Damaging factors of incendiary weapons. Open Library - an open library of educational information. Troop protection means

08.03.2020

1.1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances

incendiary weapons- These are incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

Incendiary weapons are designed to defeat the enemy's manpower, destroy his weapons and military equipment, stocks of materiel, as well as to create fires in combat areas.

The main damaging factor of incendiary weapons is the release of thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.

1.2. Brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm)

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm) can be unthickened and thickened (viscous). This is the most widespread type of incendiary mixtures of burn and incendiary action. Unthickened incendiary mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel or lubricating oils. Thickened mixtures are viscous, gelatinous substances, consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel, mixed in certain proportions with various thickeners (both combustible and non-combustible).

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels)

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with additives in powdered form or in the form of shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The introduction of combustible metals into the composition of pirogues ensures an increase in the combustion temperature and imparts a burning ability to these mixtures.

Napalms and pyrogels have the following main properties:

adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, uniforms and the human body;
highly flammable and difficult to remove and extinguish;
when burning, they develop a temperature of 1000-1200ºС for napalm and 1600-1800°С for pyrogels.

Napalms burn due to atmospheric oxygen, pyrogels burn both due to atmospheric oxygen and due to the oxidizing agent that is part of them (most often nitric acid salts).

Napalm is used to equip tank, mechanized and knapsack flamethrowers, aircraft bombs and tanks, as well as various types of land mines. Pyrogels are equipped with incendiary aviation ammunition of small and medium caliber. Napalms and pyrogels are capable of inflicting severe burns on manpower, setting fire to equipment, and also creating fires on the ground, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels, in addition, are able to burn through thin sheets of steel and duralumin.

Thermites and thermite compounds

During the combustion of thermites and thermite compositions, thermal energy is released as a result of the interaction of oxides of one metal with another metal. The most widely used iron-aluminum thermite compositions containing oxidizers and binding components. Thermites and thermite compounds during combustion form a liquid molten slag with a temperature of about 3000°C. Burning thermite mass is capable of melting elements of weapons and military equipment made of steel and various alloys. Thermite and thermite compositions burn without access to air; they are used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber bombs, hand-held incendiary grenades and checkers.

White phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus

White phosphorus is a hard, poisonous, waxy substance that ignites spontaneously in air and burns with the release of large amounts of acrid white smoke. The combustion temperature of phosphorus is 1200°C.

Plasticized white phosphorus is a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous synthetic rubber solution. Unlike ordinary phosphorus, it is more stable during storage; when broken, it breaks into large, slowly burning pieces. Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful, long-lasting burns. It is used in artillery shells and mines, aerial bombs, hand grenades. As a rule, incendiary-smoke-producing ammunition is equipped with white phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus.

2. The concept of ammunition volumetric explosion

Introduced in the 1960s, volumetric explosion munitions will remain one of the most destructive non-nuclear munitions into this century.

The principle of their operation is quite simple: the initiating charge undermines a container with a combustible substance, which instantly forms an aerosol cloud in a mixture with air, this cloud is undermined by a second detonating charge. Approximately the same effect is obtained in the explosion of domestic gas.

Modern volume explosion ammunition is most often a cylinder (its length is 2–3 times its diameter) filled with a combustible substance for spraying at an optimal height above the surface.

After separation of the ammunition from the carrier at a height of 30-50 m, a brake parachute is opened, located in the tail section of the bomb, and the radio altimeter is switched on. At a height of 7-9 m, an ordinary explosive charge explodes. When this happens, the destruction of the thin-walled body of the bomb and the sublimation of the liquid explosive (the recipe is not given). After 100-140 milliseconds, the initiating detonator explodes, located in a capsule attached to the parachute, and the fuel-air mixture explodes.

In addition to the powerful destructive effect, volume explosion ammunition produces a colossal psychological effect. For example, during Operation Desert Storm, the British special forces, who were on a mission behind Iraqi troops, accidentally witnessed the use of a volume explosion bomb by the Americans. The action of the charge produced such an effect on the usually imperturbable British that they were forced to break radio silence and broadcast information that the Allies had used nuclear weapons.

Ammunition of a volumetric explosion is 5-8 times stronger than conventional explosives in terms of the strength of the shock wave and has a colossal damaging ability, however, at present they cannot replace conventional explosives, all conventional shells, bombs and rockets for the following reasons:

firstly, volumetric explosion ammunition has only one damaging factor - a shock wave. They do not and cannot have a fragmentation, cumulative effect on a target;
secondly, the brisance (i.e., the ability to crush, destroy the barrier) of the cloud of the fuel-air mixture is very low, because they use an explosion of the "burning" type, while in very many cases an explosion of the " detonation" and the ability of explosives to crush the destroyed element. During an explosion of the "detonation" type, the object in the explosion zone is destroyed, crushed into pieces, since the rate of formation of explosion products is very high. In a "burning" type explosion, the object in the explosion zone, due to the fact that the formation of explosion products is slower, is not destroyed, but thrown away. Its destruction in this case is secondary, i.e., occurs in the process of being thrown away due to collisions with other objects, the earth, etc.;
thirdly, a volumetric explosion requires a large free volume and free oxygen, which is not required for the explosion of conventional explosives (it is contained in the explosive itself in a bound form). That is, the phenomenon of a volumetric explosion is impossible in an airless space, in water, in soil;
fourthly, the operation of the volumetric explosion ammunition is greatly influenced by weather conditions. With a strong wind, heavy rain, a fuel-air cloud either does not form at all, or is strongly dissipated;
fifthly, it is impossible and inexpedient to create small-caliber volume explosion ammunition (less than 100-kg bombs and less than 220-mm projectiles).

3. Use of incendiary substances

For combat use of incendiary substances are used:

in the air force, incendiary aerial bombs and incendiary tanks;
in the ground forces - incendiary artillery shells and mines, tank, mechanized, jet and knapsack flamethrowers, incendiary grenades, checkers and cartridges, and fire bombs.

Incendiary aviation munitions

Incendiary aviation ammunition is divided into two types:

incendiary bombs filled with incendiary substances such as pyrogel and thermite (small and medium caliber);
incendiary bombs (tanks) equipped with incendiary compositions such as napalm.

Small caliber incendiary bombs designed to destroy wooden buildings, warehouses, railway stations, forests (during the dry season) and other similar targets by fire. Along with the incendiary effect, small-caliber bombs in a number of cases can also have a fragmentation effect. They create fires in the form of burning small pieces of incendiary mixture within a radius of up to 3-5 m. The burning time of the main mass is 2-3 minutes. Bombs have a penetrating effect and are able to penetrate inside wooden buildings, vulnerable objects of equipment such as aircraft, helicopters, radar stations, etc.

medium caliber incendiary bombs designed to destroy industrial enterprises, city buildings, warehouses and other similar objects with fire. During the explosion, they create fires in the form of separate burning pieces of incendiary mixture scattered within a radius of 12-250 m. The burning time of the bulk of the pieces of the mixture is 3-8 minutes.

Aircraft incendiary tanks designed to destroy manpower, as well as to create fires on the ground and in settlements. The capacity of the tanks, depending on the caliber, is 125-400 liters, they are equipped with napalm. By design, these are thin-walled lightweight spherical tanks made of aluminum alloys or steel. When meeting with an obstacle, the incendiary tank creates a volumetric zone of continuous fire for 3-5 seconds; in this zone, manpower receives severe burn injuries. The total area of the continuous fire zone is 500-1500 m2, depending on the caliber. Separate pieces of the incendiary mixture can be scattered over an area of 3000-5000 m2 and burn for up to 3-10 minutes.

Artillery incendiary (incendiary-smoke-producing) ammunition are used to set fire to wooden buildings, warehouses of fuel and lubricants, ammunition and other flammable objects. They can also be used to inflict damage on manpower, weapons and equipment. Incendiary and smoke-producing ammunition is represented by shells and mines of various calibers, equipped with white and plasticized white phosphorus. Phosphorus during the explosion of ammunition is scattered within a radius of up to 15-20 m, a cloud of white smoke forms at the place of the gap.

Along with phosphorus ammunition, cannon artillery is in service with a potential enemy incendiary unguided rocket, designed to destroy manpower and used using a portable launcher with a single rail, mounted from a packaging container or from a multi-barreled launcher transported by car. The volume of incendiary substance (napalm) in the rocket is 19 liters. A salvo of a 15-barrel launcher strikes manpower over an area of more than 2000 m2 .

Flamethrower weapons of the ground forces of the armies of a potential enemy

The principle of operation of all jet flamethrowers based on the ejection of a jet of a burning mixture by pressure of compressed air or nitrogen. When ejected from the flamethrower barrel, the jet is ignited by a special igniter device.

Jet flamethrowers are designed to destroy manpower located openly or in various kinds of fortifications, as well as to set fire to objects with wooden structures.

For backpack flamethrowers different types are characterized by the following basic data: the amount of fire mixture is 12-18 liters, the range of flame throwing with an unthickened mixture is 20-25 m, with a thickened mixture 50-60 m, the duration of continuous flame throwing is 6-7 s. The number of shots is determined by the number of incendiary devices (up to 5 short shots).

Mechanized flamethrowers on the chassis of a light tracked amphibious armored personnel carrier, they have incendiary mixture capacities of 700-800 l, a flame throwing range of 150-180 m. Flame throwing is carried out in short shots, the duration of continuous flame throwing can reach 30 seconds.

Tank flamethrowers, being the main armament of tanks, are installed on medium tanks. The incendiary mixture reserve is up to 1400 l, the duration of continuous flamethrowing is 1-1.5 minutes or 20-60 short shots with a firing range of up to 230 m.

Jet Flamethrower. The US Army is armed with a 4-barreled 66-mm rocket-propelled flamethrower M202-A1, designed to fire at single and group targets, fortified combat positions, warehouses, dugouts and manpower at distances up to 700 m with incendiary explosive rocket ammunition with a warhead , equipped with a self-igniting mixture in the amount of 0.6 kg in one shot.

Hand incendiary grenades

Standard samples of incendiary weapons of the army of a potential enemy are hand incendiary grenades various types, equipped with thermite or other incendiary compositions. The maximum range when throwing with a hand is up to 40 m, when fired from a rifle 150-200 m; the duration of burning of the main composition is up to 1 min. To destroy various materials and materiel that ignite at high temperatures, a number of armies adopted incendiary checkers and cartridges, depending on their purpose, equipped with various incendiary compositions with a high combustion temperature.

land mines

In addition to standard-issue funds, incendiary devices made from local materials are widely used. These include, first of all, various explosive devices - fire bombs. land mines are various metal containers (barrels, cans, ammunition boxes, etc.) filled with viscous napalm. Such land mines are installed in the ground along with other types of engineering barriers. To undermine fire mines, fuses of pressure or tension action are used. The radius of destruction during an explosion from a fire mine depends on its capacity, the power of the explosive charge and reaches 15-70 m.

4. The damaging effect of incendiary substances on personnel, weapons, equipment, protection against them

The damaging effect of incendiary substances is expressed in the burn effect in relation to the skin and respiratory tract of a person; in a burning action in relation to combustible materials of clothing, weapons and military equipment, terrain, buildings, etc .; in igniting action in relation to combustible and non-combustible materials and metals; in heating and saturating the atmosphere of enclosed spaces with toxic and other combustion products harmful to human habitation; in a demoralizing moral and psychological impact on manpower, lowering its ability to actively resist.

To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, the following are used:

closed fortifications (dugouts, shelters, etc.);
tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, covered special and transport vehicles;
means of individual respiratory and skin protection;
summer and winter uniforms, sheepskin coats, wadded jackets, raincoats and raincoats;
natural shelters: ravines, ditches, pits, underground workings, caves, stone buildings, fences, sheds;
various local materials (wooden boards, decking, mats of green branches and grass).

Fortifications: shelters, dugouts, underbracket niches, blocked gaps, blocked sections of trenches and communication passages are the most reliable protection of personnel from the effects of incendiary weapons.

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers with tightly closed hatches, doors, loopholes and blinds provide reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons; vehicles covered with conventional tarpaulins or tarpaulins provide only short-term protection, as the coverings ignite quickly.

Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin (gas masks, combined arms protective raincoats, protective stockings and gloves), and summer and winter uniforms, short fur coats, wadded jackets, trousers, raincoats are means of short-term protection. If burning pieces of an incendiary mixture hit them, they should be immediately dumped.

Summer uniforms practically do not protect against incendiary mixtures, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

Timely and skillful use of the protective properties of weapons, military equipment, individual and collective protection equipment significantly reduces the damaging effect of incendiary weapons and ensures the safety and protection of personnel during operations in fire zones.

In all cases of combat activity of troops in the conditions of the use of incendiary weapons, personnel use personal protective equipment. Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment provides reliable protection against direct exposure to incendiary substances at the time of their use by the enemy.

If the combat situation allows, it is first of all recommended to immediately leave the zone of fire, if possible to the windward side.

A small amount of a burning incendiary mixture that has fallen on uniforms or open areas of the body can be extinguished by tightly covering the burning place with a sleeve, a hollow jacket, wet earth or snow.

It is impossible to remove a burning incendiary mixture by wiping, as this increases the burning surface, and therefore the area of \u200b\u200bdestruction.

If a large amount of a burning incendiary mixture gets into the victim, it is necessary to cover it tightly with a jacket, raincoat, combined arms protective raincoat, and pour plenty of water on it. Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture on weapons, military equipment, fortifications and materiel is carried out: with a fire extinguisher, falling asleep with earth, sand, silt or snow, covering with tarpaulin, burlap, raincoats, knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or hardwood shrubs.

Fire extinguishers are reliable tools for extinguishing fires. Earth, sand, silt and snow are quite effective and readily available means for extinguishing incendiary mixtures. Tarpaulins, burlaps and raincoats are used to extinguish small fires.

Extinguishing a large amount of incendiary mixture with a solid jet of water is not recommended, as this can lead to scattering (spreading) of the burning mixture.

An extinguished incendiary mixture can easily ignite again from a fire source, and if it contains phosphorus, it can ignite spontaneously. Therefore, extinguished pieces of the incendiary mixture must be carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place or buried.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, the following are used:

trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;
natural shelters (forests, beams, hollows);
tarpaulins, awnings and covers;
coatings made from local materials; service and local fire extinguishing means.

Tarpaulins, awnings and covers protect against incendiary substances for a short time, therefore, when weapons and military equipment are located in place, they are not fastened (not tied) and, if burning incendiary substances hit them, they are quickly dropped to the ground and extinguished.

To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, they use:

closed fortifications; - weapons and military equipment;

natural shelters (ravines, pits, underground workings, caves, stone buildings), as well as various local materials (shields, flooring, mats made of branches and grass);

personal protective equipment for skin and respiratory organs;

overcoats, pea coats, wadded jackets, sheepskin coats, raincoats, capes, available in the supply.

Fortifications (shelters, dugouts, underbracket niches, blocked gaps, blocked sections of trenches and communications) are the most reliable protection of personnel from the effects of incendiary weapons.

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers with tightly closed hatches, doors, loopholes and blinds provide reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons.

Vehicles covered with conventional tarpaulins or tarpaulins provide only short-term protection due to the rapid ignition of the coatings.

Personal respiratory and skin protection equipment (gas masks, combined arms protective raincoats, protective stockings and gloves), as well as overcoats, pea coats, short fur coats, wadded jackets, trousers, raincoats and raincoats are short-term means of protection, if they get on fire pieces of incendiary substances must be dumped immediately.

Summer cotton uniforms are practical: the ski does not protect against incendiary substances, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

Local materials - mats made of branches, grass and other coverings - are used by personnel to protect against incendiary weapons immediately at the moment of their use by the enemy. Ignited coatings are immediately discarded.

First aid begins with extinguishing the victim himself or with the help of a friend of incendiary substances that have fallen on the skin or clothing.

To immediately stop exposure to a flame, clothing and protective equipment that has come into contact with an incendiary substance must be quickly discarded.

If it is not possible to throw off clothes, the flame is extinguished in the following ways:

close the burning area with any dense cloth, overcoat, raincoat, tarpaulin, hat, cap, stopping air from accessing it, and extinguish the fire; cover the burning area with sand, earth; immerse the affected area in water, especially when extinguishing self-igniting and phosphorus incendiary mixtures;

extinguish napalm, pyrogel, phosphorus with fire extinguishers, preferably air-foam and powder;

Extinguish self-igniting mixtures based on triethylaluminum with carbon dioxide or powder fire extinguishers (type OP-1);

lie down on the ground or any non-burning surface and press the burning areas of clothing to it.

If several pieces of clothing are burning at the same time on two or more sides, it is necessary to bring down the flame by rolling on the ground.

Do not extinguish incendiary substances by knocking down the flame with bare hands.

To protect against incendiary substances, it is necessary to get out of the fire, having previously covered the nose and mouth with a damp cloth (handkerchief, towel).

Pieces of phosphorus and incendiary mixture that have fallen into open areas of the skin are removed without smearing them over the body.

Burn victims need to “protect the burned areas from contamination and administer an analgesic from an individual first-aid kit. The sanitary instructor makes it hard for the injured.

In case of exposure to toxic combustion products and, as a result, a sharp weakening or cessation of breathing, artificial respiration should be performed using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

Affected, unconscious, irrigate the face with water, unfasten clothes, bring cotton wool moistened with a solution of ammonia (ammonia) to the nose. In order to prevent it, it is necessary to give antibiotics from an individual first-aid kit, and in case of nausea, an antiemetic drug. The area of burns, especially if there are blisters and skin detachment, must be bandaged with an individual dressing bag.

In the absence of standard dressings, use any clean cloth (towel, underwear).

For extensive burns of the body and limbs, aseptic burn dressings are used, applied by a nurse or health instructor.

If burns of the extremities are combined with gunshot wounds and bone damage, then it is necessary to stop the bleeding and apply a standard splint or a splint from local remedies.

Burns caused by a self-igniting mixture containing phosphorus may ignite again. On such burns, it is necessary to apply a bandage moistened with a 5% aqueous solution of copper sulfate or a 5% solution of potassium permanganate, and in their absence, with water. Before applying a dressing, do not remove the remnants of adherent skin, unburned mixture or slag from the burnt areas, pierce or cut off the blisters. It is necessary to clean the affected surface from sand, earth. Clothing over the affected areas is cut or ripped along the seams. Take off all your clothes, especially in cold weather, you can not.

In case of burns with damage to the eyes of the victims, it is necessary to remove or remove from the lesion. When providing first aid, place a special ophthalmic medicinal film (OF) in the lower eyelid in the order of self-help and mutual assistance and apply an antiseptic bandage from an individual dressing bag. Do not flush the injured eye with water.

Those affected by burns experience thirst, which must be quenched with water or hot tea. With extensive burns, especially in cold weather, the victim should be given plenty of fluids (preferably a hot solution containing two teaspoons of salt and baking soda per liter of water).

After rendering first aid, the injured are evacuated to the battalion's medical station in the order determined by the severity of the defeat. The first to be evacuated are people who are unconscious and with extensive burns.

At the medical center of the battalion bandages are applied more skillfully and the simplest anti-shock measures are taken (painkillers and cardiovascular drugs are administered).

At the medical center of the regiment and in the medical battalion, assistance to burn patients is aimed at preventing and combating shock, at eliminating acute respiratory disorders and the consequences of poisoning by combustion products of incendiary substances, at protecting the body from cooling and preventing infectious complications.

Further medical care and treatment is carried out in specialized hospitals.

23.2. Protection of weapons, military equipment and fortifications

For protection against incendiary weapons, weapons and military equipment are used:

trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings; natural shelters (beams, hollows, caves, workings);

tarpaulins, awnings and covers;

coatings made from local materials; service and local fire extinguishing means. Armament, military equipment, ammunition located outside shelters or in shelters without overlaps are covered with tarpaulins, awnings that do not fasten (do not tie), or with local protective materials and mask.

It is necessary to equip trenches and shelters for weapons, military equipment and ammunition with ceilings. Artillery ammunition is stored at firing positions in niches and cellars in small batches.

Portable radio stations are also hidden in niches, and cable communication lines are buried in the ground to a depth of 15-20 cm!

As coatings from local materials can be used:

mats made of grass, reeds and fresh brushwood, which are coated with clay solutions;

sheet iron, sheet asbestos and other non-combustible materials.

When incendiary substances get on them, the coatings are removed.

To protect fortifications from fire and fire, the following is provided:

falling asleep of flammable coatings with a layer of earth; removal of flammable objects and coating with flame retardants of clothing of coolness and open elements of structures made of combustible materials;

equipment of closed structures with tightly closed doors and shields;

the use of slow-burning service and local camouflage ceilings and materials impregnated with non-protective compositions;

arrangement of thresholds at the entrances to structures to exclude the possibility of a burning incendiary mixture flowing into them;

the device of fire breaks in the clothing of steep trenches, communication passages with a width of at least 2 m every 40-50 mnu of entrances to shelters;

the device of ditches on parapets and traverses of trenches for collecting fire mixture.

In winter conditions, snow vaults and snow and brushwood ceilings are sufficiently resistant to the effects of incendiary weapons and can be used as a means of protection.

Fire retardant coatings in the form of coatings, paints and impregnations are used to protect various materials from FGW.

Fire-retardant coatings, paints and impregnations significantly increase the resistance of wood to combustion, and some of them, when heated, turn into a gaseous state and protect the material from fire with a gas shell, while others melt (liquid glass, alum, borax), forming a protective non-combustible layer on the wood surface.

Lime or cement plaster on shingles previously soaked in clay mortar, as well as asbestos cardboard 2-2.5 mm thick, can be used as a slow-burning and low-heat-conducting material.

Impregnation (coating) of wood (car bodies, wooden parts of various military equipment), as well as tarpaulins and covers with flame retardants, is much more effective than coating and painting, since the impregnated materials usually do not burn, but only char in places of direct fire exposure.

The following are used as fire-retardant coatings: densely diluted clay - 1 volume, sand - 5-6 volumes, lime dough - 1 volume;

densely diluted clay - 4 volumes, sawdust - 4 volumes, lime dough - 1 volume;

liquid clay - 5 volumes, lime dough - 1 volume, gypsum - 1 volume, sand - 7 volumes;

lime dough - 7 volumes, clay - 1 volume, table salt - 1 volume, water - 1 volume;

superphosphate - 7 volumes, water - 3 volumes; liquid glass -50%, ground brick-10%, clay - 40%;

15% solution of perchlorovinyl resin in an organic solvent - 20%, cement - 35%, sawdust - 18%, asbestos - 7%, sand - 20%.

Densely diluted coatings are applied to the surface with a spatula or directly by hand, and liquid coatings with a brush; the thickness of the layer should be 0.5-1 cm, which is achieved by two or three times coating. The second (third) layer is applied after the previous layer has completely dried.

Non-moisture-resistant coatings made by troops from local materials:

clay-1 volume, quicklime - 2 volumes; clay - 1 volume, quicklime - 2 volumes, sand - 10 volumes, cement - 5 volumes;

clay - 2-4 volumes, quicklime - 1 volume, gypsum - 1-2 volumes;

clay - 3 volumes, quicklime - 2 volumes, cement - 5 volumes.

The listed compositions before use are mixed with liquid solutions of any adhesives, for example, with a 5% solution of starch glue.

Impregnations are not waterproof, temporary, prepared in the army before use:

water - 90% mass parts, monoammonium phosphate or diammonium phosphate - 10 mass parts;

water - 80 mass parts, ammonium chloride - 8 mass parts, hyposulfite - 2 mass parts, ammonium sulphate - 10 mass parts;

water-80 mass parts, ammonium chloride - 13 mass parts, ammonium phosphate - 4 mass parts, borax - 3 mass parts;

a mixture of solutions of phosphate and ammonium sulphate in a ratio of 3: 7.

Impregnation of fabric and paper materials protected from fire is carried out by immersing them in a solution for 15-20 minutes, then the material is squeezed out and dried. The validity of impregnations depends on their washing out by atmospheric precipitation.

The listed impregnations are not used to cover tarpaulins and raincoats, as they are impregnated with a water-repellent composition.

Enamel and lacquer PVC-T are also used to protect against WJO.

The thickness of the fire-retardant layer of enamel (lacquer) should be 1-2 mm, which is achieved by applying the composition twice on the surface to be protected using a brush or sprayer.

The quality of the painting is checked after the material has dried, for which the tape of the painted material is set on fire so that the test piece is in the flame for 30 s. In this case, the burning of the painted material should occur only in places of contact with the flame and, after removal from the fire, immediately stop without smoldering.

When impregnating, use a protective apron and rubber gloves. After finishing work, it is necessary to wash hands and face, as well as 4 containers in which materials were impregnated.

23.3. Protection of ammunition, fuel and other materiel

To protect ammunition, fuel and other materiel from the impact of incendiary weapons, natural shelters, fortifications, awnings and tarpaulins, coatings made from local materials, and fire extinguishing equipment are used.

Fuel tanks are covered with fire-retardant paints. After filling with fuel, the mouths of the containers are carefully wiped with a rag, the drips are removed and the spilled fuel is covered with sand.

For the storage of ammunition and fuel in the military rear, pit and trench-type shelters are being equipped.

Explosives in containers, containers with fuel in trench and pit type shelters are covered from above with rolled material and brushwood, followed by sprinkling them with a layer of soil 10-15 cm thick.

Explosives are transported in packages covered with tarpaulins, on vehicles provided with fire extinguishing equipment, and stored in niches and cellars, the entrances to which are closed with shields (curtains) made of slow-burning materials.

23.4. The main measures to protect troops from incendiary weapons

The protection of troops from incendiary weapons is organized with the aim of preventing or minimizing its impact on the troops as much as possible, maintaining their combat readiness and ensuring the fulfillment of their assigned combat missions, as well as preventing the outbreak and spread of mass fires and ensuring, if necessary, their localization and extinguishing.

The organization of the protection of the troop against incendiary weapons is carried out by commanders and staffs of all levels in all types of combat activities of the troops simultaneously with the organization of protection against other means of mass destruction.

The general management of the organization of protection against incendiary weapons is carried out by the commander. It defines the most important activities and the timing of their implementation.

Based on the decision of the commander, the headquarters, together with the chiefs of services, develops measures to protect units (subunits) from incendiary weapons and monitors the implementation of these measures.

The heads of services, in addition, organize the implementation of planned activities in subordinate units and subunits and provide them with forces and means for extinguishing a fire and indicate the procedure for their use.

The main measures to protect against incendiary weapons are:

forecasting the occurrence and spread of fires;

conducting continuous reconnaissance and surveillance, timely detection of enemy preparations for the use of incendiary weapons;

timely warning of troops about the threat and the beginning of the use of incendiary weapons;

dispersal of troops and periodic change of areas of their location;

engineering equipment of areas of location

the use of protective and masking properties of the terrain, the protective properties of weapons and military equipment, means of individual and collective protection;

providing the troops with the necessary forces and means of fire extinguishing and carrying out fire prevention measures;

ensuring the safety and protection of troops during operations in the zone of massive fires;

detection and elimination of the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy.

Forecasting the occurrence and spread of fires is carried out by the headquarters of the units in order to determine the possible size, direction and speed of the spread of the fire.

The initial data for predicting the spread of fires are the possible areas and extent of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy, the presence of combustible materials in these areas and along the path of the fire, and weather conditions.

Headquarters receive this data1 from subordinate units (subunits), military and engineering intelligence units, observation posts, and also as a result of assessment on a map with subsequent clarification on the ground.

Continuous reconnaissance and surveillance are carried out in order to timely detect the preparation and use of incendiary weapons by the enemy, the beginning of a fire, its scale, direction and speed of its spread, as well as the degree of destruction of weapons and military equipment, materiel. Observation is carried out by all observers (observation posts) of units and subunits.

The scouts and observers immediately report to the commander (chief) about the preparation and the beginning of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy and about the outbreak of a fire.

Reconnaissance is also carried out in order to provide the commander with the necessary data to make a decision on extinguishing fires that have arisen in areas intended for occupation by units and subunits, in spare areas and along troop movement routes. For reconnaissance of a fire, patrols consisting of 2-3 people are sent in vehicles (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks) or on airplanes (helicopters).

When conducting reconnaissance, the main attention is paid to determining the fire hazard of areas where personnel, weapons and military equipment are located in the event of the use of incendiary weapons, the impact of possible fires on the combat operations of the troops; reference bands for fire localization are determined.

Troops are warned of an imminent threat of the enemy using incendiary weapons by the appropriate commanders and staffs on the basis of intelligence data. Notification of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy is carried out by a set signal in order to immediately take protective measures.

The dispersal of troops and the periodic change of areas of their location is carried out with the aim of minimizing the losses of subunits, as well as making it difficult for the enemy to detect and select objects for destruction with incendiary weapons. The change in the disposition of troops is carried out at the direction or with the permission of the senior commander (chief) secretly and in a short time.

The engineering equipment of the areas where troops are located in order to protect against incendiary weapons consists in the construction of fortifications.

Timely and skillful use of the protective properties of weapons and military equipment and means of individual and collective protection significantly reduces the damaging effect of incendiary weapons and ensures the safety and protection of personnel when operating in fire zones.

The use of the protective and camouflage properties of the terrain weakens the damaging effect of the enemy's incendiary weapons on personnel. When using the protective properties of the terrain, it should be taken into account that forests, hollows, ravines, caves and mine workings contribute to prolonged stagnation of combustion products, change the direction of the smoke cloud.

To extinguish fires, commanders allocate units with standard equipment, standard fire extinguishing equipment and prepared local materials.

In areas where units are located, at command posts and communication centers, at firing and launching positions, as well as at other fire hazardous facilities, fire extinguishing means are prepared in advance.

Identification of the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy is carried out by engineering intelligence in order to determine the losses of personnel, weapons, military equipment and supplies of materiel, the nature and scope of work to eliminate the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons. Based on its data, routes are outlined for the withdrawal of evacuated personnel, weapons, military equipment from the fires, the volume of rescue work and routes for entering the fire area of forces and means assigned to eliminate the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy are determined.

Fire-fighting measures are carried out in order to completely or partially eliminate the causes of the occurrence and spread of fires, as well as to create the necessary conditions for fighting them if they occur. These include:

removal of combustible objects, dry grass located near the location of units, fortifications and warehouses;

the arrangement of firebreaks (clearings) and breaks during the actions of troops in the forest and settlements, as well as during the actions of troops in the steppe in the presence of dry vegetation;

the use of fire-retardant coatings and coatings to protect combustible elements of fortifications;

the use of slow-burning camouflage agents and materials.

The troops, located in forests and settlements, should carry out work aimed at improving the fire situation, that is, arrange fire breaks and use existing clearings, roads, riverbeds and streams. To clear burning forest debris on the exit routes from the fire area and to ensure the advancement of the columns, tracklayers or tanks with BTU, tractors and other vehicles and attachments are allocated.

If time and means are available, the troops, stationed in the forest, will equip barrier strips and clearings.

Ground barrier strips are made 1-4 m wide by exposing the soil, cutting sod, plowing or excavating trenches. For this purpose, various engineering earth-moving machines, explosives and national economic equipment are used.

Fire clearings in the forest are arranged with a width of at least two heights of trees at a distance of 2-4 km, one clearing from another. The width of fire lanes in settlements is 50 m. Engineering equipment is involved in their installation (23.1),

Organizing the battle, the movement of troops and their occupation of various areas, the subunit commanders determine the measures that must be taken to protect them from incendiary weapons, and allocate the necessary forces and means for this.

When organizing a march, you should avoid sections of routes passing through areas with dry vegetation, as well as through settlements with dense buildings of a large number of flammable buildings.

If it is impossible to bypass them, a tracklayer, a tank with a BTU for arranging passages in burning rubble, should go ahead of the column.

When the enemy uses incendiary weapons against troops on the march, fires in weapons and military equipment are immediately extinguished, columns of subunits are quickly withdrawn from the fire zone forward or to the side perpendicular to the direction of the wind or to the windward side, after which the movement continues.

In the area of concentration or in the initial area for an offensive, troops use the protective properties of the terrain, weapons and military equipment, as well as fortifications to protect against incendiary weapons. If this region is located in a forest or in an area with dry vegetation, provision is made for the rapid withdrawal of troops to reserve regions. To this end, the units are deployed in such an order that would allow them to quickly reach an open place (to a reserve area), while maintaining readiness for further actions.

In the course of an offensive, personnel use personal protective equipment, the protective properties of weapons, military equipment and terrain to protect themselves from being hit by incendiary weapons.

At the same time, the protection of personnel, weapons and military equipment from fire is carried out without stopping the offensive. The first echelon of the attackers carries out only urgent measures to eliminate the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons. Extinguishing the centers of fires that have arisen is assigned to subunits ([units) of the second echelon or reserve.

In the event that troops are forced to take up defensive positions in fire hazardous areas, special attention is paid to clearing them of combustible materials (buildings), creating the necessary stocks of fire extinguishing equipment, and also equipping shelters to protect against incendiary weapons.

When the enemy uses incendiary weapons against the defending troops, all measures to protect personnel, weapons and military equipment are taken immediately.

The main methods of action by troops in conditions of mass fires are: bypassing areas of intense burning; overcoming fire zones on the move; overcoming fire zones along the completed passages; overcoming fire zones after their self-liquidation.

When positioning areas of missile and anti-aircraft missile units and subunits are located in the forest, firing positions of cannon and rocket artillery in areas with high vegetation and shrubs, it is necessary to protect them with fire clearings and have equipped routes to withdraw units (subunits) to spare areas.

In position areas, at firing positions, shelters are created to protect personnel, missiles, combat units, launchers, ammunition and other military equipment from incendiary weapons.

Protection of the airborne assault from incendiary weapons in the initial areas for landing is prepared in advance and is carried out by the forces and means of the landing, and at landing airfields, in addition, using the forces and means of extinguishing fires of aviation technical units and subunits.

In case of massive use of incendiary weapons by the enemy at landing airfields, loading into aircraft (helicopters) is stopped, personnel take measures to protect aircraft, weapons and military equipment from fire and extinguish fires.

When the enemy uses incendiary weapons during the landing (landing) of troops in the landing area, the subunits take measures directly

protection, quickly leave the zone of influence of fire and, at the direction of the commander, begin to extinguish fires that directly interfere with the fulfillment of the assigned combat mission.

With the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy against aviation at airfields and the formation of dangerous fires, measures are taken to rescue personnel, aircraft (helicopters), ammunition, aviation equipment and to eliminate fires, primarily in areas where ammunition and fuel are located.

In the event of a fire inside the aircraft (helicopter), all available fire extinguishing means are used. Fire-extinguishing media are supplied through the appropriate hatches or plating. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the cooling of ammunition, gas cylinders and fuel tanks to prevent their explosion.

Fire extinguishing is carried out by full-time and non-staff fire brigades, as well as allocated duty fire brigades and divisions.

23.5. Elimination of the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy

Elimination of the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy is achieved by performing the following tasks:

reconnaissance of emerging centers (areas) of fires; the withdrawal of subdivisions (units) from the centers (regions) of fires, the provision of first aid to the victims and their treatment;

rescue from fire of weapons, military equipment, materiel;

extinguishing (localization, liquidation) of fires; monitoring the fire area to prevent re-ignitions.

The liquidation of the consequences is carried out by the forces and means of the troops without stopping their combat missions with the involvement of special troops and services. Reconnaissance of emerging centers (areas) of fires

determine: nearby water bodies, roads, clearings, streams, ditches, wetlands and hollows that can be used in the organization of fire fighting; the size of the fire source; ways and conditions conducive to the spread of fire, the speed and direction of its movement; what equipment and military property are on fire; littered areas of the forest and terrain, contributing to the development and spread of fire.

The withdrawal of units (units) from the centers "(areas) of fires is the main task of the commander and headquarters and consists in determining the roads (clearings, routes) that are the least dangerous for withdrawal, searching for the injured, providing them with first aid, and preventing damage to the respiratory organs of personnel by toxic products burning and general overheating of the body, the withdrawal (removal) of the affected to a safe place.

Salvation from fire of weapons, military equipment, etc. material resources consists in their timely evacuation from the fire area. At the same time, the sources of fire on the equipment must be extinguished.

Extinguishing a burning incendiary mixture in armaments, military equipment and structures is carried out by:

using fire extinguishers, fire trucks and auto pumps;

falling asleep with earth, sand, silt, snow; covering with tarpaulins, burlap, raincoats, overcoats, dense fabrics, etc.;

knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or hardwood shrubs.

An extinguished incendiary mixture easily ignites again in the presence of phosphorus in it. Therefore, the extinguished pieces of the incendiary mixture are removed from the object and burned in specially designated places or filled up.

Fire containment is an action aimed at limiting the spread of fire. When the fire is eliminated, a complete cessation of combustion is achieved. As a rule, localization is an integral part, the first stage of fire extinguishing measures.

In some cases, as a result of localization, the ultimate goal of fighting a fire is also achieved - its elimination.

Troops put out fires in areas where combat missions are carried out and in places where a threat is created to personnel, weapons, military equipment and materiel. To extinguish fires, stocks of water, sand and other fire extinguishing agents are created in advance.

In all cases of the outbreak and detection of fires in the areas of combat operations and the location of troops, warehouses and bases, measures must be taken immediately to extinguish them.

With a mechanized method of extinguishing ground fires, the soil is cut at a distance of 3-4 m from the edge of the fire, moved to the source of the fire and rolled off to the edge of the fire.

With the manual method, the personnel of the units assigned to extinguish the fire are located on the border of the burning area at intervals of 3-5 m from each other and fill the edge of the fire with soil, creating a strip up to 1 m wide.

In the event that the enemy uses incendiary weapons in the forest, ground fires are extinguished by filling the edge of the fire with soil, pouring water, chemical solutions and knocking down the flame with hardwood branches. Knocking down the flame with hardwood branches is used to extinguish weak ground fires.

Extinguishing ground fires is carried out, as a rule, by a combination of various methods and techniques.

When localizing crown fires, the correct choice of the boundary of its stop is very important. For this purpose, barrier strips are created or counter fire is fired. Protective strips for localization of crown fires should be wide enough (at least two tree heights). Starting a backfire is the most effective way to localize crown fires, but due to the risk of intensifying the fire and the particular difficulty in organizing it, it is usually launched with the permission of the senior commander. When localizing fires on an area of more than 100 hectares, the most reliable way is to start an oncoming ground fire.

When extinguishing underground peat fires, it is necessary:

dig the fire area with ditches 0.7-1 m wide and deep to the exposure of mineral soil or a layer of peat covered with water;

cut down the trees growing along the edges of the ditch and move them away from the fire;

the remains of vegetation smoldering along the edges of the ditch should be filled with water or covered with earth;

take special care during work in order to avoid the failure of people and equipment into burnt places in the peat layer of the soil.

After extinguishing forest and peat fires, fire stations are set up to monitor the fire site.

Weak steppe fires (at wind speeds up to 3 m / s) are extinguished by overwhelm, knocking down, rubbing the edge with brooms from hardwood branches and flooding with water. Stronger fires are localized by the installation of barrier strips up to 20 m wide, the edges of which are dug in, and the middle is burned out.

When the steppe fire spreads at a speed of 15-20 km/h, the reference line for launching oncoming fire is chosen at a distance of 7-10 km from the fire front.

The number of possible outbreaks arising from the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy can be significantly reduced by early implementation of fire prevention measures.

For successful operations in the conditions of the use of incendiary weapons and massive fires, the preparation of fire fighting equipment is of great importance. Such training, firstly, will ensure the safety of the equipment itself and, thereby, the combat capability of the units; secondly, the fire equipment of vehicles will provide reliable protection for personnel.

Fire-fighting preparation of weapons and military equipment consists in increasing their fire resistance (coating metal and wooden surfaces with fire-retardant paints, impregnating fabric materials with fire-retardant solutions), removing or isolating flammable materials, adapting machines provided with containers and pumps to extinguish fires.

For actions in conditions of mass fires, it is of great importance to maintain at each facility in constant readiness and in a full set of standard fire fighting equipment.

Protecting troops from incendiary weapons, preventing fires and fighting them is a complex and time-consuming process. Therefore, the preparation of troops for operations under conditions of massive use of incendiary weapons by the enemy in modern conditions is an objective necessity.

The defeat of personnel by biological means. Prevention of lesions

Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: when inhaling contaminated air, when drinking contaminated water and food, when microbes enter the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, when bitten by infected insects, and also when in contact with sick people, animals, infected objects, and not only at the time of the use of biological agents, but also after a long time after their use, if the personnel were not sanitized.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

Direct protection of personnel during the period of a biological attack by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prophylaxis equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the focus of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons, military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the focus of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with the personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property to them; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

Under incendiary weapons understand incendiary substances and means of their combat use. It is designed to destroy personnel, destroy and damage weapons, equipment, structures and other objects. Incendiaries include petroleum-based incendiaries, metallized incendiary mixtures, incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions, conventional (white) and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, and triethylene aluminum-based self-igniting mixture in air.

The following incendiary compositions are used to equip incendiary ammunition.

napalms- viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. When they burn, temperatures up to 1200 °C are reached.

Pyrogels- metallized mixtures of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or shavings of magnesium and other substances. The combustion temperature of pyrogels reaches 1600 °C.

Thermite and thermite compounds- a powdered mixture of iron oxide and aluminum, pressed into briquettes. Sometimes other substances are added to this mixture. The burning temperature of thermite reaches 3000 °C. Burning thermite mixture is able to burn through sheets of steel.

White phosphorus- a waxy poisonous substance that spontaneously ignites and burns in air, reaching a temperature of up to 1200 ° C.

Electron- an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. It ignites at a temperature of 600°C and burns with a dazzling white and blue flame, reaching temperatures up to 2800°C. Electron is used for the manufacture of cases of aviation incendiary bombs.

The means of combat use of incendiary substances include incendiary bombs of various calibers, aircraft incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary projectiles, flamethrowers, land mines, hand-held incendiary grenades and various types of cartridges.

The most reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons is achieved with the use of fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, open elements of wooden structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the steepness of the trenches and trenches.

For short-term protection against incendiary weapons, personnel can use personal protective equipment, as well as overcoats, pea coats, jackets, raincoats.

In case of burns, bandages soaked in water or in a 5% solution of copper sulphate should be applied to the affected area.

To protect armored objects, it is necessary to tear off trenches and pit-type shelters, use natural shelters (ravines, excavations, etc.). In addition, a tarpaulin covered with earth or covered with mats of green branches and fresh grass can serve as good protection.

MEASURES OF RADIATION, CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, THE ORDER OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
IN THE SUB-UNIT

Radiation, chemical and biological protection of the unit is organized by the commander in full when conducting combat, both with and without the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Radiation, chemical, biological reconnaissance conducted to obtain data on the radiation, chemical and biological conditions. It is carried out using radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance devices and visually. The main method of conducting reconnaissance in all types of combat is observation. The post of radiation, chemical and biological observation consists of two or three observers, one of which is appointed senior. The post is provided with RCB reconnaissance and surveillance devices, a large-scale map or terrain map, an observation log, a compass, a clock, means of communication and alerting. The NBC observation post conducts continuous observation and reconnaissance in the indicated area, at the set time, and also during each artillery and air raid, turns on radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices and monitors their readings.

Upon detection of radioactive contamination (radiation dose rate of 0.5 rad/h and above), the senior post (observer) immediately reports to the commander who set up the post and, at his direction, gives a signal: “Radiation danger”.

Upon detection of chemical contamination, the observer gives a signal: “Chemical alarm” and immediately reports to the commander who posted the post. The results of the observation are recorded in the journal of radiation, chemical and biological observations.

Radiation control carried out to determine the combat capability of the personnel and the need for special processing of the unit. It is carried out using military dose meters (dosimeters) and radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices. The main task of radiation monitoring is to determine the exposure doses of personnel and the degree of contamination of personnel, weapons and military equipment with radioactive substances.

As technical means of radiation control, the following are used: military dose meters for conducting military control of exposure; individual dose meters (dosimeters) for individual control of exposure. Dose meters are usually carried in the breast pocket of the uniform.

Military units (subunits) are provided with technical means for monitoring exposure to radiation at the rate of one military dose meter per squad, crew and equal units.

Issuance, removal (reading) of indications, charging (recharging) of military dose meters are carried out in subdivisions by direct commanders (chiefs) or persons appointed by them, and accounting of radiation doses is carried out by persons appointed by order of the commander of the military unit.

Removal (reading) of indications of military dose meters, their charging (recharging) is carried out, as a rule, once a day.

The time for taking (reading) testimony, charging (recharging) is set by the commander of the military unit (headquarters), taking into account the specific situation. After each removal (reading) of indications, ready-to-use military dose meters are returned to the servicemen to whom they are assigned.

Chemical control(control of chemical contamination) is organized and carried out to determine the need and completeness of special processing (degassing) of weapons and military equipment, structures and terrain, to establish the possibility of personnel actions without protective equipment. Chemical control is carried out using chemical reconnaissance (control) devices by specially trained departments (crews) of subunits to determine the presence of OM in the areas (on routes) of their operations, to detect contamination of standard (service) weapons and military equipment, materiel and water sources, to determine the degree the danger of their infection for the personnel of the unit.

Warning of personnel about an immediate threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as notification of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, is carried out by single and permanent signals established by the senior commander, which are communicated to all personnel.

Upon receipt of the warning signal, the personnel continue to perform their assigned tasks, transfer protective equipment to the “ready” position.

When an enemy inflicts a nuclear strike, personnel take protective measures in response to an explosion: while in combat vehicles, they close hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turn on the system of protection against weapons of mass destruction; when in open vehicles, he must duck, and when located outside the vehicles, he must quickly take cover nearby or lie on the ground with his head in the direction opposite to the explosion. After the passage of the shock wave, the personnel continue to perform their tasks.

Upon warning signals of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, personnel operating on foot or in open vehicles, without stopping the performance of their tasks, immediately put on personal protective equipment when they are in closed mobile objects that are not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, - only respirators (gas masks), and in facilities equipped with this system, closes hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turns on this system. Personnel in shelters include a system of collective protection. At the signal "Radiation danger" the personnel put on respirators (gas masks), at the signal "Chemical alarm" - gas masks.

Timely and skillful use of personal and collective protection equipment, protective properties of terrain, equipment and other objects is achieved by: constant monitoring of their availability and serviceability; advance preparation and training of personnel in the use of these means in various situations; the correct determination of the time for the transfer of personal protective equipment to the "combat" position and their removal; determination of the mode and operating conditions of systems for protection against weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment and the procedure for using objects equipped with filter-ventilation devices.

Special processing consists in carrying out sanitization of personnel, decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of weapons, military equipment, protective equipment, uniforms and equipment. Depending on the situation, the availability of time and the resources available in the unit, special processing may be carried out partially or in full.

Partial special processing includes partial sanitization of personnel, partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of military equipment. Such processing is organized by the subunit commander directly in combat formations, without stopping to perform the assigned task. It is carried out immediately after infection with toxic substances and biological agents, and in case of contamination with radioactive substances - within the first hour directly in the infection zone and is repeated after leaving this zone.

Partial sanitization of personnel consists of:

in the removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms and protective equipment by washing with water or rubbing with tampons, and from uniforms and protective equipment, in addition, by shaking out;

in the neutralization (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents in open areas of the body, in certain areas of uniforms and protective equipment using individual anti-chemical packages.

Partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment and vehicles consists in the removal of radioactive substances by sweeping (wiping) the entire surface of the object being treated and in the disinfection (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents from the surface areas of the objects being treated, with which personnel come into contact when performing the set tasks.

Partial special processing is carried out by crews (calculations) using personnel funds located in subdivisions.

After partial special treatment, personal protective equipment is removed (in case of contamination with radioactive substances - after leaving the contaminated area, and in case of infection with toxic substances and biological agents - after complete special treatment).

Aerosol countermeasures against enemy reconnaissance and weapon control equipment carried out in the unit using smoke bombs and grenades, unified systems for launching Smoke grenades (system 902) and thermal smoke equipment.

To mask the combat operations of a platoon, it is advisable to assign two to three soldiers in each squad with 10–12 hand smoke grenades or 3–5 smoke bombs for each.

On the battlefield, smoke grenades and small smoke bombs are carried in duffel bags. A box with fuses and graters is placed on top of the checkers. Carry fuses in pockets prohibited, as friction can cause them to catch fire and cause severe burns. Checkers with lids can be carried with fuses inserted and lids closed. Norms of supply with aerosol means are indicated in table. 6.

Before and after the use of aerosol agents, the soldiers assigned to set up an aerosol curtain act as arrows (numbers of crews, crews).

The intervals between aerosol sources when setting up aerosol screens must be: in case of a frontal wind - up to 30 m; with an oblique wind - 50–60 m; with a flank wind - 100-150 m.

Training questions 1. 2. 3. 4. General information about incendiary weapons. Classification, striking properties of incendiary weapons and means of application. The impact of incendiary weapons on weapons, military equipment and fortifications and personnel. Ways to protect personnel, weapons, military equipment and fortifications from incendiary weapons. Characteristics of fire extinguishing equipment of standard equipment and the procedure for using them.

References: n n n Protection against weapons of mass destruction and chemical support of a company (platoon) in combat. M. : Military Publishing House, 1988. - S. 277 -191 Instructions for the protection against AE. M .: Military Publishing House, 1987. Grabovoi N. D., Kadyuk V. K. Incendiary weapons and protection from it. M. : Military Publishing House, 1987. - S. 3-46, 114-148.

1st training question General information about incendiary weapons. Classification, striking properties of incendiary weapons and means of application.

n Incendiary weapons - means for destroying enemy personnel and military equipment, the action of which is based on the use of incendiary substances. The SA includes incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures, as well as the means of their delivery to the target. n Incendiary - a specially selected substance or mixture of substances capable of igniting, burning steadily and producing high temperatures.

Classification of incendiary substances Incendiary substances Based on petroleum products, liquid Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) Thermite compounds, viscous Composition: Gasoline and other types of fuel with the addition of M-1, M-2 thickeners. M-1 thickener consists of a mixture of aluminum salts, oleic, naphthenic and palmetic acids. M-2: M-1 with the addition of dehydrated silica gel. Burning temperature 1100 -12000 C Napalm with the addition of metal powders of magnesium, aluminum, heavy oil products (asphalt, fuel oil) Powdered mixture of iron oxide and aluminum with the addition of binders (varnishes, oils) Burning temperature 16000 C Burning temperature 30000 C

n White phosphorus is used as a smoke generating agent, as well as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel. In air, it ignites spontaneously and burns vigorously, emitting large amounts of thick, acrid white smoke. The combustion temperature of phosphorus is 1200 C. White phosphorus is a poisonous substance. Its lethal dose when ingested is 0.1 mg/L. n Plasticized phosphorus is a mixture of conventional white phosphorus with a viscous synthetic rubber solution. Plasticized phosphorus is sticky to a variety of objects, stable in storage, and burns slowly, causing severe burns. It is used in smoke munitions and as an igniter and incendiary bombs and land mines. n "Electron" - an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%), binding components (1%).

Means of using incendiary substances Incendiary aviation munitions: Incendiary bombs; incendiary cassettes; Artillery incendiary ammunition Fire bombs Flamethrowers Thermite bombs, grenades Cluster launchers; Incendiary tanks (from 125 to 420 l) Armor-piercing incendiary bullets

2nd educational question The impact of incendiary weapons on weapons, military equipment and fortifications and personnel.

The impact of the ZO on personnel, weapons, military equipment, fortifications On personnel Burns 1st degree - there is redness and swelling of the tissues. A burn wound does not form. Grade 2 - characterized by the formation of blisters, the skin around the blisters is swollen. After 3-4 days, the blisters fall off, forming wounds. Grade 3 - skin clotting occurs. Healing occurs within 1-2 months. Grade 4 - deep wounds are formed at the site of burns that are not capable of self-healing. Fortifications: Those structures that are built of combustible materials or have combustible structural elements go out. Destruction occurs as a result of the ignition of cool clothes, the spread of fire due to the ingress of pieces of pollutants or the flow of burning napalm. On military equipment: It lights up and fails. Vehicles outside the fire zone can be ignited by burning flakes or napalm spray. The effectiveness of the use of napalm against BTT significantly depends on whether it is in motion or stationary, and whether the hatches of the vehicle are closed or open.

3rd educational question Ways to protect personnel, weapons, military equipment and fortifications from incendiary weapons.

Protection against incendiary weapons Protection against AE is organized with the aim of preventing or minimizing its impact on personnel, military equipment and weapons as much as possible. The main measures to protect against AE are: timely detection of the enemy's preparation for the use of incendiary weapons; fortification equipment of the area, taking into account the provision of protection from AE; fire prevention measures.

Methods of protection against incendiary weapons Personnel n. Fortifications; n. Combat vehicles; n. AES, uniforms; n. Natural shelters (ravines, ditches, sheds, stone buildings, tree crowns) n. Improvised means (shields, flooring, masks of green branches) Techniques n. trenches and shelters; n. Natural shelters (ravines, excavations); n. Tarpaulins, covers, awnings; n. Improvised means (mats made of grass, reeds, brushwood, smeared with special compounds; n. Sheet iron; n. Standard and improvised fire extinguishing means. Fortifications n. Falling asleep n. Covering with earth; fire retardant composition; n. Use of hardly combustible camouflage means; n n Equipment of pollutant collection wells n Installation of fire breaks n Provision of fire extinguishing equipment

Characteristics of fire extinguishing means Name Charge (composition) Purpose Extinguishing a fire at an armored object OP-5 Cylinders with a thermal extinguishing composition, temperature sensors, pipelines. Alkaline and acid solution OU-2 (5, 8) Carbon dioxide OU-25 (80, 400) Carbon dioxide Extinguishing aircraft, tanks, cars, electrical installations OA-1 (OA-3) Ethyl bromide Extinguishing fires, electrical installations OUB-3 (7) Bromide ethyl and carbon monoxide OP-1 (10) SI-2 powder (silicogel saturated with freon) PPO Foam extinguishing of combustible liquids and materials Extinguishing engines, electrical installations, etc.