The state as an agent of socialization. Interaction between society and the state in the process of human socialization. The role of institutional state mechanisms in the processes of socialization
State
The state is a link in the political system of a society that has power functions. It is a set of interrelated institutions and organizations (government apparatus, administrative and financial bodies, courts, etc.) that manage the society. The state can be considered as a factor of spontaneous socialization insofar as its characteristic policy, ideology (economic and social) and spontaneous practice create certain conditions for the socialization of the life of its citizens, their development and self-realization. Children, adolescents, young men, adults, more or less successfully functioning in these conditions, voluntarily or involuntarily learn the norms and values, both established by the state and (even more often) obtained in social practice. All this in a certain way can influence the self-change of a person in the process of socialization. The state carries out a relatively directed socialization of its citizens belonging to certain gender and age, socio-professional, national and cultural groups. Relatively directed socialization of certain groups of the population is objectively carried out by the state in the process of solving the tasks necessary for the implementation of its functions.
Thus, the state determines the ages: the beginning of compulsory education, the age of majority, marriage, obtaining a license to drive a car, conscription into the army (and its duration), the beginning of labor activity, retirement. The state legally stimulates and sometimes finances (or, conversely, restrains, restricts and even prohibits) the development and functioning of ethnic and religious cultures. We restrict ourselves to these examples.
Thus, relatively directed socialization, carried out by the state, addressed to large groups of the population, creates certain conditions for specific people to choose a life path, for their development and self-realization. The state contributes to the education of its citizens, for this purpose organizations are created that, in addition to their main functions, also carry out the education of various age groups. The state took over the educational organization from the middle of the 19th century. It is very interested in the education of citizens, seeking with its help the formation of a person who would correspond to the social order. In order to achieve its goals, the state develops some policy in the field of education and forms a state system of education.
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State how factor socialization. State- the concept of political science and law. State- a link in the political system of a society that has power functions. -
More or less studied conditions or factors socialization grouped into 4 groups.
The second is macrofactors (from the English "macro" - "big") that affect socialization countries ethnos, society, state. -
State how factor socialization. State- the concept of political science and law. State -
State how factor socialization. State- the concept of political science and law. State- a link in the political system of society, which ... more ». -
State how factor socialization. State- the concept of political science and law.
Region - part states, which is integral socially- an economic system that has a commonality. -
State how factor socialization. State- the concept of political science and law. State- a link in the political system of society, a cat. Types and functions of education. -
...countries they affect socialization person, they are used and take into account prevailing in country ethnic groups, community and state.
The role of the ethnic group how factor a socialization a person throughout his life path, on the one hand, cannot be ignored, but on the other ... -
Factors victimization of a person can become a society and state in which he lives. The presence of certain types of victims of adverse conditions socialization, their diversity, quantitative, gender and age, socially-the cultural characteristics of each type depend on... -
To factors human victimization can be attributed to all factors socialization: microfactors - family, peer groups and subculture
mass media; macro factors - space, planet, world, country, society, state(classification by A. V. Mudrik). -
State how economic institute. In a number of economic entities whose activities are subject to the influence of psychological factors, along with the individual, organizations, social groups have a special place state.
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Successful socialization is driven by three factors: expectations, behavior change, and conformity. An example of successful socialization is a group of school peers. Children who have gained authority among their peers set patterns of behavior; everyone else either behaves the way they do, or wants to.
Of course, socialization is carried out not only under the influence of peers. We also learn from our parents, teachers, bosses, and so on. Under their influence, we develop the intellectual, social and physical skills necessary to fulfill our social roles. To some extent, they also learn from us - socialization is not a one-way process. Individuals are constantly looking for a compromise with society. The behavior of some students is at odds with the patterns set by the most influential students. Although they are teased for it, they refuse to change their behavior. Resistance, protest, defiant behavior can give the process of socialization an unusual character. Therefore, the results of the socialization of children do not always meet the expectations of their parents, teachers or peers.
Sometimes it is possible to direct such a process in the opposite direction. For example, one day a group of left-wing students at the University of Sussex declared that they considered it appropriate to introduce a course of lectures on the theory and practice of revolutions in the department of social sciences. At first, the faculty leadership rejected this idea, but later it was decided to support it. In this case, the intended objects of socialization (i.e., students) influenced the agents of socialization (faculty leadership), convincing them of what exactly needed to be studied during the period of political unrest in 1968.
However, socialization is an exceptionally powerful force. The desire for conformity is the rule rather than the exception. This is due to two reasons: the limited biological capabilities of man and the limitations caused by culture. It is not difficult to understand what we mean when we talk about limited biological capabilities: a person is not able to fly without wings, and he cannot be taught to do so. Since any culture selects only certain patterns of behavior from a variety of possible ones, it also limits socialization, only partially using the biological capabilities of a person.
(K. Smelser)
Show answer
The following explanations can be given:
1) the state is interested in the formation of civic values, a certain political culture of citizens;
2) the state is interested in maintaining law and order and developing the legal awareness of citizens;
3) the state makes certain expenditures on education and culture and is interested in the efficient use of the invested funds;
4) the state is interested in the normal functioning of the labor market, because it sets certain priorities in the development of vocational education.
Other explanations may be given.
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19. State and human socialization
The state can be viewed from three sides: as a factor of spontaneous socialization, since the policy, ideology, economic and social practices characteristic of the state create certain conditions for the life of its citizens; as a factor in relation to directed socialization, since the state determines the mandatory minimum of education, the age of its beginning, the age of marriage, the length of service in the army, etc.; as a factor of socially controlled socialization, since the state creates educational organizations: kindergartens, general education schools, colleges, institutions for children, adolescents and young men with significantly impaired health, etc. The state carries out a relatively directed socialization of its citizens belonging to one or another gender, age, socio-professional, national-cultural groups. Relatively directed socialization of certain groups of the population is objectively carried out by the state in the process of solving the tasks necessary for the implementation of its functions. Thus, the state determines the ages: the beginning of compulsory education (and its duration), the age of majority, marriage, obtaining a license to drive a car, conscription into the army (and its duration), the beginning of labor activity, retirement. The state legally stimulates and sometimes finances (or, conversely, restrains, restricts and even prohibits) the development and functioning of ethnic and religious cultures. We restrict ourselves to these examples. Thus, the relatively directed socialization carried out by the state, being addressed to large groups of the population, creates certain conditions for specific people to choose a life path, for their development and self-realization. The state carries out more or less effective socially controlled socialization of its citizens, creating for this purpose both organizations that have their functions of educating certain age groups, and creating conditions that force organizations whose direct functions do not include this, to one degree or another to engage in education . Education has become one of the most important functions of the state since the middle of the 19th century. The state improves education, ensuring that it effectively forms a person who corresponds to the social order determined by the social and state system. To do this, it develops a specific policy in the field of education and forms the state system of education.
20. Region and process of socialization
A region is a space in which a person's socialization takes place, the formation, preservation and transmission of lifestyle norms, the preservation and development (or vice versa) of natural and cultural wealth. Each country, both objectively, natural-geographically, and subjectively, in the minds of its inhabitants, is a collection of territories-regions that differ from each other. The influence of regional conditions on socialization has a different character and is determined by a number of characteristic features of the region. The natural and geographical features of the region (landscape, climate, minerals, etc.) largely determine the degree of its urbanization, the nature of the economy, the number and degree of population stability, i.e. indirectly affect many aspects of the socialization of residents. The climate can also have a direct impact on a person, on his health, performance, mental state, life expectancy. The socio-geographical features of the region include population density, the nature of settlements (a measure of urbanization), traditional occupations of residents, as well as proximity - remoteness from other regions and means of communication within the region and with other regions. These features affect socialization mainly indirectly, because lifestyle, mobility, sources of informing the population largely depend on them, which, accordingly, in a certain way affects the development of children, adolescents, and young men. The climate and the economy determine the degree and nature of the region's urbanization. The socio-economic features of the region are the types and nature of production on its territory, the prospects for the development of the region, the professional composition of the inhabitants and their standard of living, economic ties with other regions (and sometimes with other countries). The socio-demographic features of the region are the national composition of the population, its gender and age structure, types of families (full-single-parent, one-child-large, etc.), migration processes. All these characteristics play a very important role in the socialization of the younger generations. Regions differ in the ethnic composition of the population. Historical and cultural regional differences are manifested in the habits of the population, lifestyle, customs and signs, traditions, folk holidays and games, folklore, architecture and interior of dwellings. The objective characteristics of the region and the conditions that have developed in it can also be considered as prerequisites for the directed socialization of the younger generations, which largely depend on the socio-economic policy of the regional authorities.
The ontological transformations of all aspects of the social life of Russian society, which the state faced at the end of the last - the beginning of the present century, led to a significant decrease in the role of the state as a regulator of the processes of socialization of the individual. For a long time, the socialization of citizens of the Russian Federation was under the dominant influence of spontaneous factors (global network, informal groups, etc.), as a result of which the processes characteristic of a traditional society were reanimated in the public mind, which significantly complicates Russia's transition to a welfare state.
Remark 1
In recent decades, complex processes have taken place in Russian society that have significantly transformed basic social institutions, led to a reassessment of the values of previous generations, and disrupted continuity in the processes of transferring social experience, which leads to an increase in the role of the state in the processes of socialization.
The role of the state in the processes of socialization
The state acts as an agent of socialization, which has great resource opportunities to influence the processes of familiarizing the individual with the requirements of society. In addition, the state has a huge toolkit that provides the ability to regulate the processes of socialization. The main state mechanisms for regulating socialization include the following:
- ideological;
- institutional.
The role of ideological state mechanisms in the processes of socialization
The main component of the ideological state mechanism for managing the processes of socialization is ideology, within which:
- a rethinking of the historical fate of the nation, its place in the modern world, problems and possible development prospects is being carried out;
- values are formed that are focused on the consolidation of the nation, socially approved at a certain stage of historical development.
Moreover, the formed system of values is mandatory for all members of society, which orients the activities of basic social institutions (family, education, religion, media, etc.) in such a way as to ensure that the individual is familiar with these values, accepting them as his own.
Using ideological mechanisms, the state establishes relationships between basic social institutions, social practices, between the state and the individual, creates models of approved social behavior, prescribing a minimum of behavioral norms for its citizens.
The role of institutional state mechanisms in the processes of socialization
At the institutional level, the state regulates the activities of basic social institutions:
- education systems,
- public organizations,
- political parties, media, etc.
State regulation of the functioning of basic social institutions acquires a special role in the transition from a traditional society to a modern one, in the formation of a welfare state. The increase in the intensity of the flow of social processes makes it insufficient for successful adaptation by a person to simply assimilate the experience of previous generations, the social institutions of a traditional society (church, family-class, tribal organization, etc.) are unable to cope with the processes of socialization, which leads to the need to modernize the old and form new ones. social institutions.
The state plays a certain role in the socialization of individuals of any age. Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, indicate any three tasks that a democratic state can solve as an agent of socialization, and the corresponding means that it uses.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Socialization goes through stages coinciding with the so-called life cycles. They mark the most important milestones in a person’s biography, which may well serve as qualitative stages in the formation of a social “I”: admission to a university (student life cycle), marriage (family life cycle), choice of profession and employment (labor cycle), military service (army cycle), retirement (pension cycle).
Life cycles are associated with a change in social roles, with the acquisition of a new status, the rejection of old habits, environment, friendly contacts, a change in the usual way of life.
Each time, moving to a new step, entering a new cycle, a person has to retrain a lot. This process falls into two stages, which have received special names in sociology.
Weaning from old values, norms, roles and rules of behavior is called desocialization.
The principle according to which the development of the personality throughout life is ascending and is based on the consolidation of the past, is immutable. But the personality traits that were formed earlier are not unshakable. Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently assimilated or outdated ones. Resocialization covers many activities - from classes to improve reading skills to professional retraining of workers. Psychotherapy is also one of the forms of resocialization. Under its influence, people try to understand their conflicts and change their behavior based on this understanding.
Desocialization and resocialization are two sides of the same process, namely adult, or continued, socialization.
In childhood and adolescence, while an individual is brought up in a family and school, as a rule, no drastic changes occur in his life, except for the divorce or death of his parents, the continuation of education in a boarding school or orphanage. His socialization proceeds smoothly and represents the accumulation of new knowledge, values, norms. The first major change occurs only with the entry into adulthood.
Although the process of socialization continues at this age, it changes significantly. Now desocialization and resocialization come to the fore. Sometimes a person finds himself in such extreme conditions, where desocialization goes so deep that it turns into the destruction of the moral foundations of the individual, and resocialization is superficial. It is not able to restore all the wealth of lost values, norms and roles.
(V. V. Kasyanov, V. N. Nechipurenko, S. I. Samygin)
What are the two sides of adult socialization considered by the authors? How did they define the essence of each side?
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1. Two sides of adult socialization are indicated:
Desocialization;
Resocialization.
2. The essence of each of them is determined.
Desocialization - weaning from old values, norms, roles and rules of behavior;
Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently assimilated or outdated ones.
What, according to the authors, is the difference between the course of the process of socialization in children and adults (using the text, give one difference)? Invoking social science knowledge, point out the other two differences.
Explanation.
A correct answer must include the following elements:
1) The difference between the course of the socialization process in children and adults, given in the text:
In childhood, no drastic changes occur, the process of socialization proceeds smoothly, the accumulation of new values of norms takes place, with the entry into adulthood, the processes of desocialization and resocialization come to the fore.
2) Other differences in the course of the socialization process in children and adults:
In childhood, agents of primary socialization (parents, relatives, peers) have a greater influence, with the entry into adulthood, agents of secondary socialization (public organizations, official institutions) have a stronger influence.
In childhood, socialization occurs through the game, with growing up, other activities come to the fore.
Other differences may be given.
Subject area: Social relations. Socialization
Source: USE in social studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 1.
On the example of any three milestones in the biography of a person indicated by the authors, show the change in the statuses (rights and duties, lifestyle) of a person. First, indicate the name of the life cycle (milestones in the biography), then give a description of how the rights and obligations, the way of life change.
Explanation.
The correct answer should illustrate the change in statuses using the example of three milestones in the biography.
1. The cycle of student life. A person masters the role of a student. He can expect to receive a quality education, access to libraries, scientific institutions, if required, qualified assistance and guidance from teachers. Obliged to attend classes, take exams and tests, practice, defend diploma and term papers. A student can live in a hostel, often earns extra money, is independent, tries not to be economically dependent on his parents.
2. The cycle of family life. Mastering the role of husband or wife, father or mother. Can count on understanding emotional support from the second half, respect from children. Responsible for the upbringing of children, the material maintenance of the family. Spouses usually try to live in a separate apartment, a person appreciates stability, tries to find a permanent source of income, the time for role-playing experiments is a thing of the past, he spends his free time with his family.
3. Labor cycle. Takes on the role of an employee. He is integrated into the hierarchy at work, can be both a subordinate and a boss, is obliged to fulfill his labor function, observe discipline, safety precautions, and receives a salary for his work. An employee tries to prove himself from the best side, often counts on a career, standard of living, costs usually depend on the employee's income.
A correct example may contain other examples.
Subject area: Social relations. Socialization