In what year did the machine gun appear. The most powerful machine guns in the world. Trials and bullets

MACHINE GUN, a small-arms automatic weapon mounted on a support specially designed for it and designed to hit various ground, surface and air targets with bullets.
The operation of the automation of most modern machine guns is based on the use of barrel recoil during its short stroke or on the principle of removing powder gases through a hole in the barrel wall. The machine gun is fed with cartridges from a tape or magazine. Machine gun fire can be fired in short (up to 10 shots), long (up to 30 shots) bursts, continuously, and for some machine guns - also with a single fire or a burst of a fixed length. Barrel cooling is usually air. For aimed shooting, the machine gun is equipped with sights (mechanical, optical, night). The calculation of the machine gun consists of one, two or more people.

There are machine guns of small (up to 6.5 mm), normal (from 6.5 to 9 mm) and large (from 9 to 14.5 mm) caliber. Depending on the device and combat purpose, machine guns are divided into hand (on bipods), easel (on a tripod, less often on a wheeled machine), large-caliber infantry, anti-aircraft, tank, armored personnel carrier, casemate, ship, aviation. In a number of countries, in order to unify the machine gun for a rifle cartridge, the so-called. single machine guns that allow firing both from a bipod (light machine gun) and from a machine gun (easel machine gun).
A machine gun usually consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: a barrel, a receiver (box), a bolt, a trigger mechanism, a return spring (return mechanism), a sight, a magazine (receiver). Light and single machine guns are usually equipped with butts for better stability when firing. Thanks to the use of a massive barrel, easel and single machine guns provide a high practical rate of fire (up to 250-300 rounds / min) and allow intensive shooting without changing the barrel up to 500, and large-caliber - up to 150 shots. When overheated, the barrels are replaced. Light machine guns are in service with motorized rifle (infantry, motorized infantry.) squads, unified - platoons and companies (in some armies and squads). Large-caliber infantry machine guns mounted on wheeled or tripod mounts are used by these units to combat lightly armored ground targets. As anti-aircraft, tank, armored personnel carrier, casemate and ship guns, infantry machine guns are usually used, somewhat modified taking into account the peculiarities of their installation and operation at facilities.
Depending on the rate of fire, machine guns come in normal (up to 600-800 rounds per minute) and high (up to 3,000 rounds per minute or more) rate. Machine guns with a normal rate of fire are ordinary single-barreled with one chamber. High-speed machine guns can be single-barreled with a rotating block of chambers (drum) or multi-barreled with a rotating block of barrels. High-speed machine guns are used for firing at fast-flying air targets from ground and aircraft. installations, as well as for ground targets with aircraft. (helicopter) installations. The aiming range of modern machine guns is usually 1-2 km.

The first machine gun was invented by the American X. S. Maxim (1883) and first used in the Boer War of 1899-1902. It was also used in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. At the beginning of the 20th century light machine guns were developed (Danish - Madsena, 1902, French - Shogpa, 1907, etc.). Easel and light machine guns were widely used in the 1st World War in all armies. During the war, machine guns began to enter service with tanks and aircraft. In 1918, a heavy machine gun appeared in the German army (13.35 mm), then in the French (13.2 mm Hotchkiss), English (12.7 mm Vickers), American (12.7 mm Browning), etc. armies. In the Soviet Army, the 7.62-mm light machine gun of V. A. Degtyarev (DP, 1927), 7.62-mm aviation. machine gun of B. G. Shpitalny and I. A. Komaritsky (ShKAS, 1932), 12.7-mm heavy machine gun of Degtyarev and G. S. Shpagin (DShK, 1938). In the 2nd World War, the improvement of machine guns continued. The Soviet Army developed a 7.62-mm heavy machine gun P. M. Goryunov (SG-43), a 14.5-mm heavy machine gun S. V. Vladimirov (KPV) and a 12.7-mm aviation. universal machine gun M. E. Berezina (UB).

After the war, new machine guns with higher characteristics entered service with the armies:
Soviet light and single machine guns designed by Degtyarev and M. T. Kalashnikov;
American manual M14E2 and Mk23, a single M60, large-caliber M85;
English single L7A2; West German single MG-3.

Soviet military encyclopedia
I. G. Yesayan

At all times, people have sought to create the most effective murder weapon. Clubs were replaced by stone axes, which gave way to steel swords ... At some point, the commanders realized that the superiority of weapons was the decisive factor on the battlefield. Firearms for a long time could not occupy their niche: the rapid attacks of the cavalry nullified the destructive power of flintlock guns. The solution to the problem - later, it is this design that will push others to invent a machine gun - was invented by an ordinary London lawyer, James Puckle.

The tactics of the European infantry in the 18th century definitely needed innovation. All formations of soldiers were based on the low rate of fire of flint muskets - if 4 rounds per minute can even be called a rate of fire.

Close formation against cavalry

The same factor determined the formation of line infantry: the square to some extent provided protection from a cavalry strike, but each soldier managed to fire only one shot before he came face to face with a daring cavalryman on a dashing horse. The results of such meetings turned out to be depressingly predictable, which led to the development of more effective firearms.

Buckshot

Infantry units needed weapons capable of providing dense fire on the enemy and at the same time serving as a reliable barrier against cavalry attacks. To some extent, the invention of buckshot was the solution - but artillery was still too clumsy, heavy monster, from which nimble horsemen left with relative ease. And buckshot led to rapid wear of the barrels: an inexperienced commander risked being left on the battlefield without infantry and without guns.

belligerent lawyer

On May 17, 1718, the most ordinary lawyer appeared in the patent office of London. James Puckle brought to the notary the blueprints for an infernal machine modestly named "Puckle's Gun." It is this gun that is considered today the first prototype of a real rapid-fire machine gun.

Shotgun Pakla

A cunning lawyer came up with the idea of ​​mounting an ordinary flintlock rifle on a tripod, reinforced with an additional cylindrical drum for 11 charges. The shot was fired by turning the drum; it was possible to reload this mechanical monster simply by installing a new drum. Pakla's gun showed a significant (at that time) rate of fire: 9 rounds per minute against 4, which were made by an ordinary infantryman. But at least three people had to serve it, which reduced the advantages of the rate of fire to a minimum.

Trials and bullets

James Puckle managed to interest the British army in his design and even received the first subsidy for production. However, the demonstration of the capabilities of the Pakla gun at the training ground could not impress the audience, although the designer presented two barrels at once: one for spherical bullets, the second for cubic ones - they caused more injuries and were intended for battles against Muslims.

Design issues

Puckl did not consider too much to succeed. The silicon system required, after each shot, to fill up the seed on the shelf - not the rate of fire, but only an ersatz one. In addition, the design of the Pakla gun was rather complicated, expensive and unreliable in a real battle: the locking mechanism of the drum was weak and the crew risked being left with a useless gun at any moment.

The most ancient ancestor of the modern machine gun, the so-called ribadekin, has been known since the 14th century. It resembled an organ, since it consisted of several trunks mounted on a mobile gun carriage. Such tools were used until the invention of the British of American origin. Hiram Maxim.

Gatling gun

Before Maxim, a native of North Carolina received a patent for the invention of a rapid-fire gun. Richard Gatling(1862). Several rifled barrels rotated around an axis. At first with the help of a handle, later - by means of an electric drive. Shooting was carried out without stopping, and the cartridges were fed under the influence of gravity. The Gatling gun was used in the American Civil War and was used by the British to fire on the Zulus. An improved version of the gun was capable of firing at a rate of a thousand rounds per minute. With the invention of the electric drive, the speed increased to 3000 shots. The machine gun jammed quite often, and the whole system was too cumbersome. Therefore, with the advent of single-barreled models, the Gatling gun became less popular. Although it has not been completely eliminated. Gatling guns were produced after the Second World War. Remember the weapons of the heroes of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the films "Predator" and "Terminator 2". Multi-barreled hulks are direct descendants of Richard Gatling's machine gun.

Interestingly, Gatling himself was at first a doctor, he treated American soldiers for pneumonia and dysentery with herbal tinctures. He did not gain fame in this field, and therefore decided to change the field of activity. Gatling dreamed of creating a type of automatic weapon that would allow one soldier to do the work of a hundred. Then, the inventor believed, countries would not have to recruit huge armies. Here the former doctor was mistaken.

Anka the Heavy

Who does not remember Anka the machine-gunner and orderly Petka from the legendary 1934 film Chapaev? Many events - from bloody battles to declarations of love - take place against the backdrop of the Maxim machine gun. It is believed that its inventor took up his offspring in the early 1880s. However, there is evidence that Maxim presented the first machine gun to the military in the early 70s, however, the US military rejected the new weapon.

Having lost interest in the machine gun for many years, Hiram Maxim emigrated to England in 1881, where he continued his work. The new model was very different from the original version, but now the British military was not interested in it either. But the financier Rothschild I liked the idea. The fundamental innovation that the inventor proposed was that the machine gun reloaded itself using the recoil force. The average rate of fire was 600 rounds per minute.

They assure that the emperor himself fired from a machine gun during a demonstration of a new type of weapon in Russia Alexander III. After that, the Russian side bought several Maxims. By the way, in Russia the machine gun was modernized. It is known that the wheeled machine was invented by Colonel Sokolov in 1910.

Schwarzlose machine gun

A competition for the best machine gun was announced at the beginning of the twentieth century in Austria-Hungary. The winner was the German inventor Andreas Schwarzlose. Compared to the Maxim, his machine gun had much fewer parts and cost half as much. The new weapon was "fed" with a cloth tape of 250 rounds. They were served with a special drum. True, during the rain the tape could warp, and in the cold it could hardly bend.

At the beginning of the First World War, Austria-Hungary had about three thousand machine guns. The shortened Schwarzlose barrel made the automation work more reliable, but at the same time, lethality was lost. This disadvantage was compensated by more accentuated shooting and a large number of rounds.

Quite manual

The world's first light machine gun was invented by a Danish major Wilhelm Madsen. The idea to lighten the easel machine gun so that one soldier could freely carry it came to Madsen back in the 80s of the XIX century. Two decades later, the idea was brought to life. The Dane's weapon weighed almost nine kilograms, so horse-drawn transport was still used for its transportation. Actually, after the submachine gun successfully passed the tests and several hundred units were ordered for the Russian army, special horse-mounted machine gun brigades were formed. Each of them had 40 horses and 27 people. There were six machine guns per brigade. New Danish weapons were planned to be used to protect bridges and tunnels. Interestingly, they even tried to install the Madsen machine gun on airplanes, but later they abandoned it in favor of other models.

For Father Makhno

It happens like this: the idea of ​​an invention belongs to one person, and it gets a name from another, the one who embodied the idea. The famous American machine gun invented Samuel McLean. But the weapon became famous thanks to the colonel Isaac Lewis. The Lewis machine gun was demonstrated in 1911, but the American military was not impressed. Then Colonel Lewis resigns and moves to old Europe, where the Belgians adopt a new machine gun.

In 1914, the British acquired a license for the production of the Lewis machine gun. And only after the outbreak of the First World War did the Americans become interested in weapons. The Savage Arms Company took over the production of machine guns.

In Russia, Lewis machine guns were purchased in 1917. About six thousand were American-made, another two thousand were British. They used cartridges from the Mosin rifle. Lewis machine guns were actively used in the Civil War. It is known, for example, that they were in service with the guards of Makhno’s father, which is why the guards themselves were nicknamed “Lewisists”. Immediately after the revolution, the supply of machine guns to Russia ceased.

In the popular Soviet films “White Sun of the Desert”, “Friend among Strangers, Stranger Among Friends”, the script also featured “Lewis”, but machine guns “made up” under them Degtyarev.

Snapshot at the opening of the article: World War I, 1914/ Photo: TASS/ Archive

In our age of high technology, it is hard to imagine that some hundred years ago, the design of new models was not the concern of large design bureaus and research centers, but often fell on the shoulders of talented self-taught and adventurers from the world of technology. It was largely thanks to Hiram Maxim that the face of the wars of the twentieth century changed: the era of the cavalry closed with a loud burst, and the term “trench warfare” was launched.

The history of the creation and development of the Maxim machine gun

The story of the beginning of the era of automatic weapons begins in 1866 in Savannah, Georgia. The young inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim (contrary to common pronunciation, the emphasis is on the first syllable in the surname) was invited to the shooting range to compete in marksmanship with Confederate veterans. Hiram showed a decent result, but it was the hard recoil of the Springfield musket that prompted the idea of ​​​​using the recoil energy for purposes more worthy than a blow to the shooter's shoulder. Returning home to Ornville, Maine, he formulated the first principles of automatic reloading of weapons. However, weapons remained more of an entertainment for Maxim: his main interest lay in the then promising field of electricity and electrical engineering. So, the first drawing of a “machine gun” (even this word was invented by Hiram, the Gatling shotgun that already existed at that time was not automatic in the usual sense for us) appeared only 7 years later. Who knows how history would have turned if not for a series of circumstances: at some point, Maxim's inventions in terms of electricity became inconvenient for Thomas Edison and his patrons, who had a serious financial interest in opposing third-party products. The scientist was sent to a European "exile" as a sales representative of the United States Electric Lighting Company with a large salary for those times, but a tacit ban on research and inventive activities with electricity.

Cut off from his favorite work, the future creator of the machine gun Maxim took up the revision of the abandoned project in 1881, and two years later he presents the completed drawings at a scientific conference in Paris. At first, the development “did not shoot”, leaving indifferent both the French public and the US government, to which the scientist approached with a proposal to adopt a new model for service. Maxim did not despair and moved to the UK to a rented apartment in London, patents his invention and manufactures the first prototype. The British royals also reacted coldly to unusual weapons and, most likely, the "revolution" would not have happened if it were not for the sponsorship of the representative of the famous banking dynasty - Nathaniel Rothschild. With his financial support, mass production and technical modernization of the machine gun begins.

Sooner or later, the British generals pay attention to a promising development, and the first tests of Maxim's invention "in action" take place during the suppression of the uprising of the South African tribes of 1893, which are as much superior in numbers to the British colonial troops as they are lagging behind in terms of technical equipment and tactical training. The debut was more than successful, since then "Maxim" has become an indispensable companion of all colonial campaigns in Great Britain.

In the Russian Empire, the first demonstration firing took place as early as 1887, but initially the products of the “Maxim weapons factory” are purchased in small batches due to the re-equipment of the army from Berdan rifles to more modern Mosin rifles and the concomitant re-equipment to a new caliber. Having acquired about three hundred pieces, by 1904 licensed production began at the Tula Arms Plant.

At the same time, in the other hemisphere, the US government is massively replacing the obsolete and technically obsolete Gatling shotguns with the first versions of the Browning, inferior in every sense to the Maxim. Recognizing this fact, the licensed production of copies of "Maxim" begins at the factories of the Colt company.

Machine gun device

The modern reader is no longer surprised by the description of automatic shooting, but it is important to understand that in those years it was a breakthrough, on a par with the first use of a crossbow or musket. The first versions of the barrel casing had to be cooled with water, and the mass of the weapon required a machine tool or gun carriage. Technically, "Maxim" was quite simple:

• box;
• casing;
• Gate;
• butt plate;
• Receiver;
• return spring;
• Return spring box;
• Lock;
• Trigger lever.

The sights of the open type changed in various versions (in some it was possible to use an optical sight), the shape and size of the armor plate and the device of the cartridge belt are also optional.

The principle of operation of the machine gun

The key to success was the idea of ​​using the recoil momentum, which made the machine gun a key weapon in the wars of the twentieth century. Weapon automation is based on the use of recoil with a short barrel stroke. During the shot, the barrel is pushed back by powder gases, interacting with the loading mechanism: it removes the cartridge from the tape, directs it into the breech, and at the same time cocks the firing pin.

This whole design provided a rate of fire of about 600 rounds per minute (varies depending on the caliber used), but it also required constant cooling of the barrel.

Ammunition for machine gun

When discussing the issue of caliber, one should take into account the resourcefulness of Hiram Maxim: in search of profit from his own invention, he allowed the military departments of many countries to produce their own variations of the machine gun, taking into account the patent.

So, in almost all major countries of the late XIX - early XX century, "Maxim" was produced under its own ammunition.

The table shows the most memorable models:

This table shows only the first production models, further development will be discussed later.

Comparative characteristics of used cartridges:

Such a scatter of parameters within the same caliber is associated with the use of different types of ammunition.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Since each of the versions has its own specifics depending on the country of manufacture, it is difficult to bring all the parameters to a common denominator.

For ease of understanding, the characteristics are the same for all variants of the machine gun:

• Weight - 27.2 kg (without machine and water in the casing);
• Length - 1067 mm;
• Barrel length - 721 mm;
• Rate of fire - approximately 600 rounds per minute;
• Tape ammunition, in the first versions is loaded with cloth tapes for 250 rounds.

The maximum range varies from three to four kilometers, while the effective range is usually half that.

Advantages and disadvantages

In addition to the obvious advantages over conventional rifles in terms of rate of fire, the Maxim machine gun overtook them in terms of firing range. In the course of numerous improvements under the auspices of Rothschild, the base model in caliber 11.43 mm achieved an amazing reliability resource. For example, the London public remembered the case when, at demonstration firing, Hiram Maxim fired fifteen thousand shots from his invention.

However, it was not without weaknesses in the novelty. The large mass of the machine gun made it impossible to use without additional devices for installation, therefore machine tools, carriages, carts and even batteries are patented. A massive armored shield makes aiming very difficult, but without it, the machine gunner remained defenseless and attracted all the fire from the enemy. The fabric tape, which worked great in tests, became dirty too quickly in combat conditions and led to misfires. The main drawback was the cooling jacket: a simple hit by a bullet or shrapnel could completely disable the Maxim.

Modifications carried out on the machine gun

Let's focus on the domestic continuation of Hiram's design ideas. So, in 1904, the Tula Arms Plant received the right to unlimited production and refinement of the original. In 1910, a domestic variation was released, which practically became the “face” of the Civil and both World Wars. The designers did not change such a familiar name and limited themselves to adding the development date - "Maxim" of the 1910 model.

As a result, the mass was reduced, a number of bronze parts were replaced with steel ones, sights and the receiver were adapted to the recently adopted cartridge with a pointed bullet. An improved wheeled machine, an armored shield of a different shape, cartridge boxes - all these recognizable details were invented and created by domestic craftsmen.

Further development took place in a nominally different country - in the Soviet Union. The Maxim easel machine gun of the 1910-1930 model was developed taking into account the noted strengths and weaknesses in combat use. The sights are changed for greater accuracy when firing a weighted bullet, there is a holder for the shield attached to the casing, the casing itself becomes more durable. The fuse has been moved to the trigger, the striker has its own striker. It is also important to note the possibility of installing an optical sight.

On the basis of "Maxim" developed: light machine gun MT-24, aviation PV-1, as well as a number of anti-aircraft batteries (double or quad) using a special sight.

Combat use in history

Initially, machine gun batteries were used only in the defense of fortresses and ships due to the lack of mobility solutions. They reached the greatest distribution on the fields of the First World War by almost all participants in the conflict. It is curious that by the beginning of the war, the Russian Empire was far ahead of other European powers in terms of the number of Maxims per division, however, they quickly lost ground due to the high cost of producing one unit and the workload of factories.

During the Civil War, it was the invention of Maxim that was the favorite weapon of both the “whites” and the “reds”. Often they passed from hand to hand many times like trophies, so even their approximate distribution among the warring parties is very difficult to calculate.

In the USSR, the installation of machine gun variations for aviation began. Previously, this was difficult due to the too low carrying capacity of most aircraft and the impossibility "on the spot" to correct the distortions of the first unreliable cartridge belts. In parallel with this, anti-aircraft batteries are being created, "Maxim" is in the border, naval and mountain rifle units, installed on armored trains, lend-lease jeeps and trucks. During the Great Patriotic War, factories produce more than one hundred thousand units, which leads to the consolidation of the image of the machine gun as a "victorious weapon".

The last "official" case of the use of the Maxim machine gun is considered to be the clash between the USSR and China on the Damansky Peninsula, but its recognizable silhouette now and then appears in local conflicts around the world.

We are interested in the attitude of readers to retro weapons: does it have the “right to life” or should it give way to more modern models? We are waiting for your comments.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

The operation of the automation of most modern machine guns is based on the use of barrel recoil during its short stroke or on the principle of removing powder gases through a hole in the barrel wall. The machine gun is fed with cartridges from a tape or magazine. The machine gun can be fired in short (up to 10 shots), long (up to 30 shots) bursts, continuously, and for some machine guns - also with a single fire or a burst of a fixed length. Barrel cooling is usually air. For aimed fire, machine guns are equipped with sights (mechanical, optical, night). The calculation of the machine gun consists of one, two or more people (depending on the characteristics of the machine gun).

Types of machine guns

There are machine guns of small (up to 6.5 mm), normal (from 6.5 to 9 mm) and large (from 9 to 14.5 mm) caliber. Depending on the device and combat purpose, machine guns are divided into hand (on bipods), easel (on a tripod, less often on a wheeled machine), large-caliber infantry, anti-aircraft, tank, armored personnel carrier, casemate, ship, aviation. In a number of countries, in order to unify the machine gun for a rifle cartridge, the so-called unified machine guns have been developed and adopted as the main machine guns, allowing firing both from a bipod (light machine gun) and from a machine gun (easel machine gun).

Light machine guns

Food was supplied from flat disk magazines - "plates", in which the cartridges were located around the circumference, with bullets towards the center of the disk. This design ensured a reliable supply of cartridges with a protruding rim, but it also had significant drawbacks: large dimensions and weight of an empty magazine, inconvenience in transporting and loading, as well as the possibility of damage to the magazine in battle conditions due to its tendency to deform. The magazine capacity was initially 49 rounds, later 47 rounds with increased reliability were introduced. Three magazines were attached to the machine gun with a metal box for carrying them.

It should be noted that, although outwardly the DP store resembles the Lewis machine gun store, in fact it is a completely different design in terms of the principle of operation; for example, in Lewis, the cartridge disc is rotated due to the energy of the shutter transmitted to it by a complex system of levers, and in DP, due to a pre-cocked spring in the store itself.

At the end of the war, the DP machine gun and its modernized version of the DPM, created based on the experience of military operations in - years, were decommissioned by the Soviet Army and were widely supplied to countries friendly to the USSR. It was in service with the member states of the ATS until the 1960s. Used in Korea, Vietnam and other countries.

The experience of combat operations on the fields of World War II showed that infantry needed single machine guns that combined increased firepower with high mobility. As an ersatz substitute for a single machine gun in a company link, based on earlier developments, in 1946, the RP-46 light machine gun was created and put into service, which was a modification of the DPM for belt feeding, which, coupled with a weighted barrel, provided greater firepower at maintaining acceptable maneuverability.

Degtyarev light machine gun (RPD)

7.62 mm Degtyarev light machine gun (RPD, GAU index - 56-R-327) is a Soviet light machine gun developed in 1944 chambered for 7.62 × 39 mm . The RPD was one of the first types of weapons adopted for service chambered for the 1943 model of the year. From the early 1950s until the mid-1960s, it was the main branch-level support weapon, and then gradually began to be replaced by the PKK, which is more preferable in terms of unification. However, the RPD is still in the warehouses of army reserves. Like many other types of Soviet weapons, the RPD was widely exported to countries friendly to the USSR, and also produced abroad, for example, in China under the designation Type 56.

The range of a direct shot at the chest figure is 365 m. Fire at air targets is carried out at a distance of up to 500 m. The bullet retains its lethal effect at a distance of up to 1.5 km.

Combat rate of fire - up to 150 rounds per minute. Conducting intensive firing bursts without cooling the barrel is possible up to 300 shots.

Kalashnikov light machine gun (RPK)

7.62 mm Kalashnikov light machine gun (PKK, Index GRAU - 6P2) - Soviet light machine gun, created on the basis of the AKM assault rifle. Adopted by the Soviet army in 1961.

Madsen

FN Minimi

Bisal MK 2

Breda 30

Stoner

Lewis

bren

Single machine guns

MG-34

MG-42

PC

MG-3

UKM-2000

FN MAG

Pecheneg

Machine guns

Maxim machine gun

Maxim machine gun ("Maxim")- easel machine gun, developed by the American gunsmith Hiram Stevens Maxim ( Hiram Stevens Maxim) in 1883. The Maxim machine gun became the ancestor of all automatic weapons, it was widely used during the Anglo-Boer War - World War I and World War II.

The machine gun of the Maxim system (or simply "Maxim") is an automatic weapon based on automatic recoil of the barrel, which has a short stroke. As the shot is fired, the powder gases send the barrel back, setting in motion the reloading mechanism, which removes the cartridge from the fabric tape, sends it to the breech and at the same time cocks the bolt. After the shot is fired, the operation is repeated anew. The machine gun has an average rate of fire - 600 rounds per minute, and the combat rate of fire is 250-300 rounds per minute.

For firing from a machine gun of the 1910 model, rifle cartridges of 7.62 × 54 mm R are used with bullets of the 1908 model of the year (light bullet) and the 1930 model of the year (heavy bullet). The trigger system is designed only for automatic fire and has a fuse against accidental shots. The machine gun is powered by cartridges from a slide-type receiver, with a cloth or metal tape with a capacity of 250 rounds, which appeared later. The sighting device includes a rack-mounted sight and a front sight with a rectangular top. Some machine guns could also be equipped with an optical sight. The machine gun was originally mounted on bulky gun carriages, modeled after mitrailleuse gun carriages; then portable machines appeared, usually on tripods; in the Russian army since 1910 a wheeled machine was used, developed by Colonel A. A. Sokolov. This machine gave the machine gun sufficient stability when firing and made it possible, unlike tripods, to easily move the machine gun when changing positions.

Machine gun "Maxim" model 1910 in comparison with other machine guns:

Name	Country	Cartridge	Length, mm	Weight, kg	Rate of fire, rds / min	Sighting range, m	Muzzle velocity, m/s
"Maxim" arr. 1910	Russian empire/USSR	7.62×54 mm	1067	64,3	600	1000	865 (bullet model 1908) 800 (heavy bullet model 1931)
Schwarzlose M.07/12	Austria-Hungary	8×50 mm R Mannlicher	945	41,4	400-580	2000	610
MG-08	German Empire	7.92×57 mm	1190	64	500-600	2400	815
Vickers	Great Britain	.303 British	1100	50	500-600	740	745
Lewis	Great Britain	.303 British	1280	14,5	500	1830	747
Hotchkiss M1914	France	8×50 mm R Lebel	1390	23.58 (46.8 on the machine)	500	2000	746
Browning M1917	USA	7.62×63 mm	1219	47	450-600	1370	854

Heavy machine gun "Vickers"

Browning M1917

Maschinengewehr 08

SG-43

DS-39

Heavy (large-caliber) machine guns

Browning M2

DShK

CPV

NSV-12.7

Cord

CIS 50MG

Heavy infantry machine guns mounted on wheeled or tripod mounts or attached to embrasures of bunkers are used in these units to combat lightly armored ground targets. As anti-aircraft, tank, armored personnel carrier, casemate and ship guns, infantry machine guns are usually used, somewhat modified taking into account the peculiarities of their installation and operation at facilities.

Aviation machine guns

Breda-SAFAT

MG-15

MG-17

MG-81

MG-131

Type 92

PV-1

ShKAS

UB

Tank machine guns

DT

Tank machine gun Kalashnikov (PKT)

KPVT

NSVT

BESA

Machine gun device

A machine gun usually consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: barrel, receiver (box), bolt, trigger mechanism, return spring (return mechanism), sight, magazine (receiver). Light and single machine guns are usually equipped with butts for better stability when firing.

Thanks to the use of a massive barrel, easel and single machine guns provide a high practical rate of fire (up to 250-300 rounds per minute) and allow intensive shooting without changing the barrel up to 500, and large-caliber - up to 150 rounds. When overheated, the barrels are replaced.

Due to the barrel heating factor at a high rate of fire, all machine guns (with the exception of light machine guns developed on the basis of automatic rifles) have the following fundamental difference from other automatic weapons in the device and in the operation of the mechanism. When bringing a weapon to a combat platoon, the cartridge is not in the breech - as is done in automatic rifles, pistols or submachine guns. In machine guns - the cartridge is in the bolt group on the line of chambering into the barrel, not inserted into the breech. This is done in order to prevent jamming of the sleeve in the breech of an overheated barrel and sintering of the sleeve with the breech in between firing.

The invention and development of machine guns

Machine guns appeared on the battlefield as a result of a constant and persistent search for a way to increase the density of fire against an advancing enemy by increasing the rate of fire of weapons in service with the army. As one of the ways to increase the rate of fire was the creation of weapons that provide continuous fire. So the machine gun was born.

The prototypes of machine guns were a block of rifle barrels mounted on an artillery carriage, firing in turn with continuous fire. Reloading and firing a shot was carried out due to the muscular energy of the calculation.

Since the 16th century, there have been attempts to create revolver-type pistols and guns (with drums). In 1718, the English lawyer James Puckle patented the Puckle gun, which was a gun placed on a tripod and equipped with a drum. At the same time, the rate of fire more than doubled compared to a conventional gun (from 4 to 9 rounds per minute), but the gun was also more cumbersome to handle, requiring several servants who otherwise could fire themselves. It did not interest anyone and was not adopted. In addition, the appearance of the drum freed from reloading cartridges, but not from manipulations with pouring seed into a flintlock, which also took considerable time when reloading. Thus, before the advent of a unitary cartridge, there could be no talk of a true rate of fire in our understanding, and therefore a cannon firing buckshot remained the simplest, cheapest to manufacture and effective weapon that ensured the mass destruction of the enemy.

The immediate predecessor of the machine gun is the mitrailleuse, a burst-firing hand-operated unitary cartridge weapon with multiple barrels. Usually they were several single-shot mechanisms combined into a block.