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Muslims are strictly regulated by religion, and the funeral rite is one of the key points on which the future path of a Muslim depends: there is life after death and what it will be depends on the funeral. But there are more than one and a half billion followers of Islam in the world and they live in different parts of the world, so the traditions of the Tatar funeral will be slightly different from the funeral traditions of the Dagestanis or Pakistanis - the country's culture still leaves its mark.

If a Muslim is dying

For all who profess Islam, the preparation for the afterlife begins in this world. So, according to Tatar traditions, older people prepare in advance for this moment: they get a shroud, towels and a lot of things for sadaka - distribution at a funeral: these can be shirts, scarves, towels, and so on.

When a person is about to die, you need to put him facing the direction of the qibla, that is, towards the Kaaba, and on his right side. At the same time, it is important that the last words of a person be the words of the Kalimat-Shahdaat prayer. If the dying person is unable to speak, one must read the Kalimat and remain silent: the main thing is that these be the last words heard. You can ease the pangs of death with the help of Surah Thunder (or Ya Sin). You should not bring a person to his family members.

After the Muslim has left, straighten his limbs and tie up his jaw. Something heavy is placed on the stomach. According to the tradition of Tatar funerals, the head is often covered with an old towel. The deceased is turned towards the qibla, all clothes are removed, a prayer (dua) is read, they are placed on a bed or any elevation and covered with a light blanket. Muslim burial rules suggest that the deceased will be taken on the last journey on the very day of death. If the departure occurred at night, you need to bury it immediately the next day.

An infidel cannot be buried in a Muslim cemetery, even if all his relatives are adherents of Islam.

Obligations of Muslims towards the deceased

All that needs to be done for the deceased is to wash him, clothe him, read the prayer for the dead, and bury him. All this must be done quickly. All this is a collective duty of all who profess Islam in this locality. This whole rite is called janazah.

Washing the body of a deceased Muslim is called ghusl. Regarding this rite, the rules of Muslim funerals are strict: men cannot perform ghusl on a woman, and women should not wash a man. Often a person is invited for bathing from outside - not a friend or relative, a husband can perform a ghusl on his wife and vice versa. Shaheeds are not bathed or if not a single person was found who has the same sex as the deceased. All stages of bathing are accompanied by a prayer. In this case, you can perform tayammum: washing with dust, sand or earth.

Also, an important duty of Muslims to the deceased is the choice of a monument and a fence, read more about ennoblement of graves.

Takfin is the wrapping of a deceased Muslim in a shroud or kafan. A woman is wrapped in five white veils, a man - in three, a small child - in one. The head is left open.

Another important point, without which seeing off a Muslim on his last journey is impossible, is Janazah prayer.

The prayer for the dead is a collective prayer and those who say it must have one faith, their prayer must be sincere. If many people read Janazah prayer, it is better if they line up in three rows. This prayer is carried out over a man in front of his head, while over women - in front of the body. Women are allowed to perform Janazah prayer. If a friend or relative could not read the funeral prayer over the deceased relative during the Janaz itself, this can also be done at the grave, only within a month (not later). It is best to read it in the cemetery, and the main one should be the imam or the amir. Also suitable is the naib or the most educated Muslim in that locality. Janazah is recited over all the dead who professed Islam, even over small children, and the only exceptions are martyrs.

The funeral

The burial itself is called Daphne. The grave is dug so deep that the animals could not dig it out, 70-80 cm wide and the length of the deceased with a raised hand. The stretcher with the deceased is accompanied by men. They always bury without a coffin, turning the deceased towards the qibla, and after that it is advisable to read prayers, for example, tasbit or taskin.

The funeral according to Muslim traditions should not be accompanied by loud lamentations and loud crying, in addition, one should not cry for the deceased already on the fourth day after his death.

As for condolences, there is an opinion that they cannot be expressed if more than half a week has passed since death. This is not entirely true; it is possible to express them to the relatives of a Muslim when it is appropriate.

Commemorations are organized three days, a week, forty days and a year after death. A monument to a Muslim should not be too large or expensive, and according to the Tatar funeral tradition, one or two trees grow on the graves.

The pre-funeral and funeral rites associated with washing, dressing the deceased, digging the grave and the requirements for the behavior of the living in this situation are described in detail in the Shariah. It also sets out the rules of conduct, religious life and deeds of a Muslim, the observance of which means leading a righteous life pleasing to Allah, leading a Muslim to paradise. Therefore, these rites are one. They are conducted under the guidance of knowledgeable people who, according to their desire (conviction), received this knowledge, and most importantly, skills from the older generation.

Actions taken after death
A soft bed is removed from under the deceased. He is laid with his head towards Mecca (south-west), his hands are laid along the body. In order not to open the mouth, the chin is tied with a handkerchief, the body is covered with a sheet, and the head, most often, with a towel. Something made of metal, such as scissors, is placed on the stomach (to avoid bloating). Near the deceased, it is not customary to lament, to talk loudly.
They try to carry out the funeral as soon as possible, usually the day after death, unless there are good reasons for postponing the funeral. In the latter case, they can take place two or three days after death. This is not discouraged (although not desirable).
The deceased is not left alone. There are always people around the body. Those who are older come with a rosary and sit near the deceased, saying a prayer. Nowadays, the elderly gather for the night vigil, and not necessarily relatives.
A rite of ablution is performed, in which at least four people participate. The rite is performed in compliance with the rules prescribed by Shariah. Men are washed by men, women by women. These are specially invited people who know the order of washing. During washing, only those who are busy remain in the room, their functions are clearly distributed: one is washing, the other is helping to turn the body, the third is preparing kumgans with water, the fourth is watering. An infusion of oregano is added to the last kumgan, the water of which is used for general ablution.
Relatives and friends say goodbye to the body of the deceased before the rite of washing. After the rite of washing, the body of the deceased is appropriately dressed in funeral clothes (kefenlek). The body is placed in a taboo (Muslim burial box).

Muslim funeral rites
The burial of dead Muslims is carried out in the Muslim sections of cemeteries. At the cemetery there is a site superintendent who shows where to dig the grave, outlines it. This is kaber bashlauchy - starting the grave, because. strictly adhere to the orientation of the grave to the southwest. He also shows how to make a side niche - lekhet. The grave is dug according to the size of the deceased, with a depth of his height, lehet - on the right side
The dug grave is not left empty, either there is a person near it, or something iron is lowered into it - a crowbar, an ax, a shovel.
They carry the deceased feet first, turn around in the courtyard - they carry the deceased to the cemetery head first on a special stretcher. Before bringing to the cemetery, the stretcher is placed on a special platform. All men present perform a special pamaz - a funeral prayer (zhenaz). The deceased is buried without a coffin. If they are buried in a coffin (in cities), then, as a rule, the lid of the coffin is not hammered with nails, or it is completely absent.
In order to put the deceased in a niche, three closest relatives descend into the grave. The deceased is lowered on three towels, which are then transferred to those who are in the grave - lekhetke saluchylar. They come out of the grave girded with these towels (as a rule, now it is a waffle towel 2.5 m long). The opening of the niche used to be covered with reeds and unbaked bricks. Now they are covered with ordinary bricks. After the grave is covered, the mullah reads a surah from the Koran. Relatives of the deceased distribute sadaqa. By the way, money and things are prepared in advance for the distribution of sadak. One of the relatives carries these things with him to the cemetery, he is explained to whom and what should be transferred. A large amount and more significant things are received by the one who shows the grave, as well as those lowering into the grave and reading the Koran.
When burying Muslims, artificial wreaths and flowers and other ritual paraphernalia (spread, pillows, garlands, mourning ribbons, etc.) cannot be used.
Funeral rites include holding multiple commemorations. They are divided into commemorations held for a specific deceased, and general commemoration. The first includes a wake on the third day after the funeral, on the seventh, fortieth days and one year later. It should be noted that there are no special memorial dishes, that is, the same dishes are served as a treat as during any other dinner.

Funeral rites are complex, carried out under the guidance of clerics and accompanied by special funeral prayers. Strict observance of funeral rites is the duty of every Muslim.

Muslim funerals are strictly regulated by religion. The Quran says that there is life after death. The burial ritual is one of the most important moments in the life of every Muslim, on which his future path will depend. It is known that at the moment there are more than 1.5 billion adherents of Islam in the world, but since they live in different countries, the funeral of the Tatars will be somewhat different from the burial rites of the Chechens or Dagestanis.

For all faithful followers of Islam, preparation for the afterlife begins in this world. So, following their national traditions, elderly Tatars prepare in advance for this day, acquiring kafan or kefen, towels and various things for sadak, that is, for distribution at a funeral: such things can be scarves, shirts, towels and other household items, and also money.

The funeral of Muslims must be carried out according to the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. The dead are never cremated. According to Islam, this is compared with a terrible punishment, equal to burning in hell. In addition, it is strictly forbidden by Shariah to bury an adherent of Islam in a cemetery for other religious denominations, and people who are not Muslims cannot be buried in a Muslim cemetery. A true believer must be buried on the day of death before sunset. You can do this the next day before sunset, but only if he died at night.

Muslims do not bring artificial flowers and wreaths to funerals, but fresh flowers are also undesirable. This is due to the fact that the Prophet advised to avoid unnecessary spending on the dead, since the living need money more. He said that people need to be taken care of while they are alive, and flowers should also be brought to living people. Dead flowers are useless.

Sequencing

A person professing Islam begins to prepare for the transition to another world, being on the verge of death: he prays and reads the Koran. At a time when the dying person is still alive, they lay him on his back so that his legs are directed towards Mecca and begin to read a prayer in a loud voice so that the dying person can hear well. Customs require that, shortly before death, any believing Muslim be given some cold water to drink.

Relatives, neighbors or invited people go to dig a grave that cannot be left empty, so either a person remains near it, or any metal object is placed in it. Those who participated in the digging receive sadaq, usually handkerchiefs or money.

All this time, women have been preparing for the funeral: they sew a shroud by hand, without knots, just stitching the fabric with large stitches. After the men return from the cemetery, the washing of the body begins.

A complete washing of the body, or ghusl, according to the requirements of the Qur'an, is performed by a woman if the deceased is female, and by a man if male. Then the body is wrapped in a shroud (kafan), and at least four people must take part in this process. Martyrs are not washed. If there are no people who have the same sex as the deceased, then bathing is also not performed. However, in such a situation, it is possible to perform tayammum, that is, one can perform ablution with sand or earth.

The body of the deceased is placed on a solid platform called tanashir and turned towards Mecca.

They put a bandage on the jaw of the deceased so that it does not sag, close his eyes, straighten his arms and legs, and put something heavy on his stomach so that it does not swell. Women's hair is divided into two parts and laid out over the chest. According to the tradition of Tatar funerals, the head is often covered with an old towel. Also cover all glass surfaces.

Then the body is transferred to a tobut, or funeral stretcher, and the prayer for the dead begins to be read, while maintaining calm and refraining from loud sobs, since it is believed that the deceased will suffer if he is noisily mourned.

According to Muslim customs, it is forbidden to pray for the one who killed the mother or father, but this can be done for the suicide. If several people died at once, you can read one common prayer. If men are absent, and a woman reads a prayer, then the latter is recognized as valid.

Washing traditions

The Muslim rite of washing is carried out in this way:

1. The deceased is laid on a hard surface facing Mecca, and the whole place where the bath will take place is flavored with herbs or essential oils. The genitals of the body are covered with a cloth.
2. Ghassal, or the person who will perform the washing, washes his hands three times, puts on gloves and presses on the belly of the deceased, squeezing out its contents. Then he washes the genitals without looking at them. Then the gassal takes off his gloves, puts on new ones, dips them in water and wipes the mouth of the deceased, cleans his nose and washes his face.
3. After that, he washes both hands elbow-to-toe, starting with the right hand. The body is laid on the left side, and the right side is washed, while each arm is washed up to the elbow and the face is washed three times. The head and beard are washed with warm soapy water and cedar powder, or gulkair.
4. The laws of Islam dictate the same procedure for bathing the body for men and women: the genitals are not touched by hands, water simply pours onto the fabric with which they are covered. All actions are carried out three times. Then the body is turned over to the other side and everything is repeated. However, turning the body face down in order to wash the back is not allowed.
5. Aromatic oils lubricate the nostrils, forehead, arms and legs. It is forbidden to cut the hair or nails of the deceased.

According to Islamic law, you can not bury a person in clothes. His body should be wrapped in a shroud or kafan, preferably made of white material. This procedure is called Takfin. As narrated in a hadith from Aisha, it is advisable to wrap the deceased man with three white veils, each of which should cover his entire body. A woman is wrapped in 5 cloths: one needs to wrap her head, the second closes the body below the navel, the third closes the body above the navel, and the remaining two wrap the whole body.

To wrap newborn children or dead babies, one sheet should be enough. For male children under 9 years of age, wrapping in a shroud is permissible in the same way as for an adult or infant. Tatar funerals provide that the kafan of the deceased spouse is made by the wife, and the wife - by the husband, children or other relatives. In the situation when the deceased was alone, the funeral ceremony should be carried out by the nearest neighbors.

If the deceased was poor, then wrapping his body with three veils would be considered sunnah. If the deceased was not poor and did not leave debts behind him, then his body is covered with three canvases without fail. At the same time, the fabric of the shroud should correspond to the material condition of the deceased - in this way respect for him is expressed. Although the body is allowed to be wrapped in cloth that has already been used, it is better if the cloth is new.

Silk cloth is forbidden to wrap the body of a man.

The wrapping order is as follows:

1. According to the rules that accompany funerals in Islam, hair and beards are not cut or combed before takfin, fingernails and toenails are also not cut, and gold crowns are never removed. All these procedures must be carried out at a time when the person is still alive.
2. The order of wrapping for men is as follows: on a hard surface, the first cloth is laid, lyfofa, sprinkled with aromatic herbs and sprinkled with aromatic oils, such as rose oil. On top of the bodice, the next canvas, the isor, is spread. The body is placed on it, wrapped in a third cloth, qamis. The hands of the deceased are stretched along the body and rubbed with incense. After that, prayers are read, and then they say goodbye to the deceased. Izor fabric is wrapped around the body in the following sequence: first the left side, then the right side. Lifof cloth is wrapped first on the left side, after which knots are tied at the legs, head and waist. These knots will be untied when the body is lowered into the cabr.
3. The procedure for wrapping women is similar to men's, the only difference is that before wrapping in kamis, the chest of a dead woman is covered with another cloth, a khirka, which should cover the chest from the level of the armpits to the stomach. And on the woman's face is a scarf, a chimor, tucked under her head. After the woman is covered with qamis, her hair is laid over it.

Prayer at a funeral

Islam attaches great importance to prayer during the funeral according to Muslim traditions. A funeral stretcher with an extendable top, called a tobut, is placed perpendicular to the location of Mecca.

The prayer is read by the imam or the person replacing him, while he is located closest to the tobut, and behind him are all the rest of the audience.

Unlike daily prayers, in this case there are no bows, both waist and earthly. Janaza, as the funeral prayer is called, is an appeal to the Almighty with a request to forgive the deceased and have mercy. The imam asks the relatives of the deceased if he still owes someone, and if there is someone who quarreled with him and did not forgive him. He asks all these people not to hold a grudge against the buried and to forgive him.

If a prayer is not read over the body of the deceased, then the funeral will not be recognized as valid. Janazah should also be read over a child or a newborn who has had time to cry. In the event that a newborn is already born dead, then it is not recommended to read a prayer over him. Janazah is read over all the dead who professed Islam, even over small children, the only exceptions are martyrs.

Burial procedure

According to the laws of Islam, it is required to bury the deceased very quickly, preferably on the same day, in the nearest cemetery. Moreover, the body should be lowered upside down, and then you need to lay it on its right side so that its face looks in the direction of Mecca. When they throw earth into the grave, they pronounce words in Arabic, the translation of which is: “we all belong to the Almighty and return to the Almighty.”

The earth-covered grave should rise about 4 fingers above ground level. Water is poured onto the formed grave and thrown 7 times over a handful of earth, and then a prayer is read in Arabic, the meaning of which is: “We created you from the earth, we return you to the earth, we will bring you out of it next time.” After that, only one person remains at the grave, who reads tasbit or taskin containing words about faith. They should make it easier for the deceased to meet the angels.

Kabr (grave)

Qabr, the so-called Muslim burial, can be excavated in different ways depending on the region, the topography of the cemetery and the composition of the soil on it. But 2 requirements must be met:

1. The deceased must be well protected from wild animals.
2. Burial should prevent the penetration of the smell and its spread.

Therefore, a hole must be dug so deep that animals and birds cannot dig it out, from 60 to 80 cm wide, and as long as the height of the deceased with outstretched arms. The minimum depth of the pit is 150 cm, and the maximum (sunnah) is 225 cm. In general, the kabr is a depression in the ground, in which a special side niche for the body is allocated. It is dug out in the direction from which Mecca is located, and is made so high and wide that one can fit in it while sitting. Since it is attributed by the Sunnah (as written in Bushra al-Karim) that a niche in the cabra allows the deceased to be placed in a position approximately similar to the one in which he was during the bow during his lifetime, there is a belief among some people that Muslims are buried sitting.

A body is placed in a niche prepared and reinforced with bricks, facing towards Mecca, the ceiling is covered with slabs and covered with earth.

If a believer dies while traveling on a ship, Sharia law requires that the funeral be postponed so that the deceased brought to land can undergo the ritual of burial on earth. However, if the land is too far away, the Muslim ritual is completely performed on the deceased on the spot, with ablution, wrapping and prayer. After that, something heavy is tied to his feet, and the body is indulged in water.

The burial place of believing Muslims differs from other cemeteries in that everything there is arranged in accordance with the words and commandments of the Prophet Muhammad, who advised visiting cemeteries so as not to forget about the end of the world:

1. Tombstones and kabras are oriented in the direction of Mecca.
2. All the dead lie facing towards Mecca.
3. Those who come to the cemetery should not light and light candles, bring wreaths, bouquets or drink alcohol.
4. The grave of a Muslim should be modest, without frills, so as not to humiliate the poor and not cause envy.
5. The tombstone indicates the name of the buried, the date of death, general information about him and quotes from the Koran, but there should not be his photographs or other images.
6. Every Muslim cemetery has special places for washing the dead.
7. It is forbidden to sit on the graves of believing Muslims.
8. It is not recommended to erect monuments on the graves, but it is allowed to put a slab so that everyone understands that this is a grave, and you cannot walk on it.
9. The use of kabra as a place of worship is discouraged.
10. It is not allowed to bury infidels in the Muslim cemetery, even if all their relatives profess Islam.
11. A believing Muslim who passes by the cemetery, as a rule, recites a surah from the Koran, while the way the graves are located tells him where to turn his face.

Lamentation for the deceased

The funeral of Muslims should not be announced with loud sobs and hysterical lamentations, in addition, it is impossible to mourn the deceased already on the fourth day after his death. As such, mourning the deceased Shariah does not prohibit, however, doing it too loudly is strictly prohibited. It is unacceptable for the relatives of the deceased to scratch their faces and bodies, pull out their hair, tear their clothes, or injure themselves in any way. Muhammad said that the deceased is not well, he is tormented at the time when he is mourned.

Islamic laws require that crying men, especially young or middle-aged ones, be rebuked by those around them, and if children or old people cry, they are kindly comforted.

Sharia prohibits the profession of mourners, but in some Islamic countries there are still professional mourners who are characterized by thin touching voices. These women are hired by people who do not observe the laws of their religion for the time of funeral rituals and commemorations.

memorial days

Taziah, that is, condolences to the relatives of the deceased, is usually expressed during the first 3 days after death, then it is already undesirable. It is strictly forbidden to stay overnight in the house of the deceased if taziyah is being held there. Condolences are not expressed twice. Compulsory reading of the Quran and distribution of sadak are provided.

Muslims celebrate:

• on the day of the funeral;
• on the third day;
• on the seventh day;
• on the fortieth day;
• on the anniversary of death.

Thereafter, commemorations are held every year on the day of death. All relatives are invited to them, even if they live very far away, while you can refuse the invitation only in exceptional situations. As a rule, all invitees come.

In the house of the deceased, a table is laid for those who came to say goodbye. The relatives and friends of the deceased themselves do not take part in the preparation of the memorial meal. Friends and neighbors bring and prepare everything necessary, as the relatives of the deceased are too dejected by the grief that has befallen them.

There is no alcohol at the Muslim memorial meal, tea and sweets are served on the table, and then pilaf is brought. No special dishes are prepared for the commemoration, everything is laid out on the table the same as every day. Sweets are must-have foods as they symbolize a sweet afterlife for Muslims.

The memorial meal is held in complete silence.

Men and women participate in the memorial meal only separately, while they must be in different rooms. When there is only one room, and it is impossible to divide it, only men participate in the memorial meal. After her, everyone silently gets up and goes to the cemetery to the grave of the deceased.

This article contains: a prayer that is read at the funeral of Muslims - information is taken from all corners of the world, the electronic network and spiritual people.

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What should be read and how, at funerals and commemorations?

Re: What should be read and how, at funerals and commemorations?

Dear brother! after a Muslim dies, it is the duty of the rest of the Muslims to bury him properly, after death it is necessary to wash the deceased, then after he is washed, they perform Janazah prayer on him, this prayer consists of four takbirs, and there is no belt or earthly prayer in it bow, janazah prayer is performed in this way.

1- the first takbir: we say akbar to Allah, and then we read surau Al-Fatiha.

2- second takbit: we say to Allah akbar, and then we read the following dua, "Allahumma-gfir la-hu, wa-rham-hu, wa-`afihi, wa-`fi `anhu, wa akrim nuzulya-hu, wa vvasi` mudhalya-hu, wa-gsil-hu bil-maai wa-salji wal-barad, wa nak'i-hi minal-hataaya kamaa nak'ayta ssaubal abyada mina ddanas, wa abdil-hu daaran khairan min daari-khi, wa ahlyan khairan min ahli- hi, wa zaujan khairan min zauji-hi, wa adhil-hu al-janna, wa a'yz-hu min azabil kaabri, wa azabi nnari"

(O Allah, forgive him, and have mercy on him, and deliver him (from the torment of the grave), and show him mercy, and give him a good place to stay, and make his grave spacious, and wash him with water, snow and hail, and cleanse him from sins, as You cleanse white clothes from dirt, and in return give him a house better than his house and a family better than his family and a wife better than his wife, and enter him into Paradise and protect him from the torment of the grave and from the torment of fire!)

3- third takbir: we say akbar to Allah, and then we read "Allahum sali" and Allahum barik "that is, the du`a that we read daily in prayer, at the end of prayer in the last tashahud.

4- fourth takbir: we say akbar to Allah, do not read anything and give salaam only to the right side.

At this, the prayer ends, and the deceased is carried to the cemetery for burial, when the deceased is laid in the grave, then the believers should make du`a for him, and in no case should you read the surahs from the Quran, since the Messenger of Allah did not do this, bless him Allah welcomes. I also wanted to note that in Islam there is no such thing as a commemoration, after the burial of the deceased, you can make du'a for him, give sadaka on his behalf, or do the Hajj for him if he did not have time to perform it, but what we we see today that some Muslims make a commemoration on the third day, on the seventh and fortieth day, then this is an innovation, and likening to Christians.

It was reported from Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, who narrated that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: "Whoever commits any deed that was not our instruction, then it (the deed) will be rejected" (Bukhari) .

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Muslim funeral

According to Sharia, a Muslim must prepare for resettlement to another world even in earthly life. Special rites are performed on a Muslim, they are complex in nature, and therefore they are led by clerics and funeral prayers are read.

According to Muslim law, it is very important to observe funeral rites, it is the duty of every Muslim.

The dying man's eyes are closed and his chin is tied, his legs and arms are straightened, and his face is covered. A weight is placed on the stomach so that there is no swelling. In some cases, mahram-suvi or washing of the soiled parts of the body is done.

The traditional rite of ablution is called taharat and is performed immediately after death. If the deceased pilgrim did not walk around the Kaaba, then he is washed with the purest water without any impurities.

The usual deceased is washed with water with cedar powder and camphor, laying on a hard surface with his face turned to Qibla. The room is fumigated with incense. Hands and face are washed three times, neck, head and ears are only wetted. The whole ceremony lasts four hours, the main part in it is taken by a relative

Hands, feet, forehead and nostrils are scented with incense. Men are not allowed to wash women and vice versa. Only spouses have this right.

According to Sharia, it is forbidden to bury the dead in clothes. The Muslim dead are wrapped in a shroud of white cloth, consisting of three parts.

• Lifafa is a piece of cloth longer than the izar (40 cm on each side, for temporary ties), which is used to cover the body over the izar.
• Kamis - a shirt just below the knees.

• Lifafa is a piece of fabric longer than the izar (40 cm on each side, for temporary ties), which is covered over the izar.
• Kamis - a shirt, without a collar, just below the knees.
• Khimar - a scarf to cover the head and hair of a woman.
• Izar - a piece of matter that envelops the body from head to toe.
• Khirka is a fabric that covers the chest, covering the body from the armpits to the hips.

If a boy dies before the age of nine, he is wrapped in a shroud. If this is a wealthy person who does not have debts, his body is wrapped in three pieces of cloth. Matter must be appropriate to the wealth of the deceased.

Muslims attach special importance to the funeral prayer. It is performed by the imam, the tobut is set facing Qibla. The imam stands near the coffin of the deceased Muslim; when praying, they do not bow like Christians do.

If the prayer is not read, the funeral is invalid. It is obligatory to pray over a newborn who has shown signs of life; they do not read a prayer over a child born dead.

If a Muslim has died, he is buried very quickly with his head towards the Qibla. The body is lowered into the grave with its feet down, a cover is held over the Muslim woman who is lowered into the grave so that the men do not see the female shroud. Relatives and acquaintances throw handfuls of earth after the deceased and say: “We belong to God and return to Him” - words from the Koran. The grave is poured with water and a prayer is said over it.

A feature of Muslim funerals is that Muslims are not buried in a coffin and that the earth should rise five centimeters above the grave.

Allah Almighty said in the Qur'an that "We did not give even one person eternal life." ("Al-Anbiya", 34). "Every soul will taste death." ("Al-Anbiya", 35). “But Allah will not delay any soul, as soon as the time determined for it (the soul) comes. Allah knows about your deeds and will reward you for them. (Al-Munafiqun, 11). Special ceremonies are performed over a Muslim who is already at death. Funeral rites are complex, carried out under the guidance of clerics and accompanied by special funeral prayers. Strict observance of funeral rites is the duty of every Muslim. First of all, the dying person (whether a man or a woman, an adult or a child) must be placed on his back so that his feet are facing towards Mecca. If this is not possible, then you should put it on the right or left side facing Mecca. The dying man, so that he hears, read the prayer "Kalimat-shahadat" (La ilaha illa-llahu, Muhammadun-Rasulu-llahi)

"There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." Muaz bnu Jabal cites the following hadith: The Prophet said that the one whose last word is the words “Kalimat-shahadat” will certainly go to Paradise. According to the hadith, it is advisable to read the dying Surah Yasin. The last duty to the dying is to give him a sip of cold water, which will relieve his thirst. But it is advisable to give drops of sacred Zam-Zam water or pomegranate juice. It is not customary to have too loud a conversation or cry near a dying person. After the death of a Muslim, the following ceremony is performed over him: they tie up his chin, close his eyes, straighten his arms and legs, and cover his face. A heavy object is placed on the belly of the deceased (to avoid bloating). In some cases, "mahram-suvi" is performed - washing of contaminated parts of the body. Then they make ghusul.

WASHING (TAHARAT) AND WASHING (GUSOOL) OF THE DEAD

The face of the deceased and his arms up to the elbow are washed three times. The head, ears and neck are wetted. Wash your feet up to the ankles. The head and beard are washed with soap, preferably warm water containing cedar powder (gulkair). Lay the deceased on the left side and wash the right side. Washing order: pour water, wipe the body, then pour water again. On the matter covering the genitals, only water flows. These places are not wiped. All this is done three times. The same is done by laying the deceased on the right side. Then again, laying on the left side, they wash with water three times. It is forbidden to put breast down to wash your back. Slightly lifting behind the back, watered on the back. After laying the deceased, they run their palms down the chest, pressing so that the remnants of the bowel movement come out. A general washing of the whole body is performed. If after this there is an exit of feces, then washing is no longer performed (only the place is cleared). Be sure to wash the deceased once. More than three times - is considered redundant. The wet body of the deceased is wiped with a towel, the forehead, nostrils, hands, feet of the deceased are smeared with incense (Bowls-anbar, Zam-Zam, Kofur, etc.).

FUNERAL STRETCHER (TOBUT)

FUNERAL PRAYER (JANAZA)

READING THE QURAN DURING THE FUNERAL

"Inna lillahi wa inna ilyaihi rajiun"

(Indeed we belong to Allah and to Him we will be returned.)

1. Believe in the principle of Monotheism (there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger) 2. Observe five obligatory prayers (prayers) daily, as well as perform additional ones (sunnah, witr, nafil).

3. Read the Quran, meditate on its meaning, act according to it. Read the Qur'an during the day and in the middle of the night, as well as before obligatory prayers. Read the Qur'an in its entirety at least once or twice every month. 4. Read the hadiths of the Prophet, peace be upon him, follow what the Sunnah commands and beware of what it forbids. 5. Strive to be in the company of righteous Muslims who constantly remember Allah, to benefit from communication with them to improve their own faith and life. 6. To order what is right and to forbid what is wrong, attaching great importance to it.

For this to become a need of the soul of a Muslim, it is necessary to constantly remember death by:

a) visits to graves for reflection, observation, drawing conclusions;

b) visiting elderly people in their homes, especially relatives. After all, youth is not given forever, helpless old age will surely come after it. Thus, it is necessary to use one's youth for good deeds before old age sets in;

c) visiting the sick and observing the difference in existing diseases. You should thank Allah for your own health, making as much effort as possible to worship Allah, until, Allah forbid, some illness happens to you.

All this helps a Muslim to constantly renew his repentance (tauba); to be satisfied with one's own position; increase activity in worship.

However, if a Muslim is inattentive in obedience to Allah and His Prophet, peace be upon Him, is not serious about the implementation of Shariah, this is the result of a careless, lazy and indifferent attitude to worship.

“Say: “Indeed, there is no escape from death, from which you are fleeing. It will certainly overtake you, then you will be returned to the One who knows the hidden and the obvious, and He will remind you of what you did. ("Al-Jumu'a", 8)

In order to organize the funeral of Muslims, it is necessary to know all the nuances of the funeral traditions prescribed by Islam. Even outwardly, Muslim cemeteries have some peculiarities - all tombstones on them are turned towards Mecca. Those who converted to Islam prepare for death while still alive: they visit the sick, the elderly, the graves of the dead. Among the followers of Islam, it is not customary to express grief loudly, so they mourn the deceased quietly. It is believed that if the family mourns the deceased, they bring him torment. According to Sharia law, a faithful Muslim is supposed to be buried on the day of death, always before sunset.

Muslim funerals begin with the washing and washing of the deceased with water, then he is wrapped in a cotton shroud (Sharia prohibits burying the deceased in clothes). The deceased is brought to the cemetery on a special stretcher (they are called Tobut). Before burial, a prayer is read to the Almighty for the forgiveness of sins. This is a very important funeral prayer for Muslims, which is read by the imam. Muslims are buried, as a rule, in the nearest cemetery. Shariah law prohibits the erection of luxurious monuments or the construction of crypts, as this may humiliate the poor dead.

How are Muslims buried? Muslim funeral rite

Grief walks alongside joy, we are always waiting for the good, but do not forget that funerals are inevitable in the life of every family, and they come, as always, unexpectedly and at the wrong time. When someone leaves this world, it must be carried out with dignity, according to the traditions and religion of the deceased. Muslim rites of passage to another world are quite original, they may even seem strange to some.

Getting the body in order

If you know how a Muslim is buried, then it will not be news to you that the procedure for preparing the body is carried out in three stages, according to the centuries-old tradition. A ritual three-time washing of the deceased is carried out (what exactly is written below), and the very room in which these actions are carried out is fumigated with incense. Let's get back to washing. For this are used:

1. Water with cedar powder.
2. camphor solution.
3. Cool water.

There are some difficulties in washing the back, since the deceased should not be placed chest down. The deceased is lifted to wash him from below, then the palms are passed along the chest from top to bottom, pressing with medium force. This is necessary for all impurities to come out of the body. Then the deceased is washed in its entirety and the soiled places are cleansed if, after the final washing and pressure on the chest, excrement occurred.

It is necessary to emphasize how a Muslim is buried in modern times - today it is enough to wash the body once or twice, and carrying out this procedure more than three times is considered unnecessary. The deceased is wiped with a woven towel, legs, arms, nostrils and forehead are smeared with incense, which are used, for example, Zam-Zam or Kofur. In no case is it allowed to cut the deceased's nails and hair.

At any Muslim cemetery there is a room for ablutions, and not only the relatives of the deceased can perform the ceremony, but, if they wish, the cemetery workers can take over the execution of this procedure.

Laws and regulations

According to Sharia law, it is strictly forbidden to bury a Muslim in a non-Islamic cemetery, and vice versa - to bury a person of another faith in a Muslim cemetery.

When they ask how to properly bury a Muslim, when burying the deceased, they pay attention to the location of the grave and the monument - they should be directed strictly towards Mecca. If the pregnant wife of a Muslim who had a religion other than Muslim is to be buried, then she is buried with her back to Mecca in a separate area - then the child in the mother's womb will be facing the Shrine.

burial

If you do not know how a Muslim is buried, please note that another very important aspect of the procedure is that representatives of this religion are buried without a coffin. Exceptional cases of burials in coffins are severely mutilated dismembered bodies or their fragments, as well as decomposed corpses. The deceased is taken to the cemetery on a special iron stretcher, rounded at the top, called a "tabuta". A grave is being prepared for the deceased with a hole in the side, which looks like a shelf - that's where the deceased is placed. This prevents water from entering the body when watering flowers. Therefore, in Islamic cemeteries one cannot walk between the graves, since Muslims bury the dead in the grave, but in fact the buried person turns out to be located in it a little to the side, while directly under the grave is empty. This location of the deceased prevents, in particular, animals from smelling him, digging up the grave and pulling him out. By the way, it is for this purpose that the Muslim grave is reinforced with bricks and boards.

Certain prayers are read over the deceased Muslim. The body is lowered into the grave feet down. It is customary to throw earth and pour water into the grave.

Why sitting?

Why and how are Muslims buried sitting? This is due to the fact that Muslims believe in a living soul in the deceased body immediately after the funeral - until the angel of death transfers it to the angel of paradise, who will prepare the soul of the deceased for eternal life. Before this action, the soul answers the questions of the angels, such a serious conversation should take place in decent conditions, so sometimes (not always) Muslims are usually buried sitting.

Caftan for burial

How is a Muslim buried according to the rules? There is one more feature. It is customary to wrap the deceased in a white shroud or caftan, which is considered to be grave clothing and consists of fabric cuts of different lengths. It is better that the caftan be white, and the quality of the fabric and its length should correspond to the status of the deceased. At the same time, it is allowed to prepare a caftan during the life of a person.

The knots on the shroud are tied at the head, waist and legs, and they are untied immediately before the burial of the body.

The male caftan consists of three pieces of linen. The first covers the deceased from head to toe and is called "lifofa". The second piece of fabric - "izor" - wraps around the lower part of the body. Finally, the shirt itself - "kamis" - should be of such length that the genitals were covered. They allow you to understand how Muslims are buried, the photos presented in the article.

As for the female funeral costume, a Muslim woman is buried in a caftan, consisting of the above-described parts, as well as a scarf ("pick") covering her head and hair, and a "khimora" - a piece of cloth covering her chest.

Days and dates

Sharia law clearly defines how Muslim men and women are buried. This procedure should be carried out on the day of the death of the deceased. Only men are present at the funeral, but in some Muslim countries women are also allowed to the procession, both sexes must have their heads covered. It is not customary to speak at a funeral, only the mullah reads prayers, remaining at the grave for about one more hour (and earlier - before sunrise) after the burial procedure and the procession leaving the cemetery (with his prayers, he must “suggest” to the soul of the deceased how to answer the angels). In the picture below you can see how Muslims are buried - the photo illustrates the mullah's prayer.

As in Christianity, in Islam there are third, seventh (not ninth) and fortieth days from the moment of death, which are commemorative. In addition, relatives and friends of the deceased gather every Thursday from the seventh to the fortieth day and commemorate him with tea, halvah and sugar, a mullah sits at the head of the table. The house where the deceased lived should not hear music for 40 days after the tragic event.

Features of the funeral of a child

Pigeons are bought in advance, the number of which should equal the number of years of the deceased. When the funeral procession leaves the house, one of the relatives opens the cage and releases the birds into the wild. Favorite toys of an untimely departed child are placed in a children's grave.

The gravest sin is to dare to take a life

Why do God-fearing Muslims dare to commit suicide, and how are suicidal Muslims buried? The Islamic religion categorically prohibits both violent actions in relation to other people and over one's own body (the act of suicide is violence against one's flesh), punishing for this the road to hell. After all, committing an act of suicide, a person opposes Allah, who predetermines the fate of every Muslim. Such a person, in fact, voluntarily renounces the life of his soul in paradise, that is, as it were, enters into an argument with God. - Is it conceivable? Often such people are driven by banal ignorance, a true Muslim will never dare to commit such a grave sin as suicide, because he understands that eternal suffering awaits his soul.

Suicide funeral

Despite the fact that Islam condemns unlawful killing, the burial rite is carried out in the usual manner. The question of how Muslim suicides are buried, and how it should be done correctly, has repeatedly arisen before the leadership of the Islamic church. There is a legend according to which the prophet Muhammad refused to read a prayer over a suicide and thus punished him for the gravest sin and doomed his soul to torment. Nevertheless, many believe that a suicide is a criminal before Allah, but not in relation to other people, and such a person himself will answer to God. Therefore, the process of burying a sinner should not differ in any way from the standard procedure. Today, there is no ban on holding a funeral prayer for suicides, the mullahs read a prayer and carry out the burial procedure according to the usual scheme. To save the soul of a suicide, his relatives can do good deeds, give alms on behalf of a buried sinner, live modestly, decorously and strictly follow Sharia law.

Islam is the youngest religion in the world, which emerged in the 7th century AD, but its success cannot but impress. Of the 7.3 billion people inhabiting the planet Earth (UN data as of July 2016), more than 1.5 billion officially recognize themselves as Muslims. A simple rough estimate shows that every seventh inhabitant of the planet is a Muslim, which puts Islam in second place in the world in terms of the number of believers after Christianity. If we take into account that from 14 to 17% of the world's population recognize themselves as unbelievers or atheists, then this figure becomes even more impressive. In 28 countries Islam is the state or official religion, in many other countries (more than 100 out of 252 officially recognized) there are significant Muslim diasporas. All this contributes to a significant strengthening of the influence of Islam in the modern world and its activation. Some researchers consider it not just a religion, but also a true way of life, which fully expresses itself in the personality of a true (orthodox) Muslim and determines the worldview and behavior of its adherents in all life situations. One of the most important among them is the rite of burial and commemoration.

Behavior of a Muslim during life and before death

Like other religions of the world, Islam preaches faith in eternal life after death and the Day of Judgment. Death for a Muslim, which is sometimes called “hazimul-lyazzat”, is a means of destroying his earthly whims and passions, and a kind of transition from earthly existence to the afterlife, where he will sleep in torment or in peace - in accordance with how he lived - before Doomsday.

Like the Japanese samurai, who prepared themselves for death from childhood, Muslims are also preparing for this inevitable event in the life of every person. According to Islam, each person is assigned two angels who record all his actions in a special book. This book will be the main document of his whole life during the Last Judgment, and according to the totality of the records in it, Allah will decide what position a person deserves after his death. Therefore, Islam instructs its followers not only to observe its commandments and dogmas and strive to lead a righteous and charitable lifestyle, but also to follow the so-called. "five pillars", including:

1. confession of faith (shahada).
2. prayer (prayer).
3. fasting in Ramadan.
4. charity, both obligatory (zakat) and voluntary (sadaqah).
5. pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca.

Some theologians also include in this list jihad, which has been known in five forms since the 9th century AD, but there is no consensus among Muslims on this issue.

Burials in Islam are of great importance, and it is not by chance that among older Muslims there is an expression "Our children are in Islam, and there is someone to bury us." However, for the closest relatives, the last minutes of a loved one’s life are always stressful and shocking, moreover, they are associated with the inevitable worldly troubles (official declaration of death by doctors and law enforcement agencies, obtaining a death certificate, organizing a funeral, etc.), so often many important elements of the rite are simply forgotten or overlooked. Meanwhile, spiritual help to a dying Muslim is sometimes more important than medical help, especially if doctors are already powerless to do anything or if death comes suddenly.

One of the main conditions of the ongoing ceremony is the ritual pronunciation of the shahada formula “la ilaha illa Allah, muhammadar rasulu Allah” by the dying person (the full form is: “Ashkhadu alla ilaha illa Allah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan rasulu Allah”, which in Arabic means “ I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. This formula is familiar to a Muslim from childhood and accompanies him throughout his life: for example, it is pronounced at least five times a day during prayer, as well as at the birth of a child. How important it is for a dying Muslim to pronounce this formula is at least the fact that in the hadith from Abu Said, which is part of one of the “codes” (collections of stories about the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), advice is directly given to prompt her words to the dying . They should be the last thing a person will say, preparing to depart for another world. If, after their utterance, he begins to talk about something else, those who are next to him should be reminded of the inappropriateness of such speeches and again forced to say the prescribed formula. Sometimes it is also prescribed to give the dying man a sip of water, but this is rather a tribute to local customs, and not a canon.

Those present during the last minutes of a Muslim’s life are forbidden to cry or talk loudly and are ordered to speak only about good things, in every possible way supporting in the heart of the dying person faith in the forgiveness and mercy of Allah. A very commendable deed by many theologians is the reading of the Koran over the dying man - the main holy book of Muslims - so that he hears. The funeral rite even provides for such a norm: if the 36th sura, also known as “Sura Yasin (Ya-Sin)”, called by Muhammad “the heart of the Koran”, was read over a dying person, and the person died before the end of reading, then, noticing this, reading can be interrupted. True, some theologians still advise reading the sura to the end: it is believed that if you read it twice - at the time of death and after burial, then the angels of mercy will visit the funeral in an amount known only to Allah, and the deceased himself will be protected from punishment in the grave . The interrogation during the Day of Judgment will be much easier for him. Some theologians talk about the desirability of reciting the 36th sura to the dying themselves, but there is no consensus on this issue among Muslim experts on the funeral rite, since the person who is dying may simply not be in the condition to read the sura. It is of such great importance for the soul of a faithful Muslim due to its content: it speaks in parable form about the power of Allah and the resurrection of the dead, about the account of deeds and about those who did not heed the admonitions and did not believe in the truth of Islam. The hadiths also highly appreciate the significance of the 36th sura of the Qur'an for dying Muslims and directly advise reading it "for your dead", not excluding, among other blessings, that it can facilitate the exit of the soul from the body.

How to bury a devout Muslim

A Muslim is buried on the same day he died, before sunset. If death occurred at night, then the funeral is scheduled for the next day. Among the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, one can find direct repeated indications of the urgency of this process, which has its own logical explanation. In the old days, this was due to the climatic features of the Arabian Peninsula, where Islam arose. The peninsula, which is considered one of the hottest places on the planet due to its climate, is almost completely covered with rocky and sandy deserts, in which even in winter the temperature from north to south is between +10-15 to +25. In summer, in the region of the southern coast, it reaches +55 degrees. It goes without saying that it was impossible to keep the dead body unburied for a long time in such a harsh tropical climate, so it was necessary to bury it in the ground as soon as possible so that it would not begin to decompose. Over time, it became part of the Muslim funeral rite. For the same reason, there is no such concept in Islam as “the last will of the deceased”, according to which his funeral can be held in the form and in the place where he himself wishes. A Muslim is recommended to be interred at the nearest Muslim cemetery. If he died in the voyage, then the funeral is postponed until the ship comes ashore, but you need to choose the nearest land. If the land is far away, and it is impossible to postpone the funeral, then a full Muslim funeral rite is performed, a heavy object is tied to the feet of the deceased, and the deceased is lowered into the sea or ocean.

However, Islamic theologians and secular scholars are unanimous in the opinion that the funeral should be rushed only when everyone around is convinced that death has really occurred. This is necessary in order to avoid a fatal error and not to bury a person who has lost consciousness or fallen into a coma or lethargic sleep. For this, it is necessary to call an ambulance team and law enforcement agencies at home - so that the death of the faithful is recognized by experts and recorded. If death overtook him outside the home - on a journey, outside the boundaries of the settlement, or under any other circumstances - those present nearby should take all measures to make sure that the person really died.

If the fact of death is recorded and confirmed, then the following must be done:

1. put the deceased on his right side facing the qibla. Qibla is a direction precisely established using mathematical calculations from anywhere in the world towards Mecca, where the main shrine of all Muslims of the world, the Kaaba, is located. The direction of the qibla is indicated by the image of a compass with an arrow on a prayer rug, it can also be determined using electronic maps, wristwatches or a compass. In all Islamic hotels in Arab countries, there is a qibla designation on the wall in the form of an arrow enclosed in a circle, so if a Muslim died in a hotel, there are usually no problems with determining it. If death occurred while traveling by transport, the closest direction or direction of the vehicle is chosen by qibla. Also very common is the way to put the deceased on his back with his feet in the direction of the qibla, slightly raising his head. If any other difficulties arise, it is recommended to leave the deceased in the most optimal position and direction for him.
2. close his eyes and perform a prayer, the meaning of which is the request of Allah to elevate the deceased to the level of the righteous, forgive him for the sins committed during his lifetime and “illuminate his grave.” There is no single form of prayer in the funeral rite, in the hadiths you can find several equal prayers intended for this occasion.
3. stretch the joints so that they do not harden, put something heavy on the stomach of the deceased to prevent swelling, tighten the jaw with a bandage so that it does not hang down, and cover the body. It is best if all these actions are carried out by the closest relative of the deceased, who will treat this with due attention and respect. This is recommended by many Islamic theologians.
4. wash the body of the deceased. This is such an important element of the funeral rite that if none of the Muslims does it, then the sin falls on all the followers of Muhammad living in the area. The only exceptions are martyrs who died in battle: they are buried immediately without ablution. Depending on the gender of the deceased, a representative of the same sex should wash him (that is, a man - a man, a woman - a woman), but the wife has the right to wash the body of her husband. It is also permissible for women to wash boys and men for girls. If the deceased has no relatives, then any Muslim who learns of his death and buries the body is obliged to wash him. It is desirable that he be religiously literate. This is an indispensable condition for the rite of washing: the importance of observing the correctness of actions is such that when choosing who to wash the deceased - the elderly or the younger, but who knows all the subtleties of the rite, preference is given to the second. A very important requirement is not only the knowledge of the ghasalom (a person washing the deceased) of the procedure for ablution, but also its reliability in terms of silence about physical defects that can be seen on the dead. This is a blessing not only for him, but also for the performer of the ceremony: hadiths promise "forty times forgiveness" to the one who performs washing and is silent about what he will have to see on the body.

At least four people wash and wash the deceased: the gassal himself, the assistant who pours water on the body, and those who turn it over. The rite goes like this:

a). the dead is placed on a hard bed facing the qibla. The room is fumigated with incense, the genitals are covered with any opaque matter.

b). Ghassal washes his hands three times, puts on gloves, then presses on the chest of the deceased and runs his palms down the stomach so that its contents come out of the intestines.

in). then the genitals are washed, which are forbidden to look at.

e). after that, the gassal washes both hands up to the elbow, starting with the right, and begins washing the whole body. The face of the deceased and his arms up to the elbow are washed three times, the head, neck and ears are well wetted. Next, the legs of the deceased are washed ankle-deep, then the head and beard, for which they use warm water with soap and the addition of cedar powder.

e). then the deceased is transferred to the left side and the right side is washed in this order: the water is drained, the body is wiped, poured again, washing off the soapy water with the powder. The genitals are left without rubbing, water is simply poured onto the material covering them. This procedure is repeated three times.

and). then the deceased is placed on his right side and washed in exactly the same sequence, then he is again washed with water three times in a position on his right side, and each time the water changes: the first time it is with cedar powder, the second time with camphor, the third - ordinary clean. The back is washed by lifting the body by simply draining the water: it is forbidden to turn the deceased face down. If a Muslim died during the Hajj or returning from it, then he is washed with ordinary clean water.

h). when the washing is done, the deceased lies down in a horizontal position, and the gassal again runs his palms down over the chest and abdomen so that the remaining stools leave the body, after which a general washing of the whole body is carried out. If the contents of the intestines come out this time, then only the soiled place is cleared. Washing more than three times is considered unnecessary.

and). the wet body of the deceased is wiped with a towel, the forehead, nostrils, arms and legs are smeared with incense.

Islam provides for cases when the deceased is a man, and there are only women around him (or vice versa), as well as when within a radius of 2-3 km. there is no necessary amount of water, or there is only water for drinking and there is danger from enemies or robbers. In these cases, only tayammum is performed - cleansing with sand or a special stone. When making it, you can also use dry earth, dust, lime, cement, clay, gypsum. The meaning of tayammum in this case is not to create inconvenience for the faithful, but only to indicate the favor of Allah to them and bring it to completion. If a stranger to the deceased person is invited for washing, then it can be both gratuitous and paid.

1. to wrap the body of the deceased in a shroud called a kafan. This is no less important than washing, a part of the funeral rite, which has its own nuances. For example:

a). Islam forbids burying the dead in clothes. There are only two exceptions to this rule - martyrs (they are allowed to be buried in clothes) and the absence of cloth for a shroud (in this case, it is allowed to bury the deceased in his clothes, but you should first wash and clean them).

b). A shroud for a Muslim is sewn from chintz or white linen. Matter should be selected in accordance with the wealth that the deceased had during his lifetime. If he was insolvent, then it is quite sufficient to cover his body with three pieces of cloth; if he was wealthy and did not leave debts, then this action is obligatory in relation to him.

G). when covering the body, you can use a used fabric, but if there is a new one, it is better to take it.

e). it is desirable that the shroud be prepared for the deceased husband by the wife, and for the deceased wife by the husband, relatives or children. If the deceased was lonely, then the neighbors bury him with all the appropriate actions.

The male shroud consists of three parts:

a). lifafa - fabrics covering the entire body of the deceased and having 40 cm on each side so that the shroud can be tied after wrapping the body with it.

b). izar - a piece of cloth for wrapping the lower part of the body.

in). kamis - shirts sewn to cover the male genitalia.

The female shroud, in addition to the above-mentioned parts, has two more: khimar (a scarf for the head and hair 2 meters long and 60 cm wide) and a pick, or khirka (a piece of fabric for covering the chest 1.5 m long and 60 cm wide). Some differences also have a female kamis, which is a shirt without a collar with a cutout for the head.

In the event that a newborn or infant has died, one lifafa is enough to envelop him. Boys up to 8-9 years old can be wrapped in the same way as adults. Before enveloping, you can not cut your beard, hair and nails on the hands and feet, as well as remove gold crowns.

The procedure for enveloping dead men is as follows:

a). before covering, a lifafa is spread on the couch, which is sprinkled with fragrant herbs and flavored with various incense, and izar is placed on top of it.

b). the deceased is placed on these fabrics, dressed in kamis, hands are laid along the body, which is also smeared with incense.

in). then prayers are read over the deceased and the last farewell takes place.

G). they wrap the body with izar - first the left side, then the right.

e). then the deceased is wrapped in a lifa: first - on the left side, then knots are tied at the head, belt and legs. When lowered into the grave, they are untied.

The enveloping of a woman is identical with the difference that the chest of the deceased is first covered with a khirka, then they put on a qamis and lower the hair divided into two parts over it, and a khimar placed under the head is placed on the face.

1. read the funeral prayer (Janaza-namaz). This is another important component of the funeral rite, and, as in the case of washing, if it is not performed, then the sin falls on all Muslims living in the area. Janazah prayer is so obligatory that if there are no imams or Muslim men within an accessible distance, at least one Muslim woman must read it. Funerals without this prayer are considered invalid. They do not read it only over non-Muslims and hypocrites (munafiks). After wrapping in a shroud, the deceased is placed on a special funeral stretcher (tobut) covered with a blanket, after which they are placed perpendicular to the qibla. Those present stand facing the Kaaba, preferably in three rows, and right in front of the stretcher, at the level of the chest (heart), the praying Hanafi imam stands. Shafi'i stands opposite the head of a dead man or at the level of the middle of a woman's body. To the right of it should be the head of the deceased, and to the left - the legs. The funeral prayer is read standing and silently (except for takbirs), adhan and iqamat (two calls for daily prayer: adhan - obligatory, iqamat - desirable) are not pronounced. If the funeral prayer is read immediately for representatives of all age and gender categories, then the deceased are laid like this: directly in front of the imam - a man, behind him - a boy, then - a woman, the last - a girl, while the Shafi'i imam must stand so as to be at the same time on the level of the head of a man and the middle of the body of a woman. Before reading Janazi-namaz, it is obligatory for all those present at the funeral to perform any of the rites of ritual purity - a small ablution, full or tayammum. It is desirable that the funeral prayer be read by all those present at the funeral ceremony: its strength lies in the collective reading. This is especially important for the wife of the deceased or his relatives: women are forbidden to be present at the direct burial of the deceased. It is forbidden to mourn the dead loudly while saying the funeral prayer. Before the beginning, the imam asks those present:

a). whether the debts of the dead, which he did not have time to pay, are listed. If they are available, then the imam asks the relatives to pay them off.

b). does anyone owe him? If there are any, then the imam asks the debtors to pay off the relatives of the deceased.

in). whether there is someone who was in a quarrel or dispute with the deceased. If there are any, then the imam asks to forgive the deceased.

In Islam, there are two forms of Janazi prayer - Hanafi and Shafi'i. Both are equal, corresponding to the canon and differ from each other only in details. The following parts are unchanged:

a). niyat (intention), which has the following formula: "I am going to perform the funeral prayer for the deceased lying before me." His name may not be spoken.

b). four consecutive takbirs (exaltation of Allah). Each takbir is pronounced aloud so that those present can hear it. At the first, the Hanafis raise their hands to the level of the ears and then lower them to the stomach under the navel, the Shafiites, at each takbir, raise the hands to the level of the shoulders so that the fingers are at the level of the ears.

in). after the first takbir, the Hanafis say “O Allah, you are far from all shortcomings, and I praise You. The presence of Your name is infinite in everything, Your majesty is high, and apart from You, we do not worship anyone. Shafiites say the following: “I move away from Satan, who is stoned, approaching Allah Almighty. I begin with the name of the Merciful Allah, whose mercy is boundless and eternal, after which the surah al-Fatiha is read.

G). then the second takbir is pronounced, after which “Salavat” is read. Shafiites begin reading it with the words "Al-hamdu lil-layah."

e). then the third takbir is read, after which the Hanafis pronounce the “prayer for the deceased” in a certain form, followed by a dua prayer for all living and dead Muslims. Shafiites read a dua prayer for the deceased, themselves and all believers, whose form is identical to the Hanafi.

e). finally, the fourth takbir is pronounced, after which the prayer with the words of greeting turns his head to the right, looking at his shoulder, then to the left with the same words. Shafi'i after the fourth takbir pronounces a certain verbal formula and also repeats the greeting with turning the head to the sides in the same sequence as the hanafit.

This concludes the Janazah prayer.

1. bury the deceased. Tobut with his body is delivered to the grave, and the deceased is carried head first (he is taken out of the house with his feet forward) by at least four people. All those participating in the funeral must have their heads covered. When the deceased is brought to the grave, it is advisable that none of those present sit down until the body is lowered to the ground. Depending on the type of land, a grave for a Muslim is a pit measuring 200x75x130 cm (length-width-depth) or 1.5x2.5x1.5 m. , half of which are inside and half are outside. The deceased descends into it. A lyakhad is dug out so that predatory animals cannot smell the dead man, dig up the grave and pull him out. If the soil is loose, loose, or there is a possibility of collapse, then lyakhad can be omitted, but a depression is dug in the bottom of the grave. Both the lyahad and the recess, after placing the deceased there, are closed with unbaked bricks, clay slabs made of clay or boards. When a woman is buried, she is covered with something so that she cannot be seen. Her body is lowered by her husband or relatives, but if she was lonely, then neighbors or those who see her off on her last journey.

You need to lower the dead man head first and feet down from the side where his legs will be. It is permissible to lower it from the side of the qibla. If a woman is lowered into the grave, then a veil is held over her so that men can only see her shroud. The deceased is laid on his right side with his head to the qibla, for which a little earth is placed under it and the back is supported with stones to fix the position. Burial in coffins and in Islam is not accepted, except in cases where the deceased was desecrated in the form of dismemberment or he decomposed.

1. close the grave. First, those present throw a handful of earth (in some sources - three handfuls) into the head area, while pronouncing a certain verbal formula, then they bury the grave until a mound is formed that does not exceed 15-20 cm in height or the height of four fingers, folded together. After burying it, it should be watered, thrown seven times over a handful of earth and read a prayer that says “We created you from it, and we return you to it, and we will bring you out of it another time.” It is also allowed to read the 36th sura. When all this is done, one person remains at the grave, reading talkin - a testimony of a Muslim's faith in Allah and his prophet. Then, a stone or a tablet facing Mecca with the name and surname of the deceased and the dates of his life is installed on it in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe head. It is also recommended to write on it the same formula that is pronounced when throwing earth on the grave - “Inna lilyakhi wa inna ilyaihi rajiun”, which means “We all belong to God and return to Him.” Islam forbids distinguishing a grave from others: you can’t line it with marble, erect monuments with the image of the deceased, or build something else on it.

Living is prohibited:

1. sit on the grave.
2. step on her.
3. walk between graves.
4. perform daily prayers on it.
5. put flowers on it, green grass, plant and grow trees.
6. spray it with water more than once.

Everyone who took part in the funeral of a Muslim should pray for him after the burial, and those who visit the cemetery are ordered to be silent, avoiding conversations on worldly topics, and reflect on what happens to the soul after death, being afraid of Allah.

Behavior after the funeral

An interesting question is whether it is possible to express taziy (condolences) to a Muslim relative of the deceased and how to do it correctly. It must be said that Islam does not prohibit condolences as such, but their meaning is somewhat different from the condolences accepted, for example, in Christianity of various persuasions. The essence of Islamic taziy is to calm relatives, remind them of the inevitable will of Allah and call them to patience. The form of its expression can be any, in the recommendations of theologians for this case, one can find, for example, the following: “May Allah reward you for your patience, inspire peace, comfort, and may forgive the possible sins of the deceased.” That is, as you can see, condolences in Islam can also combine elements of wishes, encouragement and parting words. You can express taziy once within three days after the funeral, later - it is undesirable. It is impossible to condole with relatives twice for the loss of a loved one. Special meetings are also not arranged to accept condolences in order to spare the feelings of the relatives of the deceased. Let us admit crying caused by the heart and soul pain of loss, but mourning, especially loud, with screams, screams, tearing clothes on oneself and inflicting various wounds, is condemned by Islam as sinful and causing pain to the deceased, because of which he suffers. In general, crying for the dead according to Sharia is considered a pagan relic and is one of the four things that, according to the saying of the prophet, “his community” should not tolerate. If men cry for the dead, then those around them have the right to reproach them, and if old people and children, then they need to be gently reassured. It is strictly forbidden to spend the night in the house of the deceased if taziyah is expressed in it.

For the same reason, on the day of the funeral, relatives and the family of the deceased are not recommended to receive guests, even if they came to express their moral support, and prepare a memorial dinner. Neighbors, friends or relatives can do this, but the canons of Islam do not advise eating at the house of the deceased in the first three days after the funeral.

Within three days after the funeral, cattle should not be slaughtered. It is also forbidden to wear mourning for more than three days. An exception is made for a widow who mourns for her dead husband for 4 months and 10 days. After this period, she is considered free and can marry again.

Muslim commemorations for the deceased are held on the 3rd, 7th, 9th, 40th day after his death, on the anniversary and every year on the day of death. The Tatars arrange a commemoration also on the 52nd day after the burial. They are also arranged on the day of the funeral, but this is not a canon, but rather a custom and, moreover, is not recommended by some theologians with reference to the norms of Islam, which we mentioned a little higher. In addition, the custom of commemoration on the third day is in some contradiction with Islam, which, as we have already said, does not recommend eating in the house of the deceased for three days. The commemoration on the 40th day also contradicts the canons of Islam: it is believed that this came to Islam from Christianity and is a burdensome burden for the relatives of the deceased, as well as frequent commemoration in general. It is permissible to treat the poor and the disadvantaged, but this is also not a mandatory norm.

The imam who sent the Janazah prayer, relatives of the deceased, even if they live far away, and relatives are invited to the commemoration. You can refuse to participate in the commemoration only under emergency circumstances.

During the commemoration it is prohibited:

1. borrow money to carry them out.
2. use the funds or property of the deceased.
3. spend them at the expense of inherited property.
4. slaughter cattle for the sake of preparing a memorial dish.

They don’t prepare special dishes for the commemoration, the same food is served as at the most ordinary dinner, however, there are certain conditions for the commemoration:

1. the memorial meal should be short.
2. men and women are in different rooms.
3. if the room is one and separation is impossible, then only men participate in the funeral rite.

First, sweets are served on the table, symbolizing the sweet afterlife of a Muslim, and tea, then pilaf. Before the start of the meal, a prayer is read, while the commemoration itself takes place in silence. After they finish, everyone also silently gets up and goes to the cemetery, after which they go home.

Some relatives take funeral treats to colleagues or colleagues of the deceased at work. Islam does not forbid this, but it prescribes to refrain from excesses. Also in Central Asia, on a memorial day, they sometimes gather right on the street, where a box is built in the courtyard with small, waist-high walls and with pillars around its perimeter, and they cook pilaf in a cauldron, and flat cakes on the tandoor. If there is no tandoor, then the cakes are brought with them by those participating in the commemoration. In rainy weather, a tarpaulin is stretched over the place of commemoration.

In a narrow circle of relatives of the deceased, who lived with him, a general commemoration is also held every Thursday until the 40th day, during which sweet halva and tea are prepared and served. However, many imams and theologians condemn the tradition of too frequent commemorations (as in the case of commemorations on the day of burial and on the third day), pointing out that their essence is not to unite the family of the deceased and his relatives, but to remember the deceased and support his loved ones morally and psychologically. For the same reason, they condemn the transformation of commemoration into luxurious feasts, which is sometimes the sin of overzealous Muslims. Islam prescribes a Muslim to live modestly and refrain from excess, and this does not prevent to follow after his death.