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The state's president is the head of state. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. Test your knowledge

- (head of state) Personifies the political community and integrity of the state, and also performs the ceremonial duties of representing the state both in its own country and in foreign policy, for example, when imposing contractual agreements on the state ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

The highest official, considered the bearer of executive power and the supreme representative of the state in the field of foreign relations. In monarchies (Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Japan, etc.) THE HEAD OF THE STATE is a monarch (king, emperor ... Financial vocabulary

HEAD OF STATE, the highest official (occasionally a collegiate body), considered the supreme representative of the state (see STATE). As a rule, the head of state is the bearer of executive power. In monarchical states ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

HEAD OF STATE, the highest official of the state, who is the bearer of executive power. Represents the state in foreign relations, is usually the supreme commander of the armed forces. head of state at ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

head of state- (English Head of the State) the highest official or body, the supreme representative of the state within the country and in external relations, a symbol of the unity of the nation, the state. G.g. in various countries or is not included in any branch of state power ... ... Encyclopedia of Law

The highest official (much less often a collegiate body), who is considered the supreme representative of the state and, as a rule, the bearer of executive power. In the monarchical states (Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Japan) Gg. is… … Law Dictionary

- (Head of State), USA, 2003, 95 min. Comedy. Mace Gilliam is a loser politician who does not suit even his own party colleagues. However, after the death of the party leader, William is nominated as a candidate for the presidency of the United States. Who is… … Cinema Encyclopedia

head of state- ▲ head of state presidency. president is the elected head of state. chancellor. Reich Chancellor. Doge ↓ decree ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

HEAD OF STATE- the highest official (much less often a collegiate body), considered the supreme representative of the state and, as a rule, the bearer of executive power. In parliamentary monarchies (Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Japan) is… … Legal Encyclopedia

HEAD OF STATE- the highest official of the state, receiving his powers in the order of inheritance (monarch, king, king, emperor, shah, etc.) or elections (president, head of the republic, chairman of the republic). Often the chief executive. In a number of countries… Encyclopedic Dictionary of Constitutional Law

Books

  • , V. E. Chirkin Category: Textbooks for universities Publisher: Infra-M, Norma, Manufacturer: Infra-M, Norma,
  • Head of state. Comparative legal research: Monograph, Chirkin V.E. , The author proposes a new concept of the institution of the head of state in the system of unity of state power and the separation of its branches. The legal status of the head of state and his… Category: Scientific publications, theories, monographs, articles, lectures Series: Publisher:

(head of state) It personifies the political community and integrity of the state, and also performs the ceremonial duties of representing the state both in its own country and in foreign policy, for example, when imposing contractual obligations on the state. In those systems where the head of state is not the head of government (head of government), he seeks to stand above the politics of individual parties and represent the interests of the nation as a whole. Such a head of state can be a hereditary monarch (the form of government in about 30 countries) or a president indirectly elected by the legislature from among the "senior statesmen" who have made a significant contribution to the service of the state. At the end of World War II, the countries of Western Europe, liberated from occupation, decided through a parliament or a referendum whether to maintain a monarchical system or establish republics headed by a president. In Eastern Europe, monarchies were liquidated by the authorities, and there, as in the USSR, the head of state was usually the chairman of the parliament, an obscure politician at the head of a powerless body, while political power was usually exercised outside the formal mechanism of the functioning of the state by the general secretary of the communist party. In Europe today, heads of state are quite capable of exercising power as they see fit if the political process is temporarily deadlocked. In Italy, presidents have tried to represent national interests in the fight against government corruption and the mafia, and King Juan Carlos of Spain played a significant role in the country's transition from dictatorship to democracy and in rallying the forces supporting the post-Franco democratic order. The British monarch, as head of state, has two complementary and unique roles that stem from the role of the Crown as King and Emperor (Queen and Empress) evolving throughout the 19th century. First, the monarch is the head of the Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth) and is recognized as such by the majority of its members who have created republics or retained their own monarchies. Second, the monarch remains head of state in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In these countries, the queen is represented by a governor-general who performs ceremonial duties on her behalf.

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One of the most important elements of the state mechanism is the head of state. The term "head of state" was first used in Art. 14 of the French Constitutional Charter of June 4, 1814, which declared that "The King is the supreme head of state.", and also in the draft of the Württemberg Constitution (March 1817), where in § 4 it was stated that "The King is the head of state. .". In the future, the maxim "The King is the head of state" was borrowed by the constitutional legislation of many European states.

Gradually, in the scientific literature, a position regarding similarity in all essential elements of the competence of heads in constitutional monarchies and presidential republics is being established. Under these conditions, the term "head of state" began to apply to the president of the republic, becoming a common name for the sole bodies of state power, personifying the state as a whole.

Today, the term "head of state" is used to define the constitutional body and at the same time the highest official of the state. As a rule, this is the sole body of general competence, one of the highest bodies of state power.

The head of state is the highest official of the state and at the same time the constitutional body, which occupies the highest place in the system of state authorities, exercises supreme representation in domestic and foreign policy, is a symbol of statehood and national unity.

In different countries, the role, functions, powers and significance of the head of state differ significantly from each other.

The constitutions of many countries state that:

First, the head of state does not structurally belong to any branch of state power. For example, in paragraph 1 of Art. 55 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949 states that "the Federal President may not be a member of the government, nor the legislative body of the Federation or any land", in paragraph 1 of Art. 30 of the Hungarian Constitution of 1949, as amended in 2011, it is established that "the office of the President of the Republic is incompatible with other state, public or political positions or powers.", Part 2 of Art. 84 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic of 1947, it is determined that "the post of President of the Republic is incompatible with any other position", and in Art. 38 of the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia of 1922 as amended in 1998 - "the position of the President of the Republic is incompatible with other professional occupations." ;

Secondly, the head of state is structurally related to the legislative and executive authorities. For example, in Art. Art. 36, 37 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1831, as amended in 1994, it is established that "federal legislative power is exercised jointly by the King, the House of Representatives and the Senate" and "The King has executive power within the limits determined by the Constitution", in paragraph 1 of Art. 53 and Art. 79 of the Constitution of the Republic of India, 1949, it is determined that "the executive power in the Union belongs to the President ..." and "... The Parliament of the Union ... consists of the President and two Chambers ...";

Thirdly, the head of state is structurally related to the executive authorities. For example, according to Art. 99 of the Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic of 1995 "in the Azerbaijan Republic the executive power belongs to the President of the Azerbaijan Republic", in art. 76 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 states that "executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic.", Art. 33 of the Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg of 1868, it is determined that "the Grand Duke alone exercises executive power", and in sect. 1 st. II of the US Constitution of 1787 - "executive power is vested in the President of the United States of America.";

Fourthly, the head of state is a symbol of power and the state, and is not endowed with real powers. For example, in Art. 1 and part 1 of Art. 4 of the Japanese Constitution of 1946, it is determined that "The Emperor is a symbol of the state and the unity of the people ...", but he is "not endowed with powers that are related to the exercise of state power", in § 5 and § 6 of the Law of the Kingdom of Sweden "Form of Government" dated February 27, 1974, it is stated that "the head of state is the King or Queen.", but "the Government rules the state.".

The constitutions of most countries legally fix the political unifying role of the head of state, which lies in the fact that he is the bearer of supreme power, the highest representative of the state in international relations, the guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, a symbol of the unity of the nation and the state. For example, in paragraph 1 of Art. 99 of the Constitution of the Argentine Nation of 1853, as amended in 1994, states that the President of the Republic "is the Supreme Head of the Nation and the head of the Government, politically responsible for the general administration of the country", in paragraph 1 of Art. 12 of the Irish Constitution of 1937, as amended in 1995, it is determined that "the President of Ireland. has primacy in relation to all other persons in the state ...", in Part 1 of Art. 87 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic of 1947 - "The President of the Republic is the head of state and represents national unity", in art. 5 of the Constitution of the French Republic of 1958 proclaims that "The President of the Republic oversees the observance of the Constitution. He ensures by his arbitration the normal functioning of public authorities, as well as the continuity of the state. He is the guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity.", in Art. 102 of the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996 - "The President of Ukraine is the head of state and is the guarantor of state sovereignty, territorial integrity of Ukraine.", and according to Art. 73 of the Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt of 1971 - "the head of state is the President of the Republic. He ensures the sovereignty of the people. Protects national unity. Establishes a distinction between the branches of public power."

In modern states with a monarchical form of government, the head of state is the monarch, and in states with a republican form of government, the president. And although the constitutional and legal genesis of the presidency has its roots in the institution of the monarch, their constitutional and legal status is significantly different.

The constitutional status of the monarch is characterized primarily by the fact that he rules indefinitely in his own right and is considered the source of all power in the country. His power is not derived from the will of any other state body or electoral corps, which is inherent in republics. The constitutions of states with a monarchical form of government, as a rule, contain provisions that the monarch, as the head of state or as the formal head of the executive, does not bear political, civil, criminal and administrative responsibility for his actions. It is believed that he acts on the advice of his ministers, who are responsible. For example, in Art. 88 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1831, as amended in 1994, it is proclaimed that "the face of the King is inviolable; his ministers are responsible", in Art. 13 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1953, it is determined that "The King is not responsible for his actions; his person is inviolable. Ministers are responsible for the government ...", in paragraph 2 of Art. Article 42 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 1983 states that "Ministers, and not the King, are responsible for the activities of the Government". The inviolability of the very person of the monarch is also proclaimed. This primarily means that he cannot be accused of violating the rule of law and is not subject to prosecution. In addition, infringement on the personality of the monarch is considered to be the most serious crime.

The peculiarities of the constitutional status of the monarch should also include the imitation of his power by representatives of the ruling dynasty and the presence, in addition to his powers, of personal rights, benefits and privileges (the right to the throne, title, symbols of power - the crown, scepter, mantle, seal, court , for ceremonial, for state support, established by law and paid by civil letter, etc.). For example, in Art. 56 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain of 1978 states that "1.^ The King is the head of state, a symbol of its unity and continuity. 2. His title is the King of Spain, but he may use other titles that correspond to the Crown" in Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg of 1868, as amended in 1948, it is determined that the Grand Duke "a civil sheet is established in the amount of three hundred thousand gold francs per month.", in Art. 44 of this Constitution it is established that "the Grand Duke's Palace in Luxembourg and Berg Castle are provided as a residence to the Grand Duke", in paragraph 1 of Art. 40 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands of 1983 - "The King receives an annual allowance from the state.", and in paragraph 2 of this article it is established that "the eminence. is not subject to taxation." It should be noted that modern monarchs practically do not use symbols of power, with the exception of the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Elizabeth II.

Another feature of the status of the monarch is that the constitutions of individual countries establish the requirement of the monarch - his belonging to the state (official) church. Thus, in the UK, the obligatory affiliation of the monarch to the Anglican Church is provided, in Denmark, Norway, Sweden - Lutheran, in Thailand - to Buddhist. For example, paragraph 6, part II of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark of 1953 proclaims that "the King must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church."

Unlike the monarch, the head of state in a republic is the president, who exercises his powers on the basis of a mandate received as a result of elections (direct or indirect). Basically, their powers as heads of state are identical.

In modern science, there are several legal forms of the head of state, in which the functions of the head of state are performed by:

1) the sole monarch who inherited his position (Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Japan);

2) the sole monarch elected by the ruling family (dynasty) (Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia);

3) the sole monarch of a federal state, elected for a fixed period by the monarchs of the subjects of the federation from among themselves (Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates);

4) the sole president elected by the people, parliament or a representative college for a fixed period (Brazil, India, Italy, Germany, Portugal, USA, France);

5) a collegiate body elected by Parliament for a fixed term. For example, in Art. 176 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 1998 states that "1. The President of the Confederation is the Chairman of the Federal Government. 2. The President of the Confederation and the Vice-President of the Federal Government are elected by the Federal Government from among its members for one year", and Art. 89 of the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba of 1976, it is determined that "The Council of State is an organ of the National Assembly of People's Power. It has a collegiate character and carries out the supreme representation of the Cuban state.";

6) the head of government (prime minister in the states of Germany), who simultaneously performs the functions of the head of state;

7) an official (general - governor), who acts on behalf of the monarch (British Queen) in the states that are members of the Commonwealth. Now, out of 49 Commonwealth countries, she is the head of state in 17 states (Australia, Barbados, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica and others);

8) co-rulers (Bishop of Urgell and President of France), who are equal heads of state of the Principality of Andorra and captains regents (San Marino);

9) the sole or collegial head of state, who obtained power illegally, that is, usurped it through a state or military coup.

The institution of the head of state is constantly evolving. This has led to the fact that the term "head of state" no longer makes it possible to fully characterize the essence, functions and competence of this body, which, unlike the parliament (which is the highest representative and legislative body in all countries), performs various functions and is endowed with various legal status.

So, based on the foregoing, it can be stated that in most modern countries there is a sole head of state, the constitutional status of which depends on the form of government adopted in a particular country, the nature of the political regime existing in the country, as well as on other circumstances, including from customs and traditions. For example, in Ukraine, the President as Head of State combines three statuses at once: the representative of the state in domestic and foreign policy relations, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the head of foreign policy.

  • How is the government structured in Russia?
  • Who works in the State Duma?
  • Who is the head of state in Russia?

The state is a political association of people and their organizations in order to ensure order and organization in society. Each state creates its own bodies to solve the tasks. For example, it is necessary to develop education and teach children - the execution of this task is entrusted to the Ministry of Education and Science.

And who is in charge? By what rules should the Ministry of Education and Science work? Who sets these rules? Who makes sure that the Ministry complies with these rules? In order to answer all these and other questions, we will get acquainted with how state power is structured in Russia.

State power in Russia

To find out how state power is structured in Russia, let's look at the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It says: “State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent”.

Thus, the exercise of state power in Russia is based on the principle of separation of powers already known to you, according to which state power is exercised through legislative (parliament), executive (government), and judicial state bodies.

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state

In all forms of government, there is a post of head of state. The head of state in monarchies is the monarch, in republics it can be the president who is elected. In most countries, the head of state is at the head of the executive branch of government. However, in some cases, as, for example, in Russia, the president is not included in any of the three branches of power, but actively influences them and ensures their interaction.

The President represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations. He acts as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Russia, can issue decrees and orders.

The President of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

VV Putin is the President of Russia. Why do you think the President of Russia, upon taking office, takes an oath on the Constitution of the Russian Federation?

The President of the Russian Federation is elected by the citizens for a term of six years. Such a post can only be occupied by a citizen of the Russian Federation at least 35 years old, permanently residing in the country for at least 10 years. The same person cannot hold the office of the President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

The head of state is helped to exercise his powers by a specially created State Council. Its Chairman is the President of the Russian Federation. There is also the Presidential Administration. She prepares various documents, decrees, orders and appeals, helping the head of state to perform his functions.

The President heads the Security Council. He carries out work to identify threats to national security, promptly prepares draft decisions to prevent them. Several commissions and councils have been set up under the President (on issues of pardon, human rights, citizenship, etc.).

Legislature of Russia

The highest representative and legislative body of many states is the Parliament. The word "parliament" comes from the French parle - to speak.

People elected by the people and representing the interests of the people work in the parliament, which is why it got its name - a representative body.

The main function of Parliament is lawmaking. They develop and adopt laws. Therefore, Parliament is the legislative body.

    Interesting Facts
    The first representative institutions appear in Ancient Greece - the Areopagus in Athens and the Senate in Ancient Rome. In the 13th century, a parliament appeared in England. In Russia, the first representative institution was the Zemsky Sobor, created in 1549 by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
    In different countries, parliaments have different names: the Sejm in Poland, the Congress in the USA, the Bundestag in Germany, the Knesset in Israel, the Althing in Iceland, the Federal Assembly in the Russian Federation.

The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation adopts laws. All laws adopted and signed by the President of the Russian Federation are necessarily published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. An unpublished law has no legal force. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma.

The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation includes representatives from each subject of the Federation.

The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation has 450 deputies who are elected by the citizens of the state for five years. Any citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections can be elected to the State Duma.

Sessions of both chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are held separately and are open, i.e. representatives of the press may attend. Each of the chambers has committees and commissions that carry out work on the preparation and examination of draft laws (for example, committees on legislation, defense and national security, culture, etc.). Thus, the draft law is sent to the State Duma, first considered in the relevant committee, then it is discussed and finalized at meetings. The law adopted by the State Duma is submitted to the Federation Council for approval. If the law is approved, then it is submitted to the President of the Russian Federation, who must sign it (although he has the right to reject it - the right of veto), and then the law is subject to official publication and promulgation.

Executive branch of Russia

The adopted laws must be implemented, so there was a need to create a system of executive power. It is headed by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and federal ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.

The activity of the Government of the Russian Federation covers all spheres of public life. To do this, it has the right to issue regulatory legal acts (decrees) that are mandatory for execution.

At meetings of the Government, important issues of management, economic and cultural life of the country are resolved. In the event that the Government fails to cope with its tasks, it may be dismissed. The decision to dismiss the Government is made by the President of the Russian Federation.

Judiciary of Russia

Human rights are the highest value. In our country, it is impossible to issue laws that would humiliate a person, abolish his rights, infringe upon his interests. But what if the state offended someone? In this case, the citizen goes to court, which will protect him and restore justice.

Thus, a separate branch of government is the judiciary of the state. They resolve legal disputes that arise between people, their associations (for example, firms). In its activities, the court is independent and is guided only by the law. In the Russian Federation, the judicial system consists of the following links.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes about the compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of other normative acts (laws) and actions of officials, protects the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. Gives an interpretation (explanation) of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation heads the system of courts that decide civil, criminal and administrative cases. You will learn more about this in 7th grade.

The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation resolves economic disputes and heads the system of arbitration courts.

An important place in the system of public authorities is occupied by law enforcement agencies (police, prosecutor's office, etc.), designed to maintain and protect law and order.

    Summing up
    State power in our country is implemented on the principles of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. Russia is headed by a President elected by all the people. The legislative power is represented by the Parliament (Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation), the executive power is headed by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the judiciary is headed by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

    Basic terms and concepts
    Parliament, Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation.

Test your knowledge

  1. Explain the meaning of the concepts: "parliament", "government", "president".
  2. Which branches of government are representatives of deputies and ministers? Where do they work?
  3. Describe the legislative, executive and judicial power in Russia. Please use the diagram when answering.
  4. What is the name of the Russian parliament? What is its role in the state?
  5. What is the need for government in the state?
  6. What personal qualities are necessary, in your opinion, for deputies of the State Duma? What about the President of the State?

Workshop

The highest executive and administrative authority is the Government (the Cabinet of Ministers, the Council of Ministers and the head of government is the Prime Minister, Chairman of the Council of Ministers)

The composition of the government can be coalition if it consists of two or more political parties and one-party - from one party

In Israel, 7.5 million people in May 2006, a new government was formed, which included 25 ministers. In the United States, there are 14 federal ministries for 300 million people. The same number of ministries in Japan with a population of 120 million

The total number of federal executive bodies increased from 67 to 81. Instead of 24 federal ministries, 15 remained.

Monarchy: ancient - eastern, Roman, centralized, medieval, early feudal, class-representative, absolute and modern-constitutional.

The supreme power is exercised individually and passes, as a rule, by inheritance: “The state is me” - King Louis XIV of France.

The oldest is the Japanese monarchy - 125 monarchs.

Signs of the classical monarchical form of government:

1. The existence of a sole head of state, using his power for life.

2. Hereditary order of succession of supreme power.

3. Legal irresponsibility of the monarch.

Types of monarchy:

1. Absolute monarchy: the supreme power belongs to one person. There are no state bodies that limit the power of the monarch "An autocratic monarch who should not give an answer to anyone in the world about his affairs"

2. A constitutional monarchy: The power of the monarch is limited by the representative body. Restrictions are determined by the constitution approved by Parliament. The monarch has no right to cancel the constitution: England, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Sweden.

3. Parliamentary monarchy: the government is formed from representatives of a particular party who received a majority of votes in parliamentary elections. The leader of this party becomes the head of state. In the legislative, executive and judicial branches, the power of the monarch is practically absent and is symbolic. Legislative acts are passed by parliament and formally signed by the monarch. The government is responsible to parliament, not to the monarch: Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium.

4. Dualistic: legally and in fact, power is divided between the government, formed by the monarch and parliament. The government is formed independently of the party composition in parliament and is not responsible to it: Morocco.

5. Theocratic: the monarch also carries out the religious administration of the country: Saudi Arabia.

Republic: Athenian, democratic, Roman, aristocratic, Spartan, modern - parliamentary, presidential: power is exercised by elected bodies elected by the population for a certain period.

General features of a republican form of government:

1. The existence of a sole or collegial head of state.

2. Election for a certain period.

3. The exercise of state power not at its own discretion, but on behalf of the people.

4. Binding decisions of the supreme state power.

5. Legal responsibility of the head of state in cases prescribed by law.

Types of republics:

Presidential republic: in the hands of the president are the powers of the head of state and head of government. Extra-parliamentary method of electing the president and forming the government. The responsibility of the government is to the president, not to the parliament. The presence of broader powers of the head of state. The classic example is the United States: legislative power belongs to parliament, executive power to the president, and there is no prime minister. The government is formed by the president who won the election from persons belonging to his party. The president has the right to dissolve parliament, is the supreme commander in chief, declares martial law and a state of emergency.

Parliamentary republic: The supreme role in the organization of state power belongs to Parliament. The government is formed by the parliament from among the deputies belonging to those parties that have a majority of votes in parliament. The Government is collectively responsible to Parliament. In case of loss of confidence of the majority of members of parliament, the government either resigns or, through the head of state, seeks the dissolution of the government. The head of state is elected by the parliament, which is the main form of parliamentary control over the executive branch.

Semi-presidential republic or mixed: Russia, Austria, Bulgaria, Poland, Finland, France. Strong presidential power is combined with the presence of effective measures to control the parliament over the activities of the executive branch represented by the government. The government is responsible to both the president and the parliament.

Superpresidential: practically independent and weakly controlled by the legislative and executive power of the president. The standard of living of the population is low: Latin America.

Form of government:

– this is the organization of the supreme state power, the procedure for the formation of its bodies, their competence and relations with the population, the degree of participation of the population in the formation of these bodies.


Monarchy- this is a form of government in which all supreme power is concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state (monarch), is inherited or dynastic.

Signs of a monarchy:

the head of state is the monarch;

ü The power of the monarch is inherited or dynastic;

ü The activity of the monarch is not limited to a certain period, i.e. he performs his duties for life.

Countries with a monarchical form of government:

Ø Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain);

Ø Asia (Bhutan, Japan, Thailand);

Ø Africa (Morocco, Lesotho, Swaziland).

ü Some members of parliament are appointed by the monarch (as opposed to a parliamentary monarchy where the parliament is elected by the people);

ü Members of the government are appointed by the monarch and the government is personally responsible to the monarch;

Parliamentary monarchy- it is a form of government where the power of the monarch is limited by parliament.

ü Along with the monarch, other supreme bodies of state power (parliament, government) also function;

ü Parliament is elected by the people;

ü The government is formed by the party that won the majority of seats in parliament;

ü The government is accountable to parliament;

ü The principle of separation of powers is in place;

ü The power functions of the monarch are limited and mostly of a ceremonial nature.


Types of monarchy:


A monarchy is called absolute if the supreme state power is exercised solely by the head of state - the monarch, not limited by any state authority (England, France, Russia - in different periods of time).

A form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by a representative body - the parliament, acting on the basis of the Constitution (Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, etc.).

Transitional form of government from absolute to parliamentary monarchy.

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