funnel shape with pubescent edges wrapped inward and a white or yellowish leg (up to 7 cm). It grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

2nd place. The fish is real.
Real camelina is an edible mushroom of the 1st category. It has an orange or light red funnel-shaped hat with straightening edges and a leg of the same color (up to 7 cm). Grows in coniferous forests. (Anna Valls Calm)

1 place. Porcini.
White mushroom - the king of mushrooms. Valued for its excellent taste and aroma. The shape of the mushroom resembles a barrel. It has a brown hat and a white or light brown leg (up to 25 cm). It grows in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests. (Matthew Kirkland)

When harvesting mushrooms, you need to be extremely careful, because along with edible specimens, inedible, and sometimes even poisonous representatives grow in the vastness of your native land. Eating such mushrooms can lead to severe poisoning, it is not uncommon for such an ailment to end in death. To know which mushrooms are poisonous, you need to carefully study the catalogs of inedible mushrooms, you should not collect suspicious or little-known specimens.

Death cap

Another name for the mushroom is green fly agaric, its cap grows from 6 to 12 centimeters in scope, the skin color is yellow-brown-olive, pale green, very rarely the outer surface is almost white. The shape of the cap is ovoid at first, then flat-convex and at the end becomes completely prostrate. On the skin you can see warty white flakes. The spore-bearing layer consists of wide free plates that do not change color. The leg is in the form of a cylinder with a thickening at the bottom, its height is 8-15 centimeters, painted in a white-yellow or white-green hue. White flesh does not change color when cut.

Value false (Horseradish mushroom)

The shape of the cap of young specimens is convex-rounded, the edges are tucked up, the diameter is about 8-10 centimeters, the more mature ones have a flat shape with a tubercle in the center, the skin is smooth, sticky, the surface color varies from light yellow to brown, and the edges almost always remain white. There is a powdery coating on the leg, it grows up to 9 centimeters in height and 2 centimeters in thickness. The structure of the pulp is dense, cream or white in color, has an unpleasant odor, it is a bit like the smell of potatoes or turnips. The lamellar layer is adherent, in young animals it is light gray then gradually darkens.

fiber patouillard

The fungus is a mortal danger to the human body. The span of the cap is 3-9 centimeters, it is painted in red-yellow shades, there are radial fibers on the skin, its shape changes from bell-conical to completely prostrate. Frequent, loose plates have a white color with a touch of olive-brown, blush when pressed. The stem has the shape of a cylinder, the length does not exceed 7 centimeters, the diameter is 1-2 centimeters, the color is usually slightly lighter than the tone of the cap surface. The whitish flesh does not have a strong odor, but the taste is unpleasant, it turns red on the cut.

Galerina fringed

The convex or bell-shaped cap has a brown color with a yellow tint, in mature specimens the shape is flat, the edges are translucent and you can see the grooves located in parallel. Narrow plates descending to the stem, at the beginning of growth are painted in light colors, when the spores ripen, they acquire a brown-rusty hue. The brown leg is thin and not too long, only 4-5 centimeters, there is a yellow ring on top, it disappears with age, above it the leg is covered with powdery coating. The flesh has a mealy odor, brown in the stalk and yellow in the cap. This type of inedible poisonous mushrooms can often be found in the forests of the Kuban.

Gymnopilus Juno

This species belongs to hallucinogenic mushrooms. The span of the cap is 3-15 centimeters, hemispherical in young animals, later it transforms into a convex or prostrate. The finely scaly surface is colored orange or ocher yellow. The plates are often arranged, wide, yellow in very young specimens and become brown-rusty with age, the flesh has a pronounced almond smell, its color is pale yellow with a brown tint. The leg grows from 3 to 20 centimeters in length, the thickness does not exceed 4 centimeters, thickened at the base, the color is brown, there is a membranous ring of a small size.

Whitish talker

The diameter of the cap is 2-7 centimeters, the surface is pronounced powdery, the convex shape transforms into a prostrate or funnel-shaped with age. On the skin of a dirty white color, you can notice spots of a dark color, the wavy edge of the young is tucked. The pedunculated laminae are often arranged, cream or pale grey, pink-yellow in old specimens. The stem is generally straight, but may be slightly curved, does not grow more than 5 centimeters in height and 0.7 centimeters in thickness, is painted in pale brown or white. White flesh does not tend to change color when broken.

Papillary breast

The size of the mushroom cap is 3-9 centimeters, centric circles can be seen on the skin, the surface color is dark brown with a clear tint of purple. Basically, the shape of the cap is flat, and the edges are tucked up, sometimes there is a small tubercle in the center. The plates are frequent, white, in old mushrooms more often yellow-cream. The stem is short but massive, becoming hollow as it matures. When pressing on the outer part of the cap, a distinct brown spot appears.

gall fungus

It can grow singly or in large groups, it looks like a white mushroom, the leg is strong and massive, the pulp is fibrous, the thickness reaches 7 centimeters, there is a dense brown mesh on the skin. The cap is a spongy formation, in the upper part it has a thin layer of porous substance, at first the hemispherical shape resembles a saucer with age. The surface is painted in a pale brown or rich ocher shade. Insects do not damage this species - this is another sign by which this poisonous mushroom can be treated.

Greenfinch

The outer surface of the cap has a bright green color, it is convex, and there is a characteristic tubercle in the center; at an older age, frequent scales can be observed on the skin, the diameter of the cap is 12-15 centimeters. The maximum height of the stem is 3 centimeters and about 2 centimeters thick, the surface is painted green and less often yellow. The plates are densely packed, their color varies from yellow to lemon, the spore-bearing layer has a distinct smell of flour. The flesh on the cut is white, but soon changes color to yellow. This is one of the most common inedible types of mushrooms that mushroom pickers come across in the Rostov region.

Umbrella comb (Lepiota)

The size of the cap of even an adult mushroom does not exceed 4 centimeters, in young it looks like an inverted bell, later it straightens out more and more, the outer surface is dry and velvety covered with scales, the color is pink or gray, and in mature specimens it is rich brown. The plates are small and break easily, a thin stem grows about 5 centimeters in length, the surface is silky, in the middle you can see the remains of a ring, which is almost imperceptible in old mushrooms. A distinctive feature is the quickly reddening flesh on the cut, which has an unpleasant smell of rotten garlic.

False pig (Thin)

The cap has a smooth surface, reaches 6-14 centimeters in span, the edge is lowered and velvety, its shape is rounded, but the center is slightly depressed, the skin is olive-brown when the mushroom is still young and eventually acquires a gray or rusty-brown hue. Usually the surface is dry, but becomes sticky when the air humidity rises. The plates descending to the leg have a brown-yellow color, when pressed, they acquire a rich brown hue. The color of the stem is usually identical to the skin of the cap, does not grow more than 9 centimeters in height and 2.5 centimeters in thickness, thickened at the base. The soft pulp has a dense structure, it is yellow-brown or light yellow, but quickly darkens when pressed.

false chanterelles

A small mushroom cap in diameter is only 1-6 centimeters, flat at the beginning of growth, later becomes funnel-shaped, the edge is lowered, the center is depressed, the skin is velvety, painted in bright orange with a yellow or red tint, fades with age. The leg is even and thin, no more than 6 centimeters long, sometimes bends under the weight of the cap, the skin color is identical to the cap, only at the base it is darker, sometimes almost black. Branched plates are often located, descending on the stem, the pulp has a mushroom smell, its color is white with a yellow tint.

Milky gray-pink

The rounded hat is flat or convex, the edges are usually bent, maturing, it transforms into a funnel-shaped one, the edges straighten out, but a tubercle remains in the center, a diameter of 13-15 centimeters, the skin is dry and velvety to the touch, its shade is brown or gray-pink, rarely yellow-sand. An even leg has a smooth skin, usually a little lighter than the outer surface of the cap, in young animals there are no cavities inside, the length of the leg is 5-9 centimeters, the diameter is 2-3 centimeters. The thick pulp is quite fragile, it does not change color on the cut, but it secretes milky juice, the color is almost white, sometimes with a yellow tint, it has a distinct smell of spices and is bitter in taste.

Milky prickly

The thin-fleshy cap has a flat shape, thin veins can be seen on the skin, in mature specimens it transforms into a flat prostrate, and in the center there is a papillary tubercle with a sharp end. The edges of the cap are lowered, slightly ribbed, sometimes straight, the color of the outer surface is red-pink, carmine or lilac-red, there are small scales. The plates are forked, narrow, frequent, descending, pink-ocher hue turns brown when pressed. The pink-lilac leg tapers closer to the base in length reaches 2-6 centimeters, the thickness does not exceed 1 centimeter. Pale white flesh turns green when pressed.

Fly agaric spring (Smelly)

The hat is wide and resembles a curved saucer, the outer part is smooth and shiny, usually its shade is light cream or white. The stem is usually no longer than 13 centimeters and no thicker than 4 centimeters, thickened in the place where it is attached to the hat, sometimes you can see the remains of the ring, the skin is rough, there is a sticky coating. The pulp is white and contains contact poisons; you cannot touch such a fungus. In case of contact, immediately wash your hands thoroughly. In the Belgorod region, this inedible mushroom, along with others, is much more common.

Fly agaric red

As it grows, the hat transforms from spherical to round-flat and flat, its span is about 10-19 centimeters, the color of the outer part is bright orange and many shades of red, there are white scales on the skin, but rain can wash them away. The pulp smells pleasant, pale yellow or white, uneven, thick, frequent plates of the spore-bearing layer are white and turn yellow as the fungus ripens. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, tuberous at the base, in addition, it is covered with several rows of scales, a membranous ring can be seen on top of the stem, it hangs in mature specimens, the girth does not exceed 4 centimeters, the length is about 8-20 centimeters. Often this inedible species of mushrooms is met by mushroom pickers in the Leningrad Region.

Fly agaric panther

Usually the color of the cap is brown, but specimens with brown, gray or dirty olive skin are often found, on the surface there are white concentric warts that are easily separated from the cap. In young growth, a rounded convex hat is formed, in mature mushrooms it is semi-prostrate, with a diameter of 6-12 centimeters. The plates are free, caps expand nearby, the pulp is watery and with an unpleasant odor. The height of the leg varies from 5 to 11 centimeters, in girth - 1-2 centimeters, the surface is fleecy, tuberous-swollen at the base, a ring is noticeable on the skin.

Fly agaric

The color of the cap changes with the age of the mushroom from white to green-yellow, diameter is 4-9 centimeters, the hemispherical shape is replaced by a flat-convex one, on the outer surface you can see small flakes of a gray tint - these are the remains of a bedspread. The flesh has a distinct odor and resembles a raw potato, its color is white and does not change when broken. Narrow, loose plates are painted yellow or white. The stem has the shape of a cylinder, 1-2 cm thick, 5-11 cm high, usually painted to match the outer part of the cap, there is a noticeable hanging ring.

alder moth

The mushroom grows in large groups, when ripe, the spherical hat transforms into a cone-shaped one, and later it looks like a small (5 centimeters) saucer, the outer side is covered with scales, they are lemon like the skin of the hat. Small, thin, often planted plates change yellow-lemon color to darker ones. There is no ring on the high and thin stem, the surface of the skin is colored in the tone of the cap, the flesh does not lose color on the cut.

Honey agaric false brick-red

At the beginning of growth, the rounded hat is bright orange, as it matures, it already looks like a saucer, it takes on a red-brick hue, at the edges there are fragments of a covering coverlet in the form of large flakes. The leg is long, and the thickness does not exceed 2 centimeters. The ring inherent in this honey agaric is missing.

Honey agaric false sulfur-yellow

The span of a convex bell-shaped cap is 2-6 centimeters, when ripe, it takes a flat shape, the surface is smooth, the color ranges from yellow-brown to sulfur-yellow, and the edges are always lighter, the center can be red-brown. Frequent, wide plates have a yellow-green or brown-olive color. The thickness of the leg does not exceed 1 centimeter, it reaches 10 centimeters in height, the cylindrical shape is narrowed at the base. The pulp is fibrous with an unpleasant odor and bitter taste, colored sulfur-yellow.

pepper mushroom

A convex-rounded hat with a diameter of 2-8 centimeters, as it grows, takes on an almost flat shape, the outer part is velvety, dry and glitters in the sun, becomes covered with mucus when the humidity rises. The color of the outer surface of the cap is copper, orange, light brown, brown or red. The pulp has a color of yellow sulfur, takes on a reddish hue at the break. The length of the slightly curved stem is 4-9 centimeters, in girth no more than 1.5 centimeters, tapering closer to the base, usually the shade of the surface is identical to the hat. The tubules are adherent, descending, the pores are large, their color is brown-red.

Lattice red

The cap and stem of the fungus are absent, the fruiting body at the beginning of growth is ovoid about 6 centimeters in height and 5 centimeters in width, covered with a brown or white leathery shell, under which there is a mucous-gelatinous layer, a dome-shaped mesh structure is formed in the depth of the fungus. When ripe, the outer surface of the shell bursts and the fungus takes the form of a bright sphere with irregularly shaped cells. The surface inside the sphere is covered with a slimy dark spore mass, it has a sharp putrefactive odor.

satanic mushroom

The species is quite large, the span of a hemispherical cap is 10-25 centimeters, the outer part is velvety and dry, the skin is dirty grayish or white, sometimes with a yellow tint and pale green stains. The tubular layer is yellow in young animals and yellow-green in mature representatives, small pores change color from yellow to red-orange, sometimes turn blue when pressed with a clear green tint. The stem is barrel-shaped and massive, about 7-15 centimeters high and 3 to 9 centimeters thick, pale yellow on top, red-orange in the middle, with a mesh pattern. The flesh is creamy, it slowly turns red at the break, and eventually turns blue.

Pig fat

The hat has a brown or rusty-brown color, the center is depressed, the edges are wrapped inward, it gradually transforms and takes on a convex appearance, and the color changes to brown-olive, diameter is 15-25 centimeters, the surface is dry and velvety. Creamy plates fall on the leg, turn brown when pressed, the hard pulp has a dense structure, turns brown on the cut. The fleshy leg at the base is expanded, the skin is dark brown, velvety, the width is about 3-5 centimeters, the height is 5-10 centimeters.

Russula girlish

The thin-fleshy cap reaches 3-6 centimeters in diameter, at an early stage of growth it is semicircular and then gradually transforms into a flat-spread, and concave-prostrate at maturity. The shade of the outer part is purplish-pink, brown-lilac or violet-purple. The plates are thin, narrow, attached, forked from the stem, at first white or cream, later turning yellow. The leg is more often cylindrical than club-shaped, 5-7 centimeters high, 1-1.5 centimeters in diameter, white or yellow with a distinct mealy smell. Fragile white flesh turns yellow within 8-10 hours, tastes fresh.

Russula stinging (Vomitous)

The smooth, shiny surface of the cap is painted in a bright scarlet color, there is a dark spot in the middle, the range is from 3 to 10 centimeters. In young animals, it is convex, maturing, takes a flat shape or cracks, the middle is usually depressed, radial grooves can be seen along the edges. The plates are adherent, rare, their color is rich white and only in the oldest specimens they are cream. The club-shaped leg is also white, sometimes with a pink tint, grows about 2 centimeters thick, 7-9 centimeters high, the skin is covered with bloom. The pulp does not have a strong smell, it is white and does not lose color on the cut.

Entoloma poisonous

The cap of the mushroom is quite wide and flat, as it matures, the span can be 20-22 centimeters, the outer part is silky, covered with mucus with increasing air humidity, the skin color varies from yellow to brown. Powerful plates are rarely located, at first they are cream, later they turn pink. The pulp at the break is dense, white, has a pronounced smell of fresh flour. The flexible, fibrous leg grows up to 11 centimeters in length, but the thickness does not exceed 2.5 centimeters.