19.08.2014 16982 0

Tasks:to form knowledge about the geographical position, size, borders of Russia; show the influence of geographical location on the nature and resettlement of the population; to teach skills to characterize the geographical position of Russia; to consolidate the ability to calculate the geographical coordinates of objects on the map and the extent of the country in degrees and km, using the cartographic grid.

move lesson

I. Introductory conversation and preparation for the perception of new knowledge.

Starting to study the topic of the lesson, the teacher reminds that the concept of "geographical location" is already known to schoolchildren and they know how geographical location affects the natural conditions of continents, natural zones, states. To remember this knowledge, the teacher suggests answering the following questions:

1.What is included in the description of the geographical location of the territory?

2.Why does the study of any territory - a continent, a country - begin with an acquaintance with a geographical location?

After specifying the answers, the teacher invites the students to write down the concept of “geographical location” and the plan of the geographical location of Russia in their notebooks. This plan can then be used to characterize the geographical position of individual regions of the country.

Geographical position is the position of an object on the earth's surface in relation to other objects or territories.

Plan for characterizing the geographical position of Russia:

1.Position on the mainland in relation to the equator and prime meridian.

2.Extreme points and their geographical coordinates.

3.Length in degrees and km from north to south and from west to east.

4.The size of the territory of Russia.

5.Position in thermal zones and natural zones.

6.Land borders. neighboring states.

7.Maritime borders. neighboring states.

8.The influence of the peculiarities of the geographical position of Russia on the natural conditions and life of the population.

II. Getting new knowledge.

1.The physical and geographical position of Russia is characterized in the process of dialogue and the implementation of practical work No. 1 (pp. 6, 34-35 in the workbook).

A) Russia is located on the territory of Eurasia in the northern and eastern hemispheres, only the Chukotka Peninsula is located in the western hemisphere.

B) Extreme points and their coordinates:

northern island - Cape Fligeli (81 ° 49 "N. Lat.) on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago;

northern mainland - Cape Chelyuskin (77 ° 43 "N) on the Taimyr Peninsula;

Cape Chelyuskin was discovered in 1742 by navigator S.I. Chelyuskin, a member of the Great Northern Expedition, and named by him North-Eastern. In 1843, the cape received the name of its discoverer.

southern - Mount Bazardyuzyu (41 0 11 "N) in the Republic of Dagestan;

western - spit of the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad;

“In the Kaliningrad region, on the coastal spit, is the western tip of Russia. Beyond the spit lay the Baltic Sea, part of the Atlantic, almost always gray under overcast skies and dull blue when the clouds cleared.

With a hiss, the keel of the boat crashed into the coastal shallows. We jumped out and, to the creaking cries of seagulls, almost knee-deep in the sand, began to climb a steep dune. Bare mountains of sand rose like dunes in the Karakum Desert, with striped ripples, with rare tufts of sandy oats, with small bird tracks. But more often the hills are covered with forest. The dunes moved, burying dwellings; now almost all of them are fixed.

I climb to the crest of the dune. They are the highest in Europe. The sand is very fine, golden grains are visible in it, probably amber.

The ridge offers a view on one side of the endless sea with a white noisy surf, on the other - of a calm enclosed bay. The narrow green ribbon of the spit stretches for tens of kilometers.

A striped red-green pillar stands firmly on the spit. It marks the westernmost point of our Motherland."

7 - 10.);

eastern mainland - Cape Dezhnev (169 ° 40 "W) on the Chukotka Peninsula;

It was discovered in 1648 by the Russian explorer S.I. Dezhnev, who for the first time rounded this cape. Dezhnev's petitions say that he bypassed the Big Stone Nose. AT XVII - XVII 1st century this cape was mentioned under the names Necessary nose, Chukchi nose. In 1898, in commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the discovery of the cape, at the request of the Russian Geographical Society, it was renamed in honor of its discoverer.

“Standing in the drizzling rain on the easternmost point of Asia, I felt that I was standing on the edge of the earth and that a huge continent stretched behind me, whose name is Eurasia.

The picture of this eastern tip of Asia was so gloomy and majestic and made such an impression that I wanted to see and remember as much as possible in order to tell about it later. Cape Dezhnev is a completely bare rock of various rocks, heaving vertically from the water in whimsically diverse ridges. The tops of these rocks, cut with teeth of various shapes, were covered with a giant blanket of fog, over which black squally clouds quickly rushed, driven by air currents in different directions. (Pershin A. A. Cape Dezhnev. History of the monument.);

the eastern island - on Ratmanov Island (170°W) in the Bering Strait;

In 1816, Lieutenant O. E. Kotzebue discovered (as it turned out later, erroneously) an island in the Bering Strait and named it in honor of Lieutenant Commander M. I. Ratmanov, with whom he was in 1803 - 1806. participated in the first Russian circumnavigation. When it became clear that there was no island, the name was transferred to one of the three Diomede Islands.

“... For many hours now, our ship has been persistently cutting the blue thickness of the Bering Strait. The water here is vitriol. Icy, transparent. Above the water, the vigilant hubbub of birds.

We are on our way to Ratmanov Island. In the east, this is the last piece of land that belongs to our country. Behind him is the island of Kruzenshtern. But this is no longer our island - it belongs to the United States of America. Between the islands lies the meridian, from which it is customary to count the time of the coming day.

Rounding Ratmanov Island from the north, we find ourselves between the Diomede Islands. The strait is restless. Bottle glass waves toss our ship from side to side. ... We go from north to south. Far at the horizon is the lilac coast of the mainland. On the right, like a stone block, formidable and solemn, the shores of Ratmanov Island rise. About four hundred meters they uplift a flat plateau, almost sheer rockfall descending to the restless water. The shores are fantastically beautiful. The autumn sun, crystal clear water and the same blueness of the sky cut the island into a transparent frame, which makes it seem even more convex and solemn.

To our left is the American coast. The island is clearly visible, as in the palm of your hand. The same steep banks, stone scree and white surf at their foot. ... In the diving eyepiece of binoculars, the American village of Eliki. This is a small village where about fifty Eskimos and a few Americans live.

(Karpov G.V., Solovyov A.I. Reader on the physical geography of the USSR. S. 7 - 10.)

Students plot extreme points on a contour map (task 2 on pp. 34 - 35 in the workbook) and independently determine their coordinates. The teacher can use additional material if there is free time and the students have developed skills in working with a contour map.

C) Then the students independently determine the length of Russia in degrees and km from north to south and from west to east.

The length of the mainland of Russia along the 100° meridian

in. D. is 28 °, or 3108 km.

The length of Russia from west to east along the Arctic Circle is 160°, or 7120 km.

The results are recorded on a contour map (task 3 on pp. 34 - 35 in the workbook).

D) Russia is the largest state in the world. It occupies an area equal to 17.1 million square meters. km.

During the dialogue, the data of the table "Areas of individual continents and the largest countries of the world" given on p. 7 textbooks. Schoolchildren make a conclusion about which continents and countries Russia surpasses in area (Antarctica, Australia and Oceania, Canada, USA, China, Brazil).

“There is only one country in Europe where one can truly understand what space is, and that is Russia,” wrote Gaido Gazdanov.

E) Almost the entire country is located north of 50 ° N. sh., therefore, large areas are occupied by forest zones (taiga prevails), forest tundra and tundra.

E) The teacher gives a definition of the concept of "state border", the students write it down in a notebook.

The state border is a line that defines the boundaries of the state territory.

The length of Russia's borders is almost 61,000 km. The western and southern borders are predominantly land, while the northern and eastern borders are maritime.

Using the map of the atlas "Geographical position of Russia" (p. 2 - 3), schoolchildren independently complete task 1 on p. 34 - 35 in a workbook (draw the borders of Russia, identify neighbors and inscribe their names). The teacher draws students' attention to the fact that Russia has maritime borders with some states. Here it is also necessary to give a definition of the concept of "territorial waters", which is also written in a notebook.

Territorial waters are sea waters adjacent to the land territory of the state and included in its composition. The width of territorial waters is 12 miles (or 22.2 km).

2.The teacher explains how geographical location affects the characteristics of nature, economy and life of the population.

Russia is the largest state in terms of area. Naturally, the natural conditions in such a vast area are very diverse. Many features of Russia's nature are associated with its northern position. More than half of the country's territory (64.3%) is located north of the sixtieth parallel. Only Finland, Iceland, most of Sweden and almost all of Norway are at the same latitude in Europe. But unlike Russia, these countries are intensively heated by the warm waters and air currents of the Atlantic and therefore have a relatively mild climate. Russia, on the other hand, is characterized by the severity of the climate: low winter temperatures and its duration, less precipitation, and large annual temperature amplitudes. With the exception of some small regions of Ciscaucasia and the North Caucasus, all of Russia is a cold northern country. This directly affects all spheres of economic activity and the daily life of people. Huge amounts of money are being spent on combating the cold. During the long harsh winter, a huge amount of energy resources is spent for these purposes. So, in Moscow, about 3 tons of coal is consumed per inhabitant during the heating season (in units of equivalent fuel), in Norilsk - 7 tons. Only on 40% of the territory of our country can people build cities and towns without special expensive measures to protect against adverse effects harsh natural environment. Large expenditures on heating, construction, clothing, and food increase the cost of living for Russians.

The severity of the climate is especially detrimental to agriculture. In a cold country, it is necessary to have a high content of animal proteins in the diet. But intensive animal husbandry in Russia is hampered by the lack of more valuable fodder crops - corn and soybeans: they can only ripen in our country in limited areas. About 45% of all agricultural land is in conditions of insufficient moisture. Quite rightly, most of the agricultural land in Russia is classified as a zone of risky farming.

The cold expanses of Russia are washed over a vast area by cold and cool seas. On the seas of the Arctic Ocean, floating ice stays throughout the year. In the most severe winters, almost all seas freeze off the coast of Russia, even those located near its southern borders. In addition to ice in autumn and winter, thick cold fogs hinder navigation. All this complicates the work of Russian ports, requires additional costs and special measures to ensure their normal functioning.

In general, the influence of the main natural features of Russia on the life and economic activity of its population is contradictory. The northern position of the country, the cold freezing seas washing it, permafrost sharply worsen the ecological qualities of the natural environment, complicate all types of production activities, and reduce the standard of living of people. At the same time, the vast expanses of Russia with well-preserved natural complexes are of great value as the country's ecological potential.

III. Fixing the material.

In order to consolidate the material received, students answer the following questions and complete tasks:

1.Measure distances in degrees and km along the 70th meridian and the 60th parallel.

2.Find the shortest distance between Moscow and Vladivostok.

3.Calculate how many times the territory of Russia is larger than the territory of France - the largest state in Europe (the area of ​​​​France is 545 thousand square kilometers).

4.Determine the boundary objects by their coordinates: a) 43° N. sh. 146° E d.; b) 54° N. sh. 170° in. d.

5.Do Russia and India have a common border?

6.How would the nature of Russia change if its territory was crossed by the equator?

IV. Summing up the lesson.

Homework:§ 1, complete practical work No. 1 (task 2 on p. 6 in the workbook).

Zoning - change in natural components and the natural complex as a whole from the equator to the poles. The basis of zonality is the different supply of heat, light, and precipitation to the Earth, which, in turn, is already reflected in all other components, and above all, soils, vegetation, and wildlife.

Zoning is characteristic of both land and the oceans.

The largest zonal divisions of the geographical shell - geographic zones. Belts differ from each other primarily in temperature conditions.

The following geographical zones are distinguished: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subpolar, polar (antarctic and arctic).

Within the belts on land, natural zones are distinguished, each of which is characterized not only by the same type of temperature conditions and moisture, which leads to a commonality of vegetation, soils and wildlife.

You are already familiar with the arctic desert zone, tundra, temperate forest zone, steppes, deserts, wet and dry subtropics, savannahs, humid equatorial evergreen forests.

Within natural zones, transitional areas are distinguished. They are formed as a result of gradual changes in climatic conditions. Such transitional zones include, for example, forest-tundra, forest-steppes and semi-deserts.

Zoning is not only latitudinal, but also vertical. Vertical zonality is a regular change in natural complexes in height and depth. For mountains, the main cause of this zonality is the change in temperature and amount of moisture with height, and for the depths of the ocean, heat and sunlight.

The change of natural zones depending on the height above sea level in mountainous areas is called, as you already know, altitudinal zonation.

It differs from horizontal zonality in the length of belts and the presence of a belt of alpine and subalpine meadows. The number of belts usually increases in high mountains and as we approach the equator.

natural areas

natural areas- large subdivisions of the geographical envelope, which have a certain combination of temperature conditions and moisture regime. They are classified mainly according to the prevailing type of vegetation and regularly change in the plains from north to south, and in the mountains - from the foot to the peaks. The natural zones of Russia are shown in fig. one.

The latitudinal distribution of natural zones on the plains is explained by the supply of unequal amounts of solar heat and moisture to the earth's surface at different latitudes.

Resources of flora and fauna of natural zones are biological resources territory.

The set of altitudinal belts depends primarily on the latitude at which the mountains are located and what their height is. It should also be noted that for the most part the boundaries between the altitudinal zones are not clear.

Let us consider in more detail the features of the placement of natural zones on the example of the territory of our country.

polar desert

The very north of our country - the islands of the Arctic Ocean - are located in the natural zone polar (arctic) deserts. This area is also called ice zone. The southern boundary roughly coincides with the 75th parallel. The natural zone is characterized by the dominance of arctic air masses. The total solar radiation is 57-67 kcal/cm2 per year. Snow cover lasts 280-300 days a year.

In winter, the polar night dominates here, which at a latitude of 75 ° N. sh. lasts 98 days.

In summer, even round-the-clock lighting is not able to provide enough heat to this area. The air temperature rarely rises above 0 °C, and the average July temperature is +5 °C. For several days there may be drizzling precipitation, but there are practically no thunderstorms and showers. But there are frequent fogs.

Rice. 1. Natural areas of Russia

A significant part of the territory is characterized by modern glaciation. There is no continuous vegetation cover. The near-glacial areas of land on which vegetation develops are small areas. On placers of pebbles, fragments of basalt and boulders, mosses and scale lichens “settle”. Occasionally there are poppies and saxifrages that begin to bloom when the snow barely has time to melt.

The fauna of the Arctic desert is represented mainly by marine life. These are the harp seal, walrus, ringed seal, sea hare, white whale, porpoise, killer whale.

Species of baleen whales are diverse in the northern seas. Blue and bowhead whales, sei whale, fin whale, humpback whale are rare and endangered species and are listed in the Red Book. The inner side of the long horny plates that replace the teeth of whales is split into hairs. This allows the animals to filter large volumes of water, harvesting the plankton that forms the basis of their diet.

The polar bear is also a typical representative of the animal world of the polar desert. The "maternity hospitals" of polar bears are located on Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, about. Wrangel.

In summer, numerous colonies of birds nest on the rocky islands: gulls, guillemots, guillemots, auks, etc.

There is practically no permanent population in the polar desert zone. The meteorological stations operating here monitor the weather and the movement of ice in the ocean. On the islands, foxes are hunted in winter and game birds in summer. Fishing is carried out in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

steppes

Steppes extend south of the forest-steppe zone. They are distinguished by the absence of forest vegetation. The steppes stretch in a narrow continuous strip in the south of Russia from the western borders to Altai. Further to the east, the steppe areas have a patchy distribution.

The climate of the steppes is temperate continental, but drier than in the zone of forests and forest-steppes. The amount of annual total solar radiation reaches 120 kcal/cm 2 . The average January temperature in the west is -2 °С, and in the east -20 °С and lower. Summer in the steppe is sunny and hot. The average temperature in July is 22-23 °С. The sum of active temperatures is 3500 °C. Precipitation falls 250-400 mm per year. Showers are frequent in summer. The moisture coefficient is less than unity (from 0.6 in the north of the zone to 0.3 in the southern steppes). Steady snow cover lasts up to 150 days a year. In the west of the zone, thaws often occur, so the snow cover there is thin and very unstable. The predominant soils of the steppes are chernozems.

Natural plant communities are represented mainly by perennial, drought- and frost-resistant herbs with a strong root system. First of all, these are cereals: feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, snake, thin-legged, bluegrass. In addition to cereals, there are numerous representatives of herbs: astragalus, sage, cloves - and bulbous perennials, such as tulips.

The composition and structure of plant communities change significantly both in the latitudinal and in the meridional direction.

In the European steppes, narrow-leaved grasses form the basis: feather grass, fescue, bluegrass, fescue, thin-legged, etc. There are many brightly flowering herbs. In summer, like waves in the sea, feather grass sways, here and there you can see lilac irises. In the drier southern regions, in addition to cereals, wormwood, thorax, and cinquefoil are common. Lots of tulips in spring. In the Asian part of the country, tansy and cereals predominate.

Steppe landscapes are fundamentally different from forest ones, which determines the uniqueness of the animal world of this natural zone. Typical animals of this zone are rodents (the most numerous group) and ungulates.

Ungulates are adapted to long-term movements across the vast expanses of the steppes. Due to the thinness of the snow cover, plant food is also available in winter. An important role in nutrition is played by bulbs, tubers, rhizomes. For many animals, plants are also the main source of moisture. Typical representatives of ungulates in the steppes are tours, antelopes, tarpans. However, most of these species were exterminated or driven south as a result of human economic activity. In some areas, saigas, which were widely distributed in the past, have been preserved.

Of the rodents, the most common are ground squirrel, vole, jerboa, etc.

The polecat, badger, weasel, and fox also live in the steppe.

Of the birds, the bustard, little bustard, gray partridge, steppe eagle, buzzard, kestrel are typical for the steppes. However, these birds are now rare.

There are much more reptiles than in the forest zone. Among them, we single out the steppe viper, snake, common snake, nimble lizard, muzzle.

The wealth of the steppes is fertile soils. The thickness of the humus layer of chernozems is more than 1 m. It is not surprising that this natural zone is almost completely developed by man and natural steppe landscapes are preserved only in reserves. In addition to the high natural fertility of chernozems, climate conditions favorable for horticulture, the cultivation of heat-loving grains (wheat, corn) and industrial (sugar beet, sunflower) crops also contribute to agriculture. Due to insufficient precipitation and frequent droughts, irrigation systems have been built in the steppe zone.

The steppes are a zone of developed animal husbandry. Cattle, horses, poultry are bred here. Conditions for the development of animal husbandry are favorable due to the presence of natural pastures, fodder grain, waste from the processing of sunflowers and sugar beets, etc.

Various branches of industry are developed in the steppe zone: metallurgy, mechanical engineering, food, chemical, textile.

Semi-deserts and deserts

Semi-deserts and deserts are located in the southeast of the Russian Plain and in the Caspian lowland.

The total solar radiation here reaches 160 kcal/cm 2 . The climate is characterized by high air temperatures in summer (+22 - +24 °С) and low in winter (-25-30 °С). Because of this, there is a large annual temperature amplitude. The sum of active temperatures is 3600 °C and more. In the zone of semi-deserts and deserts, a small amount of precipitation falls: an average of up to 200 mm per year. In this case, the moisture coefficient is 0.1-0.2.

The rivers located in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts are fed almost exclusively by the spring melting of snow. A significant part of them flows into lakes or is lost in the sands.

Typical soils of the semi-desert and desert zone are chestnut. The amount of humus in them decreases in directions from north to south and from west to east (this is primarily due to a gradual increase in the sparseness of vegetation in these directions), therefore, in the north and west, the soils are dark chestnut, and in the south - light chestnut ( the content of humus in them is 2-3%. In depressions of the relief, the soils are saline. There are solonchaks and solonetzes - soils, from the upper layers of which, due to leaching, a significant part of the easily soluble salts has been carried away to the lower horizons.

Plants in semi-deserts are usually low, drought-resistant. The semi-deserts of the south of the country are characterized by such plant species as tree-like and clumsy saltwort, camel's thorn, and juzgun. On the hills, feather grass and fescue dominate.

Steppe grasses alternate with patches of wormwood and romance of yarrow.

The deserts of the southern part of the Caspian lowland are the kingdom of semi-shrub polynyas.

For life in conditions of lack of moisture and salinity of the soil, plants have developed a number of adaptations. Solyanka, for example, have hairs and scales that protect them from excessive evaporation and overheating. Others, such as tamarix, kermek, “acquired” special salt-removing glands to remove salts. In many species, the evaporative surface of the leaves has decreased, and their pubescence has occurred.

The growing season for many desert plants is short. They manage to complete the entire development cycle in a favorable time of the year - spring.

The fauna of semi-deserts and deserts is poor compared to the forest zone. The most common reptiles are lizards, snakes, turtles. There are many rodents - gerbils, jerboas and poisonous arachnids - scorpions, tarantulas, karakurts. Birds - bustard, little bustard, lark - can be seen not only in the steppes, but also in semi-deserts. Of the largest mammals, we note the camel, saiga; there is a corsac, a wolf.

A special area in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts of Russia are the Volga delta and the Akhtuba floodplain. It can be called a green oasis among the semi-desert. This area stands out for its thickets of reed-reeds (it reaches a height of 4-5 m), shrubs and shrubs (including blackberries), intertwined with climbing plants (hops, bindweed). In the backwaters of the Volga delta there are many algae, white water lilies (including the Caspian rose and water chestnut preserved from the pre-glacial period). Among these plants there are many birds, among which herons, pelicans and even flamingos stand out.

The traditional occupation of the population in the zone of semi-deserts and deserts is cattle breeding: they breed sheep, camels, and cattle. As a result of overgrazing, the area of ​​unfixed windblown sands is increasing. One of the measures to combat the onset of the desert is phytomelioration - a set of measures for the cultivation and maintenance of natural vegetation. To fix the dunes, plant species such as giant grate, Siberian wheatgrass, and saxaul can be used.

Tundra

Huge expanses of the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to the Chukotka are occupied tundra. The southern border of its distribution is practically owls
falls e by the July isotherm of 10 °C. Farthest to the north, the southern border of the tundra moved away in Siberia - north of 72 ° N. In the Far East, the influence of cold seas has led to the fact that the tundra border reaches almost the latitude of St. Petersburg.

The tundra receives more heat than the polar desert zone. The total solar radiation is 70-80 kcal/cm2 per year. However, the climate here continues to be characterized by low air temperatures, short summers, and severe winters. The average air temperature in January reaches -36 °С (in Siberia). Winter lasts 8-9 months. At this time of the year, southerly winds blowing from the mainland dominate here. Summer is characterized by an abundance of sunlight, unstable weather: strong northerly winds often blow, bringing cooling and precipitation (especially in the second half of summer there are often severe drizzling rains). The sum of active temperatures is only 400-500 °C. The average annual rainfall reaches 400 mm. Snow cover lasts 200-270 days a year.

The predominant types of soils in this zone are peat-bog and weakly podzolic. Due to the spread of permafrost, which has a water-resistant property, there are many swamps here.

Since the tundra zone has a significant length from north to south, within its limits, climatic conditions change markedly: from severe in the north to more moderate in the south. In accordance with this, arctic, northern, they are also typical, and southern tundras are distinguished.

arctic tundra occupy mainly the arctic islands. The vegetation is dominated by mosses, lichens, there are flowering plants, in comparison with the Arctic deserts there are more of them. Flowering plants are represented by shrubs and perennial herbs. Polar and creeping willow, dryad (partridge grass) are common. Of the perennial grasses, the most common are the polar poppy, small sedges, some grasses, and saxifrage.

northern tundra distributed mainly on the mainland coast. Their important difference from the arctic ones is the presence of a closed vegetation cover. Mosses and lichens cover 90% of the soil surface. Green mosses and bushy lichens predominate, moss is often found. The species composition of flowering plants is also becoming more diverse. There are saxifrages, ozhiki, highlander viviparous. Of the shrubs - lingonberries, blueberries, ledum, crowberry, as well as dwarf birch (dwarf birch), willows.

AT southern tundra, as in the northern ones, the vegetation cover is continuous, but it can already be divided into tiers. The upper tier is formed by dwarf birch and willows. Medium - herbs and shrubs: crowberry, lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary, sedge, cloudberry, cotton grass, cereals. Lower - mosses and lichens.

The harsh climatic conditions of the tundra "forced" many plant species to "acquire" special adaptations. So, plants with creeping and creeping shoots and leaves collected in a rosette better "use" a warmer ground layer of air. Short stature helps to survive the harsh winter. Although due to strong winds, the thickness of the snow cover in the tundra is small, it is enough to cover and survive.

Some devices "serve" plants in the summer. For example, cranberries, dwarf birch, crowberry “fight” for moisture retention by “reducing” the size of the leaves as much as possible, thereby reducing the evaporating surface. In the dryad and the polar willow, the underside of the leaf is covered with dense pubescence, which impedes the movement of air and thereby reduces evaporation.

Almost all plants in the tundra are perennial. For some species, the so-called live birth is characteristic, when instead of fruits and seeds, bulbs and nodules appear in the plant, which quickly take root, which provides a “gain” in time.

Animals and birds permanently living in the tundra have also adapted well to the harsh natural conditions. They are saved by thick fur or fluffy plumage. In winter, animals are white or light gray in color, and in summer they are grayish-brown. It helps to disguise.

Typical animals of the tundra are arctic fox, lemming, white hare, reindeer, white and tundra partridge, snowy owl. In summer, the abundance of food (fish, berries, insects) attracts such birds as waders, ducks, geese, etc. to this natural area.

The tundra has a relatively low population density. The indigenous peoples here are the Saami, Nenets, Yakuts, Chukchi, etc. They are mainly engaged in reindeer herding. The extraction of minerals is actively carried out: apatites, nephelines, non-ferrous metal ores, gold, etc.

Railway communication in the tundra is poorly developed, and permafrost is an obstacle to the construction of roads.

forest tundra

forest tundra- transitional zone from tundra to taiga. It is characterized by the alternation of areas occupied by forest and tundra vegetation.

The climate of the forest-tundra is close to the climate of the tundra. The main difference: the summer here is warmer - the average July temperature is + 11 (+14) ° С - and long, but the winter is colder: the influence of the winds blowing from the mainland affects.

The trees in this zone are stunted and bent to the ground, with a twisted appearance. This is due to the fact that permafrost and waterlogging of the soil do not allow plants to have deep roots, and strong winds bend them to the ground.

In the forest-tundra of the European part of Russia, spruce predominates, and pine is less common. In the Asian part, larch is common. Trees grow slowly, their height usually does not exceed 7-8 m. Due to strong winds, a flag-shaped crown shape is common.

The few animals that remain in the forest-tundra to spend the winter are perfectly adapted to local conditions. Lemmings, voles, tundra partridge make long passages in the snow, feed on the leaves and stems of evergreen tundra plants. With an abundance of food, lemmings even bring offspring at this time of the year.

In small forests and thickets of bushes along the rivers, animals from the forest zone enter the southern regions: hare, brown bear, ptarmigan. There are wolf, fox, ermine, weasel. Small insectivorous birds fly in.

Subtropics

This zone, which occupies the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, is characterized by the smallest length and area in Russia.

The value of total solar radiation reaches 130 kcal/cm2 per year. Summer is long, winter is warm (average January temperature is 0 °C). The sum of active temperatures is 3500-4000 °C. In these conditions, many plants can develop all year round. In the foothills and on the mountain slopes, 1000 mm or more of precipitation falls annually. In the flat areas, snow cover is practically not formed.

Fertile red earth and yellow earth soils are widespread.

Subtropical vegetation is rich and varied. The flora is represented by evergreen hard-leaved trees and shrubs, among which we will name boxwood, laurel, laurel cherry. Widespread forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, maple. Thickets of trees intertwine liana, ivy, wild grapes. There are bamboo, palm trees, cypress, eucalyptus.

Of the representatives of the animal world, we note the chamois, deer, wild boar, bear, pine and stone marten, Caucasian black grouse.

The abundance of heat and moisture makes it possible to grow such subtropical crops here as tea, tangerines, and lemons. Significant areas are occupied by vineyards and tobacco plantations.

Favorable climatic conditions, proximity to the sea and mountains make this area a major recreational area of ​​our country. Numerous camp sites, rest houses, sanatoriums are located here.

In the tropical zone there are moist forests, savannahs and light forests, deserts.

Largely open tropical rainforests(South Florida, Central America, Madagascar, Eastern Australia). They are used, as a rule, for plantations (see map of the atlas).

The subequatorial belt is represented by forests and savannahs.

Subequatorial moist forests located mainly in the Ganges valley, southern Central Africa, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea, northern South America, in Northern Australia and on the islands of Oceania. In drier areas they are replaced savannas(Southeast Brazil, Central and East Africa, central regions of Northern Australia, Hindustan and Indochina). Characteristic representatives of the animal world of the subequatorial belt are ruminant artiodactyls, predators, rodents, termites.

At the equator, an abundance of precipitation and high temperatures led to the presence of a zone here evergreen rainforests(Amazon and Congo basin, on the islands of Southeast Asia). The natural area of ​​evergreen moist forests holds the world record for the diversity of animal and plant species.

The same natural areas are found on different continents, but they have their own characteristics. First of all, we are talking about plants and animals that have adapted to the existence in these natural areas.

The natural zone of the subtropics is widely represented on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the southern coast of Crimea, in the southeast of the United States and in other regions of the Earth.

Western Hindustan, Eastern Australia, the Paraná basin in South America and South Africa are areas of distribution of more arid tropical savannas and woodlands. The most extensive natural zone of the tropical belt - desert(Sahara, Arabian desert, deserts of Central Australia, California, as well as the Kalahari, Namib, Atacama). Huge expanses of pebbly, sandy, rocky and saline surfaces are devoid of vegetation here. The animal world is small.

With a set of contour maps

Class

Suprychev A.V.

INTRODUCTION

March 18, 2014 President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed an interstate Treaty on the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation, according to which two new subjects appeared in Russia - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance - Sevastopol. The treaty entered into force from the date of its ratification - March 21. This event is of great importance in the recent Russian history and further socio-economic development of the Crimea.

"Crimea Studies" is, in essence, regional studies an academic discipline engaged in a comprehensive study of the unique region of the Russian Federation of the Crimean Peninsula. "Crimea Studies" systematizes heterogeneous data on the nature, history, characteristics of the population, economy, culture and socio-political organization of the Crimea. Wherein main feature"Crimean studies" is based on a comprehensive study of the territory on a rich local history basis.

Subject of study"Crimean studies" in the 8th grade are natural conditions and resources Crimean peninsula, as well as aspects of their rational use. This implies a comprehensive study of the individual components of nature, their direct relationship and close interaction.

Exercise 1.

Remember………

Lesson topic: Features of the physical and geographical position of the Crimean Peninsula. Coastline.

Exercise 1.

Remember what is included "physical and geographical position"? From the proposed characteristics, select those that directly characterize the FGP of a certain territory and arrange them in a logical sequence:

1. Extreme points and their geographical coordinates.

2. Position in thermal zones and natural zones.

3. Distance to the center of the Earth.

4. Land borders.

5. Length in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.

6. Maritime borders.

7. Depth of groundwater.

8. Position on the mainland in relation to the equator, zero meridian and other elements of the degree grid.

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Physical location- __________________________________

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Task 2. Working with the map

Using the map of the hemispheres, answer the questions:

1) On what continent and in what part of the world is the Crimean peninsula located?

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2) How is the Crimean peninsula located in relation to the equator, the prime meridian?

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3) On the map, determine which parallel crosses the Crimean peninsula and what follows from this?

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4) What seas wash the Crimean peninsula?

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! The geographical position of the Crimean peninsula is distinguished by a very interesting feature - the so-called contact position. This is manifested in the fact that on the territory of a relatively small peninsula, two climatic zones directly contact, an active folded, stable platform area and a developing sea basin, land and sea, mountains and plains, arid steppes and more humid forests.

Studying the geography of Russia
by natural areas

The course offers new, or firmly forgotten old, approaches to the study of the traditional Russian geography course. It was in natural areas that the geography of the USSR was taught in the 4th grade in the pre-war and first post-war years. At the same time, it was told not only about nature, but also about the population and economy of the country. Such an approach will make it possible to put already known and newly studied theoretical concepts on a factual basis, to link nature with the economy. In the content part of the course, a simple style of presentation is deliberately used so that this material can be used in any class according to the level of preparedness.

The study of geography by natural areas provides for the consideration of population and production in close connection with natural conditions and resources. By zones, human impact on the environment, the ability to improve natural conditions and compensate for damage to nature are also assessed.

ACADEMIC PLAN

newspaper number	Educational material
17	Lecture 1 Zones and belts as the basis for the zoning of Russia
18	Lecture 2 Far North
19	Lecture 3 Taiga Control work No. 1 (Deadline - November 15, 2005)
20	Lecture 4 mixed forests
21	Lecture 5 Steppes and deserts Control work No. 2 (Deadline - until December 15, 2005)
22	Lecture 6 Subtropics and mountains
23	Lecture 7 European Russia and its frame
24	Lecture 8 Asian Russia
Final work(Deadline - until February 28, 2006) The final work is a seminar on the topic: "Relationship of farm location with natural conditions on the example of one of the zones."

LECTURE 1

Zones and belts
as the basis for zoning Russia

Russia, which occupies a huge space in the north of Eurasia, is not only the largest, but also the northernmost country in the world. It contains the northernmost continental point on Earth.

Ask students the following questions.

Canada is considered a northern country.

1. Compare the latitude of the northernmost continental points of Canada and Russia.

2. Compare the latitude of the northernmost island points of these countries.

3. Compare the latitudes of the southern points of these countries.

4. The US-Canada border runs parallel for a long distance. Determine the latitude of this parallel. What large city in Russia is located at the same latitude? Is it considered a northern or southern city for Russia?

The results of these measurements can be represented graphically (Fig. 1). Sufficient measurement accuracy in all these tasks is half a degree.

Norilsk, a city with a population of 180,000, is located at a latitude of 69.5°. Where else at this latitude or further north are cities with the same or greater population?

Murmansk, latitude 69°, 430 thousand people.

St. Petersburg, latitude 60°, 5 million people.

Moscow, latitude 56°, 10 million people.

Ask the same question that applied to Norilsk in relation to Murmansk, St. Petersburg and Moscow. The answer will be the same everywhere: there are no cities of the same population or larger cities at the same or more northern latitudes.

Russia occupies the northern part of Eurasia - the eastern third of Europe and the northern third of Asia (Fig. 2). Within Russia are the northern and eastern extreme continental points of the mainland; both are in Asia. The mainland is most elongated from west to east in its northern part, that is, within Russia.

Natural zoning is taken as the basis for zoning in this course. In the future, we will clarify to what extent the zones can be considered natural, and in which zones nature has been so altered by man that we have to talk about natural economic zones.

Zoning

The regular combination of relief, climate, surface and groundwater, soils, biocenoses in any territory is called natural territorial complex; the common abbreviation for this term is PTK. The term is also widely used to refer to the same concept. landscape(German Landschaft- terrain). The branch of physical geography that studies natural territorial complexes is called landscape science. However, different experts understand the term "landscape" in different ways, and there is no hope that in the foreseeable proximity they will come to a common opinion. It is possible to consider the NTC of different levels - from small characteristic areas of the earth's surface to the geographical envelope, which is a global NTC.

This multi-level nature of territorial complexes in many respects complicates their perception at school. We will use only one of these levels - natural areas, which, as experience has shown, are perceived by schoolchildren more easily than other generalizing concepts.

One of the fundamental laws of physical geography is law of geographic zoning, which is that due to the uneven distribution of the radiant energy of the Sun over latitudes and uneven moistening, the entire complex of natural conditions and their individual components consistently and definitely change in latitudes, on the whole symmetrically with respect to the equator. As a result, there are natural areas(Greek zone - belt) - vast areas with similar climatic conditions, primarily temperatures and moisture, which determine generally homogeneous soils, vegetation and wildlife.

On the plains, the zones are elongated, as a rule, along the parallels, latitudinally. Zonal vegetation, soils and wildlife create a certain appearance of the area. Zoning was noted by ancient geographers, and the first strict formulation of the law belongs to V.V. Dokuchaev. The names of the zones are given according to their most physiognomic feature - the predominant type of vegetation: steppe, forest, tundra zones, etc.

Natural conditions are determined by many factors, some of which are zonal, others azonal(here there is a Greek negative prefix a-).

The geological structure is azonal. It influences geographical conditions mainly indirectly, through relief and partly through soils.

The relief, to the extent that it is predetermined by the geological structure and tectonic movements, is azonal. External (exogenous) processes of relief formation are largely determined by climate (glacier activity; processes associated with permafrost; wind transport and deposition of sand, etc.), so the relief also has zonal features, although zonal, as a rule, are not large landforms , and those complicating them are small.

In some cases, the main factors in the formation of natural conditions are not zonal, but local factors - the nature of rocks, the inflow and outflow of moisture, etc. For example, in several adjacent zones, floodplain meadows, pine forests on the sands, and swamps may have a similar character. This phenomenon is called intrazonal(Latin prefix intra- - inside).

In the ocean, zoning is also traced, although for the observer it is much less obvious than on land.

In the mountains, the latitudinal zonality common to the plains gives way to altitudinal zonality.

How is zoning defined?

Usually, zoning is considered as something primary, predetermined. Meanwhile, it is the result of the interaction of many factors related to latitude, but by no means limited to the well-known thesis: closer to the equator - warmer(for the Northern Hemisphere it can be shorter: south is warmer). Ultimately, zoning is determined by climate. The climate of Russia is determined mainly by the fact that it

Lies in high latitudes;

It occupies a vast area within the largest continent, there are places in the country that are very far from the ocean;

It is open to the north, to the Arctic Ocean, and is fenced off from the warm southern countries by mountains.

Let us recall the belts distinguished on the Earth according to various criteria. The distribution of heat on the globe depends on many causes, but in the most general terms it is certainly determined by latitude, so that the position of the territory relative to lighting belts already to a large extent shows what kind of climate there is. The illumination belts are determined by the inclination of the earth's axis with respect to the plane of the orbit. The border between the polar and temperate zones of illumination runs along the Arctic Circle - a parallel with a latitude of 66.5 °. To the north of the Arctic Circle there are polar days in summer, and polar nights in winter - the longer the closer to the pole.

The northern part of the territory of Russia lies beyond the Arctic Circle, there are polar day and polar night. White nights occur in summer at a distance of 6-7 ° latitude from the Arctic Circle, at latitudes of 60 ° and higher, that is, in a very significant part of the territory of Russia. Beyond the Arctic Circle, the white nights precede the onset of the polar day; after its completion, white nights are also observed for some time.

Above the polar circles, up to a latitude of about 73°, it dawns around noon in winter, although the Sun does not rise. In Murmansk (69°N), you can freely walk the streets, street lighting is turned off.

Russia does not reach the Northern Tropic very far, so the Sun at its zenith does not happen on our territory.

Give students a task.

On the day of the summer solstice, the Sun at noon is at its zenith over the Tropic of the North. At what angular distance from the zenith will it be on this day at the southern point of Russia? In your locality? (Obviously, the same number of degrees as the point in question is from the Tropic of the North.)

More accurately characterizes the climate of any place, its position relative to thermal zones. The boundaries between them are drawn along isotherms.

The boundary of the belt of eternal frost and the cold belt is the 0 °C isotherm of the warmest month. In the zone of eternal frost, the temperature at some moments can rise above zero, but the average monthly temperature is always negative. The isotherm of the warmest month is in most cases July; but water has a colossal heat capacity, it warms up slowly, and in some places the maximum can pass into August. A significant part of the Arctic Ocean is located in this belt; Russia owns small polar islands here.

The cold belt is also limited from the south by the isotherm of the warmest month - July, with a possible transition to August, 10 ° C. All the large Arctic islands of Russia and the north of its mainland, including the Yamal, Taimyr, and Chukotka peninsulas, lie in the cold belt (Fig. 3); there are also small areas where the July isotherm of 10 °C also passes at lower latitudes, but we will not take these areas in the mountains into account.

The rest of Russia is located in the northern temperate zone. The average annual temperature of one of the warmest cities in Russia, Sochi, is about 16 ° C, that is, it is still quite far from the temperatures of the hot zone; in most of the European territory of the country, it does not reach even 5 degrees, and in the Asian it is predominantly negative.

There is a system of belts associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere. When studying this topic at school and at the university, these belts are talked about, but there is no generally accepted name for this system of belts; let's call them atmospheric pressure belts. Meanwhile, these belts, along with thermal belts, form the basis for the emergence of air masses of various types, on which the classification of climates is built.

Table 1

Atmospheric pressure belt system

Latitudes (in both hemispheres), degrees	Pressure	Temperature	Vertical movement air	Humidity
70-90	high	Low	descending	Low
45-60	Low	Moderate	ascendant	high
20-30	high	high	descending	Low
0-10	Low	high	ascendant	high

The system is built on the basis of an unrealistic assumption about the uniformity of the underlying surface on Earth. The location of the continents and oceans, the relief of the earth's surface distort the picture very much, the boundaries between the belts are fuzzy, there are transitional areas. However, the objective existence of belts is beyond doubt.

On the basis of thermal belts and belts associated with the general circulation of the atmosphere, a system was built climatic zones.

There are several classifications of climates. Of these, the classification created by Moscow University professor Boris Pavlovich A "lisov is the most widespread in Russia. It is based on the fact that there are several types of air masses that differ in the place of their formation - arctic (in the southern hemisphere - antarctic), temperate, tropical and equatorial.They are clearly related to the atmospheric pressure belts - in the order in which they are listed in table 1.

Table 2 shows only those climatic zones that are on the territory of Russia.

table 2

Climatic zones of Russia
according to B.P. Alisov

Belt name	Dominant air masses		Characteristic belts
	summer	winter
Arctic	AB	AB	Polar day and polar night. Strong cooling in winter. Precipitation is low
Subarctic	VUSh	AB	In summer, westerly winds prevail. In winter, high pressure, severe frosts
Moderate	VUSh	VUSh	Active cyclonic activity. Western winds prevail. Well defined seasons
Subtropical	TV	VUSh	It's hot in summer. Winter cyclones from the temperate zone with precipitation

Note. AB - arctic air, VSH - air of temperate latitudes, TV - tropical air.

Air masses that are uncharacteristic for it in general or in a given season can also invade the belt for a short time. So, residents of Moscow, located in the temperate zone, sometimes experience the impact of alien air masses: in winter, severe frosts are caused by arctic air, which usually comes from the northeast, and in summer, hot and dry weather can be caused by tropical air masses, especially since they are not far away. - during this season they can form over the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

The position of Russia in the system of climatic zones can be seen on the map of climatic zones and regions in the atlas for the 7th grade.

The Arctic belt in Russia includes almost all the Arctic islands and a strip of the continental margin of the Asian part of the country from Yamal to Chukotka, in few places exceeding 500 km in width.

The subarctic belt begins in the west as a narrow strip along the coast of the Kola Peninsula, expands to the east, its southern border runs south of the mouth of the Ob and then goes almost along the shortest line to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In the east, the width of the belt exceeds
1000 km.

Almost the rest of the territory of Russia lies in the temperate climatic zone, differing quite significantly in the degree of continentality of the climate, in the influence of the oceans on the climate.

On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus there is a small area with a subtropical climate.

natural areas

Eurasia has all the natural zones that are found on the globe. Of these, in Russia there are arctic desert, tundra, taiga, mixed forests, steppes, temperate and subtropical deserts, as well as transitional zones between the above. The areas occupied by subtropics and deserts are very small. Some believe that the most arid regions of Russia should be classified as dry steppes; in the future, arguments will be given in favor of the fact that there are deserts in Russia.

Mountains occupy a smaller part of Russia. But the area of ​​territories where latitudinal zonality is replaced by altitudinal zonality or combined with it is still very large, no less than 4 million km2.

The general ratio between belts and zones on the territory of Russia can be represented as follows (Table 3).

In the atlas for grades 8-9 there is a map of the vegetation of Russia. On it, the types of vegetation are given in much more detail than by zones, so the zones are hard to read. It is better to use a map of the natural zones of Eurasia in the atlas for the 7th grade or maps of the natural zones of Russia in the atlas of natural history.

Table 3

Belts and zones in Russia

Population and large regions of Russia

In European Russia and the Caucasus, that is, on 30% of the country's territory, 3/5 of its population lives. In other words, the average population density to the west of the Urals is much greater than to the east. The main feature of the composition of the population of Russia is its multinationality. The 2002 census recorded over 160 nationalities. Russians make up 80% of the population. Only in most of European Russia, the Russians are the indigenous population, who lived there almost always, they came to other places when other peoples already lived there. But now the Russians in many of these areas are the majority and have long been considered the indigenous population. The second largest people in Russia are Tatars (3.8%), followed by Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, Armenians, Mordovians, Avars, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Udmurts, Azerbaijanis, Maris, Germans, Kabardians, Ossetians, Dargins, Buryats, Yakuts, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins (0.3%). All other peoples together make up less than 3% of the population.

Most of the listed peoples have their own national-territorial formations within the Russian Federation. Ukrainians, Armenians, Belarusians, Kazakhs and Azerbaijanis make up the main population of the five former republics of the USSR. The Germans stand apart, of which there were always many in Russia and the USSR, sometimes up to two million (about 0.8% of the population of the USSR), but the departure to their historical homeland, assimilation, and also the fact that a significant part of the Germans who lived in the USSR are now in Kazakhstan; Germans make up 0.4% of the Russian population.

When characterizing both the nature of Russia and its population and economy, large parts of it are usually distinguished: European Russia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East.

This zoning was carried out on various grounds.

European Russia is mostly flat. Latitudinal zonality is most fully represented here, all the zones that are in Russia are also in European Russia, only the Arctic deserts are not on the mainland, they are located on the islands. On the Russian Plain, the Russian nation and the core of the Russian state were formed, the main part of the country's economy is concentrated here.

The Caucasus includes the plains of Ciscaucasia and the Caucasus Mountains proper. In the Caucasus Mountains, the altitudinal zonality is better than anywhere else in Russia. The Caucasus has been inhabited since ancient times, but became part of Russia only about 200 years ago.

The Urals separate European Russia and Siberia. The region called the Urals includes both the Ural Mountains themselves and the lands on either side of them. The Urals was the first major ore base and the first area of ​​heavy industry in the country.

Siberia is the entire trans-Ural part of Russia, except for the basins of the rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean and its seas. Siberia is very large, its area is approximately equal to the area of ​​Canada or China. Due to the vast area of ​​Siberia, it is difficult to consider it as a single natural area. Rather, we single out Siberia because for Russia, along with the Far East, this is a territory of relatively late development. This, as well as the harsh natural conditions of Siberia, explains both the low population density and the relatively small disturbance of the natural environment.

The Far East is a territory that includes the basins of rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean. The main feature of the Far East is that most of its geographical features are due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, which is manifested in everything - in relief and tectonics ("Pacific Ring of Fire"), in climate, in direct connection with the countries lying on the shores of the Pacific Ocean .

QUESTIONS and TASKS

1. Can the southern boundary of the cold belt not coincide with the 10 °C isotherm plotted in Figure 3? Justify the answer.

2. Formulate the main features by which large regions of Russia are distinguished. (In some cases, two features are possible for the same region.)

3. Calculate how many times the average population density in European Russia is higher than in Asian Russia.

4. Based on table 3, select natural zones that exactly correspond to one climatic zone, and zones located in two neighboring climatic zones. Do the same for the lighting and heat zones.

In order to answer this question, you need to know the following:

• geographical location of the Crimean peninsula;
• what are natural areas and what they are;
• what are thermal zones and what they are.

What natural areas exist

Natural zones are called certain parts of the earth's surface, which have significant differences in various indicators, namely: natural conditions, temperature, vegetation, wildlife, and so on.

There are many natural zones that start from the Antarctic and Arctic deserts, where low temperatures and permafrost prevail, tundra, deserts and steppe forests. As well as constantly and variable-moist forests, which have very rich vegetation and high temperatures. However, these are far from all natural areas that exist on the planet.

Using a map of the natural zones of the world or Russia, you can answer the question. Thus, the main place on the Crimean peninsula is occupied by the natural zone of steppes and forest-steppes.

Thermal belts and their differences

Thermal zones are called separate parts of the globe, which differ in their average temperature throughout the year.

There are several thermal zones. The cold belts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, because Since they are as far as possible from the equator of the planet, the Sun warms them up the least, and as a result, the lowest temperature.

The temperate zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres warm up quite well in summer, however, in winter they are quite cool due to lack of sunlight.

The hot belt is located on both sides of the equator and is the warmest place on the planet in both summer and winter.

Having considered the thermal zones both theoretically and on the map, as well as knowing the geographical position of the Crimean peninsula, we can conclude that the southern part of the Crimean peninsula is located in the temperate thermal zone. And its rest belongs more to the hot thermal zone. This is due to the difference in temperatures in winter and summer, as well as proximity to the equator.