Principles of classification of artillery shots. Modern artillery shells. ...and traditional ammunition

An artillery shot is a set of elements of artillery ammunition necessary for the production of one shot.

The main elements of an artillery shot are a projectile, a fuse (tube), a powder propellant charge, a cartridge case, a primer (ignition) sleeve.

Depending on the way the individual elements are connected to each other before loading, artillery shots can be of unitary loading, separately - cartridge case loading, cap loading.

In a unitary-loaded artillery shot, the projectile, propellant charge and primer sleeve are combined into one. A unitary charge shot has a constant powder charge, and the cartridge case is firmly connected to the projectile. The guns are loaded with it in one step. A mine and a rocket projectile can be classified as unitary charge shots.

In a separate shot - case loading, the primer sleeve and the powder charge are in the sleeve, and the projectile is separate from the sleeve. The gun is loaded in two steps.

By appointment artillery rounds are divided into combat, practical, training and blank.

Live shots are intended for use in combat firing.

Practical shots are intended for training firing, testing of materiel, do not contain combat equipment.

Training shots do not contain combat elements and are used to study the device of the shot, to train the gun crew in loading techniques and to prepare ammunition for firing.

Blank shots have no projectiles and are used for sound simulation.

By caliber shells are divided into small, medium and large caliber shells.

Shells and mines with a caliber of less than 76 mm are classified as small caliber, those with a caliber from 76 to 152 mm - as a medium caliber, more than 152 mm - as a large caliber.

According to the method of ensuring stability in flight shells and mines are divided into rotation-stabilized and fin-stabilized.

According to the purpose of the projectiles can be the main purpose, special and auxiliary purposes.

Main purpose shells are used to suppress, destroy and destroy various targets. These include fragmentation - high-explosive, armor-piercing, concrete-piercing and incendiary shells.

High-explosive fragmentation shells are the most common and simplest in design.

There are three types of armor-piercing shells: armor-piercing caliber, armor-piercing sub-caliber and cumulative.

Armor-piercing caliber and sub-caliber shells pierce armor due to the high kinetic energy of the projectile body hitting the armor. HEAT projectiles penetrate armor due to the efficient use of energy, the explosive of the shaped charge, its cumulation (concentration) and the provision of directed action.

The effect of HEAT shells consists of burning through the armor and the damaging effect behind the armor. The damaging effect behind the armor is provided by the combined action of the cumulative jet, armor metal particles and detonation products of the bursting charge.

Concrete-piercing shells are intended for the destruction of reinforced concrete, especially strong stone structures, basements.

Incendiary projectiles are designed to create fires in the enemy's location.

Special-purpose projectiles are used to illuminate the area, set up smoke screens, and deliver propaganda material to the enemy's location. Such projectiles include lighting, smoke, agitation projectiles and other projectiles.

The sleeve is part of an artillery shot and is intended to contain a powder charge and means of ignition in it. According to the material, the sleeves are divided into metal and sleeves with a burning body.

A powder propellant charge is placed inside the sleeve. In artillery shots separately - case loading, the powder charge consists of separate beams, which allows you to change the mass of the charge. The main part of the charge for an artillery shot is smokeless powder. Another constituent part of the charge of an artillery shot is black powder, used as a smokeless powder igniter from the initiating substance of the primer sleeve.

The fuses and tubes are designed to actuate the projectile (mine) at the required point of the trajectory or after hitting an obstacle. Fuzes are applied to projectiles (mines) filled with high explosive, and tubes - to projectiles (mines) equipped with an expelling charge (illuminating, incendiary, propaganda).

Fuses by type of action are divided into percussion (contact), remote and non-contact. According to the point of connection with the projectile, fuses are divided into head, bottom and head-bottom fuses.

According to the method of excitation of the detonation circuit, fuses are divided into mechanical and electrical.

Proximity fuses on the basis of excitation are divided into radio fuses, optical, acoustic, infrared, etc.

Impact fuses are triggered when they meet an obstacle.

The fuses have three settings: for fragmentation action, for high-explosive action, for ricochet or high-explosive action with deceleration.

Remote fuses fire on a trajectory after a predetermined time in accordance with the setting on the remote mechanism. Proximity fuses detonate projectiles at the most advantageous distance from the target.

Proximity fuses that perceive the energy emitted by the target are called passive fuses: fuses that emit energy and react to it after reflection from the target are called active fuses.

In their design and action, the tubes are close to remote fuses, but since they are mainly intended for incendiary, lighting and campaign projectiles, the tubes do not have a detonator. As a result of the operation of the tube, a powder firecracker ignites, from which the flames are transmitted to the expelling charge.

Mortar shots.

A mortar shot consists of a mine, a fuse or tube, and a powder charge.

Mines can be main, special and auxiliary purposes.

The mines of the main purpose include high-explosive, fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, incendiary.

Mines for special purposes include: smoke, lighting and propaganda.

Auxiliary mines include: training and practical.

The mine consists of a shell, equipment and a stabilizer.

The shell of the mine is made of steel or cast iron. A fuse is screwed into the head of the mine, which ensures the operation of the mine at the target.

Equipped mines are determined by its purpose.

The mine stabilizer is intended to give it stability in flight, to secure the powder charge and to center the mine in the mortar bore.

Rockets.

A rocket projectile consists of a warhead and a jet engine.

The warhead of the projectile consists of a steel shell, equipment and a fuse. According to its purpose, the warhead of a rocket can be of the main, special and auxiliary purpose. In accordance with this, the equipment of the warhead, as well as the artillery shell, may be different.

The jet engine is used to impart translational motion to the projectile. It consists of a housing, an igniter and a nozzle block.

According to the method of stabilization in flight, rockets are divided into feathered and turbojet, which have a high angular velocity of rotation in flight.

For feathered projectiles, in the tail section of the jet engine, stabilizers are placed to ensure the stability of the projectile in flight. Feathered rocket projectiles are given rotation during launch. Turbojet projectiles are given rotation by an engine whose nozzles are located at an angle to the axis of the projectile.

3rd study question: "Classification of missiles, general device and purpose".

Combat missile- is an unmanned aerial vehicle controlled or uncontrolled on a trajectory, flying under the action of a reactive force and designed to deliver a warhead to a target.

Rockets are classified according to the following criteria:

affiliation of missiles to the type of armed forces;

combat mission;

Starting point and target location

constructive characteristics.

1. By belonging to the type of armed forces distinguish between: combat missiles of the Strategic Missile Forces, RV and A SV, missiles of the air defense forces.

The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with medium-class missiles with a launch range of 5500 km and intercontinental missiles with a launch range of over 5500 km.

The RV SV is armed with medium-range (with a launch range of over 100 km) and short-range missiles.

The Ground Forces have formations, units and subunits of air defense, which are armed with missiles to destroy air targets.

In formations, units and subunits of the SV, the following are in service:

in missile formations and units - operational-tactical and tactical missiles on mobile launchers:

· in anti-aircraft missile formations, units and subdivisions - anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft missile-cannon systems on a tracked or wheeled chassis, portable anti-aircraft missile systems.

2. According to the combat purpose of the rocket divided into tactical, operational-tactical and strategic.

Tactical missiles include missiles designed to destroy objects located directly on the battlefield and in the tactical depth of the enemy's defense.

Operational-tactical missiles are designed to perform tactical and operational tasks.

Strategic missiles are designed to solve important strategic tasks in order to achieve decisive goals in a war.

3. Concerning the start location and target All combat missiles are divided into the following classes:

"earth - earth";

"air - ground";

"ship - land";

"land - ship";

"air - ship";

"ship - ship";

"earth - air";

"air - air";

"ship - air".

4. Design characteristics of missiles determined by the type of engine, the number of stages, the presence of a control system.

According to the type of engine, rockets with a liquid-propellant rocket engine (LPRE), rockets with a solid-propellant rocket engine (RDTT), rockets with an air-jet engine (WRE) are distinguished.

According to the number of stages, the rocket is divided into single-stage and multi-stage. Combat missiles can be two or three stages. The separation of each stage from the next, continuing the flight, occurs as the fuel is used up.

In accordance with the flight path, ballistic and cruise missiles are distinguished. Ballistic missiles include missiles that fly along a ballistic trajectory. Cruise missiles have a glider and outwardly resemble a fighter plane.

All combat missiles, depending on the possibility of control, are divided into two groups: unguided and guided.

Unguided missiles include missiles whose flight direction is determined at the moment of launch by the position of the launcher.

Guided missiles have a control system. Missile control system is a set of equipment and devices designed to control a missile or its warhead in flight. The missile control system includes meters - converters (sensors), computing devices and executive (control) bodies. Depending on the method of obtaining navigation information and the adopted guidance method, missiles with an autonomous flight control system are distinguished: missiles with a telecontrol and homing system, as well as missiles with a combined control system.

Main structural elements:

Rocket body- this is the main power structure of the rocket, designed to accommodate, assemble and fasten all units, components and parts. The case usually has several structural connectors that divide it into compartments. The main ones are: head, instrument, fuel, tail (engine), connecting (in multi-stage rockets).

head compartment serves, as a rule, to place a warhead with a fuse. Its design must reliably protect the instruments and devices located inside from aerodynamic, thermal and other loads.

In the instrument compartment the onboard equipment of the control system is located, which performs two main tasks: ensures a stabilized (sustainable) flight of the rocket on the trajectory, generates commands to change the trajectory of the rocket.

fuel compartment- the largest on the rocket. The fuel reserve is up to 80% or more of the initial, starting mass of the rocket.

tail compartment protects the engine from direct influence of external forces. The executive organs of the control system are attached to it.

4th study question: "The purpose, composition and tactical - technical characteristics of the anti-aircraft systems of the Ground Forces."

The solution of the task of destroying enemy air attack means is assigned to anti-aircraft missile (artillery) formations, air defense units and subunits of the Ground Forces. Their material basis is anti-aircraft missile systems, anti-aircraft artillery systems of various types.

Modern anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems and complexes can destroy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and other aircraft, ballistic missiles for tactical and operational-tactical purposes, as well as aviation weapons: guided missiles, bombs and clusters.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Based on the maximum range of destruction of air targets, anti-aircraft missile systems are divided into long-range systems (100 km or more); medium range (20-100 km); short range (10-20 km); short range (up to 10 km)

By mobility, air defense systems are divided into: stationary, semi-stationary and mobile. In the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, mobile air defense systems are mainly used.

Mobile air defense systems there are self-propelled, towed, transportable and portable

In self-propelled complexes, combat and technical means are located on one or more caterpillar (wheeled) self-propelled chassis.

In towed air defense systems they are placed on wheeled trailers or semi-trailers.

Transported air defense systems partially or completely transported in the bodies of wheeled or tracked vehicles.

Portable air defense systems usually worn by crew members.

Anti-aircraft missile system "Tor" provides combat against the following targets: cruise and anti-radar missiles, glide bombs, tactical aircraft, helicopters and remotely piloted aircraft. The basis of the complex is a combat vehicle on a tracked chassis with 8 missiles in launchers inside the BM tower in a vertical position.

The complex provides detection, identification and processing of up to 25 targets on the move and in the parking lot, tracking up to 10 targets in a given sector, and shelling targets from a short stop with 1-2 missiles pointing at the target. The reaction time of the complex is 8-12 seconds; (speed of fired targets up to 700 m / s (up to 2500 km / h).

The boundaries of the affected area: in height 0.01-6 km, in range 1.5-12 km.

With single missiles, the Thor combat vehicle provides shelling of up to 6 targets per minute. An anti-aircraft missile battery consisting of 4 combat vehicles can fire up to 15 targets per minute. The time of readiness for shooting from the march (when accompanied by a target on the move) is at least 3 seconds.

speed up to 65 km/h.

Combat crew - 4 people.

Anti-aircraft missile-nushka complex "Tunguska" ensures the defeat of air targets from a place, short stops and on the move in various weather conditions, at any time of the day, as well as in the conditions of the use of radar and optical interference.

The basis of the complex is a self-propelled anti-aircraft installation on a tracked chassis with two 30-mm double-barreled machine guns and 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles placed in launchers. For each ZSU, a transport and anti-aircraft vehicle is provided on the chassis of an off-road vehicle.

The reaction time of the complex is 8-10 sec.

The speed of fired targets is up to 500 m/s (1800 km/h).

The boundary of the affected area by the cannon channel -

In height 0-3 km, in range 0.2-4 km with a missile channel;

Altitude 1.5-3.5 km, range 2.5-8 km

Travel speed up to 65 km/h

Combat crew - 4 people

Anti-aircraft missile batteries, motorized rifle (tank) regiments are armed with man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), which are designed to destroy enemy low-flying air targets in visual visibility conditions. Shooting is carried out at stationary and maneuvering targets both towards and in pursuit of the target. The missile is launched by an anti-aircraft gunner from the shoulder from a standing position or from a kneeling position with an open position providing an overview of the airspace. Portable anti-aircraft missile systems are equipped with interrogators. When starting, the target is first requested and if the target responds with the correct code, then the launch circuit is blocked.

Portable anti-aircraft missile system "Igla" ensures the destruction of jet, turboprop and propeller-driven aircraft and helicopters on head-on and overtaking courses in conditions of visual visibility of the target.

Time of readiness for launch no more than 5 sec.

Speed ​​of fired targets: towards - 360 m / s

in pursuit - 320 m / s

The boundaries of the affected area: the maximum height on a collision course - 2 km, on the overtaking - 2.5 km, the minimum height of the defeat - 0.01 km.

Transfer time from traveling to combat position no more than 13 seconds

Combat crew - 1 person.

Elements of anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft artillery systems./

Anti-aircraft missile system (SAM), anti-aircraft missile system (SAM)- a set of combat and technical means providing training for firing, firing, maintenance and maintenance of all its elements in combat readiness. An anti-aircraft missile system (system) ensures the autonomous execution of tasks for the destruction of air targets by anti-aircraft missiles.

The main elements of the air defense system are:

Detection and target designation system;

a missile control system;

one or more anti-aircraft guided missiles;

· launcher;

· technical means.

The basis of the detection system in most air defense systems, they are radar stations that produce a circular (sector) view of the airspace and determine the coordinates of detected targets.

Target designation means are devices for processing and analyzing information about the air situation coming from the detection radar, used to make a decision on hitting air targets.

SAM control system includes launch control devices and means of guiding the missile to the target. The control devices ensure the turn of the launcher with missiles in the direction of the target and the launch of an anti-aircraft missile at the set time automatically or when the operator presses a button.

The means of missile guidance to the target are a set of devices located on the ground that provide continuous determination of the coordinates of the target and missiles and its guidance to the target.

Anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) is an unmanned aerial vehicle with a jet engine, designed to destroy air targets. The main elements of the missile defense system: airframe, onboard guidance systems, missile warhead, propulsion system. For aiming missiles at a target, the following methods are distinguished: teleguidance (command and by beam), homing (passive, semi-active, active) and combined guidance (combination of teleguidance with homing).

Anti-aircraft missile launcher- a device designed for placement, pre-launch preparation and launch of a rocket in a given direction.

Technical means include transport, handling, inspection, assembly and repair equipment, which provides inspection, repair work, transportation of missiles, loading of launchers.

Military air defense units and subunits are armed with military equipment with high combat capabilities that make it possible to destroy an air enemy in the conditions of electronic warfare and the use of high-precision weapons by him.

Artillery ammunition is an integral part of artillery systems designed to destroy manpower and equipment, destroy structures (fortifications) and perform special tasks (lighting, smoke, delivering propaganda material, etc.). They include artillery rounds, mortar rounds, as well as ground-based MLRS rockets. According to the nature of the equipment, artillery ammunition with conventional explosives, chemical and biological (bacteriological) are distinguished. By appointment: main (for destruction and destruction), special (for lighting, smoke, setting radio interference, etc.) and auxiliary (for training personnel, testing, etc.).

Artillery shot- ammunition for firing from an artillery gun. It was a set of elements for a single shot: a projectile with a fuse, a propellant charge in a sleeve or cap, a means of igniting the charge and auxiliary elements (phlegmatizers, decoppers, flame arresters, wads, etc.).

According to their purpose, artillery shots are divided into combat (for live firing; they make up gun ammunition), blanks (for sound imitation; instead of a projectile, a wad or a reinforced cover; a special charge), practical (for training gun crews to fire; inert equipment projectile; fuse - diluted) , training (for studying the device and teaching the methods of handling ammunition, loading and firing; shot elements - inert equipment or mock-ups) and system trials (for testing artillery pieces).

An artillery shot is called complete if it has all the elements, but is not assembled, and is ready when it is assembled. A ready-made artillery shot can be finally and incompletely equipped (respectively, with a screwed-in or non-screwed fuse).

According to the method of loading, they distinguish:

Artillery shot cap loading- the projectile, propellant charge in the charging cap (sheath made of dense fabric for placing propellant charges of artillery and mortar rounds) and the ignition means are not connected to each other; are used in large-caliber guns loaded in three stages (by elements). The use of caps became widespread from the first half of the 17th century, which significantly reduced the time required for loading. Prior to this, gunpowder was poured into the gun barrel manually.

Artillery shot separate-sleeve loading- the cartridge case with the projectile and ignition means is not connected to the projectile; It is used mainly in medium-caliber guns loaded in two steps. Created in 1870–1871 by the Frenchman Reffy.

Artillery shot unitary loading- projectile, propellant charge and ignition means are combined into one; It is used in all automatic and semi-automatic guns, as well as in some non-automatic guns of various types of artillery, loaded in one step. An artillery shot of a unitary caliber loader is sometimes called an artillery cartridge.

One of the main components of an artillery shot was projectile- a means of defeating manpower, materiel and fortifications of the enemy, fired from an artillery gun. Most types of shells were an axisymmetric metal body with a flat bottom, which was pressed by powder gases formed during the combustion of a propellant charge. This body may be solid or hollow, streamlined or swept, and may or may not carry a payload. All these factors, together with the internal structure, determined the purpose of the projectile. The classification of shells was carried out according to the following criteria. According to the purpose, the shells were divided into:

- armor-piercing shells designed to combat enemy armored vehicles. According to their design, they were divided into caliber, sub-caliber with a permanent or detachable pallet, and arrow-shaped feathered shells.

- concrete-piercing shells designed to destroy reinforced concrete long-term fortifications.

- high-explosive projectiles designed to destroy field and long-term fortifications, wire fences, buildings.

- cumulative projectiles designed to destroy armored vehicles and garrisons of long-term fortifications by creating a narrowly directed jet of explosion products with high penetrating power.

- fragmentation projectiles designed to destroy enemy manpower with fragments formed when the projectile bursts. The gap occurs when it hits an obstacle or remotely in the air.

- buckshot - ammunition intended for the destruction of an openly located enemy manpower in the self-defense of a gun. It consists of bullets packed in a combustible frame, which, when fired, fly apart in a certain sector from the gun barrel.

- shrapnel - ammunition designed to destroy openly located enemy manpower with bullets located inside his body. The rupture of the hull and the ejection of bullets from it occurs in flight.

- chemical projectiles containing a potent poisonous substance to destroy the enemy's manpower. Some types of chemical projectiles may contain a non-lethal chemical element that deprives enemy soldiers of combat capability (tear, psychotropic, etc. substances).

- biological projectiles containing a potent biological toxin or a culture of infectious microorganisms. They were intended for the destruction or non-lethal incapacitation of enemy manpower.

- incendiary projectiles containing a recipe for igniting easily combustible materials and objects, such as city buildings, fuel depots, etc.

- smoke projectiles containing a formulation for the formation of smoke in large quantities. They were used to create smoke screens, blinding enemy command and observation posts.

- lighting projectiles containing a recipe for creating a long-lasting and bright-burning flame. It is used to illuminate the battlefield at night. As a rule, they are equipped with a parachute for a longer duration of illumination.

- tracer shells, leaving behind a bright trace during its flight, visible to the naked eye.

- propaganda shells containing leaflets inside to agitate enemy soldiers or spread propaganda among the civilian population in enemy front-line settlements.

- training projectiles intended for training personnel of artillery units. They can be either a dummy or a weight-and-size model, unsuitable for firing, or ammunition suitable for training firing.

Some of these classification features may overlap. For example, high-explosive fragmentation, armor-piercing tracer shells, etc. are widely known.

The projectile consisted of a body, equipment (or tracer) and a fuse. Some shells had a stabilizer. The body or core of the projectile was made of alloy steel, or steel cast iron, tungsten, etc. It consisted of a head, cylindrical and zapoyaskovy parts. The body of the projectile had a sharp-headed or blunt-headed shape. For the correct guidance of the projectile along the bore when fired, its cylindrical part has a centering thickening (one or two) and a leading belt pressed into the groove (made of copper, bimetal, iron-ceramic, nylon), which prevents the breakthrough of powder gases and the rotational movement of the projectile when fired, necessary for its stable flight on the trajectory. To undermine the projectile, an impact, non-contact, remote or combined fuse was used. The length of the shells usually ranged from 2.3 to 5.6 of its caliber.

By caliber, shells are divided into small (20-70 mm), medium (70-155 mm in ground artillery and up to 100 mm in anti-aircraft) and large (over 155 mm in ground and over 100 mm in anti-aircraft) calibers. The power of the projectile depends on the type and mass of its charge and is determined by the filling factor of the projectile (the ratio of the mass of the explosive charge of the explosive to the mass of the fully loaded projectile), which is up to 25% for high-explosive projectiles, up to 15% for high-explosive fragmentation and cumulative, up to 2.5% for armor-piercing %. For fragmentation projectiles, the power is also determined by the number of lethal fragments and the radius of the affected area. Projectiles are characterized by range (high-altitude), accuracy of fire, safe handling and stability (during storage).

Mortar shot- ammunition for firing from mortars. It consists of a mine, the main (igniter) and additional (propellant) powder charges with ignition means. According to their purpose, mortar rounds are subdivided similarly to artillery rounds. Mines are feathered (most) and rotating. The fully equipped feathered mine includes a body made of steel or steel cast iron, equipment, a fuse, a stabilizer or plumage that opens after the mine leaves the bore. Rotary mines usually have lugs on the drive band that engage with the rifling of the barrel when loaded. To increase the firing range, active-jet mines with a jet engine are used. The length of mines was usually up to 8 calibers.

rocket projectiles are described in the chapter "Missiles and Missile Weapons".

During the war years, the USSR produced about 7.5 million tons of ammunition, incl. field and naval artillery shells - 333.3 million pieces, mortar shells - 257.8 million (of which 50-mm - 41.6 million pieces, 82-mm - 126.6 million pieces), shells MLRS - 14.5 million. In addition, 2.3 million tons of artillery ammunition was at the disposal of the Soviet troops by the beginning of the war.

In 1941-1942. Germany seized about 1 million tons of ammunition from the USSR, incl. 0.6 million tons of artillery.

It should be noted that during the war years, Germany spent about 1.5 times (and at the beginning of the war 2 times) less artillery ammunition compared to the USSR, since German artillery fired at targets, and the USSR fired at areas. So on the Eastern Front, German troops spent 5.6 million tons. ammunition, against 8 million tons. Soviet troops.

In Germany, during the war years, about 9 million tons were produced. ammunition of all kinds.

In the United States during the war years, 11 million tons of artillery ammunition and 1.2 million tons of ammunition were fired. reactive. Including 55 million shells for howitzers, anti-tank and field artillery.

Below are the most common artillery ammunition by caliber and country.

Artillery ammunition includes shells fired from cannons and howitzers, mortar mines, and rockets.

It is very problematic to classify in any way the artillery ammunition used during the war years on the fronts.

The most common classification is by caliber, purpose and design.

USSR: 20, 23, 37, 45, 57, 76, 86 (unitary), 100, 107, 122, 130, 152, 203 mm, etc. (separate charging)

However, there are cartridges for the DShK-12.7 mm machine gun, the bullet of which is a high-explosive fragmentation projectile. Even a 7.62 mm caliber rifle bullet (the so-called sighting and incendiary) PBZ model 1932 is, in essence, a very dangerous explosive projectile.

Germany and allies: 20, 37, 47, 50, 75, 88, 105, 150, 170, 210, 211, 238, 240, 280, 305, 420 mm, etc.

By purpose, artillery ammunition can be divided into: high-explosive, fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, armor-piercing, armor-piercing (cumulative), concrete-piercing incendiary, buckshot, shrapnel, special-purpose (smoke, lighting, tracer, propaganda, chemical, etc.)

It is extremely difficult to separate ammunition according to the national characteristics of the belligerents. The USSR was armed with British, American ammunition supplied under Lend-Lease, stocks of the tsarist army, suitable for trophy caliber. The Wehrmacht and the Allies used ammunition from all European countries, also captured.

A warehouse (field) was found near Spasskaya Polista in a German howitzer position of 105 mm, and in it: German shells, Yugoslav shells, fuses - manufactured by the Czech factory "Skoda".

In the area of ​​Luga, on the German position in July 1941, the Nazis shot our tanks from 75 mm guns with armor-piercing shells, the shells of which were equipped with Soviet KV-4 primer bushings of 1931 release. Finnish army in 1939-40 and in 1941-44, which officially did not have artillery of medium and large caliber, widely used captured Soviet guns and ammunition. Often there are Swedish, English, American, Japanese, from the stocks of the Principality of Finland before 1917.

It is also impossible to separate the shells used by the fuses installed on them.

Most of the Soviet fuses (RGM, KTM, D-1), developed back in the early thirties and by the way still in service, were very perfect, easy to manufacture and had wide unification - they were used in shells and mines of various calibers. Probably, it would be necessary to classify according to the degree of danger at the present time, but unfortunately statistics of accidents are not kept anywhere, and they are often maimed and die because of their own curiosity, recklessness and elementary ignorance of safety precautions.

Most of the shells used had a percussion setting, head and bottom fuses were used. According to army rules, a projectile that has fallen from a height of 1 meter is not allowed to be fired and must be destroyed. How, then, to deal with shells that have lain for 50 years in the ground, often with decomposed explosives, abandoned due to the impossibility of their use in battle, scattered explosions that have fallen from wagons.

Worthy of special attention are shells and mines of unitary loading, i.e. projectiles combined with a cartridge case like a rifle cartridge, but lying separately, without a cartridge case. This occurs, as a rule, as a result of mechanical impact, and in most cases, such VPs are on a combat platoon.

The fired but not exploded shells and mines are extremely dangerous. In places where hostilities were fought in winter, they fell into soft snow, into a swamp and did not explode. You can distinguish them by the traces of an artillery shell that has passed through the bore (a distinctive feature is traces of depressed rifling on the copper leading belt,

and mines - on a pinned expelling charge primer on the back. Ammunition with a deformed body is especially dangerous, and especially with a deformed fuse, especially with dried explosive salts protruding on the surface of the fuse or at the place of its threaded connection.

Even neatly stored ammunition in combat positions requires special care - it is possible to install tension and unloading mines, decomposition of explosives from time and moisture. A projectile sticking out of the ground upside down can be either past the bore and unexploded, or set as a mine.

Armor-piercing tracer shells for 45 mm and 57 mm guns (USSR)

The armor-piercing tracer is designed for direct fire at tanks, armored vehicles, embrasures and other armored targets.

It is infamous due to the numerous accidents that have occurred due to careless handling. It has the official name "Unitary cartridge with an armor-piercing tracer blunt-headed projectile with a ballistic tip BR-243".

The unitary cartridge index is applied to the sleeve - UBR-243. Occasionally there is a sharp-headed projectile BR-243K. According to the device and the degree of danger, the shells are the same. The tetryl checker has a weight of 20 g. The power of the explosion is explained by the thick walls of the projectile made of alloy steel and the use of a powerful explosive. An explosive charge and a fuse with an aluminum tracer are located at the bottom of the projectile. MD-5 combined with a tracer is used as a fuse.

The so-called "blank" was also in service - outwardly almost indistinguishable from the above, but practically safe. In particular, a similar ammunition for the 57 mm gun was called "Unitary cartridge with armor-piercing tracer solid projectile BR-271 SP". It is not always possible to read the markings on a rusted projectile. Better not to tempt fate. Armor-piercing shells found separately from the shells, and especially those that have passed through the bore, are especially dangerous. Even breathing on them should be done carefully.

Perhaps the requirements for handling "forty-heel armor-piercing" are applicable to all armor-piercing shells, both ours and German.

Ammunition for 37mm German anti-tank guns

They occur as often as domestic 45 mm armor-piercing shells and are no less dangerous. They were used for firing from a 3.7 cm Pak anti-tank gun and are colloquially called "Pak" shells. Projectile - armor-piercing tracer 3.7 cm Pzgr. In the bottom part it has a chamber with an explosive charge (PETN) and a bottom fuse Vd.Z. (5103 *) d. inertial action with gas-dynamic deceleration. Projectiles with this fuze often failed to fire when hit in soft ground, but fired projectiles are extremely dangerous to handle. In addition to the armor-piercing projectile, the ammunition load of the 37 mm anti-tank gun included fragmentation tracer shells with the head fuse AZ 39. These shells are also very dangerous - according to the directive of the GAU of the Red Army, firing such shells from captured guns is prohibited. Similar fragmentation tracer shells were used for 37 mm anti-aircraft guns (3.7 cm Flak.) - "Flak" shells.

Mortar shots

On the battlefield, mortar mines of calibers are most often found: 50 mm (USSR and Germany), 81.4 mm (Germany), 82 mm (USSR), 120 mm (USSR and Germany). Occasionally there are 160 mm (USSR and Germany), 37 mm, 47 mm. When removing from the ground, it is necessary to follow the same safety rules as with artillery shells. Avoid impacts and sudden movements along the axis of the mine.

The most dangerous all types of mines that have passed the bore (a distinctive feature is the impaled primer of the main propellant charge). The German jumping 81.4 mm model 1942 mine is extremely dangerous. It can explode even when trying to extract it from the ground. Distinctive features - the hull, unlike conventional fragmentation mines, is brick red, painted gray, sometimes a black (70 mm) strip across the hull, the head of the mine above the obturating belts is removable, with 3 fixing screws.

Very dangerous are Soviet 82 and 50 mm mines with an M-1 fuse that did not even go through the bore, for some reason they ended up on a combat platoon. A distinctive feature is an aluminum cylinder under the cap. If a red stripe is visible on it - mine on cocking!

Here are the performance characteristics of some mortars and ammunition for them.

1. 50 mm mortar was in service with the Red Army in the initial period of the war. Six-blade mines with a solid and split body and four-blade mines were used. Fuzes were used: M-1, MP-K, M-50 (39g.).

2. 82 mm battalion mortar model 1937, 1941, 1943 The radius of continuous destruction by fragments is 12 m.
Designations of mines: 0-832 - fragmentation six-pronged mine; 0-832D - fragmentation ten-point mine; D832 - ten-point smoke mine. The weight of mines is about 3.1-3.3 kg, the explosive charge is 400 gr. M1, M4, MP-82 fuses were used. It was in service, but a campaign mine was not included in the ammunition load. Mines were delivered to the troops in boxes of 10 pieces.

3. 107 mm mountain pack regimental mortar. He was armed with high-explosive fragmentation mines.

4. 120 mm regimental mortar model 1938 and 1943 High-explosive fragmentation cast-iron mine OF-843A. Fuzes GVM, GVMZ, GVMZ-1, M-4. Bursting charge weight - 1.58 kg.

Smoke cast-iron mine D-843A. The fuses are the same. Contains explosive and smoke-forming substance. It differs by the index and by the black annular stripe on the body under the centering bulge.

Incendiary cast-iron mine TRZ-843A. Fuse M-1, M-4. The weight of the mine is 17.2 kg. Differs in the index and in the red annular band.

German mine 12 cm.Wgr.42. Fuse WgrZ38Stb WgrZ38C, AZ-41. Weight - 16.8 kg. Very similar to domestic. The difference is that the head part is sharper. On the head of the mine are marked: place and date of equipment, equipment code, weight category, place and date of final equipment. The AZ-41 fuse was set to instantaneous "O.V." and slow "m.V."

Artillery ammunition are weapons that are part of the firing systems of rocket and artillery weapons (RAW) and to a large extent determine the combat capabilities and effectiveness of fire destruction of the enemy, including the solution of a number of special tasks to ensure the actions of troops.

They can be used to defeat manpower and equipment, destroy military and civilian structures, as well as to perform special tasks: smoke, masking maneuvers of friendly troops, preventing the deployment of enemy troops, illuminating a section of the area or illuminating targets at night, etc. .

Artillery shells are among the main types of material means of warfare. The provision of highly effective ammunition in the required quantity has played and is playing a key role in achieving victory. With the development of technology and means of protection, the consumption of ammunition in the course of hostilities increases immeasurably. So, in 1760, during the capture of Berlin, Russian artillery used up 1,200 shells, and Soviet artillery used up 7,226 carloads of shells and mines during the storming of Berlin in 1945.

At the present stage of the development of military art, the performance of combat missions must be ensured with the least expenditure of material resources. This requires the widespread use of highly effective ammunition.

Depending on the specifics of the fire missions to be solved, as a rule, several types of ammunition are included in the combat sets of artillery systems.

HIGH-EXPLOSIVE ARTILLERY SHELL

The basis of the ammunition of barrel and rocket artillery of the Ground Forces is high-explosive (HE) ammunition. This is due to the fact that HE ammunition hits up to 60% of all targets on the battlefield. This type of artillery shells allows you to effectively deal with almost all types of targets: openly located and sheltered manpower, field-type fortifications, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, artillery pieces and mortars both in firing positions and on the march, NP, radar, etc. .d. Moreover, modern artillery delivery vehicles make it possible to hit targets at a distance of more than 50 km from the line of contact.

The improvement of ammunition for cannon and rocket artillery of the Ground Forces is currently proceeding along the path of increasing the firing range, the power of action at the target, and reducing technical dispersion. The increase in the firing range is carried out mainly both by modernizing the delivery vehicles and improving the design of the shot (the aerodynamic shape of the projectile body, the design of the propellant charge), the use of gas generators in the design of the projectile, bottom excavation and the use of new high-energy powders, as well as the use of active-rocket projectiles .

Improving the effectiveness of ammunition is carried out by using new explosives, lighting and smoke compositions, alloyed projectile steels, and using a hull design with organized crushing. When designing new ammunition, special attention is currently paid to the safety of their combat use throughout the entire life cycle.

CLUSTER ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

In order to increase the effectiveness of the destruction of areal objects, cluster munitions with fragmentation warheads. Projectiles of this type are used in cannon artillery of 120, 152 and 203 mm calibers, mortars of 240 mm caliber, in MLRS of 220 and 300 mm calibers, as well as in combat units of TR and OTR. Due to the many points of rupture of combat elements (BE), the area of ​​​​shrapnel damage in comparison with conventional ammunition of the same caliber increases many times over. Cluster munitions are especially effective when firing at manpower, unarmored and lightly armored vehicles located openly and located in open fortifications.

CONCRETE SHELL

With the advent of fortifications such as bunkers, in which the personnel inside are covered with a concrete cap that cannot be penetrated by conventional HE shells, it became necessary to create ammunition capable of effectively combating these targets. For this, they were created concrete-piercing shells. They combine two types of action: shock (due to kinetic energy) and high-explosive from the operation of a bursting charge. Due to the need to achieve high kinetic energy, concrete-piercing shells are used only in large-caliber guns - 152 and 203 mm. The defeat of personnel inside the fortification occurs due to high-explosive action or due to fragments of a concrete cap formed when a projectile hits.

HIGH-PRECISION ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

In the 80s of the last century, artillery appeared in service with precision munitions. So they began to call ammunition, which, like homing missiles, have devices on board that detect the target and direct the ammunition at it until a direct hit. The first domestic samples of such ammunition - the 240-mm corrected high-explosive mine "Smelchak" and the 152-mm guided high-explosive fragmentation projectile "Krasnopol" - hit targets illuminated by the radiation of a laser designator. This type of guidance systems is called semi-active laser guidance systems.

In the 90s, a new type of high-precision munitions appeared, capable of autonomously, without human intervention, detecting armored targets by their thermal radiation. The first such sample - a 300-mm cluster projectile with self-aiming combat elements (SPBE) for the Smerch MLRS was created in Russia. The main components of the SPBE are the target sensor - an optical-electronic detector with a narrow field of view - and the warhead of the "shock core" type associated with it. Such a warhead is similar to a cumulative warhead, but has a lining in the form of a spherical segment of small curvature. When undermined, a high-speed compact striking element of kinetic action is formed from the lining, falling into the area observed by the target sensor.

Further development of high-precision artillery ammunition goes in the following directions:

• creation of homing projectiles and submunitions with homing heads of autonomous types;
• increasing the noise immunity of autonomous target sensors and homing heads by increasing the number of detection channels of different physical nature - visible range, thermal, radiometric and radar, laser location, etc.;
• creation of combined semi-active-passive guidance systems capable of aiming ammunition at targets illuminated by a laser and switching to an autonomous (passive) mode during guidance or operating in only one of the modes;
• equipping long-range high-precision projectiles with control systems in the middle section of the trajectory, operating according to data from space radio navigation systems.

ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILES (ATGM)

A special place in the system of rocket and artillery weapons is occupied by anti-tank missile systems. ATGM continue to be the most effective means of units and subunits of the Ground Forces in the confrontation with tanks and armored combat vehicles.

In the late 60s, to replace the first generation ATGM with a manual control system "Malyutka", ATGM "Fagot" and "Metis" were developed with a semi-automatic control system, in which the operator's task is to point and hold the mark of the sight on the target. The guidance of the rocket is carried out automatically using a direction finder located in the ground control equipment.

Further development of wearable anti-tank systems followed the path of ensuring firing at night without target illumination, increasing armor penetration and reducing weight and size characteristics.

Based on the experience of numerous local wars, armed conflicts and tactical exercises, the first generation anti-tank systems and their improved versions with a semi-automatic control system - the domestic Falanga-M (Falanga-P), Malyutka-M (Malyutka-P "") - were adopted as part of the Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters, respectively, which were the most dangerous enemy for tanks due to their high maneuverability and the unsuitability of tank SLAs for combating air targets.

The main directions for improving the anti-tank systems are:

• expansion of the range of conditions for combat use (night, precipitation, fog);
• increasing the firing range and ensuring firing from closed firing positions;
• increase in the combat rate of fire of the complexes;
• increased noise immunity;
• the use of non-traditional trajectories of ATGM approach to the target and methods of its destruction;
• development of multi-purpose complexes.

SPECIAL ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

In the course of hostilities, in addition to the destruction or suppression of enemy targets, other tasks arise that are not directly related to the destruction of personnel and equipment. To carry out such tasks, special purpose ammunition: smoke, smoke, lighting, etc.

Smoke and smoke-smoking projectiles (mines) serve to mask the maneuvers of friendly troops or to blind enemy troops. Such ammunition is used in systems of almost all artillery calibers of the Ground Forces: from 82 to 152 mm. These shells (mines) are especially effective in calm weather, when the smoke cloud does not dissipate for a long time.

When conducting hostilities at night, lighting ammunition is used to illuminate enemy targets. They, like smoke ones, were developed and adopted for artillery systems with a caliber from 82 to 152 mm.

The burning time of the torch of the lighting ammunition descending on a parachute is from 25 to 90 seconds, and when they are sequentially “hung” by artillery, the illumination zone can be maintained throughout the entire time of the combat mission. In addition, the massive use of lighting ammunition at night has a strong psychological impact on enemy personnel.

AMMUNITION FOR TANK GUNS

As you know, the basis of the strike force of combined arms units and formations are subunits and units, which include armored vehicles. The ammunition load of the main armament of modern Russian tanks (125 mm D-81 cannon) includes the following types of ammunition: armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation rounds, tank guided missiles.

For 125-mm guns, separate-sleeve loading shots are used. The main propellant charge is the same for all types of shells, which ensures the unification of tank loading mechanisms and safety when fired.

Armor-piercing sub-caliber shells (BPS) are one of the main means of destruction of highly protected objects. With all the variety of ways to accelerate a projectile, the principle of hitting an armored target remains unchanged - armor penetration and the formation of damaging fragments in the armored space due to the mechanical impact of a high-density body at a high impact speed. The dynamics of the increase in the armor penetration of the BPS practically corresponded to the increase in the resistance of the tank protection. The increase in the armor-piercing effect of the BPS was mainly due to an increase in overall mass characteristics and improvement in the design of shells: the use of cores and cases made of materials with improved physical and mechanical properties, the transition to long-body shells.

Action HEAT rounds is based on breaking through the external protection - the target - due to the cumulative effect and the defeat of the behind-barrier vulnerable elements by the fragmentation stream. The constant confrontation between an increase in the armor penetration of HEAT weapons with an increase in the protection of targets has shaped the appearance of a modern HEAT munition as a high-tech product with a tandem construction scheme. The use of new design solutions made it possible to raise the main characteristic of cumulative ammunition (armor penetration) to the level of penetration of homogeneous armor over one meter.

HAND ANTI-TANK Grenade Launchers

The intensive saturation of the armies of various countries with armored vehicles and its use in almost all types of combined arms combat created conditions under which artillery could not accompany and provide fire support to infantry everywhere. It became necessary to equip it with powerful anti-tank weapons, which would provide it with the opportunity to successfully fight tanks in close combat. The first anti-tank weapons - anti-tank guns - appeared already in the First World War. In the future, the improvement of armored weapons and anti-tank weapons took place constantly.

To date, an important role in the fight against tanks and other armored combat vehicles, along with anti-tank artillery and ATGMs, is played by the so-called anti-tank weapons (PTS) melee- grenade launchers.

For the first time, anti-tank grenade launchers were used during the Second World War. In the Soviet Army, the first RPG-2 hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher was put into service in 1948. Fighting in local wars and armed conflicts during special operations once again confirmed that anti-tank grenade launchers are light and maneuverable in the fight against tanks and other armored targets, with powerful cumulative ammunition - are a highly effective and indispensable element of the anti-tank weapons system of the armies of most states.

Currently, the Russian Army (RA) is armed with reactive anti-tank grenades with disposable grenade launchers (RPG-18, RPG-22, RPG-26, RPG-27) and reusable anti-tank grenade launchers - manual (RPG-7, RPG-29 ) and easel (SPG-9M), with shots for various purposes.

Later, on the basis of rocket-propelled grenades RPG-26 and RPG-27, samples of assault weapons RShG-1 and RShG-2 were developed, equipped with new warheads of multi-factor lethal action, capable of effectively hitting not only manpower (especially when ammunition enters the premises ), but also unarmored or lightly armored vehicles.

Military conflicts in which the formations of our Armed Forces took part in the 80s - 90s of the XX century showed the high efficiency of this type of weapon, especially with a thermobaric warhead.

Modern close-range weapons are superior in reliability, ease of maintenance and operation, maneuverability, and in terms of effectiveness of combat use they are at the level of the best foreign analogues.

Thus, at present, the RA is armed with a large number of different types of ammunition, which ensure the fulfillment of the entire volume of fire missions assigned to missile weapons and artillery.

Under these conditions, the technical policy of the GRAU MO RF for the improvement and development of domestic artillery ammunition is based on meeting the requirements for improving the efficiency and reliability of action, increasing the shelf life of combat and operational characteristics, operational safety, manufacturability using domestic raw materials and industrial base.

The content of this page was prepared for the portal "Modern Army" based on the article by Colonel General N. Svertilov "Means of destruction and ammunition." When copying content, please remember to link to the source page.

Concrete-piercing projectile- a type of projectile with a high-explosive and percussive action, used as a hitting target from large-caliber guns, the targets consist of reinforced concrete structures and structures of a long-term construction method, it is also possible to use for hitting armored targets.

The action produced by the projectile consists in breaking through or penetrating into a solid reinforced concrete barrier in order to destroy it with the help of the force of the gases obtained during the explosion of the bursting charge. This type of projectile must have powerful shock and high-explosive properties, high accuracy of combat, and good range.

high-explosive projectile. The name comes from the French word brisant - "crushing". It is a fragmentation or high-explosive fragmentation projectile, in which there is a remote fuse used as a projectile fuse in the air at a given height.

High-explosive shells were filled with melinite - an explosive created by the French engineer Turnen, melinite was patented by the developer in 1877.

Armor-piercing projectile- a percussion projectile with an active part called a core, the diameter of which differs from the caliber of the gun by three times. It has the ability to penetrate armor that is several times larger than the caliber of the projectile itself.

Armor-piercing high-explosive projectile- a high-explosive projectile, used to destroy armored targets, it is characterized by an explosion with armor spalls from the back, which hit an armored object with damaging power to the equipment and crew.

Armor-piercing projectile- a percussion projectile, used as a hitting armored targets from small and medium caliber guns. The first such projectile was made of hardened cast iron, created according to the method of D. K. Chernov, and equipped with special tips of S. O. Makarov made of ductile steel. Over time, they switched to the manufacture of such shells from puddling steel.

In 1897, a slab 254 mm thick was noted by a shell from a 152-mm cannon. At the end of the XIX century. armor-piercing shells with Makarov tips were put into service with the armies of all European countries. Initially, they were made solid, then explosives and a bursting charge were placed in armor-piercing shells. Armor-piercing-caliber shells, when burst, create punctures, breaches, knocking out corks from the armor, shifts, breakdowns of armor plates, jamming of hatches, towers.

Behind the armor, shells and armor fragments produce a damaging effect, this also creates the detonation of ammunition, fuel and lubricants located at the target or at a close distance from it.

Smoke projectiles intended for setting smoke screens and as a means of indicating the location of the target.

incendiary projectile. It is used to create centers of destruction from medium-caliber guns, in order to destroy manpower and military equipment, such as tractors and vehicles. During the hostilities, armor-piercing-ignition-tracer projectiles were widely used.

caliber projectile has a diameter of centering bulges or body, which corresponds to the caliber of the gun.

Cassette projectile. The name comes from the French cassete, which translates as "box"; is a thin-walled projectile filled with mines or other submunitions.

HEAT projectile- a projectile with the characteristics of a main-purpose projectile, with a cumulative charge.

The cumulative projectile pierces the armor with the directed action of the energy of the explosion of the bursting charge and produces a damaging effect behind the armor.

The action of such a charge is as follows. During the meeting of the projectile with the armor, an instantaneous fuse is triggered, the explosive impulse is transmitted from the fuse using the central tube to the detonator cap and the detonator installed at the bottom of the cumulative charge. The explosion of the detonator leads to the detonation of the explosive charge, the movement of which is directed from the bottom to the cumulative recess, along with this, the destruction of the head of the projectile is created. The cumulative recess with its base approaches the armor, from the cladding material during sharp compression with the help of a recess in the explosive, a thin cumulative jet is formed, in which 10-20% of the cladding metal is collected. The remaining metal of the cladding, being compressed, forms a pestle. The trajectory of the jet is directed along the axis of the recess, due to the very high speed of compression, the metal is heated to a temperature of 200-600 ° C, retaining all the properties of the lining metal.

When a barrier meets a jet moving at a speed of 10-15 m/s at the top, the jet forms a high pressure - up to 2,000,000 kg/cm2, thereby destroying the head of the cumulative jet, destroying the armor of the barrier and squeezing the metal of the armor to the side and out. , when subsequent particles penetrate the armor, the barrier is broken through.

Behind the armor, the damaging effect is accompanied by the general action of the cumulative jet, elements of the metal of the armor, and detonation products of the bursting charge. The properties of a cumulative projectile depend on the explosive, its quality and quantity, the shape of the cumulative recess, and the material of its lining. They are used to destroy armored targets with medium-caliber guns, capable of penetrating an armored target 2-4 times larger than the caliber of the gun. Rotating HEAT shells penetrate armor up to 2 caliber, non-rotating HEAT shells - up to 4 caliber.

HEAT rounds first put in ammunition for regimental guns of 76-mm caliber model 1927, then for guns of model 1943, also by them in the 1930s. equipped with 122-mm howitzers. In 1940, the world's first multi-shot rocket launcher M-132, used in cumulative projectiles, was tested. M-132s were put into service as BM-13-16s, with 16 132-mm caliber rockets mounted on guide mounts.

cumulative fragmentation, or a multi-purpose projectile. Refers to artillery shells that produce fragmentation and cumulative actions, is used to destroy manpower and armored obstacles.

Lighting projectile. These projectiles are used to illuminate the suspected location of the target to be hit, to illuminate the enemy's terrain in order to monitor his activities, to carry out zeroing and track the results of shooting to kill, to blind the enemy's observation posts.

High-explosive fragmentation projectile. Refers to shells of the main type of purpose, used to destroy enemy manpower, military equipment, field defensive structures, as well as to create passages in minefields and barrage structures, from medium-caliber guns. The set type of fuse determines the action of the projectile. A contact fuse is installed for high-explosive action during the destruction of light field structures, a fragmentation fuse is for destroying manpower, for a slow production of destructive force at buried field structures.

The inclusion of a diverse type of action reduced its qualitative characteristics in front of shells of only a clearly directed action, only fragmentation and only high-explosive.

fragmentation projectile- a projectile used as a damaging factor for manpower, unarmored and lightly armored military equipment, the damaging effect is caused by fragments produced during the explosion, formed when the grenade shell breaks.

Sub-caliber projectile. A characteristic feature of such a projectile is the diameter of the active part, which is smaller than the caliber of the gun intended for it.
The difference between the mass of a sub-caliber projectile and a caliber projectile, in the consideration of one caliber, made it possible to obtain large initial velocities of a sub-caliber projectile. Introduced into ammunition for 45-mm guns in 1942, in 1943 for 57-mm and 76-mm guns. The initial speed of the sub-caliber projectile for the 57-mm gun was 1270 m / s, which was a record speed for the shells of that time. To increase the power of anti-tank fire in 1944, an 85-mm sub-caliber projectile was developed.

Projectiles of this type act by penetrating armor, as a result of the release of the core from the armor, with a sharp release of voltage, the core is destroyed into fragments. Behind the armor, the damaging effect is created by fragments from the core and armor.
Over-caliber projectile - a projectile in which the diameter of the active part is
given a larger size than the caliber of the gun used, this ratio increases the power of these ammunition.

Explosive projectiles. They were divided according to the weight category into bombs, they were shells exceeding the weight of 16.38 kg, and grenades - shells weighing less than 16.38 kg. These types of projectiles were developed to equip howitzers with ammunition. Explosive projectiles were used to fire shots that hit openly located live targets, defense structures.

The result of the explosion of this projectile are fragments that scatter in large numbers over an approximately laid radius of lethal action.

Explosive projectiles are great for use as a damaging factor for enemy guns. However, a flaw in the projectile tubes rendered a number of explosive projectiles inoperable, so only four out of five projectiles were noted to explode. For about three centuries, such shells dominated among the artillery shells that are in service with almost all the armies of the world.

Missile equipped with warhead and propulsion system. In the 40s. In the 20th century, during the Second World War, various types of rocket projectiles were developed: turbojet high-explosive fragmentation shells were put into service in the German troops, rocket and turbojet high-explosive fragmentation shells were put into service in the Soviet troops.

In 1940, the world's first multiple rocket launcher M-132 was tested. It was put into service as BM-13-16, with 16 132 mm caliber rockets on guide mounts, firing range - 8470 m. , firing range - 5500 m in 1942

The developed powerful M-20 132-mm caliber rockets, the firing range of these shells is 5000 m, and M-30 are supplied to the armament. M-30 were shells with a very powerful high-explosive action, they were used on special frame-type machines, in which four M-30 shells were installed in a special capping. In 1944, the BM-31-12 was put into service, 12 M-31 305-mm caliber rockets were installed on the guides, the firing range was determined at 2800 m. The introduction of this weapon made it possible to solve the problem of maneuvering by fire of units and subunits of heavy rocket artillery.

In the operation of this design, the salvo time was reduced from 1.5-2 hours to 10-15 minutes. M-13 UK and M-31 UK - missiles of improved accuracy, which had the ability to rotate in flight, carrying out a firing range of up to 7900 and 4000 m, respectively, the density of fire in one salvo increased by 3 and 6 times.

Fire capabilities with a projectile of improved accuracy made it possible to replace a regimental or brigade volley with the production of a volley of one division. For the M-13 UK, the BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicle equipped with screw guides was developed in 1944.

guided projectile- a projectile equipped with flight controls, such projectiles are fired in the normal mode, during the passage of the flight trajectory in the projectiles there is a reaction to energy that is reflected or emitted from the target, autonomous on-board instruments begin to generate signals that are transmitted to the controls that make adjustments and direction trajectories to effectively hit the target. It is used to destroy mobile small strategic targets.

Explosive projectile. Such a projectile is characterized by a powerful bursting charge, a contact fuse, head or bottom, with a high-explosive setting, with one or two decelerations, a very strong body that perfectly penetrates the barrier. It is used as a damaging factor for sheltered manpower, capable of destroying non-concrete structures.

Shrapnel shells are used to destroy openly located enemy manpower and equipment with fragments and bullets.

Chemical and fragmentation-chemical projectiles. This type of shells hit the enemy's manpower, contaminated terrain and engineering structures.

For the first time, chemical artillery shells were used by the German army on October 27, 1914 in the battles of the First World War, these shells were equipped with shrapnel mixed with an irritating powder.

In 1917, gas cannons were developed that fire mainly phosgene, liquid diphosgene, and chloropicrin; represented a type of mortars that fired projectiles, which included 9-28 kg of a poisonous substance.

In 1916, artillery weapons based on poisonous substances were actively created, it was noted that on June 22, 1916, within seven hours, the artillery of the German army fired 125,000 shells, the total number of asphyxiating poisonous substances in them amounted to 100,000 liters.

Projectile duration. The amount of time elapsed, calculated from the moment the projectile collides with the barrier until it explodes.

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