Research of model properties of various models of paper planes. Paper planes that fly for a very long time: diagrams, descriptions and recommendations. They can't even do that

PHYSICS OF A PAPER AIRPLANE.
REPRESENTATION OF THE FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE. EXPERIMENT PLANNING.

1. Introduction. Objective. General patterns of development of the field of knowledge. The choice of the object of study. mindmap.
2. Elementary physics of glider flight (BS). System of force equations.





9. Photographs of the aerodynamic overview of the characteristics of the tube, aerodynamic balance.
10. Results of experiments.
12. Some results on the visualization of vortices.
13. Relationship between parameters and design solutions. Comparison of options reduced to a rectangular wing. The position of the aerodynamic center and the center of gravity and the characteristics of the models.
14. Energy efficient planning. flight stabilization. World record tactic for flight duration.



18. Conclusion.
19. List of references.

1. Introduction. Objective. General patterns of development of the field of knowledge. The choice of the object of research. mindmap.

The development of modern physics, primarily in its experimental part, and especially in applied fields, proceeds according to a pronounced hierarchical pattern. This is due to the need for an additional concentration of resources necessary to achieve results, from the material support of experiments to the distribution of work among specialized scientific institutes. Regardless of whether it is carried out on behalf of the state, commercial structures or even enthusiasts, but the planning of the development of the field of knowledge, the management of scientific research is a modern reality.
The purpose of this work is not only setting up a local experiment, but also an attempt to illustrate the modern technology of scientific organization at the simplest level.
The first reflections preceding the actual work are usually fixed in free form, historically this happens on napkins. However, in modern science, this form of presentation is called mind mapping - literally “thinking scheme”. It is a scheme in which everything fits in the form of geometric shapes. which may be relevant to the issue at hand. These concepts are connected by arrows indicating logical connections. At first, such a scheme may contain completely different and unequal concepts that are difficult to combine into a classical plan. However, this diversity allows you to find a place for random guesses and unsystematized information.
A paper airplane was chosen as the object of research - a thing familiar to everyone since childhood. It was assumed that setting up a series of experiments and applying the concepts of elementary physics would help explain the features of flight, and also, possibly, make it possible to formulate general design principles.
The preliminary collection of information showed that the area is not as simple as it seemed at first. Great help was provided by the research of Ken Blackburn, an aerospace engineer, holder of four world records (including the current one) for planning time, which he set with airplanes of his own design.

With regard to the task, the mind map looks like this:

This is a basic outline that represents the intended structure of the study.

2. Elementary physics of glider flight. System of equations for weights.

Gliding is a special case of aircraft descent without the participation of thrust generated by the engine. For non-powered aircraft - gliders, as a special case - paper airplanes, gliding is the main flight mode.
Gliding is carried out due to weights balancing each other and aerodynamic force, which in turn consists of lift and drag forces.
The vector diagram of the forces acting on the aircraft (glider) during flight is as follows:

The condition for straightforward planning is the equality

The condition for planning uniformity is equality

Thus, to maintain rectilinear uniform planning, both equalities are required, the system

Y=GcosA
Q=GsinA

3. Delving into the basic theory of aerodynamics. laminar and turbulent. Reynolds number.

A more detailed idea of ​​flight is given by modern aerodynamic theory, which is based on the description of the behavior of different types of air flows, depending on the nature of the interaction of molecules. There are two main types of flows - laminar, when the particles move along smooth and parallel curves, and turbulent, when they are mixed. As a rule, there are no situations with ideally laminar or purely turbulent flow, the interaction of both of them creates a real picture of the operation of the wing.
If we consider a specific object with finite characteristics - mass, geometric dimensions, then the flow properties at the level of molecular interaction are characterized by the Reynolds number, which gives a relative value and denotes the ratio of force impulses to fluid viscosity. The larger the number, the less the impact of viscosity.

Re=VLρ/η=VL/ν

V (speed)
L (size characteristic)
ν (coefficient (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m^2/s for air at normal temperature.

For a paper airplane, the Reynolds number is about 37,000.

Since the Reynolds number is much lower than in real aircraft, this means that the viscosity of the air plays a much larger role, resulting in increased drag and reduced lift.

4. How conventional and flat wings work.

A flat wing from the point of view of elementary physics is a plate located at an angle to a moving air stream. The air is "thrown" at an angle downwards, creating an oppositely directed force. This is the total aerodynamic force, which can be represented as two forces - lift and drag. Such an interaction is easily explained on the basis of Newton's third law. A classic example of a flat reflector wing is a kite.

The behavior of a conventional (plano-convex) aerodynamic surface is explained by classical aerodynamics as the appearance of lift due to the difference in the speeds of the flow fragments and, accordingly, the difference in pressures from below and above the wing.

A flat paper wing in the flow creates a vortex zone on top, which is like a curved profile. It is less stable and efficient than a hard shell, but the mechanism is the same.

The figure is taken from the source (See references). It shows the formation of an airfoil due to turbulence on the upper surface of the wing. There is also the concept of a transition layer, in which the turbulent flow becomes laminar due to the interaction of air layers. Above the wing of a paper airplane, it is up to 1 centimeter.

5. Overview of three aircraft designs

Three different designs of paper planes with different characteristics were chosen for the experiment.

Model No. 1. The most common and well-known design. As a rule, the majority imagines it when they hear the expression “paper plane”.

Model number 2. "Arrow", or "Spear". A characteristic model with a sharp wing angle and an assumed high speed.

Model number 3. Model with high aspect ratio wing. Special design, assembled on the wide side of the sheet. It is assumed that she has good aerodynamic data due to the high aspect ratio wing.

All planes were assembled from the same sheets of paper with a specific gravity of 80 grams / m ^ 2 A4 format. The mass of each aircraft is 5 grams.

6. Feature sets, why they are.

To obtain characteristic parameters for each design, it is necessary to determine these parameters themselves. The mass of all aircraft is the same - 5 grams. It is quite easy to measure the planning speed for each structure and angle. The ratio of the height difference and the corresponding range will give us the lift-to-drag ratio, essentially the same glide angle.
Of interest is the measurement of the lift and drag forces at different angles of attack of the wing, the nature of their changes in the boundary regimes. This will allow to characterize the structures on the basis of numerical parameters.
Separately, it is possible to analyze the geometric parameters of paper planes - the position of the aerodynamic center and the center of gravity for different wing shapes.
By visualizing the flows, one can achieve a visual image of the processes occurring in the boundary layers of air near the aerodynamic surfaces.

7. Preliminary experiments (chamber). Obtained values ​​for speed and lift-to-drag ratio.

To determine the basic parameters, a simple experiment was carried out - the flight of a paper airplane was recorded by a video camera against the background of a wall with metric markings. Since the frame interval for video shooting (1/30 second) is known, the gliding speed can be easily calculated. According to the drop in altitude, the glide angle and the aerodynamic quality of the aircraft are found on the corresponding frames.

On average, the speed of the airplane is 5-6 m / s, which is not so little.
Aerodynamic quality - about 8.

8. Requirements for the experiment, Engineering task.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow up to 8 m/s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classic method of aerodynamic research is the wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself is small in size and speed and can be directly placed in a tube of limited dimensions.
Therefore, we are not hindered by the situation when the blown model differs significantly in dimensions from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation during measurements.
With a pipe section of 300x200 mm and a flow rate of up to 8 m / s, we need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters / hour. To change the flow rate, an engine speed controller is needed, and for measurement, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The velocity meter does not have to be digital, it is quite possible to get by with a deflected plate with graduation in angle or a liquid anemometer, which has greater accuracy.

The wind tunnel has been known for a long time, it was used in research by Mozhaisky, and Tsiolkovsky and Zhukovsky have already developed in detail the modern experimental technique, which has not fundamentally changed.
To measure the drag force and lift force, aerodynamic balances are used, which make it possible to determine the forces in several directions (in our case, in two).

9. Photographs of the wind tunnel. Overview of pipe characteristics, aerodynamic balance.

The desktop wind tunnel was implemented on the basis of a sufficiently powerful industrial fan. Mutually perpendicular plates are located behind the fan, which straighten the flow before entering the measuring chamber. The windows in the measuring chamber are equipped with glass. A rectangular hole for holders is cut in the bottom wall. Directly in the measuring chamber, a digital anemometer impeller is installed to measure the flow velocity. The pipe has a slight constriction at the exit to “boost” the flow, which reduces turbulence at the expense of speed reduction. The fan speed is controlled by a simple household electronic controller.

The characteristics of the pipe turned out to be worse than the calculated ones, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the passport characteristics. The flow boost also reduced the velocity in the measurement zone by 0.5 m/s. As a result, the maximum speed is slightly above 5 m/s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:

Re = VLρ/η = VL/ν

V (speed) = 5m/s
L (characteristic) = 250mm = 0.25m
ν (factor (density/viscosity)) = 0.000014 m2/s

Re = 1.25/ 0.000014 = 89285.7143

To measure the forces acting on the aircraft, elementary aerodynamic balances with two degrees of freedom based on a pair of electronic jewelry scales with an accuracy of 0.01 gram were used. The aircraft was fixed on two racks at the right angle and mounted on the platform of the first scales. Those, in turn, were placed on a movable platform with a lever transmission of horizontal force to the second scales.

Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it is better to develop an appropriate mounting scheme with markings.

10. Results of experiments.

When purging the models, two main parameters were measured - the drag force and the lifting force, depending on the flow velocity at a given angle. A family of characteristics was constructed with sufficiently realistic values ​​to describe the behavior of each aircraft. The results are summarized in graphs with further normalization of the scale relative to the speed.

11. Relationships of curves for three models.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design corresponds to the material - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to the length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a properly folded aircraft is well aligned and flies smoothly. It is the combination of such qualities and ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than the second model, but more than the third. At high speeds, the wide tail is already beginning to interfere, which previously perfectly stabilized the model.

Model number 2.
Model with the worst flight characteristics. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not grow enough and the plane really flies like a spear. In addition, it does not stabilize in flight properly.

Model number 3.
The representative of the "engineering" school - the model was conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings do work better, but the drag increases very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the lack of rigidity of the paper, numerous folds in the toe of the wing are used, which also increases the resistance. Nevertheless, the model is very revealing and flies well.

12. Some results on the visualization of vortices

If you introduce a source of smoke into the stream, you can see and photograph the streams that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal, we used incense sticks. To increase the contrast, a special filter for photo processing was used. The flow rate also decreased because the density of the smoke was low.

Flow formation at the leading edge of the wing.

Turbulent tail.

Also, the flows can be examined using short threads glued to the wing, or with a thin probe with a thread at the end.

13. Relationship between parameters and design solutions. Comparison of options reduced to a rectangular wing. The position of the aerodynamic center and the center of gravity and the characteristics of the models.

It has already been noted that paper as a material has many limitations. For low flight speeds, long narrow wings are of the best quality. It is no coincidence that real gliders, especially record holders, also have such wings. However, paper planes have technological limitations and their wings are not optimal.
To analyze the relationship between the geometry of models and their flight characteristics, it is necessary to bring a complex shape to a rectangular analogue by the area transfer method. The best way to do this is with computer programs that allow you to present different models in a universal way. After the transformations, the description will be reduced to the basic parameters - span, chord length, aerodynamic center.

The mutual connection of these quantities and the center of mass will make it possible to fix the characteristic values ​​for various types of behavior. These calculations are beyond the scope of this work, but can be easily done. However, it can be assumed that the center of gravity for a paper plane with rectangular wings is at a distance of one to four from nose to tail, for an aircraft with delta wings - at one second (the so-called neutral point).

14. Energy efficient planning. flight stabilization.
World record tactic for flight time.

Based on the curves for lift and drag, one can find an energetically favorable flight mode with the least losses. This is certainly important for long-range liners, but it can also come in handy in paper aviation. By slightly modernizing the airplane (bending edges, redistributing weight), you can achieve better flight characteristics or, conversely, transfer the flight to a critical mode.
Generally speaking, paper planes do not change characteristics during flight, so they can do without special stabilizers. The tail, which creates resistance, allows you to shift the center of gravity forward. Straightness of flight is maintained due to the vertical plane of the fold and due to the transverse V of the wings.
Stability means that the aircraft, when deflected, tends to return to a neutral position. The point of glide angle stability is that the aircraft will maintain the same speed. The more stable the plane, the more speed, like the model #2. But, this trend needs to be curtailed - lift must be used, so the best paper planes, for the most part, have neutral stability, this is the best combination of qualities.
However, the established regimes are not always the best. The world record for the longest flight was set with a very specific tactic. Firstly, the start of the airplane is carried out in a vertical straight line, it is simply thrown to the maximum height. Secondly, after stabilization at the top point due to the relative position of the center of gravity and the effective wing area, the airplane must itself go into normal flight. Thirdly, the weight distribution of the airplane is not normal - it has an underloaded front part, therefore, due to the large resistance that does not compensate for the weight, it slows down very quickly. At the same time, the lifting force of the wing drops sharply, it nods down and, falling, accelerates with a jerk, but again slows down and freezes. Such oscillations (cabration) are smoothed out due to inertia at the fading points and, as a result, the total time spent in the air is longer than normal uniform glide.

15. A little about the synthesis of a structure with given characteristics.

It is assumed that having determined the main parameters of a paper airplane, their relationship, and thus completing the analysis stage, it is possible to proceed to the synthesis task - to create a new design based on the necessary requirements. Empirically, amateurs all over the world are doing this, the number of designs has exceeded 1000. But there is no final numerical expression for such work, just as there are no special obstacles to doing such research.

16. Practical analogies. Flying squirrel. Wing suite.

It is clear that a paper airplane is, first of all, just a source of joy and a wonderful illustration for the first step into the sky. A similar principle of soaring is used in practice only by flying squirrels, which are not of great economic importance, at least in our lane.

A more practical equivalent of a paper plane is the "Wing suite" - a wingsuit for skydivers that allows horizontal flight. By the way, the aerodynamic quality of such a suit is less than that of a paper plane - no more than 3.

17. Return to the mind map. The level of development. Emerged questions and options for further development of research.

Taking into account the work done, we can apply a coloring to the mind map indicating the completion of the tasks. Green color here indicates points that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas affected, but not adequately developed, red - promising, in need of additional research.

18. Conclusion.

As a result of the work, the theoretical base of the flight of paper planes was studied, experiments were planned and carried out, which made it possible to determine the numerical parameters for different designs and the general relationships between them. The complex mechanisms of flight are also affected, from the point of view of modern aerodynamics.
The main parameters affecting the flight are described, comprehensive recommendations are given.
In the general part, an attempt was made to systematize the field of knowledge based on the mind map, and the main directions for further research were outlined.

19. List of references.

1. Paper plane aerodynamics [Electronic resource] / Ken Blackburn - access mode: http://www.paperplane.org/paero.htm, free. - Zagl. from the screen. - Yaz. English

2. To Schütt. Introduction to the physics of flight. Translation by G.A. Wolpert from the fifth German edition. - M.: United Scientific and Technical Publishing House of the USSR NKTP. Edition of technical and theoretical literature, 1938. - 208 p.

3. Stakhursky A. For skillful hands: Desktop wind tunnel. Central Station for Young Technicians named after N.M. Shvernik - M .: Ministry of Culture of the USSR. Main Directorate of the Printing Industry, 13th Printing House, 1956. - 8 p.

4. Merzlikin V. Radio-controlled models of gliders. - M: Publishing house DOSAAF USSR, 1982. - 160 p.

5. A.L. Stasenko. Flight physics. - M: Science. Main edition of physical and mathematical literature, 1988, - 144 p.

Since childhood, we all know how to quickly make a paper airplane, and we have done it more than once. This origami method is simple and easy to remember. After a couple of times you can do it with your eyes closed.

The simplest and most famous paper airplane pattern

Such an airplane is made from a square sheet of paper, which is folded in half, then the upper edges are folded towards the center. The resulting triangle is bent, and the edges are again bent towards the center. Then the sheet is bent in half, and wings are formed.

That, in fact, is all. But there is one small drawback of such an aircraft - it almost does not soar and falls in a couple of seconds.

Experience of generations

The question arises - which flies for a long time. This is not difficult, since several generations have improved the well-known scheme, and have significantly succeeded in this. Modern ones vary greatly in appearance and quality characteristics.

Below are different ways to make a paper airplane. Simple schemes will not confuse you, but on the contrary, will inspire you to continue experimenting. Although, perhaps, they will require more time from you than the type mentioned above.

Super paper plane

Method number one. It does not differ much from the one described above, but in this version the aerodynamic qualities are slightly improved, which lengthens the flight time:

1. Fold a piece of paper in half lengthwise.
2. Fold the corners towards the middle.
3. Turn the sheet over and fold in half.
4. Fold the triangle up.
5. Change the side of the sheet again.
6. Bend the two right vertices to the center.
7. Do the same with the other side.
8. Bend the resulting plane in half.
9. Raise your tail and straighten your wings.

This is how you can make paper airplanes that fly for a very long time. In addition to this obvious advantage, the model looks very impressive. So play to your health.

Making the plane "Zilke" together

Now it's time for method number two. It involves the manufacture of the Zilke aircraft. Prepare a piece of paper and learn how to make a paper airplane that flies for a long time by following these simple tips:

1. Fold it in half lengthwise.
2. Mark the middle of the sheet. Fold the top in half.
3. Bend the edges of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a couple of centimeters remain to the middle on each side.
4. Turn over a sheet of paper.
5. Form a small triangle at the top in the middle. Bend the entire structure along.
6. Open the top by folding the paper in two directions.
7. Bend the edges so that you get wings.

The aircraft "Zilke" is finished and ready for operation. This was another easy way to quickly make a paper airplane that flies for a long time.

Making a plane "Duck" together

Now consider the scheme of the "Duck" aircraft:

1. Fold a piece of A4 paper in half lengthwise.
2. Bend the top ends towards the middle.
3. Turn the sheet over to the back. Bend the side parts again to the middle, and in the upper part you should get a rhombus.
4. Bend the upper half of the rhombus forward, as if folding it in half.
5. Fold the resulting triangle with an accordion, and bend the bottom top up.
6. Now bend the resulting structure in half.
7. At the final stage, form the wings.

Now you can make those that fly for a long time! The scheme is quite simple and understandable.

Making a Delta plane together

It's time to make a Delta plane out of paper:

1. Fold an A4 piece of paper in half lengthwise. Mark the middle.
2. Turn the sheet horizontally.
3. On one side, draw two parallel lines to the middle, at the same distance.
4. On the other hand, fold the paper in half to the middle mark.
5. Bend the lower right corner to the topmost drawn line so that a couple of centimeters remain intact at the bottom.
6. Bend the top half.
7. Bend the resulting triangle in half.
8. Fold the structure in half and bend the wings along the marked lines.

As you can see, paper airplanes that fly for a very long time can be made in many ways. But that's not all. Because you will find several more types of crafts floating in the air for a long time.

How to make a "Shuttle"

Using the following method, it is quite possible to make a small model of the Shuttle:

1. You will need a square piece of paper.
2. Fold it diagonally to one side, unfold and fold it to the other. Leave in this position.
3. Fold the left and right edges towards the center. It turned out to be a small square.
4. Now fold this square diagonally.
5. At the resulting triangle, bend the front and back leaves.
6. Then fold them under the central triangles so that a small figure remains peeking out from below.
7. Fold the top triangle and tuck it in the middle so that a small top peeks out.
8. Finishing touches: unfold the lower wings and tuck in the nose.

Here's how to make a paper plane that flies for a long time in an easy and simple way. Enjoy the long flight of your Shuttle.

We make the plane "Gomez" according to the scheme

1. Fold the sheet in half lengthwise.
2. Now fold the top right corner to the left edge of the paper. Unbend.
3. Do the same on the other side.
4. Next, fold the top so that a triangle is formed. The bottom part remains unchanged.
5. Bend the lower right corner to the top.
6. Turn the left corner inward. You should get a small triangle.
7. Bend the design in half and form wings.

Now you know that he flew far.

What are paper airplanes for?

These simple aircraft schemes will allow you to enjoy the game, and even arrange competitions between different models, finding out who owns the championship in flight duration and range.

Boys (and maybe their dads) will especially like this activity, so teach them how to create winged cars out of paper, and they will be happy. Such activities develop dexterity, accuracy, perseverance, concentration and spatial thinking in children, and contribute to the development of fantasy. And the prize will be those made that fly for a very long time.

Launch airplanes outdoors in calm weather. And yet, you can take part in the competition of such crafts, however, in this case, you need to know that some of the models presented above are prohibited in such events.

There are many other ways that fly for a very long time. The above are just some of the most effective ones you can do. However, do not limit yourself to only them, try others. And perhaps, over time, you will be able to improve some of the models or come up with a new, more advanced system for making them.

By the way, some paper models of airplanes are capable of making aerial figures and various tricks. Depending on the type of design, you will need to launch strongly and sharply or smoothly.

In any case, all of the above airplanes will fly for a long time and will give you a lot of fun and pleasant experiences, especially if you made them yourself.

Paper airplanes have a rich and long history. It is believed that they tried to fold an airplane out of paper with their own hands in ancient China and in England during the time of Queen Victoria. Subsequent new generations of paper model enthusiasts developed new variants. Even a child can make a flying paper airplane, as soon as he learns the basic principles of folding a layout. A simple scheme contains no more than 5-6 operations, instructions for creating advanced models are much more serious.

Different models will require different paper, differing in density and thickness. Certain models are able to move only in a straight line, some are able to write out a sharp turn. For the manufacture of different models, paper of a certain stiffness is required. Before you start modeling, try out different papers, select the required thickness and density. You should not collect crafts from crumpled paper, they will not fly. Playing with a paper airplane is a favorite pastime for most boys.

Before making a paper airplane, the child will need to turn on all his imagination, concentrate. When holding a children's holiday, you can hold competitions between children, let them launch airplanes folded with their own hands.

Such an airplane can be folded by any boy. For its manufacture, any paper is suitable, even newsprint. After the child is able to make this type of airplane, more serious designs will be within his power.

Consider all the stages of creating an aircraft:

1. Prepare a piece of paper approximately A4 size. Place it with the short side towards you.
2. Bend the paper along the length, put a mark in the center. Expand the sheet, connect the top corner with the middle of the sheet.
3. Perform the same manipulations with the opposite angle.
4. Unfold the paper. Place the corners so that they do not reach the center of the sheet.
5. Bend a small corner, it should hold all other corners.
6. Bend the plane mockup along the centerline. The triangular parts are located on top, take the sides to the center line.

The second scheme of a classic aircraft

This common option is called a glider, you can leave it with a sharp nose, or you can make it blunt, bend it.

propeller plane

There is a whole direction of origami involved in the creation of models of paper airplanes. It is called aerogami. You can learn an easy way to make an origami paper airplane. This option is done very quickly, it flies well. This is exactly what will interest the baby. You can equip it with a propeller. Prepare a sheet of paper, scissors or a knife, pencils, a sewing pin that has a bead on the top.

Manufacturing scheme:

1. Place the sheet with the short side facing you, fold it in half lengthwise.
2. Fold the top corners towards the center.
3. The resulting side corners also bend to the center of the sheet.
4. Bend the sides again towards the middle. Iron all folds well.
5. To make a propeller, you will need a square sheet measuring 6 * 6cm, mark both of its diagonals. Make cuts along these lines, stepping back from the center a little less than a centimeter.
6. Fold the propeller, placing the corners to the center through one. Secure the middle with a beaded needle. It is advisable to glue the propeller, it will not spread.

Attach the propeller to the tail of the airplane mockup. The model is ready to run.

boomerang plane

The kid will be very interested in an unusual paper plane, which independently returns back to his hands.

Let's figure out how such layouts are made:

1. Place a sheet of A4 paper in front of you with the short side facing you. Bend in half along the long side, unfold.
2. Bend the top corners to the center, smooth down. Expand this part down. Straighten the resulting triangle, smooth out all the wrinkles inside.
3. Unfold the product with the reverse side, bend the second side of the triangle in the middle. Send the wide end of the paper in the opposite direction.
4. Perform the same manipulations with the second half of the product.
5. As a result of all this, a kind of pocket should form. Raise it to the top, bend it so that its edge lies exactly along the length of the paper sheet. Bend the corner into this pocket, and send the top one down.
6. Do the same with the other side of the plane.
7. Fold up the details on the side of the pocket.
8. Expand the layout, place the front edge in the middle. Protruding pieces of paper should appear, they must be folded. Details that resemble fins, also remove.
9. Expand layout. It remains to bend in half and carefully iron all the folds.
10. Decorate the front part of the fuselage, bend the pieces of the wings up. Run your hands along the front of the wings, you should get a slight bend.

The plane is ready for operation, it will fly further and further.

The flight range depends on the mass of the aircraft and the strength of the wind. The lighter the paper the mockup is made of, the easier it is to fly. But with a strong wind, he will not be able to fly far, he will simply be blown away. A heavy aircraft resists the wind flow more easily, but it has a shorter flight range. In order for our paper plane to fly along a smooth trajectory, it is necessary that both parts of it be exactly the same. If the wings turned out to be of different shapes or sizes, the plane will immediately go into a dive. It is advisable not to use adhesive tape, metal staples, glue in the manufacture. All this makes the product heavier, because of the extra weight the plane will not fly.

Complex views

Origami plane

In order to make a paper airplane, you will need a rectangular paper sheet, which can be either white or colored. If desired, you can use notebook, xerox, newsprint or any other paper that is available.

It is better to choose the density of the base for the future aircraft closer to the average so that it flies far and at the same time it is not too difficult to fold it (on too thick paper it is usually difficult to fix the folds and they turn out uneven).

We add the simplest figure of an airplane

It is better for novice origami lovers to start with the simplest airplane model familiar to everyone since childhood:

For those who failed to fold the plane according to the instructions, here is a video tutorial:

If you got tired of this option at school and you want to expand your paper aircraft building skills, we will tell you how to step by step perform two simple variations of the previous model.

long-haul aircraft

Step by step photo instruction

1. Fold a rectangular sheet of paper in half along the larger side. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet. We turn the resulting corner with a “valley”, that is, towards ourselves.

1. We bend the corners of the resulting rectangle to the middle so that a small triangle peeks out in the middle of the sheet.

1. We bend a small triangle up - it will fix the wings of the future aircraft.

1. We fold the figure along the axis of symmetry, given that the small triangle should remain outside.

1. We bend the wings from both sides to the base.

1. We set both wings of the aircraft at an angle of 90 degrees to fly far.

1. Thus, without spending a lot of time, we get a far-flying airplane!

Folding scheme

1. Fold a paper rectangular sheet along its larger side in half.

1. We bend the two upper corners to the middle of the sheet.

1. We wrap the "valley" corners along the dotted line. In the origami technique, a “valley” is the fold of a section of a sheet along a certain line in the direction “towards you”.

1. We add the resulting figure along the axis of symmetry so that the corners are outside. Be sure to make sure that the contours of both halves of the future airplane match. It depends on how it will fly in the future.

1. We bend the wings on both sides of the aircraft, as shown in the figure.

1. Make sure the angle between the airplane's wing and its fuselage is 90 degrees.

1. It turned out such a fast plane!

How to make the plane fly far?

Do you want to learn how to properly launch a paper plane that you just made with your own hands? Then carefully read the rules of its management:

If all the rules are followed, but the model still does not fly as you would like, try improving it as follows:

1. If the aircraft constantly strives to soar sharply upwards, and then, making a dead loop, abruptly goes down, crashing its nose into the ground, it needs an upgrade in the form of an increase in the density (weight) of the nose. This can be done by slightly bending the nose of the paper model inward, as shown in the picture, or by attaching a paper clip from below to it.
2. If during the flight the model does not fly straight, as it should, but to the side, equip it with a rudder by bending part of the wing along the line shown in the figure.
3. If an airplane goes into a tailspin, it urgently needs a tail. Armed with scissors, make it a quick and functional upgrade.
4. But if the model falls sideways during the tests, most likely the reason for the failure is the lack of stabilizers. To add them to the design, it is enough to bend the wings of the aircraft along the edges along the lines indicated by the dotted lines.

We also bring to your attention a video instruction for the manufacture and testing of an interesting model of an aircraft that is capable of not only far, but also an incredibly long flight:

Now that you are confident in your abilities and have already got your hands on folding and launching simple airplanes, we offer instructions that will tell you how to make a paper airplane of a more complex model.

F-117 Stealth Plane ("Nighthawk")

bomber aircraft

Execution scheme

1. Take a rectangular piece of paper. We fold the upper part of the rectangle into a double triangle: to do this, we bend the upper right corner of the rectangle so that its upper side coincides with the left side.
2. Then, by analogy, we bend the left corner, combining the upper part of the rectangle with its right side.
3. Through the intersection point of the obtained lines, we perform a fold, which in the end should be parallel to the smaller side of the rectangle.
4. Along this line, we fold the resulting side triangles inward. You should get the figure shown in Figure 2. We outline a line in the middle of the sheet in the lower part, by analogy with Figure 1.

1. We denote a line parallel to the base of the triangle.

1. We turn the figure over to the back side and bend the corner towards ourselves. You should get the following paper design:

1. Again we shift the figure to the other side and bend the two corners up, after bending the upper part in half.

1. Turn the figure back and bend the corner up.

1. We fold the left and right corners, circled in the figure, in accordance with picture 7. Such a scheme will allow us to achieve the correct bending of the corner.

1. We bend the corner away from ourselves and fold the figure along the middle line.

1. We bring the edges inward, again fold the figure in half, and then on ourselves.

1. In the end, you will get such a paper toy - a bomber plane!

Bomber SU-35

Fighter "Pointed Hawk"

Step-by-step execution scheme

1. We take a piece of rectangular paper, bend it in half along the larger side and outline the middle.

1. We bend in the direction "towards ourselves" two corners of the rectangle.

1. We bend the corners of the figure along the dotted line.

1. We fold the figure across so that the acute angle is in the middle of the opposite side.

1. We turn the resulting figure on the reverse side and form two folds, as shown in the figure. It is very important that the folds are not folded to the midline, but at a slight angle to it.

1. We bend the resulting corner towards ourselves and at the same time turn the corner forward, which after all the manipulations will be on the back of the layout. You should get a shape, as shown in the figure below.

1. We bend the figure in half from ourselves.

1. We lower the wings of the airplane along the dotted line.

1. We bend the ends of the wings a little to get the so-called winglets. Then we spread the wings so that they form a right angle with the fuselage.

The paper fighter is ready!

Fighter Planing Hawk

Manufacturing instructions:

1. We take a rectangular piece of paper and outline the middle, folding it in half along the larger side.

1. We bend inward to the middle the two upper corners of the rectangle.

1. We turn the sheet over to the back side and bend the folds in the direction "towards ourselves" to the center line. It is very important that the upper corners do not bend. It should look like this figure.

1. We turn the upper part of the square diagonally towards us.

1. We fold the resulting figure in half.

1. We outline the fold as shown in the figure.

1. We refuel inside the rectangular part of the fuselage of the future airplane.

1. We bend the wings down along the dotted line at a right angle.

1. It turned out such a paper airplane! It remains to be seen how it flies.

Fighter F-15 Eagle

Aircraft "Concorde"

Following the given photo and video instructions, you can make a paper airplane with your own hands in a few minutes, playing with which will become a pleasant and entertaining pastime for you and your children!

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

secondary school №41 with. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I Introduction ______________________________________________ pages 3-4

II. The history of aviation _______________________pages 4-7

III _________pages 7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of an exhibition of models

aircraft from different materials and holding

research ____________________________________________ pages 10-11

V. Conclusion ______________________________________________ page 12

VI. References. _________________________________ page 12

VII. Application

I.Introduction.

Relevance:"Man is not a bird, but strives to fly"

It just so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of aircraft did not at all diminish the relevance of the ancient desire .. In the modern world, aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people overcome long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people . So who built and made a controlled flight on it? Who made this step, so important for mankind, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation?

I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Objective: study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built in 1882 an "aeronautical projectile". So it was written in the patent for it in 1881. By the way, the aircraft patent was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers patented their apparatus only in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real aircraft with all the parts that were due to him: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern aircraft than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of the Mozhaisky plane (from a drawing by the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

specially constructed inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky's aircraft simply lacked the power of the power plant for a full-fledged flight. Three years later he died, and for many years he himself stood in the Krasnoye Selo under the open sky. Then he was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaisky estate, and already there he burned down in 1895. Well, what can I say. It's a pity…

III. The history of the appearance of the first paper planes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is a co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft.

And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models and eventually in 1989 founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A-4 paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane must consist in bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, and also use foreign objects for fixing (paper clips, etc.). The competition rules are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Launch Championship was first held in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge glass-spherical building called "Angar-7".

The Glider airplane, although it looks like a perfect raskoryak, glides well, therefore, at the World Championship, pilots from several countries launched it in the competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but up. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice, any deformation is fatal for it. The world gliding record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed by American pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used in construction. We looked into the encyclopedic dictionary, here's what we learned:

Glossary of terms.

Aviette- small-sized aircraft with a low-power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 horsepower), usually one or two-seat.

Stabilizer- one of the horizontal planes that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel- This is a vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, plumage, sometimes the chassis and the power plant.

IV. Practical part:

Organization of an exhibition of aircraft models from different materials and testing .

Well, which of the children did not make airplanes? I think these people are very hard to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and it was interesting and easy to make. Because the paper plane is very easy to make and does not require material costs. All that is needed for such an aircraft is to take a sheet of paper, and after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in the competition for the farthest or longest flight.

We also made our first airplane - the Kid at the technology lesson and launched them right in the classroom at recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft, where all the students performed. There were drawn planes: with paints, pencils. Application from napkins and colored paper, aircraft models made of wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, plastic bottle.

We wanted to learn more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students learn who built and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - history of the first paper planes. We found all the information about the aircraft on the Internet. When we heard about the paper airplane launching competition, we also decided to hold such a competition for the longest distance and the longest planning.

For participation, we decided to make airplanes: “Dart”, “Glider”, “Kid”, “Arrow”, and I myself came up with the airplane “Falcon” (aircraft diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Dart", he is a prolem.

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Glider", it was in the air for 5 seconds.

Launched models 2 times. An airplane made from office paper won

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: the Dart flew the farthest (15 meters), the Glider was in the air the longest (5 seconds), the airplanes made of office paper fly best.

But we liked learning everything new and new so much that we found a new aircraft model from modules on the Internet. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy, perseverance, but very interesting, especially assembling. We made 2000 modules for the aircraft. Aircraft Designer" href="/text/category/aviakonstruktor/" rel="bookmark">Aircraft Designer and will design a plane that people will fly on.

VI. References:

1.http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paper airplane...

2. http://www. *****/news/detail

3 http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Aircraft_Mozhaisky

4.http://www. ›200711.htm

5.http://www. *****›avia/8259.html

6. http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Wright Brothers

7. http:// locals. md› 2012 /stan-chempionom-mira…samolyotikov/

8 http:// *****› from modules MK plane

APPENDIX

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