Russian timber and woodworking industry. Utilization of wood waste generated as a result of woodworking

1. Wood is a versatile raw material. How was wood used in the economy in different historical periods?

In our northern country, wood has long been used not only for buildings, but also for heating, and in everyday life, and as a material for folk art. Later, wood began to be used in many industries, primarily as a raw material for the chemical industry. In modern times, the chemical processing of wood makes it possible to dispose of sawdust and woodworking waste: sawdust, shavings, chips. Ethyl alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, tar and other products can be obtained from this cheap raw material.

2. Choose the correct answer. The structure of the timber industry complex includes: a) wood chemistry and metallurgy; b) woodworking and wood chemistry; c) woodworking and mining industry.

The correct answer is b) woodworking and wood chemistry.

3. Where and why are wood processing enterprises located?

Mechanical processing of wood is carried out both in the areas of logging and in areas of consumption.

The pulp and paper industry is characterized by high material consumption, large water capacity and significant energy intensity. This industry is most developed in the European North, which produces more than half of all pulp. The Arkhangelsk region stands out in particular, where three huge pulp and paper mills operate. In second place is the Irkutsk region, in the third place is the Republic of Komi.

Thus, timber processing is mainly concentrated in the same place as its harvesting. An additional location factor is water resources, so the largest pulp and paper mills are located on large rivers.

4. Name the main centers of the pulp and paper industry. Explain the features of their placement.

There are three huge pulp and paper mills in the Arkhangelsk region: in Arkhangelsk itself, in its suburb of Novodvinsk, and near Kotlas (Koryazhma). In the Irkutsk region, factories are located in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk and Baikalsk. In the Komi Republic, factories are in Syktyvkar, in Karelia - in Segezha and Kondopoga. All settlements are provided with the necessary amount of raw materials and water resources.

5. What industries are most closely related to the forest industry? Why?

The timber industry complex consists of industries - logging (felling, skidding), woodworking (sawmilling, plywood, furniture, house building), wood chemical (rosin, hydrolysis), pulp and paper (cellulose, paper production), where the chemical processing of wood is combined with mechanical processing . The names of these industries reflect the three stages of production: timber harvesting, its mechanical processing and chemical processing.

6. What are the problems facing the timber industry? What do you think are possible ways to solve them?

Lumberjacks are far from managing forest resources in a prudent manner. In some forests, closer to the centers and highways, - "overcut", they are exhausted, and in others, in remote areas, the wood rots on the vine. A lot of wood deteriorates during the logging process. A lot of waste remains in the cutting areas, and along the timber transportation routes, and during sawmilling.

Another problem is the incomplete processing of wood raw materials. Russian exports are dominated by either just roundwood or a semi-finished product - pulp. Developed countries also export finished products several times higher in value.

In addition, the protection of forests from fires, pests and poachers remains a very acute problem.

7. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?

Nowadays, they are valued due to the fact that they are durable, environmentally friendly and very beautiful.

8. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? What areas are they in?

The village of Bogorodskoye (Moscow region, Sergiev Posad district). Sculptural carving. Specialization: wooden toy.

Villages: Abramtsevo, Kudrino, Akhtyrka and pos. Khotkovo. (Sergiev Posad district) Flat-relief carving. It originated at the end of the 19th century. Subject: plants and birds. Main product: box.

The city of Kirov is the main center. The industry originated in the early 19th century. Also in the city of Ufa (Bashkiria) Specialization: art products from burl and kapokorn, (growths on the trunks and roots of birch, walnut and elm. Main products: caskets, boxes, cigarette cases, watch cases

Veliky Ustyug (Vologda region), Semenov (Nizhny Novgorod region), Arkhangelsk, Tomsk regions and Yakutia: products from birch bark. Main products: baskets, caskets, tuesas, boxes, vessels for storing honey and sour cream. Birch bark is harvested at the turn of spring and summer.

Sergiev Posad. Painting on wood with burning. It originated in the late 19th century, early 20th century. Products: caskets and boxes depicting the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the cities of the "Golden Ring" of Russia.

Kirov, Sergiev Posad, Semyonov, the village of Polkhov-Maidan: matryoshka.

Russia has the most significant forest reserves, almost a quarter of the world's.

The forests of our country are a colossal resource base.

Wherein used less than half of all wood waste, and in Siberia, that is, in the most “forest” region of our country, no more than 35% of wood raw materials.

The rest is simply thrown away without any attempt at disposal.

Remain unrecycled:

• tree greens;
• bark;
• sawdust;
• shavings.

Thus, the figures indicate the presence of business development opportunities in this industry.

In the recent past, sawmill waste was simply destroyed. A business built on the basis of wood waste processing is:

• promising;
• does not require significant investments;
• having an accessible organization of production.

Waste production in the woodworking and forestry industries are lumpy and soft waste:

• woodworking;
• plywood production;
• furniture production;
• sleepers;
• sawmilling.

They also include:

• branches;
• branches;
• tree greens;
• tops;
• roots;

The scope of wood waste is very extensive.

1. Sawdust can be used in hydrolysis production, for the manufacture of gypsum sheets, for heating.
2. From shavings it is possible to produce chipboard and cement chipboard, which are used in the construction of houses.
3. From wood waste paper is made; they are also used in agriculture.
4. Wood chips predominantly coniferous species is used for the production of building material that is unique in its characteristics.

Where to get wood waste inexpensively or for free

When using wood in any area, be it furniture production, construction, etc., wood waste can be between 35 and 50%.

Utilization of wood waste in cities is a serious problem. They are formed during the care of trees and during the sanitary felling of green spaces on the street, in parks, forest parks, squares. These wastes are low quality wood of medium size:

• branches;
• tops;
• edging of deciduous and coniferous species.

A significant problem in terms of disposal is sawn timber waste during the repair of premises and buildings, wooden products that have already gone out of use, furniture, and containers. A huge amount of wood waste is generated during sawmilling.

Under the condition of self-delivery, almost all types of wood waste can be obtained absolutely free of charge.

Cost-Effective Options for Using Sawdust

There are many ways to make money on wood waste, in particular, on sawdust. We list the main options, and below we will consider some of them in more detail:

• production of sawdust concrete. It is possible both at enterprises and privately;
• on livestock farms, sawdust can be used as bedding for livestock;
• in greenhouses, industrial greenhouses, sawdust can act as a constituent of the soil, plant nutrition;
• sawdust on their own excellent fuel;
• sawdust - compost in agriculture;
• for private houses sawdust is used as insulation in attics and basements;
• production of chipboard, fiberboard, MDF, furniture structures sawdust - the main raw material;
• for sewage treatment plants in industry, sawdust can serve as waste water filters;
• sawdust in half with peat - magnificent dry closet filler.

During the cooking of pine and cedar bark, woody greens, condensate accumulates at the bottom of the distillation vat, which is called VAT residue.

One of the inexpensive productions is its processing at coniferous extract.

Coniferous extract has a lot of biologically active substances that dissolve in water during prolonged cooking.

This condensate contains a large number of substances that have a beneficial effect on living organisms, including humans:

• vitamins;
• chlorophylls;
• organic acids.

Concentration of condensate turns it into a coniferous extract, which has high consumer properties.

The extract can be successfully used as a feed additive for livestock and poultry in agriculture, as well as a preparation for taking therapeutic baths. Coniferous extract can also be used for the industrial production of antibiotics for animals.

Feed meal

After digestion of the extract, approximately 90% of the feedstock (pine and cedar bark, tree greens) remains in the form of waste solid waste. Business income can be increased with further processing of solid waste into feed meal.

Feed flour has bactericidal and anti-tuberculosis properties. It can be used as an alternative to roughage.

fertilizers

Fertilizer can be prepared from wood waste using a fairly simple composting process.

The main costs in the implementation of this project are the laying and equipment of trenches for the preparation of compost mass.

It would be advisable to use such compost to improve the fertility of highly mineralized and loamy soils.

Charcoal

Wood waste processing is a promising area with a lot of areas for implementation. Many technologies that are based on the processing of wood waste are successful in the market.

- one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly fuels, consisting of almost one hundred percent carbon. When burned, it does not poison the air with toxic fumes and is quite convenient for quick cooking. It can be used not only in the economy, but also in industrial production.

A number of chemical and metallurgical industries operate on its use, from small to large ones. In the construction industry, it is used as an insulating material. Just like other derivatives of wood waste, it is successfully used in agriculture as a feed additive for livestock and poultry.

The spent mass of wood waste can be used for further processing as fuel.

The use of modern and environmentally friendly fuels will help provide the population with inexpensive energy sources, while reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

Thus, the negative impact on the environment is reduced, and the sanitary condition of forests is improved.

In recent years, the EU countries have been undergoing a very active transition to organic fuel. The market is stimulated by government agencies, turning towards:

• fuel pellets;
• briquettes;
• firewood.

Energy carriers from wood waste are currently purchased in significant quantities.

We buy equipment

Of course, processing requires:

• equipment;
• electricity;
• room;
• warehouses for storing raw materials and finished products.

Equipment for the production of briquettes and fuel pellets on the market is available in sufficient variety, both from foreign and domestic factories. With equal quality, Russian equipment costs several cheaper.

The equipment package includes:

• chipper(machine for grinding raw materials), from 180 thousand rubles to 2.3 million rubles;
• granulator. Cost from 50 thousand rubles. up to 2.1 million rubles The price for the OGM-1.5 granulator model is about 1 million rubles;
• Dryer. The spread of prices ranges from 150 thousand rubles. up to 2.5 million rubles;
• packing machine. Price - from 80 thousand rubles. up to 2 million rubles

In general, equipment for making, for example, pellets can be an industrial line or a mini-granulator.

Approximate cost:

1. an industrial line that produces 1 ton/hour costs about $132,000;
2. with a capacity of 2 tons / hour will cost 196 thousand dollars;
3. the price of the line for 4.5 tons / hour is about 408 thousand dollars.

The price for a finished line, providing a capacity of 300 kg of product per hour, is about 1 million rubles. In the same case, if there is a room (own suburban area) and raw materials (wood waste at the lowest price or free of charge for pickup), then the investment, taking into account organizational issues, will amount to a little more than 1 million rubles.

Implementation and expansion of production

The sale of manufactured products can be carried out through the following channels:

• wholesale firms that export goods abroad;
• you can open your own online store;
• sale through own outlets in the construction and economic markets;
• sales to organizations that sell in construction markets and supermarkets.

One of the best ways business expansion for the sale of products based on sawdust is cooperation with municipalities.

The fact is that oil-fired boilers are installed in many formations. Their efficiency is many times lower than the efficiency of pellet boilers. If we agree with the local authorities on the replacement of fuel oil with pellet boilers(at the expense of budgetary funds) and the supply of your products, then everyone benefits.

Local authorities receive significant savings during the heating season, and fuel producers receive a significant channel for selling their own products.

It is also worth paying attention to areas where there is no gasification.

In such areas, it is possible with considerable success for business to sell fuel briquettes.

But first it is necessary to explain the advantages of boilers operating on fuel briquettes.

Business expansion opportunities will thus be achieved by increasing the number of sales of manufactured products.

Difficulties

The difficulties that may arise in the implementation of this business are usually reduced to several points:

• transportation of finished products over long distances is not always profitable;
• when certifying, for example, fuel pellets, certain difficulties may arise. The second point is the composition of the fuel: it should not contain more than 30% bark;
• for the full implementation of finished products, it will be necessary to independently search for consumers;
• Control over workers in production is a must for any type of business.

On the other hand, the domestic market of our country needs more and more various wood processing products, and demonstrates full readiness for their use.

Where to start and the price of the question

Production activities require the presence of an individual entrepreneur or LLC under the USN taxation system (6% or 15%, respectively). For the operation of the enterprise it is required:

• 2-3 handymen;
• driver;
• accountant;
• sales manager.

A business based on the use of wood waste, if properly organized, can bring significant profit. At the same time, the level of investments can vary from the smallest to the largest. Which production to choose depends on the level of opportunities and claims.

Due to the huge amount of wood waste to be processed in our country and their affordability, it makes sense to start Earn Money in this industry.

Using such waste as raw materials, businesses will help solve a number of pressing environmental problems:

• cleaning forest areas from wood waste, preventing their decay;
• prevention of forest fires;
• when used as a fuel, there are no harmful emissions into the atmosphere;
• contributes to the conservation of forests.

conclusions

In Western Europe and many other countries, in recent decades, they have turned their faces to ecological fuels, as well as to non-waste types of production in general.

With the active support of the state and subsidies from it in support of these types of businesses, we can soon expect more active development of commercial projects based on the processing of wood waste.

The tendencies developing in the West are always or almost always the forerunners of commercial trends in our country, so it may be worth taking a closer look at them.

Given the ever-increasing global demand for environmentally friendly and cheap energy, people with a commercial streak should hurry to take this most profitable and promising business niche which is just starting to fill up.

This is how a wood chipper works:

In contact with

1. Can wood be replaced with other materials?

Most wood products can be made from other materials, and in some cases substitute products can be even better. For example, plastic skis have now almost completely replaced wooden skis.

However, wood is still widely used in everyday life and industry, both for economic (as a material it is often cheaper than substitutes) and for environmental reasons. For example, in a wooden house, surrounded by pure wood furniture, a person feels much better.

Synthetic materials cause allergic reactions in many people. It is estimated that a person spends an average of 100 m 3 of wood in his life. There are products in which the replacement of wood with another material radically changes their properties (for example, wooden musical instruments).

2. Where and why are large timber and paper industries located? Match the figure with the population density map.

Large forestry complexes are located in the zone of the European North (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar), in the south of Western and Central Siberia (Asino, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, etc.), which is associated with the presence of forest resources.

The main enterprises of the pulp and paper industry are located in forest surplus areas near rivers, because this industry is characterized by a significant material, water and energy intensity. The leading paper-producing regions (for 2004) are shown in Table 9.

3. Wood is a versatile raw material. How did the use of wood change as the economy developed?

The use of wood began with the manufacture of the simplest tools and the kindling of fires for heating and cooking. Gradually, this raw material penetrated into many branches of the economy. In the XVIII century. wood was actively used in metallurgy: for the smelting of 1 pood (16.4 kg) of cast iron, 3-5 poods of charcoal were required, and 8 poods of charcoal were used to produce 1 pood of iron. By analogy with oil (“black gold”) and natural gas (“blue gold”), the forest is called “green gold”, emphasizing the exceptional value of this resource.

Despite the wide variety of areas of application, even now about a third of the wood received is used for fuel. The use of wood depends on the properties of a particular tree species. Table 10 shows the scope of various breeds, supplement it with your own examples.

4. Which industries are most closely related to the forest industry and why?

The timber industry is now a powerful and diverse field of activity, closely connected with suppliers and consumers of products. The timber industry employs about 1.4 million people in Russia. And it is more correct to speak not about industry, but about the forest complex. By analogy with the agro-industrial complex (p. 35, fig. 18), draw up a diagram of the forestry complex, including transport (transportation of products), the chemical industry (production of plant protection products and means of chemical processing of wood), mechanical engineering (forest harvesting equipment: saws, tractors, skidders), light industry (textile enterprises - consumers of artificial silk and wool), as well as science and education (scientific development and training of personnel).

Further development of intersectoral relations will allow Russia to overcome the main problems of the forest complex. For example, irrational use of resources. Russia loses from 25 to 75% of the harvested timber, i.e. from 0.5 to 1.5 million hectares is cut down in vain, and it takes a considerable time to restore the forest fund. The most valuable tree species are slow growing. Almost all young trees grow rapidly at first, then growth slows down, and the ripeness of the tree, that is, the state in which felling can be carried out, is achieved in birch and aspen after 50-70 years, in conifers in the north - after 150 years, in the central and southern taiga - in 80-100 years.

5. Show on the map the largest timber industry complexes. Evaluate their placement in terms of economic feasibility, ecology.

Timber industry complexes are located on large rivers in forest surplus areas. The main ones are located in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Asino, Lesosibirsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Amursk.

Such an arrangement is economically justified - the CRC combines all stages of production: harvesting, processing and chemical processing of raw materials.

However, the active use of forest resources inevitably entails their depletion. Therefore, one should not forget about the need to increase the productivity of forests, improve the methods of their restoration. If the production technology is not observed, rivers also suffer.

6. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?

Their manufacturers will eloquently tell you about the advantages of wooden products over their analogues. For example, manufacturers of windows and wooden houses.

Among the main points, we highlight the following:

a) Wood breathes.

In the field of construction, wood is of great value. Compared to other building materials, it does not interfere with air circulation, since a constant air exchange takes place in the internal structure of wood. Wood also provides an optimal level of humidity in the house without the use of any air conditioners. The absence of drafts in combination with the special freshness of living wood creates a unique microclimate of a log house.

b) Wood retains heat.

Despite providing free

air exchange, a log house is a warm and durable structure. Due to the ability to accumulate and retain heat at an optimal level for life, log walls provide the best heat retention compared to brick and concrete walls of the same thickness. Even in conditions of extremely severe frosts, a log house effectively retains heat and, at the same time, thanks to

with its remarkable properties, it maintains a favorable temperature on hot summer days.

c) Wood keeps healthy.

In modern construction, artificial materials are often used that prevent the necessary air exchange inside the house. The air is sometimes too dry and oversaturated with carbon dioxide. Excessive concentration of carbon dioxide can cause headaches and other unpleasant sensations. In a log house, there are no problems of this kind, since wood breathes and is a pure natural product that meets all environmental standards for building materials.

d) Ease of disposal.

From the point of view of ecology, an important advantage of wooden products is the ease of its disposal after the end of its service life. Disposal of similar products made of steel or concrete is more expensive. This property of wood becomes especially relevant with the development of such a direction as the ecology of industry, and the adoption of laws, according to which the manufacturer is obliged to ensure that after the product becomes unusable, it can be processed into harmless substances. material from the site

7. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what regions of Russia do they develop?

Woodcarving has always occupied an honorable place in the work of folk craftsmen in Russia. The Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving and products of the masters of Talashkino, the complex of wooden buildings "Kizhi" became especially famous. In many ancient Russian cities there are museums of wooden architecture, where you can get acquainted with the best examples of folk art, for example, Small Karely near Arkhangelsk.

At the end of the XIX century. in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, on the initiative of I.D. Polenova, a carpentry and carving workshop arose in the estate of S.I. The products of the masters of this school (ladles, caskets, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases covered with rhythmic floral ornaments) are distinguished by a variety of toning, emphasizing the natural beauty of wood. The floral ornament is based not only on samples of carved peasant products and house decor, but also on the ornamental screensavers of old printed books.

At present, the center of the trade is located in the city of Khotkovo, Sergiev Posad district, where a factory of carved art products operates. Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving masters are trained by the Abramtsevo Art and Industrial College named after V.I. V. M. Vasnetsova.

Another center of peasant artistic crafts was the former estate of Princess M. K. Tenisheva, located 18 km from Smolensk - Talashkino. Educational and art-industrial workshops of ceramics, carving and painting on wood, carpentry, embroideries, etc. were organized on the estate. Artists S. V. Malyutin, M. A. Vrubel, N. K. Roerich worked in Talashkino, A. N. Benois, M. V. Nesterov, K. A. Korovin, I. E. Repin, sculptor P. P. Trubetskoy. Now it is a historical and artistic reserve, in which a park, the building of the art workshop of M. K. Tenisheva, and wooden buildings in the Russian style have been preserved.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• show on the map the largest complexes
• large LPKs are located in
• why natural wood products are valued
• why solid wood products are valued
• where and why are the enterprises of the complex associated with the processing of wood

Forest resources and their importance.

Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 770 million hectares - 45% of the entire territory of the country. Timber reserves - 82 billion m 3, which exceeds the total reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times. Forests are distributed unevenly throughout the country. In the western zone (European north), 30% of the area covered by forest is concentrated. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East) - 70% of the territory is covered with forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest tundra. Mature wood is 50%. In general, the eastern macroregion contains 75% of timber reserves. (see tab. 34 Dronov, p. 151).

The density of forest resources is inversely proportional to the density of population (see Figure 49 Dronov, p152). In some areas, forest cover (the share of the area occupied by forest vegetation in relation to the entire area) is 2/3 of the territory - these are the Irkutsk region, the Komi Republic, Primorsky Krai, the Arkhangelsk region. But there are areas completely treeless - the Astrakhan region.

In the eastern regions, coniferous species predominate (cedar, fir, larch, less spruce and pine). In the European part - spruce, pine, which are of the greatest value for construction, as well as deciduous forests (more than in the east).

Areas of the European part of the country are intensively exploited. In the future, the exploitation of the eastern part will increase more and more.

The forest is used in many sectors of the economy: in construction (in the form of a fastening forest, for finishing), in the mining industry (in the form of mining racks), in furniture production, in the chemical industry, in the production of cellulose, paper, cardboard, for the production of containers. The forest is a recreation center, a hunting base, a source of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs.

Timber industry. - one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interrelated industries, which differ from each other in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:

logging, felling, trailing (delivery to the consumer)

mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.

wood chemistry includes the production of cellulose, paper, and other products.

the pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, fodder yeast.

logging . From a seasonal industry, it has turned into an industrial production sector with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the mining industry. The bulk of logging falls on the forest surplus regions of the European north, the northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, except for the tundra and forest tundra. But the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the north-east of Russia are far from the consumer - there is no wood harvested there. In Krasnoyarsk - an exception - the zones along the rivers and south.

The main forest-forming species is larch, the processing of which is always difficult. The greatest load falls on the European north, south of Siberia and the Far East.

The first place in timber harvesting is occupied by the European North (Republic of Komi and Karelia, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions) - more than 20%. There is an extensive network of rivers, logging roads (Kotlos - Vorkuta, Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk - Murmansk), timber export port - Arkhangelsk. The important role of this area was predetermined by the main consumers - the Center, the Volga region.

The second place is occupied by the East Siberian region (south of the Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory). Part of the forest is rafted along the Yenisei to the port of Igarka, and most of it is rafted along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the European part.

The third place is occupied by the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions) - 18%.

These 3 regions harvest 60% of Russia's timber. Recently, there has been a shift to the east in the location of logging, which increases the distance of transportation, which has increased from 750 to 1700 km and is the highest among the transport of bulk goods by rail in the world.

sawmilling - the main consumer of industrial wood at the stage of logging, from which wood makes up 25% (boughs, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, pinkies, slats (they increase to 40%).

Sawmilling centers are located not only in logging areas (Arkhangelsk, Lesosibirsk on the Yenisei), but also in the sparsely forested Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). A huge mass of roundwood is transported by rail.

Sawmilling serves as the basis for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. Enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood have historically been concentrated in the center of Russia (Center, Central Chernozem region, Volga region), which now produce most of the sawn timber using imported raw materials. The location of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high specific consumption of raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3 m 3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With such specifics, it is necessary to bring production closer to the sources of raw materials.

In the areas of distribution of raw materials, enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood are located as follows:

at the places of intersection or approach of the railway to the rafting tracks (Omsk, Kotlas, Novosibirsk), where raw materials are delivered by river, and finished products are delivered by railway;

in the lower reaches or mouths of large raftable rivers with access to the sea (Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Naryan-Mar, Igarka);

on forest roads.

For furniture production beech, oak and other valuable wood species are used. Transportation of furniture is more expensive than transportation of wood, and its production requires a highly skilled workforce. As a rule, the production of furniture is located at the consumer.

Match production satisfies the needs of the population - there is one factory for each district. The raw material for the production of matches is aspen. Centers: Kaluga, Rybinsk, Kirov, Tomsk, Blagoveshchensk

Plywood production(from birch) and parquet(made of oak and beech) is located in areas rich in mixed forests.

Placement factors :

raw materials

• fuel and energy

  The forest complex includes forestry, harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. These industries use the same raw materials, but differ from each other in terms of production technology and the purpose of the finished product. The leading place in terms of output is occupied by the pulp and paper and wood-chemical industries, in terms of the number of employees and the number of operating enterprises - the woodworking industry.

  The importance of the timber industry in the country's economy is due not only to the huge reserves of timber and the territorial distribution of forest resources, but also to its wide use in various sectors of the economy - construction, industry, transport, agriculture and utilities.

  Russia is the largest forest power in the world, where almost 1/4 of the world's timber reserves are concentrated. In 2007, the total forest area was 883 million hectares, and the forested area in Russia occupied 776.1 million hectares or 45% of the country's territory, and the timber stock was estimated at 82.1 billion m3. Among the forest-forming species, conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, larch, fir) predominate, the share of softwood (birch, aspen, linden) and hardwood (oak, beech, ash, maple) is small.

  Three groups of forests are distinguished in the forest fund of Russia: a) water and field protection, protected and recreational forests, in which only sanitary felling can be carried out to improve their condition; b) forests in which only selective felling is possible in the amount of annual growth; c) production forests where clear cuts can be carried out.

  The forest complex is overcoming the crisis that affected it during the period of market transformations of the economy, when its industrial, scientific and technical potential was significantly undermined. In 2007, the industry's production volume was 59% of the 1990 level, the allowable cut was used only by 25%, and, taking into account intermediate cuttings, by only 14%. The volume of investments in the fixed capital of the timber industry complex at the expense of all sources of financing over the past decade has decreased by almost 7 times. The main source of investment - approximately 80% - remains the own funds of enterprises.

  Transformations are also being completed in the forms of ownership. By the beginning of the XXI century. enterprises of private form of ownership accounted for 90% of the total number of enterprises operating in the branches of the forest complex, where almost half of the number of industrial and production personnel was employed, which ensured the release of 2/5 of industrial products. In 2007, the number of forest industry enterprises amounted to 18.5 thousand, employing 340 thousand people.

  The timber industry complex in the structure of industrial production in Russia ranks seventh in terms of output, and fifth in terms of exports. At the same time, the forest complex plays the greatest role in the economy of the European North, in the heavily forested regions of Eastern and Western Siberia, the Far East, this industry is inferior to the favorites - the fuel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy.

  The products of the forest complex traditionally occupy a prominent place in the export deliveries of Russia. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of timber and paper products in 2007 amounted to 12.3 billion dollars. At the same time, Russia's export potential is estimated at 100 billion dollars. Lumber, plywood, and pulp are exported, which are inferior in quality, environmental requirements, processing accuracy, type and packaging of timber and paper products of developed timber-industry countries, therefore, prices for products of Russian manufacturers are 30-40% lower than the world average.

  The logging industry carries out the harvesting, export and alloying of wood, as well as the primary processing and partial processing of timber. Its main product is industrial timber, which now accounts for more than 80% of the total exported timber.

  The logging industry is the basic branch of the timber industry. In the late 1980s In terms of timber exports, Russia ranked second in the world after the United States, and in 2006 it was already sixth.

  The location of logging sites is due to the availability of timber resources. Therefore, the leading area for the production of commercial wood is the European North, which gives 1/3 of the industry's products, where the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi stand out. The second place is occupied by Eastern Siberia (about 1/4), where the main suppliers of industrial timber are the Irkutsk region, concentrating almost 1/5 of the total Russian timber harvesting volume, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The third place is held by the Urals (Sverdlovsk region). In addition, timber harvesting is carried out in the Far East, Western Siberia and the North-West.

  The woodworking industry is the main consumer of commercial wood and includes the production of lumber, sleepers, plywood, building parts and boards, standard wooden houses, furniture, matches, etc. The location of these industries is greatly affected by features such as huge industrial waste, which in sawmilling reach 40%, in furniture and match production - 50% of the consumed raw materials.

  Sawmilling provides primary mechanical processing of 2/3 commercial timber and is oriented towards raw materials and the consumer. The main production is concentrated in the Western zone of the country on the territory of richly forested regions (European North, the Urals, the Volga-Vyatka region) and in the main consumer regions (Center, the Volga region, the North Caucasus).

  The production of plywood is characterized by a high consumption rate of raw materials and orientation to birch stands. Therefore, the main production is concentrated in the territory of Central Russia, the Urals and the European North. Furniture production, being an "urban industry", focuses on the consumer.

  The pulp and paper industry is a high-tech branch of the forest complex, which is engaged in the chemical and mechanical processing of wood. In this case, cellulose is initially obtained, and from it - paper and cardboard.

  The location of the industry is due to high material and water intensity (for the production of 1 ton of paper, 5 m3 of wood and 350 m3 of water are needed), as well as energy intensity. Therefore, the determining factor in the location is the presence of forest resources and large water sources.

  The European North remains the leading area for the production of paper, cardboard and pulp, where the main production is carried out on the territory of Karelia. Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic and there are Segezhsky, Kondopozhsky, Solombalsky, Syktyvkarsky pulp and paper mills and others.

  The second place is occupied by the Volga-Vyatka region. In the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mari El, large plants operate in Pravdinsk, Balakhna, Volzhsk. The third place is occupied by the Ural region, where the main production is concentrated in the Perm region (Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm) and the Sverdlovsk region (Turinsk, Novaya Lyalya).

  Significant volumes of paper and cardboard production are in the North-West region (Svetogorsk, Syassk), while the share of Eastern Siberia and the Far East is declining due to underutilization of existing capacities. The Amur and Astrakhan pulp and paper mills stopped producing pulp and cardboard, the Vyborg Pulp and Paper Mill was stopped.

  Thus, the largest forest industry complexes have developed in the following economic regions of the country:

  • The north is a richly forested region, providing for the export of timber, the production of lumber, plywood, cardboard, and almost half of the paper in the country;
  • Ural is a richly forested region that specializes in the export of wood and lumber, the production of plywood and paper in Russia;
  • Siberia (Western and Eastern) is a richly forested region that supplies sawn timber, cardboard and pulp to the Russian market;
  • The Volga-Vyatka region is a richly forested region, which, using its own and imported raw materials, produces almost a fifth of the paper in Russia;
  • The North-West is a richly forested region, where the woodworking and pulp and paper industries have received predominant development;
  • The center is a sparsely forested area specializing in the production of various products of the woodworking industry from imported raw materials;
  • The Far East is a richly forested area dominated by timber harvesting supplied to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.