Refers to informal negative control. The sanctions are positive. Slapping is an informal negative control. Informal Negative Sanctions: Examples Formal Control Sanctions

02.05.2020

Term" social control

. Sanctions

. Current sanctions

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Control questions and tasks

10. What are "sanctions"?

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist. Gabriel. Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as by public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or che. Through the media.

In traditional society, there were very few established norms. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and rituals brought up respect for social norms, an understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which has many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is controlled by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, church, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are the workers of these installations.

If an individual goes beyond social norms, and his behavior does not meet social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, people's emotional reaction to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the existence of prescriptions that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for complying with normative prescriptions.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine f, official penalty, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing behavior individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, silent approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as a remark, ridicule, a cruel joke, contempt, an unfriendly review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen.

Given the way sanctions are applied, current and prospective sanctions are distinguished

. Current sanctions are those that actually apply in a certain generality. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded in accordance with the existing regulations.

Perspective sanctions are associated with the promises of punishment or reward to the individual in case of going beyond the limits of normative prescriptions. Very often the mere threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is enough to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual performs a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that society needs.

Today, in most civilized countries, the belief about the "crisis of punishment", the crisis of state and police control, prevails. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also prison sentences and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and the restoration of the rights of the injured victims is expanding more and more.

progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations is the idea of preventive

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about punishing a crime as about. Preventing a crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality" Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhuman actions. They are suitable to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachment of the types of possible encroachment.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathyssen, B. Andersen and others) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures. the arguments are like this:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?). That in decides what is an offense - the legislator. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

Prevention involves the impact on the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and the basis and apply in practice?

Prevention is always an intervention in the privacy of a person. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of formalization of the role. The military, policemen, doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through unformalized social ro. Ole, so the sanctions here are rather conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestige statuses are subject to severe external scrutiny and self-monitoring

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and hence the forces of group control

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe the sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12 names for the difference between repressive and preventive sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between the ways of informal and formal control?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

SANCTIONS INFORMAL

- English sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformal. Spontaneous, emotionally colored reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to the behavior of the individual, deviating from the social. expectations.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

See what "INFORMAL SANCTIONS" are in other dictionaries:

SANCTIONS INFORMAL- English. sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformal. Spontaneous, emotionally colored reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to the behavior of the individual, deviating from the social. expectations... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

The reactions of a social group (society, work collective, public organization, friendly company, etc.) to the behavior of an individual, deviating (both in a positive and negative sense) from social expectations, norms and values. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

AND; and. [from lat. sanctio (sanctionis) indestructible law, the strictest decree] Jurid. 1. The statement of what l. supreme authority, permission. Get an arrest warrant. Give permission for the publication of the issue. Detained with the sanction of the prosecutor. 2. Measure, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (lat. institutum establishment, institution) the social structure or order of the social structure that determines the behavior of a certain set of individuals of a particular community. Institutions are characterized by their capabilities ... ... Wikipedia

The totality of processes in a social system (society, social group, organization, etc.), through which the following is ensured. "patterns" of activity, as well as compliance with restrictions in behavior, the violation of which ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

primaries- (Primaries) The concept of primaries, the rules for conducting primaries Information about the concept of primaries, conducting primaries, the results of the primaries Contents Primaries (primary), preliminary elections - a type of voting in which one is selected ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

Firm- (Firm) Definition of a firm, signs and classification of firms Definition of a firm, signs and classification of firms, concepts of a firm Contents Contents Firm Legal forms The concept of a firm and entrepreneurship. The main features and classifications of firms ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

SOCIAL-ROLE CONFLICT- a contradiction either between the normative structures of the social. roles, or between the structural elements of the social. roles. In a complexly differentiated society, the individual fulfills the requirements of not one, but several roles, in addition, the specific role itself, associated with ... ... Russian sociological encyclopedia

Group norms- [from lat. norma leading beginning, sample] a set of rules and requirements developed by each really functioning community and playing the role of the most important means of regulating the behavior of members of this group, the nature of their relationships, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

lowered- prisons. slang is an omitted representative of the lowest group in the informal hierarchy of prisoners, a kind of untouchable caste. You can’t take anything from the lowered one, you can’t touch him, sit on his bunk, etc. The lowered have their own separate places in ... ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are the guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are the approval from the authorities:

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are the approval from the society:

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative - this is a punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

The death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Taunt;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by the authorities, society, close people.

2. internal social control - it is carried out by the person himself. Human behavior is 70% dependent on self-control.

The fulfillment of social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes that have developed in this society.

Positive deviation is such deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. These can be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, over-devotion, overzealousness, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, overworkingness, etc. Negative deviation - deviations that in most people cause a reaction of disapproval and condemnation. This includes terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, cruelty to animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law, for which criminal liability may follow.

There are several basic forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness - immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a morbid craving for alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and the annual losses from it reach 100 billion dollars. Our country is also the world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of the alcohol is hard liquor. Recently, the problem of "beer" alcoholism has appeared, which mainly affects young people. For various reasons related to alcohol, about 500 thousand Russians die every year.

2. Drug addiction is a painful craving for drugs. The accompanying consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, degradation of the personality. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict; There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of "soft" drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution - extramarital sexual relations for a fee. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, save this area from pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point to the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trafficking. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, clandestine prostitution with all the criminal, moral and medical problems will remain.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality is in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - a woman's sexual attraction to a woman, c) bisexualism - sexual attraction to individuals of her own and the opposite sex. The normal sexual attraction of a woman to a man and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. These families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the general population is ambivalent about such relations.

5. Anomie - a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times of civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when former goals and values collapse, faith in the usual moral and legal norms falls. Examples can be France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

SOCIOLOGY: HISTORY, FOUNDATIONS, INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN RUSSIA

Chapter 4
TYPES AND FORMS OF RELATIONS IN THE SOCIAL SYSTEM

4.2. social control

Social control, what is it? How does social control relate to social bonding? In order to understand this, let's ask ourselves a series of questions. Why do acquaintances bow and smile at each other when they meet, send greeting cards for the holidays? Why do parents send their children to school when they reach a certain age, and why don't people go to work barefoot? A number of similar questions could go on and on. All of them can be formulated as follows. Why do people perform their functions in the same way every day, and why do some functions even pass from generation to generation?

Thanks to this repetition, the continuity and stability of the development of social life is ensured. It makes it possible to anticipate people's reactions to your behavior in advance, this contributes to the mutual adaptation of people to each other, since everyone already knows what he can expect from the other. For example, a driver sitting behind the wheel of a car knows that oncoming cars will keep to the right, and if someone drives towards him and crashes into his car, then he can be punished for this.

Each group develops a number of methods of persuasion, prescriptions and prohibitions, a system of coercion and pressure (up to physical), a system of expression that allow the behavior of individuals and groups to be brought in line with accepted patterns of activity. This system is called the social control system. Briefly, it can be formulated as follows: social control is a mechanism of self-regulation in social systems, which is carried out due to the normative (legal, moral, etc.) regulation of the behavior of individuals.

In this regard, social control also performs the corresponding functions, with the help of which the necessary conditions are created for the stability of the social system, it contributes to the preservation of social stability, as well as, at the same time, positive changes in the social system. Therefore, social control requires greater flexibility and the ability to correctly assess the various deviations from the social norms of activity that take place in society in order to punish accordingly the deviations that are harmful to society, and to encourage those necessary for its further development.

The implementation of social control begins in the process of socialization, at which time the individual begins to assimilate social norms and values corresponding to the level of development of society, he develops self-control, and he takes on various social roles that impose on him the need to fulfill role requirements and expectations.

The main elements of the social control system: habit, custom and system of sanctions.

Habit- this is a stable way of behaving in certain situations, in some cases taking on the character of a need for the individual, which does not meet with a negative reaction from the group.

Each individual may have his own habits, for example, getting up early, doing exercises in the morning, wearing a certain style of clothing, etc. There are habits that are common to the entire group. Habits can develop spontaneously, be the product of purposeful upbringing. Over time, many habits develop into stable traits of the individual's character and are carried out automatically. Habits also arise from the acquisition of skills and are established by tradition. Some habits are nothing but survivals of old rites and celebrations.

Usually breaking habits does not lead to negative sanctions. If the behavior of the individual corresponds to the habits accepted in the group, then it meets with recognition.

Custom is a stereotyped form of social regulation of behavior, adopted from the past, which meets certain moral assessments of the group and the violation of which leads to negative sanctions. The custom is directly related to a certain coercion for the recognition of values or coercion in a certain situation.

Often the concept of "custom" is used as a synonym for the concepts of "tradition" and "ritual". By custom is meant the steady adherence to the prescriptions that came from the past, and custom, unlike traditions, does not function in all areas of social life. The difference between a custom and a ritual is not only that it symbolizes certain social relations, but also acts as a means used for the practical transformation and use of various objects.

For example, the custom is to respect honorable people, to give way to old and helpless people, to treat people in a high position in a group according to etiquette, etc. Thus, a custom is a system of values recognized by a group, certain situations in which these values can take place, and standards of behavior corresponding to these values. Disrespect for customs, their non-fulfillment undermines the internal cohesion of the group, since these values have a certain importance for the group. The group, using coercion, induces its individual members in certain situations to comply with the standards of behavior corresponding to its values.

In pre-capitalist society, custom was the main social regulator of public life. But custom performs not only the functions of social control, it maintains and strengthens intra-group cohesion, it helps to transmit social and

cultural experience of mankind from generation to generation, I.e. acts as a means of socialization of the younger generation.

Customs include religious rites, civil holidays, production skills, etc. At present, the role of the main social regulator in modern societies is no longer performed by customs, but by social institutions. Customs in a “pure” form have been preserved even in the sphere of everyday life, morality, civil rituals and in various kinds of conditional rules - conventions (for example, traffic rules). Depending on the system of social relations in which they are located, customs are divided into progressive and reactionary, obsolete. A struggle is being waged against outdated customs in developed countries, and new progressive civil rites and customs are being established.

social sanctions. Sanctions are operational measures and means developed by a group, necessary to control the behavior of its members, the purpose of which is to ensure internal unity and the continuity of social life, stimulating desirable behavior for this and punishing undesirable behavior of members of the group.

Sanctions can be negative(punishment for unwanted actions) and positive(encouragement for desirable, socially approved actions). Social sanctions are an important element of social regulation. Their meaning lies in the fact that they act as an external stimulus that encourages an individual to a certain behavior or a certain attitude towards the action being performed.

There are sanctions formal and informal. Formal sanctions - it is the reaction of formal institutions to some kind of behavior or action in accordance with a predetermined (in a law, charter, regulation) procedure.

Informal (diffuse) sanctions are already a spontaneous, emotionally colored reaction of informal institutions, public opinion, a group of friends, colleagues, neighbors, i.e. immediate environment to behavior that deviates from social expectations.

Since an individual is at the same time a member of different groups and institutions, the same sanctions can reinforce or weaken the action of others.

According to the method of internal pressure, the following sanctions are distinguished:

- legal sanctions - it is a system of punishments and rewards developed and provided for by law;

- ethical sanctions - it is a system of censures, reprimands and motives based on moral principles;

- satirical sanctions - it is a system of all sorts of ridicule, mockery applied to those who behave differently than is customary;

- religious sanctions- these are punishments or rewards established by the system of dogmas and beliefs of a certain religion, depending on whether the individual's behavior violates or corresponds to the prescriptions and prohibitions of this religion [see: 312. p.115].

Moral sanctions are implemented directly by the social group itself through various forms of behavior and attitudes towards the individual, and legal, political, economic sanctions- through the activities of various social institutions, even specially created for this purpose (judicial-investigative, etc.).

In civilized societies, the following types of sanctions are most common:

Negative informal sanctions - this can be an expression of displeasure, grief on the face, termination of friendships, refusal to shake hands, various gossip, etc. The listed sanctions are important, since they are followed by important social consequences (deprivation of respect, certain benefits, etc.).

Negative formal sanctions are all kinds of punishments that are prescribed by law (fines, arrests, imprisonment, confiscation of property, death sentence, etc.). These punishments act as a threat, intimidation and, at the same time, they warn what awaits an individual for committing antisocial acts.

Informal positive sanctions are the reaction of the immediate environment to positive behavior; which corresponds to the standards of behavior and value systems of the group, expressed in the form of encouragement and recognition (expression of respect, praise and flattering reviews

in oral conversation and in print, benevolent gossip, etc.).

Formal positive sanctions are the reaction of formal institutions, carried out by people specially selected for this purpose, to positive behavior (public approval from the authorities, awarding orders and medals, monetary rewards, erection of monuments, etc.).

In the XX century. the interest of researchers in studying the unintended or hidden (latent) consequences of the application of social sanctions has increased. This is due to the fact that tougher punishment can lead to the opposite results, for example, the fear of risk can lead to a decrease in the activity of the individual and the spread of conformity, and the fear of being punished for a relatively minor offense can push a person to commit a more serious crime, hoping to avoid exposure. The effectiveness of certain social sanctions should be determined concretely historically, in connection with a certain socio-economic system, place, time and situation. The study of social sanctions is necessary to identify the consequences and for application both for society and for the individual.

Each group develops a specific system supervision.

Supervision - it is a system of formal and informal ways of detecting undesirable acts and behavior. Also, supervision is one of the forms of activity of various state bodies to ensure the rule of law.

For example, in our country, prosecutorial supervision and judicial supervision are currently distinguished. Under the prosecutor's supervision means the supervision of the prosecutor's office over the precise and uniform execution of laws by all ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and other public organizations, officials and citizens. And judicial supervision is the procedural activity of the courts to verify the validity and legality of the sentences, decisions, rulings and rulings of the courts.

In 1882 police supervision was legally established in Russia. It was an administrative measure used in the fight against the liberation movement from the beginning of the 19th century. Police supervision could be open or covert, temporary or lifelong. For example, a supervised person did not have the right to change his place of residence, to be in the state and public service, etc.

But supervision is not only a system of police institutions, investigative bodies, etc., it also includes everyday observation of the actions of an individual from the side of his social environment. Thus, the informal system of supervision is a constant assessment of behavior carried out by some members of the group after others, and a mutual assessment, which the individual must reckon with in his behavior. Informal supervision plays a large role in the regulation of daily behavior in daily contacts, in the performance of professional work, and so on.

A system of control based on a system of various institutions ensures that social contacts, interactions and relationships take place within the limits set by the group. These limits are not always too rigid and allow individual “interpretation”.

The system of social control and its methods. Agents of formal and informal control.

The system of social control has a complex structure:

1) external control carried out with the help of sanctions;

2) internal control or self-control provided by socialization and serving as a means of self-regulation of the behavior of the individual;

3) indirect control , due to the identification of the individual with a certain group and the corresponding acceptance of its norms and following them.

T. Parsons identified the main methods of social control:

1) Insulation , which is used to restrict the freedom of a person who violates important social norms. In practice, it is implemented in the form of execution of prison sentences.

2) Isolation , which comes down to limiting the social contacts of an individual who violates the norms with other people.

3) Rehabilitation violators of social norms. Rehabilitation is the process of restoring social bonds. This requires the work of psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers on the social adaptation of individuals whose behavior deviates from the norm.

The effectiveness of social control depends on the assessment by society or a group of the significance of existing norms, the results of socialization, the degree of integration of society and the level of its institutionalization.

The researchers emphasize that the tightening of negative sanctions does not lead to a clear increase in the effectiveness of social control. Therefore, in most of the recommendations for improving the effectiveness of social control, the emphasis is on preventive (precautionary) measures.

External control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee the observance of generally accepted norms of behavior and laws, it is divided into formal and informal.

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs, or the media.

Informal control can be performed by the family, a circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances - they are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should say that it is an important institution of social control.

formal control based on the approval or condemnation of official authorities and administration. Informal control is limited to a small group of people, in a large group it is not effective, therefore it is called local, local.

On the contrary, formal control operates throughout the country and is formal in nature, it is carried out by special people - agents of formal control - these are persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions, they are bearers of social statuses and roles (judges, policemen, social workers, representatives, special officials).

If in a traditional society social control is carried out on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on legal norms, instructions, regulations and laws. Formal control is exercised by the institutions of modern society (courts, army, education system, government, media, political parties).

Methods of social control, depending on the sanctions applied, are divided into hard, soft, direct, indirect. The 4 control methods may overlap. This is a typology of formal control methods.

Indirect soft control- MASS MEDIA.

straight hard- political repression, racketeering, organized crime.

straight soft- the current Constitution and the Criminal Code.

indirect hard- economic sanctions of the international community.

Typology of formal control methods

Unlike self-control, external control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into informal and formal.

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from religion, public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or the media.

The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the life of its members: the choice of the bride, the methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, the choice of the name of the newborn, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion, most often expressed by the oldest members of the community, acted as a controller.

Informal control can also be performed by the family, circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about the most important institution of social control.

formal control based on the approval or condemnation of official authorities and administration. Informal control is effective only in a small group of people. Therefore, it is called local (local).

Formal control, on the contrary, operates throughout the country. He is global. It is carried out by specially trained people - agents of formal control.

These include judges, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, etc. If in traditional society social control rested on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on legal norms, instructions, decrees, decrees, laws. Social control has gained institutional support.

Formal control is carried out by such institutions of modern society as the courts, the education system, the army, production, the media, and the government.

The school controls thanks to examination scores, the government controls the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state controls it thanks to the police, the secret service, state radio, television channels and the press.

Thus, external control is divided into informal (it is based on unwritten rules) and formal (it is based on legal norms - laws). Both have agents and institutions of control. Control methods, depending on the sanctions applied, are divided into hard, soft, direct, indirect.

Mass media - refer to the instruments of indirect soft control.

Organized crime - to the tools of direct strict control.

The action of the constitution and the criminal code - to the instruments of direct soft control. Economic sanctions of the international community - to tools of indirect strict control. The names of the methods of control differ from the names of the type of sanctions, but the content of both is largely similar.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. Social sanctions are the guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are the approval from the authorities:

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are the approval from the society:

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative - this is a punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

The death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Taunt;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by the authorities, society, close people.

2. internal social control - it is carried out by the person himself. Human behavior is 70% dependent on self-control.

The fulfillment of social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes that have developed in this society.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law, for which criminal liability may follow.

There are several basic forms of deviation.

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In order to quickly respond to the actions of people, expressing their attitude towards them, society has created a system of social sanctions.

Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created to protect the values of society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If a norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool with which the individual first gets acquainted with the norm, and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a well-learned lesson, encouraging him for a conscientious attitude to learning. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate in the mind of the child such behavior as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control translates external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal.

Positive sanctions are the approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of the norms accepted in society. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude to professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization has made a profit, providing assistance to those who need it. Every activity has its own incentives.

Negative sanctions - condemning or punishing the actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, dissatisfaction with others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, a fine, as well as more severe actions - detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more effective than the expectation of encouragement. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions do not punish as much as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late.

Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or the administration of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees.

Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, work colleagues, classmates, passers-by. Formal and informal sanctions can also be:

Material - a gift or a fine, a bonus or confiscation of property;

Moral - awarding a diploma or an honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand.

For sanctions to be effective and reinforce social norms, they must meet a number of requirements:

sanctions must be timely. Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, much less punished after a significant amount of time. In this case, the action and the sanction to it are divorced from each other;

sanctions must be proportionate to the action, justified. Undeserved encouragement generates dependency, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society;

Sanctions, like norms, must be binding on all. Exceptions to the rules give rise to the morality of the "double standard", which negatively affects the entire regulatory system.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to operate and regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, erection of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, a smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, deposition from throne, the death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly feedback, complaint, writing a pamphlet or a feuilleton, a revealing article.

Agents and institutions of socialization perform not one, but two functions:

- teach child's cultural norms;

- control how firmly, deeply and correctly assimilated social norms and roles.

social control is a mechanism for maintaining social order, based on a system of prescriptions, prohibitions, beliefs, coercive measures, which ensures the compliance of actions
the individual to accepted patterns and streamlines the interaction between individuals.

Social control includes two main elements - norms and sanctions.

Norms- Instructions on how to behave properly in society.

Sanctions- means of encouragement and punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms.

Social control is carried out in the following forms:

1) coercion;

2) the influence of public opinion;

3) regulation in social institutions;

4) group pressure.

Even the simplest norms embody what is valued by a group or society. The difference between norms and values is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, and values are abstract concepts of what is good and evil, right and wrong, proper and improper.

sanctions not only punishments are called, but also rewards that contribute to the observance of social norms. Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishment
for deviation from them, i.e. for deviance.

conformism represents an external agreement with the generally accepted, despite the fact that internally an individual can maintain disagreement in himself, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism is the goal of social control. However, it cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal.

Formal positive sanctions - public approval from governmental organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards
and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions
and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions- public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leaders or experts
qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication from churches.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to give a hand or maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, an unfriendly review, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.

The assimilation of social norms is the basis of socialization. Social
behavior that is not in accordance with the norm, considered by the majority of members of society as reprehensible or unacceptable, is called deviant(deviant) behavior, and a serious violation of the law leading to criminal punishment is called delinquent(asocial) behavior.

The well-known social anthropologist R. Linton, who worked extensively in microsociology and is one of the founders of role theories, introduced the concept of modal and normative personality.

Normative personality- it's like an ideal personality of a given culture.

Modal personality- a more common type of deviant personality options. The more unstable the society, the more people whose social type does not coincide with the normative personality. Conversely, in stable societies, cultural pressure on the individual is such that a person in his views on behavior is less and less detached from the "ideal" stereotype.

A characteristic feature of deviant behavior - cultural relativism (relativity). In the primitive period, and among some primitive tribes even today, cannibalism, gerontocide (killing the elderly), incest and infanticide (killing children) were considered normal phenomena caused by economic reasons (lack of food) or social structure (permission of marriage between relatives). Cultural relativism can be a comparative characteristic not only of two different societies and eras, but also of two or more large social groups within the same society. In this case, it is necessary to talk not about culture, but about subculture. Examples of such groups are political parties, government, social class or stratum, believers, youth, women, pensioners, national minorities. So, not attending a church service is a deviation from the position of a believer, but the norm from the position of an unbeliever. The etiquette of the nobility required addressing by name and patronymic, and the diminutive name (Kolka or Nikitka) - the norm of communication in the lower strata - was considered a deviation by the nobles.

Thus, we can conclude: the deviation is relative: a) to the historical era; b) the culture of society.

Sociologists have established a trend: the more a person learns patterns of deviant behavior, the more often he encounters them and the younger his age. Violations of social norms by young people can be serious or not serious, conscious or unconscious. All serious violations, whether conscious or not, that fall under the category of unlawful act are delinquent behavior.

Alcoholism- a typical type of deviant behavior. An alcoholic is not only a sick person, but also a deviant, he is not able to
fulfill social roles.

junkie- a criminal, since the use of drugs is qualified by law as a criminal act.

Suicide, i.e. the free and deliberate termination of one's life is a deviation. But killing another person is a crime. Conclusion: deviance and delinquency are two forms of deviation from normal behavior. The first form is relative and insignificant, the second is absolute and significant.

The social consequences of deviant behavior at first glance must seem absolutely negative. Indeed, although a society can assimilate a considerable number of deviations from the norm without serious consequences for the functioning of its social organism, still constant and widespread deviations can disrupt or even undermine organized social life. If a significant number of individuals simultaneously fail to meet social expectations, the entire system of society, all its institutions, may suffer. For example, in modern Russian society, more and more parents refuse to raise their children, and, accordingly, more and more children are left without parental care. The direct connection of this phenomenon with social destabilization and the growth of crime is obvious. The deviant behavior of the masses of military personnel in military units is manifested in hazing and desertion, and this means a serious threat to stability in the army. Finally, the deviant behavior of some part of the members of society demoralizes the rest and discredits the existing system of values in their eyes. Thus, corruption of officials, unpunished on a massive scale, police arbitrariness and other negative phenomena in the life of society deprive people of the hope that honest work and “playing by the rules” will be socially rewarded, and push them also to deviations.

Thus, deviations are contagious. And society, treating them carefully, has the opportunity to draw some positive experience from the existence of deviations.

First, the identification of deviations and their public declaration as such contributes to the strengthening of social conformity - the willingness to obey the norms - of the majority of the rest of the population. Sociologist E. Sagarin notes: “One of the most effective methods for ensuring that the majority of people follow the norms is to declare some as norm breakers. This allows you to keep others in line and at the same time in fear of being in the place of violators ... By expressing a hostile attitude towards insufficiently good and right people, the majority or the dominant group can strengthen ideas about what is good and right, and thereby create a society of individuals that is more loyal to attitude to the accepted ideology and norms of behavior”.

Secondly, the condemnation of deviation allows society to see more clearly what it accepts as the norm. In addition, according to
K. Erickson, sanctions that suppress deviant behavior show people that it will continue to be punished. Once the perpetrators of crimes were subjected to public punishment. Today, the same result is achieved with the help of the media, which widely covers trials and verdicts.

Third, by collectively judging norm-breakers, the group strengthens its own cohesion and unity. Facilitates group identification. Thus, the search for the "enemy of the people" served as a good means of rallying society around the ruling group, which allegedly "can protect everyone."

Fourthly, the emergence and even more widespread
in a society of deviations indicates that the social system is functioning incorrectly. The growth of crime indicates that there are many dissatisfied people in society, the low standard of living of the majority of the population, and the distribution of material wealth is too uneven. The presence of a large number of deviations indicates the urgent need for social change.

Sociology / Yu. G. Volkov, V. I. Dobrenkov, N. G. Nechipurenko [and others]. M., 2000. S. 169.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Sanctions - norm guards. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the fulfillment of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for deviance.

conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when an individual can internally maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism - goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

positive negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions(F+)- public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions(H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication from churches.

Informal negative sanctions (H-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly feedback, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, exposing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or hard, and non-strict, or soft.

Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

In this way, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks a sanction that accompanies it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say, fining for ticketless travel, requires the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require the presence of a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

A mechanism for maintaining public order through normative regulation, which implies the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

The concept of social control

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system is waiting for disorganization and collapse. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature should be applied, including including legal ones.

This, on the one hand, is a mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of the individual proceeds under the control of society and the surrounding people. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, monitoring the correct assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of the individual to the social group in which he is integrated, which is expressed in the meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements- social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are means of encouragement and punishment that encourage people to comply with social norms.

social norms

social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and proper social norms.

Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

To social norms usually include:

group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");
social customs (for example, hospitality);
social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called the general rules of social behavior.

social sanction

Sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of encouragement (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function. For example, in the 19th century in the countries of Western Europe, the birth of children only in a legal marriage was considered a social norm. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into worthy marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violating this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following mechanisms of social control:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of social sanctions

Although formal sanctions appear to be more effective, informal sanctions are actually more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or the fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are internalized so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, the mechanisms of self-control prevail over the mechanisms of external control.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French interiorisation - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control, based on official approval or condemnation, is carried out by state authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is most severely punished, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of the individual to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore self-control is the most important condition for people's social behavior. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

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