Engineering ammunition: on classification and precautions. Aviation Munitions Engineering Munitions Paint
More than once or twice in recent years, our mass media, especially television, have hysterically informed the broad masses about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly find”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military camp, on exercise venue), etc. etc. shells, rockets, mines. Very willingly and in detail, television shows these "terrible finds", interviews excited inhabitants, stigmatizes "criminals in uniform", demands that the "flagrant bungling" be investigated and those responsible be severely punished. By the way, for some reason, yesterday's students are especially excited, who received a minimum of military training in military departments, but who imagine themselves to be major experts in military affairs.
And every time, my eye habitually fixes with boredom the white stripes on the shells of the mines, the distinct inscriptions "inert", the black color of the "unexploded" shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, an old (out of order) typewriter.
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from really dangerous combat mines, fuses. Maybe then someone will not have to, leaving an exciting mushroom picking or throwing a rake, grabbing their children in an armful, rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or vice versa, you don’t have to put your life in mortal danger, bringing home a small elegant gray shell with black letters (it’s a sin to hide, it happens that the shell doesn’t fly where it’s supposed to, and the valiant army lost entire rockets).
First of all, in contrast to artillery training (inert) ammunition, which, to distinguish them from combat ones, are painted not in gray, but in black, in contrast to naval ammunition, in which the warhead of training torpedoes, mines, shells, missiles is painted red -white color, engineering ammunition, both combat and training, training and simulation are painted the same way. The color of engineering ammunition can be different - green, black, dirty yellow, brown, gray, bare metal, etc.
It is possible to distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition by marking.
Small-sized ammunition such as fuses, blasting caps, electric detonators, on which it is impossible to place alphanumeric markings, have the following distinguishing features:
* training (inert) - white stripe;
* training and simulation - red stripe. These ammunition, when fired, either give off a flash of flame, or colored smoke, or make a sharp sound, a pop. It is impossible to suffer much from them, but it is possible to get injured.
* combat - without colored stripes. These items are deadly.
The figure shows the detonator caps No. 8 in full size. Two upper combat (aluminum above, copper below). The third from the top is training, the lowest is training and simulation. You just want to turn these beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes in your hands, sort them out, play with them, children often take them in their mouths. The result of the explosion in the hands of the detonator cap is three severed fingers and a gouged eye (standard!). Caps, igniters, electric detonators, fuses have exactly the same marking.
Recently, some small-sized training ammunition began to be marked with the letter And. For example, PFM-1 training mines are marked this way.
Anti-tank mines made of metal and wood are usually painted green (rarely dirty yellow). The mines are marked on the side of the body with black paint. The top number indicates the item number. Below is the code of the product. Usually this is the brand of mine (TM-46, TMD-B, etc.). Even lower is the triple number, written with hyphens. The first number is the number of the equipment factory, the second is the number of the batch of mines, the third is the year the mine was equipped. At the very bottom, the code of the explosive used in the mine is indicated. Usually you can find the following ciphers: A-50, A-80, G, PVV-4, MS, TGA, TG-50, TG-30, T, Tetr, TN. These or other alphanumeric combinations just indicate that this is a military mine. The training mine in place of the BB cipher has a white horizontal stripe.
Training mines TM-62M and all mines of later developments, in addition, on the side of the body still have a black inscription INERT., or INERTN., or INERT.
Training mines are equipped with a mixture of cement and rosin. This 
the mixture is identical in weight and volume to TNT, but it is absolutely not dangerous.
The upper part of the training mines TM-46, in addition, is painted white, as shown in the figure, where the training mine TM-46 is shown on the left, the combat mine on the right. Mines TM-57 and later do not have white coloring of the upper part of the hull.
Exactly the same markings on plastic cases. On shells of anti-tank mines made of polyethylene, where the paint does not hold well, the markings may be embossed, i.e. having no color. However, a white stripe is also applied on the polyethylene cases of training mines.
Other placement of markings on anti-tank mines is also possible (for example, on the bottom of the hull or on its upper part). However, in all cases, the body of the training mine will have at least a white stripe or the inscription "inert" or both at the same time.
On anti-personnel mines, the marking is the same, but placed in place, i.e. where it is more convenient to do so. The figure shows a training anti-personnel mine PMN. The marking is placed on the rubber cover. The inscription "inert" and a white stripe are clearly visible. At the PMN combat mine, the explosive font is placed in place of the white stripe.
Engineer ammo boxes are usually painted dark green, rarely unpainted. The side wall is marked with black paint. The top row - the code of the product and the number of products in the box, below, through hyphens, the code of the manufacturer, batch number, year of manufacture, below the code of the explosive with which the products are equipped. For boxes with training ammunition, "INERT" is written in this place and an additional white stripe is applied on the side. For boxes with imitation ammunition, the stripe is red. Below all the gross weight of the box. In addition to these mandatory markings, boxes can be marked with a cargo capacity in the form of a black triangle with a number in the center (for civilian transport organizations), warning labels (such as: "When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here", "Afraid of dampness", "Do not turn over", "Flammable cargo", etc.). If different products are packed in one box (for example, TNT checkers of different nomenclature), then their codes and quantities are also indicated on the box.
In the picture on the left is a box with combat mines TM-46, on the right with training ones.
In all cases, inert and live ammunition are not placed together in the same box.
On anti-personnel mines (such as PMD-6M, POMZ-2M), which are manufactured or equipped with explosives and fuses in the troops (and this is allowed only in wartime), there may not be any markings at all. Also, any marking may be absent on Soviet engineering ammunition from the Second World War.
Sources
1. Guide to demolition work. Start approved. eng. Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense 27.07.67. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
2. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
3. Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
4. B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
5. B.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
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From the author An old typewriter, if it's in good working order, is far more dangerous than any mine. It is impossible to imagine how much deadly poison a typewriter that fell into the experienced hands of a green (dollar) journalist can throw into the brains of people.
Marking of engineering ammunition of the Soviet Army.More than once or twice in recent years, our mass media, especially television, have hysterically informed the broad masses about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly find”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military camp, on exercise venue), etc. etc. shells, rockets, mines. Very willingly and in detail, television shows these "terrible finds", interviews excited inhabitants, stigmatizes "criminals in uniform", demands that the "flagrant bungling" be investigated and those responsible be severely punished. By the way, for some reason, yesterday's students are especially excited, who received a minimum of military training in military departments, but who imagine themselves to be major experts in military affairs.
And every time, my eye habitually fixes with boredom the white stripes on the shells of the mines, the distinct inscriptions "inert", the black color of the "unexploded" shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, an old typewriter.
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from really dangerous combat mines, fuses. Maybe then someone will not have to, leaving an exciting mushroom picking or throwing a rake, grabbing their children in an armful, rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or vice versa, you don’t have to put your life in mortal danger, bringing home a small elegant gray shell with black letters (it’s a sin to hide, it happens that the shell doesn’t fly where it’s supposed to, and the valiant army lost entire rockets).
First of all, in contrast to artillery training (inert) ammunition, which, to distinguish them from combat ones, are painted not in gray, but in black, in contrast to naval ammunition, in which the warhead of training torpedoes, mines, shells, missiles is painted red -white color, engineering ammunition, both combat and training, training and simulation are painted the same way. The color of engineering ammunition can be different - green, black, dirty yellow, brown, gray, bare metal, etc.
It is possible to distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition by marking.
Small-sized ammunition such as fuses, blasting caps, electric detonators, on which it is impossible to place alphanumeric markings, have the following distinguishing features:
* training (inert) - white stripe;
* training and simulation - red stripe. These ammunition, when fired, either give off a flash of flame, or colored smoke, or make a sharp sound, a pop. It is impossible to suffer much from them, but it is possible to get injured.
* combat - without colored stripes. These items are deadly.
The figure shows the detonator caps No. 8 in full size. Two upper combat (aluminum above, copper below). The third from the top is training, the lowest is training and simulation. You just want to turn these beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes in your hands, sort them out, play with them, children often take them in their mouths. The result of the explosion in the hands of the detonator cap is three severed fingers and a gouged eye (standard!). Caps, igniters, electric detonators, fuses have exactly the same marking.
Recently, some small-sized training ammunition began to be marked with the letter I. For example, PFM-1 training mines are marked this way.
Anti-tank mines made of metal and wood are usually painted green (rarely dirty yellow). The mines are marked on the side of the body with black paint. The top number indicates the item number. Below is the code of the product. Usually this is the brand of mine (TM-46, TMD-B, etc.). Even lower is the triple number, written with hyphens. The first number is the number of the equipment factory, the second is the number of the batch of mines, the third is the year the mine was equipped. At the very bottom, the code of the explosive used in the mine is indicated. Usually you can find the following ciphers: A-50, A-80, G, PVV-4, MS, TGA, TG-50, TG-30, T, Tetr, TN. These or other alphanumeric combinations just indicate that this is a military mine. The training mine in place of the BB cipher has a white horizontal stripe.
Training mines TM-62M and all mines of later developments, in addition, on the side of the body still have a black inscription INERT. , or INERT., or INERT.
Training mines are equipped with a mixture of cement and rosin.
This mixture has weight-volume characteristics identical to TNT, but it is absolutely non-flammable, non-explosive.
Exactly the same markings on plastic cases. On shells of anti-tank mines made of polyethylene, where the paint does not hold well, the markings may be embossed, i.e. having no color. However, a white stripe is also applied on the polyethylene cases of training mines.
Other placement of markings on anti-tank mines is also possible (for example, on the bottom of the hull or on its upper part). However, in all cases, the body of the training mine will have at least a white stripe or the inscription "inert" or both at the same time.
On anti-personnel mines, the marking is the same, but placed in place, i.e. where it is more convenient to do so. The figure shows a training anti-personnel mine PMN. The marking is placed on the rubber cover. The inscription "inert" and a white stripe are clearly visible. At the PMN combat mine, the explosive font is placed in place of the white stripe.
Engineer ammo boxes are usually painted dark green, rarely unpainted. The side wall is marked with black paint. The top row - the code of the product and the number of products in the box, below, through hyphens, the code of the manufacturer, batch number, year of manufacture, below the code of the explosive with which the products are equipped. For boxes with training ammunition, "INERT" is written in this place and an additional white stripe is applied on the side. For boxes with imitation ammunition, the stripe is red. Below all the gross weight of the box. In addition to these mandatory markings, boxes can be marked with a cargo capacity in the form of a black triangle with a number in the center (for civilian transport organizations), warning labels (such as: "When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here", "Afraid of dampness", "Do not turn over", "Flammable cargo", etc.). If different products are packed in one box (for example, TNT checkers of different nomenclature), then their codes and quantities are also indicated on the box.
In the picture on the left is a box with combat mines TM-46, on the right with training ones.
In all cases, inert and live ammunition are not placed together in the same box.
On anti-personnel mines (such as PMD-6M, POMZ-2M), which are manufactured or equipped with explosives and fuses in the troops (and this is allowed only in wartime), there may not be any markings at all. Also, any marking may be missing on Soviet engineering ammunition from the Second World War.
Anti-tank mine TMN-46
Anti-tank anti-track mine. Designed to disable enemy tracked and wheeled vehicles. The defeat of enemy vehicles is inflicted due to the destruction of their undercarriage during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment the wheel (roller) runs over the pressure cover of the mine.
The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in snow, under water manually or by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, trailed minelayers PMZ-3, PMZ-4, caterpillar minelayer GMZ, helicopter mining system VMP-2).
The term of combat operation of the mine is not limited. With the destruction of the metal body of the mine from corrosion, the sensitivity of the mine increases from 120-400 kg. up to 3-5 kg. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator.
The mine comes in two versions - TM-46 and TMN-46. The second option is distinguished by the presence of a second point at the bottom of the mine for installing a non-removable fuse (MUV series with an MD-6N fuse).
The mine can be used with fuses MVM, MVSh-46. The first samples of mines could be equipped with MV-5 fuses with an MD-5m fuse, which were inserted into the mine under a standard plug. The mine can be used as a booby trap. For this, an ENO special fuse is used, which has the appearance of a standard plug-plug. An explosion in this case occurs when you try to unscrew the plug.
On the left is a mine with an MVM fuse, on the right with an MVSh fuse
Tactical and technical characteristics of mines
Type of mine: anti-track
Case: metal.
Weight: 8.6 kg.
Mass of explosive (TNT): 5.7 kg.
Diameter: 30 cm.
Height with MVM: 10.8 cm.
Height with MVSh-46: 26 cm.
Target sensor diameter: 20cm.
Sensitivity: 120-400 kg.
Temperature range of application: -60 --+60 degrees.
The appearance of the fuse MVM with a check. The thread for screwing the fuse into the point of the mine is clearly visible. At the very bottom, the MD-6N fuse is clearly visible.
Standard installation of mines in medium soil manually.
Setting a mine for non-removability. 1-Fuse MUV. 2-Tension wire. 3-Peg.
From the author. Often, when they see this picture, people say: “Well, what a non-recovery it is. Here you can dig, crawl with your hand and neutralize the fuse!”. Well, firstly, you still need to know which and how many of the hundreds of mines are worth the non-removability. And secondly, perhaps only sappers know all the insidiousness of the MUV fuse, they know with what incomprehensible ease a check pops out of it. Joking with a fuse, having 6 kg next to it. TNT, a lousy job. The only consolation is that your comrades will no longer have to bury you, there will be nothing.
Mina is good and reliable. However, already in the mid-fifties it was recognized that 6 kg. TNT is not enough for modern tanks. Typically, the explosion of TM-46 broke 3-4 tracks of the caterpillar, slightly damaging the skating rink. Often the damage to the rink was such that it could be used further. Replacing tracks takes a trained crew from 1 to 3 hours. So, if the wrecked tank is not immediately covered by anti-tank artillery, then after a short time it will again be in service. Already in 1956, more powerful TM-56 and TM-57 mines were developed, and then the TM-62 family of mines.
Those who wish can see in all details the TM-46 (training) mine in the movie "Trembita". A bunch of these mines hangs instead of a load on the crane of the well, near which Kramarov is spinning with a mine detector.
In appearance, the TM-46 mine resembles the German TMi-42 mine, but it is thinner, the edges fade away like a plate, it has a smaller diameter, and the charge is only 3.2 kg.
Family of anti-tank mines TM-62
Since the mid-sixties, the TM-62 family of mines in the Soviet (Russian) Army has been the main standard type of anti-tank anti-track mine. Common to all mines of this family is the shape, size and thread of the socket (point) for the fuse, as a result of which all fuses of the MV-62 series and a number of other fuses, locks and detonating devices are suitable and can be used with any mine of the TM-62 family.
The differences between the mines of the family are in the hull material, hull shape and dimensions.
In addition, none of the mines of the family has nests for additional fuses used as anti-removal elements. None of the mines of the family has pressure covers and the dimensions of the target sensor are determined by the design features of a particular fuse.
The family includes the following mines:
TM-62M Main base model. The body is metal. Removable fabric carrying handle. It is mainly intended for mining using trailed or self-propelled caterpillar spreaders (layers), helicopter mining systems, and also in cases where it is likely that it will be necessary to search for and remove mines by own troops. Can also be used for manual mining. It can be installed both on the surface of the earth and in the ground, snow, water. Well detected by all types of metal detectors (mine detectors), probes, search dogs.
TM-62P Basic basic model for manual installation. Housing made of impact-resistant plastic. Not intended for mechanized installation. Non-removable fabric carrying handle. It can be installed both on the surface of the earth and in the ground, snow, water. It is not detected by any type of metal detectors, it is difficult to detect by radio-frequency type mine detectors, it is well detected by probes, search dogs.
A variant of the mine is the TM-62P2 mine. The case diameter is reduced by 2 cm (to the size of TM-62M), the handle is made of a removable harness type. Can be used for mechanized installation instead of the TM-62M mine.
TM-62P3 The body is made of durable green polyethylene. The pull-type carrying handle is removable. Designed for manual installation only. It can be installed both on the surface of the earth and in the ground, snow, water. Developed as an alternative so that the production of mines at the appropriate factories in wartime could be organized. It is not detected by any type of metal detectors, radio-frequency type mine detectors are detected with great difficulty, it is well detected by probes, search dogs.
TM-62B It was developed as a mine undetectable by mine detectors with the maximum efficiency of the mass of the mine. Has no body. Its role is played by the hardened surface layer of the explosive. It is installed only by hand, preferably in a chemically non-aggressive soil and preferably not waterlogged. Not intended for use in long-term minefields. It is not detected by any type of metal detectors, it is practically not detected by radio-frequency type mine detectors, it is well detected by probes, it is very well detected by search dogs, and the smell of one mine can prevent the dog from detecting nearby mines and excludes the dog from detecting case mines at a distance of up to 10-18 meters.
TM-62D Designed for manual installation. Designed to enable the production of mines at woodworking enterprises, carpentry workshops in wartime. Not produced in peacetime. As a material for the body, thick plywood, boards, chipboards can be used. Not intended for use in long-term minefields. It is not detected by any type of metal detectors, it is difficult to detect by radio-frequency type mine detectors, it is well detected by probes, search dogs.
TM-62T The body is made of nylon fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. It was developed as an alternative version of the TM-62P3 mine so that it would be possible to organize the production of mines at the respective factories in wartime. Outwardly, it differs from the TM-62P3 only in the texture of the surface of the case. The pull-type carrying handle is removable. Designed for manual installation only. It can be installed both on the surface of the earth and in the ground, snow, water. It is not detected by any type of metal detectors, radio-frequency type mine detectors are detected with great difficulty, it is well detected by probes, search dogs.
For the family of mines TM-62 several types of fuses have been developed that differ from each other in the body material, the presence or absence of long-range cocking mechanisms, the difference in the types of long-range cocking mechanisms, the presence or absence of mechanisms for transferring the fuse back to a safe position, the ability to bring the mine into a combat or safe position remotely or the absence of such, the possibility of detonating a mine from the control panel or the lack thereof.
Each of these fuses can be used on any mine of the family, however, the use of certain fuses is preferable for each type of mine. Basically, it depends on the material of the mine body and the material of the fuse body. For example, in a mine with a non-metallic body, it is not advisable to use a fuse that has many metal parts, because. in this case, the mine loses its main advantage - undetectable by metal detectors.
In some cases, the choice of fuse type is determined by the tactical requirements for the minefield.
PMN anti-personnel mine
High-explosive pressure anti-personnel mine. Designed to disable enemy personnel. The defeat of a person is inflicted due to the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot) during the explosion of the mine charge at the moment the foot steps on the pressure cover of the mine. Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the foot with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely torn off, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not be damaged at all. In addition, a shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge deprives a person of consciousness, the high temperature of explosive gases can cause significant burns to the lower extremities. Death can occur from pain shock, blood loss due to untimely first aid.
The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow, manually or laid out by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, trailed minelayers PMZ-4), but in all cases the transfer of the mine into combat position is carried out manually.
The term of combat operation of the mine is not limited. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator. It has no elements of non-removability and neutralization.
The mine has a fuse, which is part of the design of the mine. Fuse type MD-9.
Tactical and technical characteristics of mines
Type of mine: anti-personnel high-explosive
Housing: plastic.
Weight: 550 gr.
Mass of explosive (TNT): 200 gr.
Diameter: 11 cm.
Height: 5.3 cm.
Target sensor diameter: 10cm.
Sensitivity: 8 - 25 kg.
Temperature range of application: -40 --+50 degrees.
Planting a mine is safe enough. From the moment the safety pin is pulled out to the moment the fuse is cocked, depending on the ambient temperature, it takes from 3 minutes to 3 minutes. (at +40 degrees) up to 59 hours (at -40 degrees).
Mines are packed in boxes of 25 pcs. (gross weight 22 kg.) not fully equipped. Fuses MD-9 are transported separately. In a combat stop, mines can be equipped with fuses and transported in a standard capping fully equipped.
Standard shaped charge ring explosive - KPC
One such standard prefabricated charge is the KPC shaped charge ring. This charge is designed to break steel (metal) pipes, rods, cables. With the explosion of a full charge of the KPC in air or under water, a rod (pipe) with an outer diameter of up to 70 mm is reliably interrupted. or cable with a diameter up to 65mm.
The KPC charge consists of two semi-charges interconnected on one side with a hinged, easily detachable connection, on the other side with a spring latch. Metal plates are inserted between the halves of the charge. On both halves of the charge there are sockets for standard blasting caps KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP, EDPr. This makes it possible to initiate an explosion of the charge both with the help of an incendiary tube in a fire way, and with a detonating cord, or electrically. In the middle part of each semi-charge, a spring is placed in the tube. The cumulative recess is filled with a foam insert (shown in greenish-blue in the figure).
This design of the KPC charge allows it to be used both in its entirety when undermining thick cables and rods, and in half form when undermining thin rods and cables; easy and simple to fix the charge on the undermined element.
The figure above shows the fastening of the full charge of the QPC on a thick rod, below the half charge of the QPC on a thin rod. The red and blue winding lines show the wires of the electric detonator.
The figure below shows the position of the metal plates and tubular mounting springs in the charge opening (1); the position of the springs when the full charge is fixed on the rod (2), the plates are not used in this case; the position of the spring and the plate when the semi-charge is fixed on the rod (3).
Such a charge attachment system ensures strict centering of the element being detonated and the most effective action of the cumulative explosion jet. Before undermining the charge in air, the foam insert should be removed, because. its presence reduces the charge efficiency by 15%. When undermining the charge in water, the liner should not be removed, because. in this case, it provides a free volume for the formation of a cumulative jet. The decrease in the efficiency of the charge due to the presence of a foam insert during an explosion under water is completely and more than compensated by the clogging effect of the surrounding water.
Technical characteristics of the KPC charge:
Weight: 1 kg.
Mass of explosive (TG-50): 0.4 kg.
Charge Thickness: 5.2cm.
Charge length: 20cm.
Charge Width: 16cm.
Installation depth in water: up to 10m.
Charge interrupts:
- steel rod diameter: up to 70mm.
- cable with steel diameter: up to 65 mm.
Half charge interrupts:
Steel rod diameter: up to 30mm.
- cable with steel diameter: up to 30 mm.
KPC charges (8 pieces) are placed in a wooden box. Gross weight 25 kg. In the box, in addition, there is a duffel bag for carrying charges in the field. Explosive devices are not supplied with charges.
The means of blasting are selected depending on the blasting method chosen by the demolitionist. The means of blasting are carried separately in the bag of the SMP demolition miner.
Standard concentrated explosive charges of the SZ series
When carrying out demolition works, not only explosive charges are used, compiled at the place of work from the amount of explosive calculated according to formulas or nomograms, but also explosive charges of factory production. Such explosive charges, called demolition workers as "standard explosive charges" are designed to perform explosions in the destruction of the most common elements of building structures (columns, piles, racks, beams, slabs, etc.), machine elements and other objects (braces, cables , rods, rods), punching holes in walls, foundations, armored closures, armored plates, etc.
These standard charges usually have a strong metal, plastic or other case; standard nests for placing detonator caps, electric detonators, various types of fuses in them; means for quickly fixing the charge on the object undermined.
When undermining standard objects, the use of standard explosive charges is more preferable, because. sometimes complicated calculations are not required, the charge is fixed very quickly, the attachment of blasting means is carried out quickly and reliably; the destruction of the object is guaranteed.
Standard concentrated charges of the SZ series are intended for general demolition work and represent certain amounts of explosive of normal power placed in a sealed metal cap. On the outer side of the capping there are one or two sockets for explosives and carrying handles, and in some cases, rings and rubber bands for fixing the charge on the object being blown up.
1. Concentrated charge SZ-1:
It is a sealed metal box filled with explosives. On one end side it has a carrying handle, on the opposite side there is a threaded socket for the EDPr electric detonator. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-1 charge:
Weight: 1.4 kg.
Mass of explosive (TG-50): 1 kg.
Overall dimensions: 65x116x126 mm.
In a 30 kg box. 16 charges are packed.
2. Concentrated charge SZ-3:
It is a sealed metal box filled with explosives. On one end side it has a carrying handle, on the opposite side and on one of the sides there is a socket with a thread for the EDPr electric detonator. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses.
The charge is painted dark green. Has no markings.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-3 charge:
Weight: 3.7 kg.
Mass of explosives (TG-50): 3 kg.
Overall dimensions: .65x171x337 mm.
In a box weighing 33 kg. packs 6 charges.
3. Concentrated charge SZ-3a:
It is a strong metal sealed box filled with explosives. On one side it has a carrying handle. In addition, there are four metal rings and two rubber bands with carabiners 100 (150) cm long on the body, which allows you to quickly attach the charge to the object being blown up. On one of the end sides it has a threaded socket for the EDPr electric detonator. On the opposite end side, it has a socket for a special fuse in order to use the charge as a special mine. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses, special fuses.
Weight: 3.7 kg.
Mass of explosives (TG-50): 2.8 kg.
Overall dimensions: 98x142x200 mm.
In a box weighing 48 kg. 10 charges are packed.
4. Concentrated charge SZ-6:
It is a sealed metal box filled with explosives. On one side it has a carrying handle. In addition, there are four metal rings and two rubber bands with carabiners 100 (150) cm long on the body, which allows you to quickly attach the charge to the object being blown up. On one of the end sides it has a threaded socket for the EDPr electric detonator. On the opposite end side, it has a socket for a special fuse in order to use the charge as a special mine. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses, special fuses.
The charge is painted in ball (gray wild) color. Marking is standard.
The charge can be used underwater at depths up to 100m.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-3a charge:
Weight: 7.3 kg.
Mass of explosives (TG-50): 5.9 kg.
Overall dimensions: 98x142x395 mm.
In a box weighing 48 kg. packs 5 charges.
Elongated standard explosive charges of the SZ series
Works from the amount of explosive calculated according to formulas or nomograms, but also factory-made explosive charges. Such explosive charges, called demolition workers as "standard explosive charges" are designed to perform explosions in the destruction of the most common elements of building structures (columns, piles, racks, beams, slabs, etc.), machine elements and other objects (braces, cables , rods, rods), punching holes in walls, foundations, armored closures, armored plates, etc.
These standard charges usually have a strong metal, plastic or plastic case; standard nests for placing detonator caps, electric detonators, various types of fuses in them; means for quickly fixing the charge on the object undermined.
When undermining standard objects, the use of standard explosive charges is more preferable, because. sometimes complicated calculations are not required, the charge is fixed very quickly, the attachment of blasting means is carried out quickly and reliably; the destruction of the object is guaranteed.
The figure shows the options for using elongated charges of the SZ series (charges are highlighted in yellow): 1-undermining a wall with an elongated charge, 2-undermining an I-beam with a figured charge, 3-undermining a log with an annular charge.
Standard elongated charges of the SZ series are designed to perform work when undermining metal and wooden structures, building walls, blasting in soils, and represent certain amounts of plastic explosive such as plastite (PVV-4) of normal power placed in a sealed flexible plastic sheath. From the ends of the shell there are metal terminals having a thread on one side and a union nut on the opposite side, sockets for explosives (except for the SZ-4P charge). From standard elongated charges, elongated charges of the required length are assembled, or they can be used as figured charges.
The use of standard elongated charges creates significant ease of use in comparison with the elongated charges recruited from TNT blocks and even in comparison with figured or elongated charges made of explosives of the plastite type made on the job site. In this case, it is not required to make a charge shell from improvised materials.
For blasting, the following standard elongated charges of the SZ series are used:
1. Extended charge SZ-1P:
It is a two-layer flexible shell (internal polyethylene, external - nylon fabric) filled with explosive. Metal clips are attached to the ends of the shell, which have a thread on one side, and a union nut on the opposite side for connecting the charges to each other. At the ends of the clips there are threaded sockets for the EDPr electric detonator. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-1P charge:
Weight: 1.5 kg.
Weight of explosives (PVV-4): 1 kg.
Length: 600 mm.
Diameter: 45 mm.
In a box weighing 26 kg. packs 8 charges. The box also includes a duffel bag for carrying charges and 30 meters of nylon fastening tape.
2. Extended charge SZ-6M:
It is a two-layer flexible shell (internal polyethylene, external - nylon fabric) filled with explosive. Metal clips are attached to the ends of the shell, which have a thread on one side, and a union nut on the opposite side for connecting the charges to each other. In one clip there is a threaded socket for the EDPr electric detonator. Conventional incendiary tubes, standard incendiary tubes ZTP-50, ZTP-150, ZTP-300, detonating cord with detonator cap KD No. 8a, electric detonators EDP and EDPr, fuses MD-2 and MD-5 with special fuses. In another clip there is a socket for a special fuse, which allows the charge to be used as a mine for a special application.
Each clip has two metal rings for hooking the carabiners of rubber fastening harnesses, which allows you to easily and quickly attach the charge to the object undermined.
The charge has a spherical (wild grey) color. Marking is standard, located on one of the clips.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-6M charge:
Weight: 6.9 kg.
Weight of explosives (PVV-4): 6 kg.
Length: 1200 mm.
Diameter: 82 mm.
In a box weighing 56 kg. packs 5 charges. The box also includes 2 anchors for attaching charges.
1. Extended charge SZ-4P:
It is a two-layer flexible shell (internal polyethylene, external - nylon fabric) filled with plastic explosive (PVV-4). Capron fastening tapes are attached to the ends of the shell.
There are no ignition sockets. When using a charge, ignition nests are made in place by cutting the shell with a knife and then making the nest with a special template. Unlike the charges SZ-1P and SZ-6M, the design of which provides for the use of the charge as a whole or in combination with several others, the design of the SZ-4P charge provides for the use, including in parts. To do this, the charge can be cut into pieces and create shorter elongated charges.
The charge is dark green. There is no marking.
Technical characteristics of the SZ-4P charge:
Weight: 4.2 kg.
Weight of explosives (PVV-4): 4 kg.
Length: 2000 mm.
Diameter: 45 mm.
In a box weighing 35 kg. packs 6 charges. Two wooden templates and 20 meters of nylon fastening tape are also embedded in the box.
Literature:
Demolition Guide. Start approved. eng. Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense 27.07.67. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
B.S.Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book one. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1976
E.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
Preface.
More than once or twice over the past twenty or thirty years, our mass media, especially television, have hysterically informed the broad masses about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly find”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military campus, at the site of the exercise), etc. etc. shells, rockets, mines. Very willingly and in detail, television shows these “terrible finds”, interviews excited inhabitants, stigmatizes “criminals in uniform”, demands an investigation of “flagrant bungling” and severe punishment of those responsible. By the way, for some reason, former students (mostly from Moscow) who have received a minimum of military training in military departments, but who consider themselves major experts in military affairs, are especially excited.
And every time, my eye habitually fixes with boredom the white stripes on the shells of the mines, the distinct inscriptions “inert”, the black color of the “unexploded” shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, a laptop (faulty).
From the author. In general, having looked at the lands belonging to the Armed Forces for their purposes in the nineties, Russian businessmen, and even ordinary citizens, launched an active campaign to seize from the Ministry of Defense “the huge territories of incredibly large military training grounds unjustifiably occupied by the military department.” Have achieved. We have achieved a lot. Especially during the reign of Marshal Taburetkin. What people just don’t understand or don’t want to understand is that the lands where the military has been shooting, throwing bombs, blowing up for many decades, are littered with an indefinable amount of unexploded ordnance and will never (NEVER) become safe.
And this is inevitable. This is just as inevitable as what a person always leaves behind in any kind of his activity.
Year after year, grenades, shells, bombs will crawl out of the ground in gardening partnerships, in the places of construction of cottages, as if from the underworld. And the kids will find them in the polygon forests and berry fields. With how many lives people will pay for their stupidity, only God knows.
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from really dangerous combat mines, charges, fuses. Maybe then someone will not have to, leaving an exciting mushroom picking or throwing a rake, grabbing their children in an armful, rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or vice versa, you don’t have to put your life in mortal danger, bringing home a small elegant gray shell with black letters (it’s a sin to hide, it happens that the shell doesn’t fly where it’s supposed to, and the valiant army happens to lose entire rockets).
End of preface.
Painting of engineering ammunition.
Engineer mines and other engineering ammunition may have any color that is considered appropriate for a given product. Engineering munitions, in contrast to artillery, aviation and navy munitions, do not have a specially established identification coloration.
Typically, anti-tank mines are painted green, which ranges from dark green to olive green. However, there are mines painted in various shades of gray-yellow, beige. Usually these are mines intended for export to Africa, the Middle East.
Anti-personnel mines are distinguished by a variety of colors and it is impossible to say anything definite here.
TNT sticks are usually wrapped in waxed paper in red, grey, grey-blue, green and other similar colors.
Industrial demolition charges are usually painted olive green or light gray (globular).
Fuzes, detonators usually have the color of bare metal (copper, brass, aluminum, steel), since they are usually not painted at all.
The most significant thing is that it is impossible to distinguish combat, training and practical (imitation) engineer ammunition from each other by color. And therefore, it is impossible to distinguish a dangerous find from a completely harmless one by color.
It is possible to distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition only by marking.
Marking of engineering ammunition.
Capsule detonators, electric detonators, fuses.
* Combat (i.e. dangerous in terms of explosion) markings, as a rule, do not have.
* Training (inert) - white stripe;
*Practical (imitation) - red stripe.
Explosive training aids are filled with inert materials similar to combat materials in color, density and consistency and are completely safe to handle.
Practical fuses are intended for initiation of practical imitation explosive charges, min. When triggered, they give out a flash of flame from which the pyrotechnic composition of a practical engineering ammunition lights up. That, in turn, imitates an explosion with a flash of flame or smoke with colored smoke.
It is impossible to suffer much from them, but it is possible to get injured.
From the author. In general, according to safety regulations, all types of engineering ammunition should be treated as combat. And this is not only in order to accustom trainees to unconditionally correct actions. In the author's practice, there was a case when in the OZM-3 training mine (there was a white strip on the body, as it should be), the expelling powder charge turned out to be real. In the classroom, he worked and planted a mine. Thankfully, no one was hurt. But this mine came from the factory. Someone's negligence could lead to serious consequences.
And further. You just want to turn these beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes in your hands, sort them out, play with them, children often take them in their mouths. The result of the explosion of such a product in the hands is three severed fingers and a gouged eye, sometimes both (standard!).
The fuses are small.
These include fuses of the MUV type (MUV, MUV-2, MUV-3, MUV-4), VPF, PV-42, VZD-3M, VZD-1M and the like. They do not contain any explosive materials. Therefore, they may not have any designations, letters, numbers or colored stripes. Or, on the case, the code (designation) of the product can be embossed or squeezed out.
On the cases of products, the markings defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering ammunition. Book one." Marking can be embossed (extruded) or applied with black paint.
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)*
*lower line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
From the author. The manufacturer's code is most often a group of two or three digits. But it's not a factory number. Sometimes there is a combination of letters or even a conventional sign (usually two or three intertwined rings). The manufacturer code changes periodically.
So trying to find out by the cipher where the fuse was made is a completely pointless exercise. This can only be done by people working in the GRAU who have the appropriate tables in their safes.
No colored stripes or rings are applied to such fuses.
Fuses and explosive mechanisms.
These are rather large products, which, as a rule, have initiating, and often high explosives, inside.
They are marked with the markings specified in Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one." Marking is applied with black paint. Less often knocked out (squeezed out in metal).
The marking contains:
*upper line - code (product designation)
*the second line is a group of three characters separated by a dash. The first group of characters (number, letter combination, symbol) means a code indicating the manufacturer. The second group of numbers is the batch number of the products. the third group of numbers is the year of manufacture.
*the third line is the cipher of the explosive in the fuse. If structurally (!) the fuse does not contain initiating and / or blasting explosives, then the third line in the marking is missing.
This does not apply to training fuses, on which either a white stripe or the inscription “inert” is required in the third line.
In the photo on the right: Training (inert) fuse for the TM-62 mine.
*U-MVCh-62 - means the code of the product (training fuse type MVCh-62)
*42-M - means the manufacturer's code
*30 - indicates that the fuse from the batch number 30
*90 - indicates that the fuse was released in 1990
*a white stripe in place of the BB code indicates that this fuse is inert and does not contain any explosive materials.
In some cases, if the fuse has an individual number, then its number is given above the line indicating the product code.
In the picture on the left: VZMU-S fuse. The number 199 is visible above the product code. This is the individual number of the fuse.
In some cases, most often in relation to training and practical fuses, additional explanatory inscriptions may be applied in the marking (“inert”, “inert”, “”practical”, “practical”, etc.).
In the picture on the left, examples of the designation of the manufacturer's code.
From the author. Such hieroglyphic ciphers of the manufacturer began to appear in the seventies and I must say that not from a great mind. After all, for the most part, in practical work, a sapper only needs to know the code (designation) of the product itself and what kind of explosive it is equipped with. All other data is needed only by investigators in case of incidents related to the theft of engineering ammunition or accidents (explosions). Well, what is it like for an investigator to ask the SMI or GRAU about who made this or that product? If there are numbers and letters, then everything is easy and simple to transfer by any means and through any communication channels, to fix on paper. But how to display this hieroglyph, say, in the protocol of the inspection of the scene?
Engineering mines.
Marking, defined by Appendix 5 of the edition “Engineering Ammunition. Book one."
Marking is applied on light surfaces with black, and on dark surfaces with white resistant paint. The place of marking is not strictly regulated. Usually this is the side or top surface. Rarely, but there is a marking applied to the lower surface.
Marking includes:
Line 1 - individual item number (if assigned).
Line 2 - code (designation) of the product.
Line 3 - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the third group of characters - the year of manufacture of this batch of ammunition
Line 4 - the code of the explosive of the main charge.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking an anti-tank mine:
*TM-62P - product code, i.e. This is an anti-tank mine of the TM-62P brand.
*ZP - manufacturer's code.
*53 – batch number min.
*68 - year of manufacture of the batch of min.
*white stripe in place of the BB code - the mine is filled with inert material instead of explosives.
The most widely used explosive codes are:
| TNT | T |
| RDX | G or A-IX-I |
| A mixture of TNT with RDX, 50% each | TG-50 |
| A mixture of 30% TNT and 70% RDX | TG-30 |
| A mixture of TNT, RDX and aluminum | TGA |
| marine mix | MS |
| Plastic Explosive (Plastite-4) | PVV-4 |
| Tetryl | tetra |
| Pentrite (ten) | TN |
| Ammonite with 50% TNT | A-50 |
| Ammonite with 20% TNT | A-80 |
| inert substance | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
| inert substance | INERT |
| Simulant (flash, smoke) | t strip thickness 7-10 mm. |
In the picture on the right: an example of the marking of a POM-2R anti-personnel mine.
On the bodies of inert mines, a white strip in place of the BB code can be supplemented or replaced by the inscription “INERT”, “INERT,”. The same inscription can be duplicated on other mine surfaces.
In addition to the prescribed markings, there may be different letters, numbers, signs in various places on the mine body. These are the technological marks of the manufacturer (quality control stamp, workshop number, shift number, rejection stamp, foreman's mark, warehouse marks, packer's marks, etc.). Their number, location is not regulated in any way, and these marks are needed only by the plant at the time of manufacture.
Explosive charges of industrial manufacture.
The marking is completely similar to the marking of engineering mines and is subject to the same rules.
In the picture on the right: an example of marking a concentrated charge of industrial production SZ-3A.
It should be noted that the above-described marking rules for engineering ammunition are not strictly observed by the industry. Readers familiar with them firsthand must have encountered numerous deviations from the prescribed rules. For example, the marking can be embossed on the body, can be scattered in different places (code on one side, BB code on the other, and the line of the batch, factory and year in general from the bottom. Also, the marking can be duplicated on two surfaces of the ammunition.
capping.
For cardboard boxes in which small-sized products (blasting caps, electric detonators, fuses, fuses) are placed, there are no strict marking rules. As a rule, marking in typographical font on paper labels pasted on the box.
The label usually contains:
*Code (designation) of products in the box.
*Number of items in a box.
*Batch number.
*Year or date of manufacture.
*Name or stamp of the packer,
* Surname or stamp of the controller (technical control department.
In the photo on the right: Examples of marking cardboard closures for small products.
Larger engineer ammunition is usually packed in wooden boxes, usually painted dark green, less often unpainted. On the side end wall is applied with black paint, the marking is applied with black or white paint, depending on which color is more distinguishable against the coloring background.
Mandatory markings for ammunition boxes:
* the top row is the code of products and their number in the box,
* 2 row - three groups of characters separated by a dash:
- the first group of characters - the code of the manufacturer,
- the second group of characters - the number of the ammunition lot,
- the third group of characters is the year of manufacture of this batch.
* 3rd row - code of explosives used in ammunition,
*4 row - gross weight of the box.
On boxes with training (inert) ammunition, a white stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
On boxes with practical (imitation ammunition) a red stripe 15 mm wide and 100 mm long is applied.
If the box contains products of different names, then the marking is applied for each name, and the marking for each name is done in the bottom line.
In addition to the mandatory military marking, boxes may have markings determined by departmental rules and regulations. for example, signs of the category of explosion and fire hazard, transport capacity, special marks such as “When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here”, “Afraid of dampness”, “Do not tilt”, “Flammable cargo”.
Literature
1. Guide to demolition work. Start approved. eng. Troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense 27.07.67. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
2. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
3. Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
4. B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
5. B.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
TM-72 - anti-tank mine. Developed in the USSR, put into service in 1973. TM-72 anti-tank anti-bottom mine. An explosion occurs when the projection of a tank (BMP, BMD, armored personnel carrier, car) hits a mine, its magnetic field acts on the reacting device of the fuse. The defeat of vehicles is inflicted by penetrating the bottom with a cumulative jet during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment when the tank or some other vehicle is above the mine. The mine was a flat, rounded metal box. An explosive charge was placed inside the box and a fuse was installed on top. The mine is not intended for installation by means of mechanization.
The MVN-80 fuse is designed to equip anti-tank mines of the TM-62 series and TM-72 mines and ensures their detonation under the entire projection of moving targets.
Basic performance characteristics
Type of……………………......................................... ............Non-contact-contact magnetic action
Fuse mass……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1.3 kg
Diameter………………………………………………................................128.5 mm
Height…………………………………………………...........................97 mm
Type of long-range cocking mechanism…………………...........hydromechanical
Long-range cocking time……………………………..............20…400 s
The force of the fuse shear cover…………..........30…100 kgf
Combat work time………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30 days.
Temperature range of application………………..........from –30 to +50 degrees. FROM
Current source……………………......................................element 154 PMC-U - 48 hours (KBU - 1.5 hours)
Kit contents
Fuse………………………………………………………………......................... ..............one
Current source…………………………………………………………….…........................ ............one
Fuse with black cover for installation from a helicopter………......................1
Universal key……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .......1/24
The key for screwing the fuse into a mine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Device
On top of the fuse are: fuse 3 with a pin 4, a socket for a power source, closed by a lid 2, a handle 5 for switching the fuse from the transport position to the combat position and vice versa. Two types of fuses are used in the fuse: with a black cover - for setting mines from a helicopter, and with a red cover - for setting mines with a minelayer and manually. The fuse with a red cover has a thread 4 m long for remote start of the long-range cocking mechanism (hydromechanical).
The fuse is triggered by a change in the Earth's magnetic field caused by a target passing over the mine (tank, car, etc.).
Forbidden
1. Move near the fuse, transferred to the combat position, ferromagnetic objects, including small ones (weapon, shovel, steel probe, safety pin, etc.).
2. Move fuses brought into firing position.
3. Install mines with a fuse closer than 200 m from power lines, electrified railways, radio and radar stations.
4. Use fuses for mining, in which the height of the protrusion of the fuse is greater than the depth of the fork of the key for manually breaking the fuse cover.
5. Install the power source in the fuse, transferred to the combat position, without a fuse or with a blown fuse.
6. Unscrew the fuse from the fuse equipped with a current source.
 |
To screw the fuse into a mine, the same key is used as for the MVCh-62 fuse.
A universal key is used to replace the fuse.
Neutralization
Search and removal of mines installed with the MVN-80 fuse are allowed only with the help of the PUV-80 device.
It is forbidden:
- search for mines with probes;
Remove a mine that has visible mechanical damage to the fuse;
Remove the mine if the signal from the fuse is not heard by the control device or the proximity sensor of the fuse target is not turned off by a signal from the control device;
Move to the transport position the transfer handle of the fuse that has not been turned off by the control device.
To search and remove mines, you must:
Prepare the control device for operation;
Turn on the device and, moving in the required direction, search for mines;
Having found a mine with a fuse by a characteristic signal in the head phones, give a signal to turn off the fuse (the signal in the phones should disappear), remove the camouflage layer of soil and, supporting the fuse from displacement with your hand, move the fuse transfer handle to the transport position and fix it with a pin;
Remove the mine from the ground.
Mines whose fuses are not turned off by the control device or are not transferred to the transport position are destroyed by overhead charges.
- Purpose, main performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for installing and neutralizing the TM-83 anti-tank mine in a stand-alone version.
(Figure 1.29) consists of an incompletely armed mine and a fuse.
Figure 1.29 - Mine TM-83: 1 - explosive charge; 2 - lining; 3 - bracket handle;
4 - bracket; 5 - fastening handle; 6 - nest under the fuse
The fuse includes an ODC optical target sensor, a SDC seismic target sensor with a device for its installation, a safety-actuator (PIM), a locking mechanism (MZ), an MZU control panel, and an MD-5M fuse.
The ODC optical target sensor (Figure 1.30) provides an electrical signal to the safety-actuating mechanism when the tank crosses the aiming line. A lens and an electronic unit are installed in the plastic cylindrical housing of the optical target sensor. 
On the cover of the housing there are upper and lower terminals for connecting wires, an LED indicator for checking the health of the ODC, a socket for a current source, closed with a plug. On the side of the housing there is a rod that serves to install the ODC in the bushing of the mine housing. At the end of the rod there is a washer for fixing the ODC in the bushing. The protrusion on the side surface of the rod ensures oriented placement of the ODC in the housing sleeve.
To protect against precipitation and dust, the lens is covered with a protective film. On the cover of the housing there is a contour of the current source, showing its position in the socket.
The seismic target sensor SDC (Figure 1.31) ensures the closing of the electrical circuit between the ODC and the safety-actuator when the target (tank) approaches the mine installation site. It has a cylindrical aluminum case, which contains a geophone, an electronic unit and a current source. 
The seismic receiver is used to convert seismic signals caused by ground vibrations into electrical ones. The electronic unit provides amplification and time-frequency processing of the signals coming from the seismic receiver. On the side of the housing, two wires with lugs are brought out to connect the SDC to the ODC and the safety-actuator. A metal tag is fixed on the wire connected to the ODC. At the bottom of the case there is a threaded hole for mounting the column and a socket for a power source. The device for installing the SDC includes a tip, a column and a bushing. The tip is designed to be driven into the ground. Column - for fastening the SDC to the tip. Sleeve - to protect the shank of the tip or column when they are driven into the ground.
The safety-actuating mechanism is designed to actuate the MD-5M fuse when a signal is received from the ODC and to ensure the safety of the mine installation. PIM has a rectangular aluminum case, which contains a striker, an electric igniter, a filter to protect the electric igniter from pickup currents on the output wires, safety contacts, a hydromechanical temporary mechanism with a rod and a contact washer. In the transport position, the rod is sunk to the lowest position, the safety contacts are open, the lower end of the rod enters the striker channel, preventing it from moving to the fuse. In this position, the stem is held by a cover that rotates on the axis and is held by a pin. In the lower part of the body there is a socket for screwing in the fuse.
The wires are designed to include the PIM in the electrical circuit of the fuse. When the checks are removed, the rod is released, which, under the action of the spring and as the rubber flows, rises up, freeing the drummer channel. The contact washer closes the safety contacts and connects the electric igniter to the electrical circuit of the fuse, the PIM is transferred to the combat position.
The locking mechanism is designed for remote reusable closing or opening of the electric circuit of the fuse using the MZU control panel. A remote switch (relay) and a block with radio elements are located in the plastic cylindrical case of the MZ. At one end of the case there are two terminals for connecting wires from the SDC and PIM, from the other end there are wires of the control cable, at the end of which there is a socket for connecting the MZ to the plug of the MZU console.
The MZU control panel is designed for repeated switching on and off of the MZ, as well as for checking its condition.
The fuse MD-5M is designed to initiate an additional detonator when it is pierced with a sting of the PIM striker.
After removing the PIM checks and turning on the MZ using the MZU remote control (for a controlled installation option), after the long-range cocking time (1–30 min), the mine is transferred to the firing position.
When the tank approaches the mine installation site, the ground vibration is perceived by the SDC seismic receiver, the seismic signals are converted into electrical ones.
The SDC electronic unit amplifies these signals, performs their time-frequency processing, and closes the circuit between the optical target sensor (ODS) and PIM.
When the tank crosses the line of aiming mines, the ODC lens concentrates the energy of infrared radiation emitted by the tank on the receiving area of the pyroelectric module
Foreword.
The term "mine" in military terminology has existed for a very long time. Professor V.V. Yakovlev in his book "The History of Fortresses" points out that initially this term was used as far back as 300-400 years BC to denote digging under the walls and towers of fortresses with the aim of collapsing, collapsing the latter into an empty space (horn), arranged at the end of the underground gallery.
Later, the term "mine" denoted a powder charge laid in a tunnel under a fortress wall or tower. So, with several mines during the assault on the fortress of Kazan in 1552, Russian troops managed to make gaps in the fortress wall, which predetermined the success of the assault.
So gradually this term was finally fixed to designate an explosive charge that was not thrown like a projectile, structurally combined with explosive means and intended to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, and equipment.
With the advent of sea mines designed to disable enemy ships, and especially with the invention of a self-propelled mine (torpedo), a condition was added to the definition of the concept of "mine" - "delivered to the target not with the help of artillery guns."
In modern conditions, with the development of remote mining systems, when a mine or several mines are delivered to the installation site, including in the case of artillery shells, the wording "... delivered to the target not with the help of artillery pieces" is outdated.
The concept of "mine" (the term "engineering mine" has begun to be used more and more often) should be understood as
"... an explosive charge, structurally combined with blasting means, designed to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, equipment and actuated by the victim (man, tank, machine) on the blasting means (target sensor), or driven by action with the help of a certain type of command (radio signal, electrical impulse, hourly retarder, etc.)".
However, this definition of the term "mine" is rather vague, incomplete and somewhat contradictory.
In the first third of the 20th century, the term "mine" acquired another meaning. So they began to call, in general, an ordinary artillery shell fired from a specific type of artillery gun - a mortar. The whole difference between a mortar and a conventional artillery gun such as a cannon or howitzer is that it is smooth-bore and throws its projectiles (mines) along a very steep trajectory. A mortar mine differs from a cannon or howitzer shell only in its appearance and the way the powder charge is placed. In all other respects, the action of a mortar mine on a target is similar to the action of other types of projectiles (we will not go into subtleties).
Where this meaning of the term "mine" came from is not known for certain. The author offers his 
version, but emphasizes that this is only a version and does not consider that this is the ultimate truth.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, during the defense of the Port Arthur fortress, the Russians began to use sea mines rolling down the gutters to repel Japanese attacks on mountain positions. Then they began to use shipborne torpedo tubes on land to fire warheads of self-propelled sea mines (torpedoes) from mountainous positions down the Japanese. Then Captain Gobyato created an explosive charge, housed in a tin cone-shaped case. These charges were mounted on a wooden rod, which in turn was inserted into the 47 mm barrel. guns. The shot was fired with a cannon blank powder charge at the maximum turn of the barrel up. This projectile, by analogy with the sea mines already used for the same purpose, received the name "pole mine".
During the First World 
th war, the experience of Gobyato was remembered and the modified mines of Gobyato were widely used. True, at that time these guns were called bombers, and their shells were called bombs.
During the revival of this type of weapon in the thirties, the terms "bomb" and "bomb thrower" were considered not very suitable, because. these two words are already firmly entrenched in aviation (air bomb) and the navy (depth charge, bomb bomb). They remembered the name mortar and mine. So this term was fixed in its second meaning.
From the author. However, in English, German and most other languages, what we call a mortar is called differently - "mortar" (Moertel, the mortar, mortier, malta, mortero, ...). In my opinion, the term "mortar" is more suitable for this type of artillery system
So, the term "mine" is used in our country today in two meanings - a mine, as an artillery shell, and a mine, as an engineering ammunition. Often, to distinguish what exactly is being discussed in this context, the clarifying terms "engineering mine", "mortar mine" are used. Below in the text we will talk about the classification of engineering mines only.
End of preface.
There is no single legally approved or standardized classification of engineering mines. In any case, in the Soviet (Russian) Army. There are several generally accepted types of classification, depending on the criterion (principle) by which groups of mines are divided in this type of classification:
1. By purpose.
2. According to the method of causing harm by this type of mine.
3. According to the degree of controllability of the mine.
4. According to the principle of the target sensor used.
5. By the shape, direction and size of the affected area.
6. According to the method of delivery to the place of application (installation method).
7.By the type of explosive used in the mine.
8. By neutralization and recoverability.
9. By the presence of self-destruction or self-neutralization systems.
10. By the time of arming.
The first type of classification is considered to be the main one.
By purpose, mines are divided into three main groups:
I. Anti-tank.
II. Anti-personnel.
III. Special:
1.Anti-vehicle:
a) anti-train (railway);
b) anti-car (road);
c) anti-aircraft (aerodrome);
2. Anti-landing;
3.Objective;
4.Signal;
5. Traps (surprises);
6.Special.
In some Guides, Instructions, mines are divided by purpose not into three main groups, but into eight (anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-vehicle, anti-amphibious, object, signal, traps, special). The author believes that the division into three groups is still more correct. The fact is that military personnel of all branches of the armed forces (motorized riflemen, tankers, artillerymen, paratroopers, etc.) must be able to use anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, and only sappers work with all other mines.
Basically, all types of mines can be produced in three main modifications - combat, training, training and simulation (practical).
In order not to confuse the reader, let's consider the main groups of mines in their other types of classification.
I. Anti-tank mines designed to destroy or remove 
from the ranks of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. They can also hit unarmored vehicles, and in some cases people, although the latter is not included in the scope of the tasks of this type of mine, but is a side, random result.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-tank mines are:
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the tank);
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse).
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, and it is not necessary that the operation of the target sensor cause the mine to explode. The operation of one target sensor may be aimed at activating the second stage sensor. For example, in a mine of the TM-83 type, the seismic target sensor, when a tank enters its zone of operation, only turns on a thermal sensor, which, when the tank acts on it, already causes a mine explosion.
Typically, the stepwise use of sensors is aimed at saving the resource of the main target sensor or power supply.
There are target sensors with multiplicity elements. Such a sensor initiates a mine only on the second or subsequent impact of the target on the mine. For example, the fuse MVD-62 of the Soviet mine TM-62, which works only when it is hit a second time. Moreover, no more than 1 second should elapse between pressing. Or the No.5 Mk 4 fuse of the Mk7 English mine, which only works when it is hit a second time.
According to the method of causing harm, anti-tank mines are divided into:
- anti-track (destroy the tracks of the caterpillar, the wheel and thereby deprive the tank of mobility);
- anti-bottom (pierce the bottom of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members);
- anti-aircraft (pierce the side of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members).
- anti-roof (hit the tank from above).
According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines are divided into unguided and guided. As a rule, in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching the target sensor from the control panel to a combat or safe position by the operator. Control can be carried out via a command radio link or via a wired line. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their tanks, they are not undermined, and enemy tanks, on the contrary. The controllability of anti-tank mines in the sense of detonating the mines by the operator when the tank is in the affected area is not currently used.
According to the method of installation of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:
As a rule, most types of anti-tank mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:
Both of these terms are quite similar to each other, but they do not mean the same thing.
Neutralization consists in the ability to transfer the mine fuse to one of two positions - safe or combat (it does not matter - by removing the fuse from the mine or using a switch, safety checks, etc.).
Retrievability is the ability to remove the mine from the installation site. If the mine is not recoverable, then when you try to remove it, it will explode.
According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with chemical explosives. Anti-tank mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
II. anti-personnel mines designed to destroy or disable enemy personnel. How 
as a rule, these mines are unable to cause significant damage to enemy tanks, armored vehicles and vehicles. The maximum is to damage the car wheel, trim, glass, radiator.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-personnel mines are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered when a person's leg sensor is pressed);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil when a person moves);
-thermal action (the operation of a mine occurs when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has).
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two or three target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.
According to the method of causing harm to PP, mines are divided:
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet that pierces the foot of the foot).
According to the degree of controllability, PP mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of PP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when enemy soldiers are in the mine's affected area. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their soldiers, they are not undermined, and the enemy soldiers, on the contrary.
According to the method of installing PP mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most types of PP mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of PP mines are divided into:
- retrievable non-neutralized,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all PP mines are mines with a chemical explosive. PP mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
PP mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
PP mines are divided into two main groups according to the time they are brought into combat position -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
III-1. Anti-vehicle mines designed to destroy or disable vehicles 
enemy moving along transport routes (roads, railways, parking lots, runways and platforms, taxiways of airfields). Anti-tank mines disable both unarmored and armored vehicles. These mines are not intended to destroy or injure personnel, although very often damage to vehicles leads to the simultaneous defeat of personnel.
According to the type of target sensor, anti-vehicle mines are:
-pressure action (triggered by pressing the target sensor with a caterpillar, a car wheel);
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the vehicle;
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the vehicle engine noise level is exceeded).
According to the method of causing harm to anti-tank missiles, mines are divided:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion - complete or partial destruction of the machine, the mover of the machine (wheels, tracks), etc.);
fragmentation (inflict damage on the vehicle with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows);
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet or impact core).
According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of anti-tank mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the zone of destruction of the mine.
According to the method of installation of anti-tank mines, mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-tank mines, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with a chemical explosive. There are no anti-vehicle mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives in any of the armies of the world.
Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
Features of the design of anti-vehicle mines allows the use of many of them as multi-purpose mines.. As a rule, as objective mines, i.e. mines that explode after a certain specified period of time. Or exploded by the operator from the control panel via a command wire or radio link.
III-2. Anti-amphibious mines designed to disable or destroy enemy watercraft (boats, 
boats, pontoons, floating machines) when these watercraft are moving on the water. The destruction or injury of personnel for this type of mine is a side, secondary result of the operation of the mine.
According to the type of target sensor, PD mines are:
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal of the vessel's hull);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the noise level of the propeller of the craft is exceeded);
-contact action (the operation of a mine occurs when the hull of the craft comes into contact with the sensitive elements of the target sensor (antenna, rod, crumpled horn, etc.).
According to the method of causing harm to AP mines, as a rule, belong to one type:
- high-explosive (they inflict damage with a water hammer arising from the explosion of a mine charge - there is a violation of the tightness of the hull, a breakdown from the engine mount and equipment of the machine).
According to the degree of controllability, AP mines, like PT mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the target sensor distance to a combat or safe position, then some types of AP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the mine's strike zone. However, the author is not aware of any type of guided missile launcher currently in service anywhere.
According to the method of installation of PD mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed using mechanical means.
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As of 2013, the author is aware of one brand of anti-landing remotely placed mine. This is a Russian PDM-4.
By recoverability and neutralization, PD mines are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all PD mines are mines with a chemical explosive. Antiamphibious mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
PD mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, the supply of a radio signal, a wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a predetermined period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).
PD mines by the time they are brought into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).
III-3. Object mines designed to destroy or remove from 
system, damage to various fixed or moving enemy objects (buildings, bridges, dams, locks, factory workshops, docks, stocks, road sections, moorings, oil and gas pipelines, water pumping stations, treatment facilities, large tanks with fuel and gas, fortifications , rolling stock, cars, armored vehicles, airfield facilities, power plant turbines, oil rigs, oil pumps, etc., etc.).
The destruction or incapacitation of personnel is usually an incidental, but not an accidental task of objective mines. And in a number of cases, the destruction or damage of an object is carried out with the aim of inflicting maximum losses on both personnel and combat and other equipment of the enemy. For example, the destruction of a dam as an object may have the goal of causing a wave of release and flooding of vast territories in order to destroy enemy personnel and disable his weapons.
Object mines usually do not have target sensors. The explosion is carried out after a predetermined period of time or by applying a control signal via wires or radio links.
According to the method of causing harm, OM are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion of a certain (often significant) amount of explosives);
According to the degree of controllability, OM are divided into:
-controlled (First type - the explosion is carried out by a signal by wire or radio. The second type - a timer (time counter) is activated by a control signal, which, after a predetermined or entered by a control signal period of time, will cause a mine explosion);
-unmanaged (explosion occurs after a specified period of time).
All OMs are installed only manually. By means of mechanization, only auxiliary work is carried out (extraction of pits, dressing of charging niches in the thickness of the object undermined, etc.). There are no remotely installed OMs yet, but it is possible to develop them and put them into service.
According to the recoverability and neutralization of OM, they are divided into: 
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, explosives are divided into:
- mines with chemical explosive;
- mines with a nuclear explosive (at present, such mines are probably in service with the US and British armies. There are no such mines in other countries.)
OM may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Moreover, a self-neutralization system is more often used, which does not explode a mine, but transfers it to a safe state.
OM by the time of bringing them into combat position are not divided into groups, but are brought into combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a specified period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance or to withdraw our troops from the given area (usually from 2 minutes up to 72 hours).
III-4. signal mines are not intended to destroy or damage anyone or anything. The task of the CM is to give out the presence of the enemy in a given place, to designate it, to draw attention to this place of its units.
In terms of size, characteristics, and installation methods, SMs are close to anti-personnel mines.
By type of target sensor, SM are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered by pressing the sensor of a person's leg, car wheel, tank caterpillar);
- tension action (the operation of the mine occurs when the wire sensor is pulled by the foot or body of a person);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body, the car body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil during the movement of a person or equipment);
-thermal action (the operation of a mine occurs when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body or from the engine of the car);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body or the body of the car obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has or the metal of the car body).
A combination of two, three or more target sensors is possible.
According to the method of causing harm (if I may say so), signal mines are divided:
- sound (when triggered, they emit loud sounds that can be heard at a considerable distance);
- light (when triggered, they give bright flashes of light, or a bright light burns for a certain time, or the mine throws up flares (stars);
- smoke (when triggered, a cloud of colored smoke is formed);
- combined (sound and light, sometimes smoke);
radio signal (transmit a detection signal to the control panel.
According to the installation method, signal mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most of the types of SM installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.
According to recoverability and neutralization, SM are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
Signal mines do not have explosives; as a rule, they do not have self-destruction (self-neutralization) systems.
All signal mines, as a rule, are transferred to a combat position instantly after the removal of safety blocking devices
III-5. Booby traps (surprise mines) designed to be removed from 
formation or destruction of enemy personnel, equipment, weapons, objects; creating an atmosphere of nervousness, fear in the enemy ("minophobia"); deprivation of his desire to use local or abandoned (captured) household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; suppression of enemy work on the neutralization of mines of other types, clearance of terrain or objects. As a rule, booby traps are triggered as a result of an attempt by the enemy to use household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; clear the area, objects, neutralize mines of other types.
MLs are divided into two main types:
- non-provoking (triggered when trying to use an object, neutralize a mine of a different type, etc.);
provocative (by its behavior, the ML induces the enemy to perform actions that will cause the mine to explode.
For example, when an enemy soldier enters a room, a provocative-type ML, designed in the form of a telephone, starts making phone calls, causing a person to want to pick up the phone, which in turn will cause a mine explosion). An example of a non-provocative type of ML is the MS-3 mine, which is installed under an anti-tank mine and is triggered when trying to remove anti-tank weapons from the installation site
The types of ML target sensors are diverse and are determined by the design features of each specific sample of a booby trap. Basically, they can be divided into the following types:
- responsive to switching on (triggered when you try to activate this sample of the device, device. For example, turn on the radio, start the car engine, cock the shutter or release the hook of the weapon, pick up the handset, light the gas stove);
- unloading action (triggered when trying to pick up an object, open a box, box, open a package, etc.);
- reacting to a change in the position of an object with a mine enclosed in it in space (tilt, move, rotate, lift, push, etc.);
- inertial action (triggered when the speed of the object with the mine enclosed in it changes, i.e. at the initial moment of movement, acceleration, braking);
- photo actions (triggered when light is applied to the light-sensitive element. For example, when the electric lighting in the room is turned on or off; when a box or package is opened; when a camera flash lamp is fired, etc.);
- seismic action (triggered by vibration that occurs when the target approaches (man, machine, etc.));
-acoustic action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to sounds (human voice, engine noise, sounds of shots, etc.));
-thermal action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat (the heat of the human body, the motor of a car, a heating device, etc.));
- magnetic action (triggered when exposed to the magnetic fields of a car, metal that a person has, a mine detector, etc.));
- choric action (triggered when a certain value of the volume of a given room is reached. For example, a mine will explode only when at least a certain number of people gather in the room.);
- baric action (triggered when a certain ambient pressure is reached - air, water. For example, a mine will explode when the aircraft reaches a certain height.
Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two to five target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.
According to the method of causing harm, MLs are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of the explosion - separation of limbs, destruction of the human body, etc.);
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet).
According to the installation method, booby traps are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
The main installation method is manual.
According to recoverability and neutralization, ML are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized,
- retrievable non-decontamination,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
According to the type of explosive used, all MLs are mines with chemical explosives. Mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Booby traps may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system.
ML according to the time of bringing them into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours) or leave the area by our troops.
The use of booby-traps (min-surprises) is of a special, specific nature. These mines have been and are being used by all warring armies and armed groups, although to a rather limited extent. At the same time, as a rule, the use of ML by its own troops is carefully disguised (very often, including from its own military personnel of other branches of the military), and their use by the enemy is advertised and exaggerated in every possible way. This is due, firstly, to great difficulties in determining the moment when this mining can begin (otherwise, losses may be incurred by their own troops); secondly, it is usually impossible to determine subsequently the effectiveness of mining and the degree of harm to the enemy; thirdly, a significant part of such mines inflicts damage not on enemy soldiers, but on local residents, which in some cases is inexpedient; Fourthly, most of the ML is adapted for use in populated areas, premises, facilities, and the bulk of the fighting is carried out in the field.
III-6. Special mines. This group includes mines that cannot be more or less clearly assigned to any of the 
the above. They are designed to harm the enemy in specific ways.
The following types of special mines are currently known:
- under ice (designed to destroy the ice cover of water bodies in order to exclude the crossing of enemy troops on ice);
-anti-mines (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine sensor is exposed to mine detector fields (magnetic, radio frequency, laser);
- anti-probe (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine probe sensor is touched);
- chemical land mines and mines (create a zone of contamination with chemical warfare agents when triggered);
- bacteriological (biological) (designed to infect the area with pathogens and create foci of epidemics of dangerous diseases of people and animals);
- fire bombs (when triggered, they inflict damage with burning oil products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), incendiary mixtures (napalm, pyrogel), solid incendiary substances or mixtures (termite, phosphorus);
- stone-throwing land mines (when triggered, they inflict defeat with stones thrown out by the force of an explosion of a conventional explosive);
- alloyed (discharged into the river upstream and explode upon contact with a bridge, dam, sluice, watercraft).
- self-propelled mines.
In other respects, special mines are close to anti-tank or anti-personnel mines.
Chemical mines and landmines are not currently in service anywhere in connection with the Chemical Weapons Treaty and their appearance in service in the future is highly doubtful. XM were in service with the armies of the United States and Great Britain, they were quite widely used by them in the Korean War of 1951-53, and to a limited extent in the Vietnam War of 1966-75.
The existence of biological mines is theoretically possible, but samples of such mines are unknown to the author. Attempts to use bacteriological weapons (including mines) were made by the Japanese during the Second World War in the Pacific theater of operations, by the Americans in the Korean War of 1951-53, but no encouraging results were achieved. Also 
attempts were made by France during the war in Algeria in the fifties.
Fire, stone-throwing landmines are more often homemade. They are not in service anywhere as regular samples of mines.
The inclusion of anti-mine and anti-probe mines in the group of special mines is controversial. The author agrees with the opinion that these mines are more likely to be booby traps.
Self-propelled mines today are represented only by German self-propelled mines of the Goliath type from the Second World War.
There is also quite a lot of ammunition that is difficult to unequivocally attribute to mines. For example, a combined ZMG grenade-mine
Sources
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3. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book three. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1977
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