Funny case from life. Why does Abalkin consider it necessary Why does the author consider it necessary to return to comprehension

28.10.2021

Detailed solution Paragraph § 2 on social science for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is the economy able to meet all the needs of people? Can economic activity be measured? How does the economy develop - spontaneously or according to its own laws? Does the consumer benefit from producer competition?

The economy cannot satisfy all needs. Economic activity is a set of actions at different levels of management, as a result of which people satisfy their needs through the production and exchange of material goods and services. An activity becomes economic when it aims or results in the production and exchange of goods or services recognized as both useful or rare. Economic activity has a certain sphere of application of forces: agricultural, industrial, handicraft, activities in the field of imports, exports, activities of freelancers, etc.

Economic laws are stable, significant causal, recurring relationships between economic phenomena and processes. In other words, economic laws are a manifestation of stable relations between people that develop in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, which at the same time manifest themselves as interests.

Competition is a struggle between economic entities for the most efficient use of factors of production. In economics, they talk about the business competition of business entities, each of which, by its actions, limits the ability of a competitor to unilaterally influence the conditions for the circulation of goods on the market, that is, the degree of dependence of market conditions on the behavior of individual market participants.

Competition benefits the consumer. The more active the competition, the cheaper and better the manufacturer makes his product (service) in order to sell exactly his product (service).

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 2. What different from Western approaches, moral values, views on the place of man in the world characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization?

The world of economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, originally multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods. The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than individual success.

Yes, we can agree. Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this.

Question 4. Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade of the 20th century, give examples confirming the scientist’s conclusion that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

The economic crisis of 1998 in Russia was one of the most severe economic crises in Russian history.

The crisis occurred against the backdrop of a difficult economic situation in the country, aggravated by ineffective macroeconomic policies pursued by the authorities in the mid-1990s. In those years, a tight monetary policy (containment of inflation by refusing emission financing of the state budget and by maintaining an overvalued ruble exchange rate) was combined with a soft budget policy (unreasonably inflated budgets adopted by the State Duma and signed by President Yeltsin). The impetus for the emergence of the crisis was given by two external factors: a sharp decline in world prices for goods of the fuel and energy complex (the main item of Russian export) and the crisis in Southeast Asia that broke out in mid-1997.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the reason for the emergence of economic science?

This is due to the fact that for most of the history of mankind, the main issues of the economy (what, how and for whom to produce) were most often decided either in accordance with traditions and customs, or by order of the head of state. Therefore, the actions of people were predetermined and predictable, and there was no need for economic science. In a market economy, decisions on basic economic issues began to be made by a free, independent producer. Scientists were interested in how this "free" and "self-regulating" economic system works.

Economists sought to study both the general interconnections of large elements of the market economy (for example, employment, foreign trade, the economic policy of the state) and individual problems (for example, supply and demand, market competition).

Question 2. What are the main problems of economic science? Name and describe them.

The subject of attention of scientists has become such universal problems as limited resources and economic choice. (Remember what you learned about these concepts from the social studies course in elementary school.)

The needs of society in connection with the increase in the population, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the deepening of cultural ties are constantly increasing and becoming almost limitless. On the contrary, economic opportunities - those real resources that society can direct to satisfy needs - are always, at any given moment, limited. Society is constantly faced with the need to resolve this contradiction and the problem of economic choice. How can the existing needs be better met with the available resources? This is the problem that economics is trying to solve.

Economic science studies various areas and laws of economic development at different levels. Thus, the part of economic science that studies the economy as a whole is called macroeconomics. Its subject is, for example, the problems of unemployment, poverty, economic growth, the role of the state in regulating the economy and protecting the interests of society.

Question 3. What study macroeconomics and microeconomics?

Microeconomics is a part of economic science that studies economic relations between individual economic entities (consumers, employees, firms), their activities and impact on the national economy. It studies the choice problems faced by individual participants in economic activity. For example, the interaction of consumers and producers in the market of goods and services, entrepreneurs and employees in the labor market, etc. At the same time, microeconomics studies the functioning of individual markets and industries. It explains how prices are set for individual goods, what funds and why are directed to the construction of new enterprises, the development of industries, how the activities of industries and markets are affected by state policy.

Both levels of economic analysis (macro- and microeconomics) are interconnected. For example, if the reasons for the rise in prices for the products of an oil refinery are analyzed, then this is a microeconomic problem. Analysis of the decision on the antimonopoly policy of the state in relation to the enterprises of the oil industry is the subject of macroeconomics. At the same time, the behavior of individual participants in economic activity (manufacturers, firms) largely depends on the state of affairs in the economy of the whole country.

The current stage of economic development is characterized by a high interdependence of national economies on a global scale. Therefore, economic theory necessarily involves consideration of the problems of the relationship of national economies with the world economy. The laws of development of the world economy are studied by an independent part of economic science - the world (international) economy. The subject of her research is international trade in goods and services, the movement of capital, the exchange and trade in the results of scientific and technical activities, international monetary relations, etc.

Question 4. What is necessary for the objects of nature to be transformed into commodities? What is the role of economic activity in this process?

In a broad sense, the economy is a set of methods for creating conditions for the survival and progress of mankind. From this we can conclude that economic activity is all types of economic activity of people to meet their needs and ensure material living conditions.

Economic activity is necessary in order to turn resources into the necessary economic benefits - goods and services that satisfy one or another human need and are available to society in limited quantities. Schematically, the process of transforming natural objects into commodities can be represented as follows:

Production - Distribution - Exchange - Consumption

To measure economic activity, various economic quantities and indicators are used that characterize the state, properties, quality of the economy, its objects, processes. These quantities allow you to find out how the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption are going, what are their results.

Let's get acquainted with some economic indicators used to assess the level of production and development of the country's economy.

Economic quantities are divided into two large classes - absolute and relative.

Question 5: How can gross domestic product be measured and defined?

This indicator of the volume of national production is defined as the value of all final products (goods and services) produced during the year on the territory of the country. By dividing a country's GDP by the number of citizens, we get an indicator called GDP per capita.

GDP is calculated both in constant (constant) prices of the base year and in current (current) prices. That is, economists distinguish between two indicators: real GDP, when its volume is expressed in constant prices of manufactured products; nominal GDP when measured in current prices.

When calculating the real indicator of GDP, as a rule, an adjustment is made for the value of inflation (the level of the price growth rate), and it will depend only on changes in real output. When the prices of goods and services rise, nominal GDP (based on current prices) can rise even if the level of output stays the same or falls.

Let us assume that nominal GDP has grown during the year from 200 to 500 billion rubles. But over the same period, prices doubled, and 1 ruble in this period had a purchasing power equal to half of the previous one. It can be said that GDP increased only to 250 billion rubles. (500 billion rubles: 2). For example, in Russia from 1990 to 1999, the GDP indicator increased by more than 7 thousand times. Prices during this time have risen 13,750 times (i.e. almost twice as much as GDP). Thus, real GDP also decreased by almost 2 times, respectively.

Since on the basis of data on the volume and dynamics of GDP, economic growth in the country is usually judged, it is necessary to use the indicator of real gross domestic product.

Question 6. What are the ways to increase the volume of production with the limited resources available?

The developed forecasts reflect the priority areas of modernization: the growth of investments, the creation of a favorable competitive and business environment, the search for new sources of economic growth, overcoming the technological gap and stimulating high-tech production, the development of the innovative sector of the economy.

There are two ways to increase the result: extensive and intensive. In the first case, growth occurs due to the involvement of more resources in production: labor, time, equipment, material resources, and so on. In the second case, production growth occurs due to a more efficient (rational, economical) use of available resources, or even with a decrease in the amount of resources. In conditions of limited resources, development, of course, should only be intensive.

TASKS

Question 1: China's GNP is higher than France's GNP. Is it possible to conclude on this basis that the state of affairs in its economy is better? Explain your answer.

In most countries, the annual production of the national economy is measured through the gross national product (GNP).

GNP is defined as the value of all final products (goods and services) created by the producers of a given country during the year, both domestically and abroad.

GNP is considered a measure of the economy as a whole, because it actually includes the value of all goods and services produced during the year. Based on GNP, several more indicators are calculated: gross domestic product, net national product, national income.

The size of the GNP is not the main criterion in determining the success or failure of any country. The size of the population plays a big role. In China it is 1.3 billion, in France - 65.4 million. Per capita, France will be in a better position, since its population is ten times smaller. And the standard of living in France is many times higher than in China.

Question 2. Fill in the notebook table "Sections of economic science."

Microeconomics: conditions for concluding an entrepreneurial transaction, competition between producers, interaction between consumers and producers in the goods market, costs and profitability of an enterprise.

Macroeconomics: slowdown in economic growth, employment, level and rate of inflation, reasons for the growth of wages in the oil industry.

World economy: turnover of the international currency market, deepening of the international division of labor, foreign trade policy of countries, causes of the economic crisis.

Enter the listed problems in the appropriate columns of the table: the conditions for concluding a business transaction, the turnover of the international foreign exchange market, competition between manufacturers, the slowdown in economic growth, the interaction of consumers and producers in the goods market, the deepening of the international division of labor, employment, the costs and profitability of an enterprise, the foreign trade policy of countries , the level and rate of inflation, the causes of the economic crisis, the reasons for the growth of wages in the oil industry.

Question 3. In 2004, compulsory car insurance was introduced in Russia. This process had both supporters and opponents among car owners. What position would you support? Justify your answer.

Auto insurance is a type of insurance protection that is designed to protect the property interests of the insured associated with the costs of restoring a vehicle after an accident, breakdown or buying a new car after theft or theft, compensation for damage caused to third parties during the operation of the car.

A lot of questions are raised by the interaction of insurance companies with the Russian Union of Motor Insurers, where instructions are developed for companies on the application of specific provisions of the law. By the time the law comes into force, all the necessary papers must be ready, and how they will work is not always clear. They will check on Russian drivers.

The second problem is how insurers will be able to cope with traditional Russian troubles like the rudeness of traffic cops, "setting up" on the roads and the dubious quality of car services. On this score, foreign colleagues will not be able to cope.

Lesson in social science on the topic "Economics: science and economy"

Purpose: to consider the subjects of study of economic science, to identify the main problems of the economy as an economy, to get acquainted with the main indicators of economic activity.

Subject: social science.

Date: "____" ____.20___

I.Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Presentation of the program material.

Storytelling with elements of conversation

The textbook is a continuation of the basic social studies course that you studied in grade 10. The main content of the course, as well as the documents, questions, and tasks included in the textbook will allow you to obtain the necessary knowledge and skills that meet modern requirements for the level of graduate training. Practical conclusions will guide how to apply the acquired knowledge in life.

Many of the questions you studied in grade 10 will be covered more fully and in more depth in this part of the course. First of all, this applies to issues of economics, politics, and law. When studying new material, it is necessary to rely on the knowledge gained in grade 10. The connection of new knowledge with previously acquired is a condition for their correct understanding, development in an integral system.

In the course of working with the course content, it is useful to refer to the social processes and phenomena that you studied in the history course. At the same time, it is important to be interested in ongoing social events and, using the knowledge that the course provides, learn to independently understand a particular socio-political situation.

Whatever your plans after graduation, a social studies course will help you become competent people, able to develop and defend your own civic position, competently and responsibly solve social and personal problems.

Is the economy able to meet all the needs of people? Can economic activity be measured? How does the economy develop - spontaneously or according to its own laws?

The economy is the most complex sphere of society. Its numerous and varied manifestations make it difficult to accurately define the concept of "economy". Let's try to consider the most general ideas about this area of public life, reflecting the views of theoretical scientists and practitioners.

You got acquainted with the concept of "economics" in elementary school. Recall that it is necessary to distinguish between double meaning. This word is used to characterize both economic activity and the science of the laws of such activity. Compare two different definitions used to characterize the same word "economy".

Economy - it is an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society by creating and using the necessary vital goods.

Economy - the science of the economy, the methods of its conduct and management, the relationship between people in the process of production and exchange of goods, the laws of the flow of economic processes.

In order to better understand and assimilate the meaning of each of the definitions, we will consider them in more detail, starting with the second.

What does economics study

Economic science also studies the functioning and interaction of such economic institutions as the state, enterprise, family and household.

The stable, significant relationships between economic phenomena, processes, and relations identified by scientists make it possible in practice to more effectively solve economic problems.

In the subsequent paragraphs of this chapter, you will get acquainted with the main scientific ideas and works (not only the training text will help you with this, but also the reference to the documents at the end of each paragraph) of such outstanding thinkers who contributed to economics, such as A. Smith, D Ricardo, K. Marx, D. Keynes, A. Marshall, as well as modern scientists, including representatives of the Russian school of economic thought.

Economy and economic activity

In the broad sense of the word, the economy is a set of methods for creating conditions for the survival and progress of mankind. From this we can conclude that economic activity is all types of economic activity of people to meet their needs and ensure material living conditions.

Production Distribution Exchange Consumption

There is a close relationship between different types of economic activity. Thus, production and distribution cannot be separated, because the goods produced can give a useful result when they reach the consumer. Consumption is not only the goal of production, but also a stimulus for its development. It has a serious impact on the growth of production volumes, the development of certain industries.

Another component of economic activity that links production with distribution and consumption is exchange.

Exchange - an economic transaction in which one person transfers a thing or a commodity to another, receiving money or another thing in return.

A variety of relations that develop in the process of production and distribution of material goods are included in the concept of "the economic sphere of society". (Remember what other spheres of society are distinguished, how they are connected with the economy.)

The success of solving the main problem of the economy - determining the most efficient ways to use limited resources - largely depends on the rules and principles of organizing activities. Thus, for several centuries the world of economics has been governed by one of the main principles - the principle of rationality, which allows choosing decisions based on the desire to obtain the greatest economic results with the lowest possible expenditure of all the resources necessary for this. (Compare the forms of farming familiar to you from history: subsistence and commodity. Which of them takes into account the principle of rationality more fully? Which is more efficient?)

The results of economic activity depend not only on the general principles of its organization, but also on the so-called economic mechanisms, i.e., ways and forms of people combining their efforts in solving life support problems. Such important mechanisms of the economy are, for example, the division of labor and specialization, trade. (Think about how these familiar ways of human cooperation affect the content and results of economic activity.)

People satisfy the needs for goods and services either by producing them themselves or by exchanging the products produced for the necessary goods and services. Therefore, in order to improve the standard of living of the population, it is necessary to find ways to increase the volume of production. There are two such ways: expand volumes use of economic resources or increase efficiency their use. An indicator or measure of how efficiently available resources are being used is productivity (not to be confused with labor productivity). When more quality goods are produced with the same resources, productivity increases.

Performance - is the volume of goods and services produced per unit of input. Costs can be any resources involved in the production process - land, fuel, equipment costs, labor costs, etc. Productivity is directly affected quality of labor resources(professional training, qualification of employees), technologies used and effectiveness of managerial decisions.

Measures of economic activity

To measure economic activity, various economic quantities and indicators are used that characterize the state, properties, quality of the economy, its objects, processes. These values allow you to find out how the processes of production, distribution, consumption are going, what are their results.

Economic quantities and indicators can be divided into absolute(characterize the amount of product) and relative(characterize the ratio of two quantities). You see, for example, data that Russia sells 130 million tons of coal on the world market - you have an example of an absolute indicator. If economists note that this year the decline in production is 90% compared to last year (for this it is necessary to compare two values), this is an example of a relative indicator.

Let's get acquainted with some economic indicators used to assess the level of production and development of the country's economy.

In most countries, the annual output of the national economy is measured through the indicator gross national product(GNP). This indicator has been used since 1988 in Russia as well.

GNP is defined as the cost of all final products(goods and services) created by producers in a given country during a year how inside the country, so per abroad.

Why are we only talking about final products? In order for the volume of national production to be determined correctly, it is necessary to take into account all products only once. Most goods and services go through many stages of the production process before reaching the final consumer. For example, before a book gets into the hands of readers, it must go through several technological stages - from the development of the content by the author, papermaking and printing to sale.

GNP includes sales of only final products (in our case, books), excluding sales of intermediate products, that is, those used in the manufacture of the final product (in our case, paper, printing, publishing costs). This eliminates double counting and overestimation of GNP.

Let us dwell on an indicator similar to GNP and just as often used - gross domestic product(GDP). This indicator of the volume of national production is defined as the cost of all final products(goods and services) produced throughout the year in the country.

By dividing the country's GDP by the number of citizens, we get an indicator called GDP per capita. According to this indicator, one can compare the degree of economic development and the standard of living of different countries. It is GDP per capita that is one of the main indicators the standard of living of the nation. When production grows faster, then there are more and more goods and services per inhabitant of the country, and the standard of living rises. If population grows faster than production, the average standard of living decreases.

It is necessary to clarify on the basis of what indicators one can judge the growth of gross domestic product. GDP is calculated both in constant (constant) prices of the base year, and in current (acting) prices. That is, economists distinguish between two indicators: real GDP, when its volume is expressed in constant prices of products produced; nominal GDP, when its volume is measured in current prices.

When calculating real GDP, as a rule, an adjustment is made for inflation rate(rising prices), and it will depend only on changes in real output. Meter inflation processes in the country is the GDP deflator, which is determined by dividing nominal by real GDP.

When the prices of goods and services rise, nominal GDP (based on current prices) can rise even if the level of output stays the same or falls.

Assume that nominal GDP has grown during the year from 200 billion rubles. up to 500 billion rubles But over the same period, prices doubled and 1 ruble in this period had a purchasing power equal to half of the previous one. It can be said that GDP increased only to 250 billion rubles. (500 billion rubles: 2). For example, in Russia from 1990 to 1999, the GDP indicator increased by more than 7 thousand times. During this time, prices have risen 13,750 times (i.e., almost doubled). Thus, real GDP also decreased by almost 2 times, respectively.

Since on the basis of data on the volume and dynamics of GDP, economic growth in the country is usually judged, it is necessary to use the indicator of real gross domestic product.

The economic information obtained with the help of various meters is the source material for analyzing the development of the country's economy and developing economic forecasts. Thus, the observed positive dynamics of GDP growth in Russia in recent years (from 2001 to 2003 this indicator increased from 5 to 7.2%) allowed the government to put forward the task of doubling GDP in the next 10 years.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the main subjects of economic activity are producers and consumers. You will learn about how they ensure the goals and effectiveness of economic activity by their actions in the following paragraphs.

III. Practical conclusions.

1. Economic knowledge is necessary for every person as a consumer and as an employee. An economically literate person knows how to make buying and hiring decisions, how to protect himself from the consequences of rising prices, how best to use his savings, what profession to choose so as not to be unemployed later.

The lack of economic knowledge and the ability to make rational decisions based on it results in a decrease in the level of well-being, financial losses, dissatisfaction and disappointment in professional activities, and a reduction in the ability to competently defend their economic rights for participants in economic activity.

2. The development of market relations in our country required from their participants new economic knowledge, without which successful practical activity is impossible, the ability to make the right economic choice in conditions of limited resources. Understanding the general nature of the functioning of the economy helps its participants to correctly determine their economic policy, make reasonable economic decisions even in the most unfavorable periods of the enterprise's activity.

3. The modern economic development of Russia depends to a large extent not only on officials or politicians, but also on the active participation in the government of the country of its citizens. Your choice as a voter can affect the economic policy of the country, and your choice as an employee or consumer will determine not only your well-being, but also how people around you will live.

IV. Document.

Reflections on the Features of the Russian School of Economic Thought Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences(from a report at a scientific conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society of Russia).

Globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development, by no means removes, but in many respects exacerbates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own merits and advantages, its own system of values and its own understanding of progress... In this regard, we have to return once again to understanding the special role and place in the science of the Russian school of economic thought... A huge impact on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic thought, as in domestic, and in world science, had the originality and uniqueness of the civilization that has developed in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude the still poorly studied specifics of Asian civilization, has had such different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and the place of man in it. This could not but affect culture and science, especially the humanities. What is recognized in the West as an indisputable truth, which removes all restrictions as insignificant, is perceived in a completely different and often fundamentally different way in Russian economic thought.

The world of economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, initially multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods ... The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than individual success.

Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this.

Questions and tasks for the document

2) What approaches, moral values, and views on the place of man in the world, different from Western ones, characterize, in your opinion, Russian civilization?

4) Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade of the 20th century, give examples that confirm the scientist's conclusion that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

V. Questions for self-examination.

1. What is the reason for the emergence of economic science?

2. What are the main problems of economic science? Name and describe them.

3. What do macroeconomics and microeconomics study?

4. What is necessary for the objects of nature to be transformed into commodities? What is the role of economic activity in this process?

5. How can gross domestic product be measured and defined?

6. In what ways can the volume of production be increased with the limited resources available?

VI. Tasks.

1. China's GNP is higher than France's. Is it possible to conclude on this basis that the state of affairs in its economy is better? Explain your answer.

2. Fill in the table "Sections of economic science".

Microeconomics

Macroeconomics

World economy

Enter the listed problems studied by various parts of economic science in the appropriate column of the table: the conditions for concluding an entrepreneurial transaction, the turnover of the international foreign exchange market, producer competition, the slowdown in economic growth, the interaction of consumers and producers in the goods market, the deepening of the international division of labor, employment, costs and the profitability of the enterprise, the foreign trade policy of countries, the level and rate of inflation, the causes of the economic crisis, the reasons for the growth of wages in the oil industry.

3. What mechanism of regulation of the economy provides the best opportunity to allocate resources to its sectors in accordance with the volume and structure of consumption: market (free) pricing or directive (centralized) price setting? Justify your answer.

4. Choose the most accurate definition of the subject of economic science:

− study of people's behavior in the process of production and exchange of material goods;

− the science of ways to improve the efficiency of the functioning of economic systems;

- a science that studies the use of limited resources of society for the production of material goods in the face of ever-growing needs of people;

− the science of people's daily business activities and their livelihoods;

− study of methods and criteria for the distribution of produced economic benefits.

VII. Thoughts of the wise.

"Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources."

L. Peter (), American writer

VIII. Final part.

1. Evaluation of student responses.

Question: DOCUMENT Reflections on the peculiarities of the Russian school of economic thought by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. I. Abalkin (from a report at a scientific conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society of Russia) . Globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development, by no means removes, but in many respects exacerbates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own merits and advantages, its own system of values and its own understanding of progress... In this regard, we have to return once again to understanding the special role and place in the science of the Russian school of economic thought... A huge influence on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic thought, both in domestic and world science, was exerted by the originality and originality of the civilization that has developed in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude the still poorly studied specifics of Asian civilization, has had such different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and the place of man in it. This could not but affect culture and science, especially the humanities. What is recognized in the West as an indisputable truth, which removes all restrictions as insignificant, is perceived in a completely different and often fundamentally different way in Russian economic thought. The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, initially multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods... The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than the individual success. Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this. QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR THE DOCUMENT 1. Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought? What determines the originality of this scientific school? 2. What approaches, moral values, and views on the place of man in the world, different from Western ones, characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization? 3. Can we agree with the author that the use of these approaches by economic science could ensure the success of the country's economic development? 4. Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade, give examples confirming the conclusion of the scientist that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

DOCUMENT Reflections on the Features of the Russian School of Economic Thought by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. I. Abalkin (from a report at a scientific conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society of Russia) . Globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development, by no means removes, but in many respects exacerbates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own merits and advantages, its own system of values and its own understanding of progress... In this regard, we have to return once again to understanding the special role and place in the science of the Russian school of economic thought... A huge influence on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic thought, both in domestic and world science, was exerted by the originality and originality of the civilization that has developed in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude the still poorly studied specifics of Asian civilization, has had such different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and the place of man in it. This could not but affect culture and science, especially the humanities. What is recognized in the West as an indisputable truth, which removes all restrictions as insignificant, is perceived in a completely different and often fundamentally different way in Russian economic thought. The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, initially multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods... The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than the individual success. Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this. QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR THE DOCUMENT 1. Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought? What determines the originality of this scientific school? 2. What approaches, moral values, and views on the place of man in the world, different from Western ones, characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization? 3. Can we agree with the author that the use of these approaches by economic science could ensure the success of the country's economic development? 4. Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade, give examples confirming the conclusion of the scientist that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

Answers:

so I only answered three questions on the last one I don't know. 1) Globalization removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. The originality and uniqueness of the civilization that has developed in our country. 2) Moral values, perception of the surrounding world and a person's place in it. 3) I think that moral values, perception of the surrounding world, etc. are possible. Without these approaches, the country's economy will not develop. All!

Document

Reflections on the Features of the Russian School of Economic Thought by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. I. Abalkin (from a report at a scientific conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society of Russia).

Globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development, by no means removes, but in many respects exacerbates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own merits and advantages, its own system of values and its own understanding of progress... In this regard, we have to return once again to understanding the special role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought... The huge impact on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic Thoughts, both in domestic and world science, have provided originality and uniqueness of the civilization that has developed in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude the still poorly studied specifics of Asian civilization, has had such different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and the place of man in it. This could not but affect culture and science, especially the humanities. What is recognized in the West as an indisputable truth, which removes all restrictions as insignificant, is perceived in a completely different and often fundamentally different way in Russian economic thought.

The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, initially multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods... The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than the individual success.

Questions and tasks for the document

Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought? What determines the originality of this scientific school?
What different from Western approaches, moral values, views on the place of man in the world, characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization?
Is it possible to agree with the author that the use of these approaches by economic science could ensure the success of the country's economic development?
Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade, give examples that confirm the scientist's conclusion that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

Questions for self-examination

What is the origin of economics?
What are the main problems of economic science? Name and describe them.
What do macroeconomics and microeconomics study?
What is necessary for the objects of nature to be transformed into commodities? What is the role of economic activity in this process?
How can gross domestic product be measured and defined?
What are the ways to increase the volume of production with the limited resources available?

Tasks

Thoughts of the wise

"Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources."

L. Peter (1919-1989), American writer

Why Abalkin thinks necessary revise role and place in science Russian school of economic thought?

)The author considers it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought, in connection with globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development. The originality of this Russian scientific school is that it had different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and a person's place in it.

DOCUMENT

So I only answered three questions on the last one I don't know.

1) Globalization removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. The originality and uniqueness of the civilization that has developed in our country.

2) Moral values, perception of the surrounding world and a person's place in it.

3) I think that moral values, perception of the surrounding world, etc. are possible. Without these approaches, the country's economy will not develop.

DOCUMENT
Reflections on the Features of the Russian School of Economic Thought by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. I. Abalkin (from a report at a scientific conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society of Russia).
Globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development, by no means removes, but in many respects exacerbates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own merits and advantages, its own value system and its own understanding of progress. .. In this regard, we have to return once again to understanding the special role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought. .. A huge influence on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic thought, both in domestic and world science, was exerted by the originality and uniqueness of the civilization that has developed in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude the still poorly studied specifics of Asian civilization, has had such different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and the place of man in it. This could not but affect culture and science, especially the humanities. What is recognized in the West as an indisputable truth, which removes all restrictions as insignificant, is perceived in a completely different and often fundamentally different way in Russian economic thought.

The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, originally multi-colored complex of complementary and thus mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods. .. The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than individual success.

Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR THE DOCUMENT
1. Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought? What determines the originality of this scientific school?
2. What approaches, moral values, and views on the place of man in the world, different from Western ones, characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization?
3. Can we agree with the author that the use of these approaches by economic science could ensure the success of the country's economic development?
4. Using the knowledge of recent history and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia in the last decade, give examples confirming the conclusion of the scientist that the deviation from the approaches and values developed by Russian economists led to failures.

1) The author considers it necessary to reconsider the role and place in science of the Russian school of economic thought, in connection with globalization, which has become the leading trend in world development. The originality of this Russian scientific school is that it had different approaches from the West, moral values, perception of the surrounding world and a person's place in it.

2) According to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization differs from the West in that the economic world is interpreted not as an eternal struggle of individuals optimizing their well-being, but as a complex, initially multi-colored complex of complementary and thereby mutually enriching processes, forms of organization and management methods. .. The state is not rejected, but organically combined with the market, the general social welfare is higher than individual success. Science was called upon to absorb this approach, and where it did so, it succeeded. Where she deviated from this rule, she (and the country) was disappointed. The 20th century, including its last decade, is a clear evidence of this.

Read the text and do the tasks.
"... The current education system is based on teaching skills that make it possible to live comfortably in a relatively static world. Traditional ethical principles, proven formulas, established facts ... The new education system must be built on teaching skills that make it possible to live comfortably in a dynamic world "The old function of education - the transmission through generations of traditions, an established culture - remains. But it is supplemented by a new function - learning to change culture, forecasting ... In order to increase beneficial and reduce harmful consequences ... Time and method must come in the content of education. Today the student receives knowledge outside the context of time and without understanding how they were obtained ... Instead of memorizing facts, the ability to work with information. More precisely: the ability to work with information in the face of its lack, as well as an excess of low-quality information. The ability to see information in the system and formulate in contradictions. open, creative thinking, capable of development throughout life, is no longer an ideal, but a necessity for the education system of a dynamic world. ..
1) What, according to the author, characterizes the current education system?
2) What goal should be implemented in the new education system? What old and new functions should it perform? Underline the appropriate answer in the text.
3) Why does the author consider the method of the new education system to work with information important?
4) Give examples of the situation:
a) lack of information:
b) an excess of low-quality information:

1) Progress in learning
2) old function: The old function of education - the transmission through generations of traditions, an established culture - remains.
new function: The new education system should be built on teaching skills that make it possible to live comfortably in a dynamic world.
3) the ability to work with information in our time is a necessary quality for life and a prosperous future. In addition, with the advent of the Internet, where there is an incalculable amount of information, a person needs the skill of filtering it and the ability to work with information presented in various formats.
4) a) I am in the forest, without means of communication.
b) I am at home with all media (TV, phone, computer)

Plan your text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
What do human rights represent? At what two levels of the legal system are they fixed?
Human rights are given to all people, according to national and international legal norms, equal opportunities to satisfy their basic needs, ensuring the development of the individual and his full participation in society. Human rights reflect the minimum set of vital goods in the civil-political and socio-economic spheres.
The most generally accepted is the list of rights recorded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - the main human rights document of the UN. Of the civil-political rights (Articles 3-21 of the Declaration), the most relevant at present are the right to own property (Article 17), the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18), the right to freedom of opinion and their free expression (Art. 19). Among the socio-economic rights (Articles 22–27 of the Declaration), attention is most often paid to the right to social security (Article 22), as well as the right to work and free choice of work, subject to equal pay for equal work, fair and satisfactory remuneration which ensures a decent human existence, as well as the right to form trade unions (Article 23).
Along with the most general list of such rights recorded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, there are other lists reflected in the constitutional documents of each state. They enumerate the rights that, according to national legislation, citizens of a particular state have, reflect national specifics and may differ markedly from those recorded in the Declaration. For example, in the American Bill of Rights there is a right to bear arms (the second amendment to the US Constitution), which is not available in most countries of the world.
The protection of human rights faces great challenges in the modern world. The main problem is related to the fact that the concept of human rights was born in Western European culture and therefore finds an ambiguous response in countries of other civilizations. In modern Western European culture, society is understood as a combination of many social groups with their own special beliefs, which they can follow completely freely, unless this causes harm to others. In other cultures, the ideal is not society as a "bundle" of social groups, but society as a monolith, where everyone shares a single ideology. The basic institutions of these civilizations are not individualistic, but collectivist values. Therefore, demands to grant all citizens of these countries the same rights as citizens of Western Europe and North America are often perceived as interference in internal affairs.
!

1. Human rights.
2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the first (global) level of the legal system.
3. Human rights in the constitutional documents of each state. (second state level of the legal system)
4. The problem of protecting human rights in different countries

1. Plan your text
2. Using the text and social science knowledge, give 2 explanations for the authors' thoughts "who saves and invests more, he produces more in the future".
3. Give 2 explanations for the need for human economic cooperation.
4. How do the authors explain the essence of the problem of economic choice? Why do economic entities in principle have to solve the problem of economic choice? What is the price of choice?
5. Confirm with 3 examples the idea of the authors that "technological progress continues to change our lives today"
FOUR SOURCES OF POPULATION INCOME GROWTH:
The goods and services that create our wealth do not fall from the sky. Their production requires labor and intellectual potential, equipment and investments, organization of the labor process and cooperation of firms. There are four main sources of growth in production and income.
Education, training and experience are the main means of achieving higher qualifications. Improving their skills, people increase the main capital - their own abilities.
Workers will produce more output using better equipment. A lumberjack, for example, will cut down more trees if he uses a modern chainsaw instead of a primitive hacksaw or axe. A truck driver can carry more goods than a cab driver. But equipment and machines are not free. The resources used to produce them could find other uses: in the manufacture of food, clothing, cars and other everyday items.
Economics teaches that those who save and invest more produce more in the future.
The use of human intelligence, inventing new products or more efficient production technologies, is the most important source of economic growth.
Over the past 250 years, the development of technology has literally transformed our lives. First the steam engine, then the internal combustion engine, electricity and the nuclear reactor replaced the muscles of man and animals as the main source of energy. Automobiles, buses, trains, and planes have replaced the horse and cart as the main means of transportation. Technological advances continue to change our lives today. Laser players, microcomputers, word processors, microwave ovens, video cameras, tape recorders, car air conditioners have significantly changed the nature of our work and leisure over the past twenty years.
Historically, changes in legislation have always been an important source of economic progress. In the XVIII century. The patent system gave investors the right to private ownership of ideas. Around the same time, the recognition of the corporation as a legal entity facilitated the creation of the large firms required for the mass production of manufactured goods. These progressive changes in the economic organization of society contributed to the growth of production in Europe and North America.
An effective economic organization of society promotes the economic cooperation of people and directs resources to the production of goods they need. Its main characteristics are discussed in more detail in the next section.

Plan: 1) Goods and services that create our wealth
2) Education, training and experience
3)Production of workers of large products
4) Using human intelligence to invent new products
5)Technological progress over the past 250 years
6) Historical changes in legislation
7) Effective economic organization of society
2) Thanks to savings and the economy, you can develop much more than when a lot of costs go into one investment
3) 1. Economic cooperation is necessary for economic progress to occur
2. Economic cooperation of people and directs resources to the production of goods they need.
or 3) Improving their skills, people increase the main capital - their own abilities.
4) The authors explain this by the fact that expenses can sometimes go large for small needs; Because both goods will take a lot of money; The price of choice is economic progress
5) 1. Thanks to technological progress, we can invent a lot
2. Simplifies our daily life
3. Helps us in education

1. An independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of services, is called
1) economic activity 2) entrepreneurial activity
3) spiritual activity 4) cognitive activity
2. Are the following statements about profit correct?
A. Profit is a general indicator of the financial results of economic activity, one of the main economic categories.
B. Profit is the amount of money paid or received per unit of a good or service.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong
3. Basic law of business
1) buy high - sell low 2) buy high - sell high
3) buy low - sell low 4) buy low - sell high
4. The legal status of an individual entrepreneur comes from the moment
1) the age of majority 2) the start of production
3) state registration 4) payment of the first taxes as an individual entrepreneur
5. Legal entities that are non-profit organizations may be created in the form
1) partnerships and societies 2) consumer cooperatives
3) production cooperatives 4) state and municipal unitary enterprises
6. Legal entities that are commercial organizations can be created in the form
1) consumer cooperatives 2) partnerships and companies
3) public organizations 4) charitable and other foundations
7. Commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants) are called
1) business partnerships and companies 2) joint-stock companies
3) small enterprises 4) production cooperatives
8. A joint stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders is recognized
9. A joint stock company, the shares of which are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, is recognized
1) open 2) complete 3) closed 4) faith society
10. The supreme management body of a joint-stock company is
1) board of directors 2) meeting of the labor collective 3) presidium 4) general meeting of shareholders
Part 2
1. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(1) The birth of joint-stock companies played a big role in the development of the economy. (2) It is believed that without joint-stock companies it would be impossible to create many modern industries - engineering, chemical industry, air transport, etc. (3) In the UK, 89% of products are produced by joint-stock companies. (4) And the US automobile company General Motors sold $126 billion worth of goods and services in 1990.
Determine which provisions of the text A) reflect facts B) express opinions
Write under the position number the letter indicating the nature of this position.
1
2
3
4
2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept of "legal entity". Partnership, individual entrepreneur, joint-stock company, unitary enterprise, consumer cooperative.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.
3. Insert the missing concept: "The authorized capital of a joint-stock company is made up of the nominal value of ______________ of the company acquired by shareholders."
4. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“The regulation of entrepreneurial activity and the resulting economic and legal relations are based on a number of fundamental initial provisions and principles. The main ones are:
- ____________(1) business activities;
- initiative and independent activity;
- obtaining ___________(2) as the main goal of entrepreneurial activity;
- ____________(3) in business activities;
- legal equality of various forms of _______(4) used in business activities;
- freedom _____________ (5) and restriction of monopolistic activity;
- state _____________ (6) entrepreneurial activity”.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
A) freedom B) profit C) tax D) regulation E) competition F) property G) legality
The table below shows the pass numbers. Write under each number the letter corresponding to the word you have chosen.
1
2
3
4
5
6

BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ACTIVITIES (entrepreneurship) - according to the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons, as well as Russian and foreign legal entities, who are not limited in their legal capacity, can be subjects of legal action in the Russian Federation. In the Russian Federation, the regulation of commercial activity is based on the norms of civil law, in contrast to most foreign countries, where financial activity is regulated by the norms of trade (commercial, economic) law.
Big legal dictionary. - M. : Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003.
PRE-PARLIAMENTARY ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF CITIZENS , ... ... Financial Dictionary Entrepreneurial activity - (English business activities) an independent activity carried out at your own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in ... Encyclopedia of Law Entrepreneurial activity - (business activities ) an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered s in this ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary Entrepreneurial Activity - An independent activity carried out at your own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered as such in ... ... Technical translator's guide Entrepreneurial activity - independent, carried out at one's own risk activity aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered as such in ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of the head of the enterprise Entrepreneurial Activity - See Entrepreneurship Glossary of business terms. Academician. RU. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms Entrepreneurial activity - Civil law regulates relations between persons engaged in entrepreneurial activity, or with their participation, based on the fact that entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk, ... ... Official terminology BUSINESS ACTIVITY - independent, carried out at one's own risk risk is an activity aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in the established law ... ... Encyclopedia of a lawyer entrepreneurial activity - (entrepreneurship) according to the civil legislation of the Russian Federation making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services ... Big legal dictionary BUSINESS ACTIVITY - (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) in in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, an initiative independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, ... ...
1. 2)
2. 1) only A, because B is revenue or income, not profit
3. 4)
4. 3) see the legal foundations of entrepreneurship
5. 2) because everything else is commercial (related to making a profit)
6. 2) everything else is non-commercial
7. 2) from the definition of JSC
8. 1)
9. 3)
10. 4)
part two
1.
1 - B
2 - B
3 - A
4 - A
2. Legal entity is not an individual entrepreneur
3. Stocks
4. 1 - F
2 - B
3-A
4-E
5- D
6-G

King Croesus of Lydia was considered the richest man in the world. once the Athenian sage Solon visited him. Croesus asked who he considered the happiest man in the world. what was his surprise when, instead of the expected answer, he heard: “the Athenian Tell was the happiest on this earth. He was not too rich, but not too poor, calmly went about his business and was not afraid of need and hunger, he had good people, reasonable children, and he died in battle, defending his state. Then Solon added that this was the fate every Greek dreams of. Why was Croesus disappointed with this answer? How does this characterize their needs? !

Question 3. The right to preserve one's identity (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 4. The right to live in a family, to know one's parents (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 5. The right to freely formulate and express one's opinion (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 6 . The right to access necessary information (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 7. The right to freedom of thought, religion (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 8. The right to freedom of association and peaceful assembly (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 9. The right to be protected by the state against all forms of violence (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 10. The right to a standard of living necessary for full development (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 11. The right to education (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 12. The right to rest and leisure (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Question 13. The right to protection from economic exploitation and the performance of any harmful work (is it a civil or political or economic or social or cultural right?)

Giant thanks. Thanks to.

Funny case from life. Why does Abalkin consider it necessary Why does the author consider it necessary to return to comprehension

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