Accounting of fixed assets at the enterprise. Chapter II. Organization of accounting of fixed assets. The concept of OS depreciation

fixed assets- part of the property used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months.

Inventory object is the unit of account for fixed assets. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that are a single whole and designed to perform a specific job.

Capital investments- the costs of the enterprise for the creation, increase in size and useful properties, for the acquisition of fixed assets intended for long-term use in economic activity.

Depreciation of fixed assets— repayment of the cost of fixed assets.

Repair of fixed assets– repair of damage and replacement of worn parts of the object. Current repair - replacement or restoration of replaceable parts; medium repair - partial dismantling of the object and restoration of the worn out; overhaul - complete disassembly with the replacement of worn parts or their restoration.

Fixed assets of the enterprise

Fixed assets of the enterprise- a part of the property that is used repeatedly in the production of products, the performance of work or the provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months.

The following types of fixed assets of the enterprise include:

• building;
• structures;
• working and power machines and equipment;
• measuring and regulating instruments and devices;
• Computer Engineering;
• vehicles;
• tool;
• production and household inventory and accessories;
• productive and breeding stock;
• perennial plantations and other fixed assets.

Useful life- this is the period during which the use of fixed assets of the enterprise should generate income for the organization or serve to fulfill the goals of its activities. In the course of operation, the fixed assets of the enterprise are subject to wear and tear. There is moral and physical deterioration. Obsolescence- the loss of value by buildings, structures, machines, automatic machines and other equipment due to scientific and technological progress and the growth of labor productivity. Physical deterioration occurs as a result of the active operation of the equipment, as well as under the influence of natural forces of nature (metal corrosion).

The unit of accounting for fixed assets of an enterprise is an inventory object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item. The fixed assets of an enterprise are accepted for accounting at their original cost, i.e., according to the sum of the actual costs of acquiring, constructing and manufacturing an item of fixed assets. The organization has the right not more than once a year to revaluate fixed assets at replacement cost.

Depreciation of fixed assets of the enterprise

The cost of the fixed assets of the enterprise is repaid by depreciation (transfer of the value of the fixed asset to the performance of work, manufactured products, rendering services). If you subtract the amount of depreciation deductions for the entire period of service of this object from the initial cost, then you get the residual value.

Currently, depreciation of fixed assets of an enterprise can be carried out in one of the following ways: linear, reducing the balance, by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life and writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The annual amount of depreciation charge is determined by:

• with the straight-line method, based on the initial cost of the object and the depreciation rate calculated taking into account the useful life of this object;
• with the reducing balance method based on the residual value of the object at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate accrued taking into account the useful life of this object;
• when the method of writing off the cost by the sum of numbers of years based on the initial cost of the object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the object.

For individual fixed assets of the enterprise received under donation agreements and free of charge, housing stock, external improvement, forestry and road facilities, productive livestock, perennial plantations, as well as purchased publications (books, brochures, etc.), depreciation is not charged.

Restoration of fixed assets of an enterprise can be carried out through simple and extended reproduction. Simple reproduction occurs in the form of replacement and overhaul of fixed assets. Expanded - in the form of new construction, expansion of production, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, as well as modernization. With simple reproduction, fixed assets do not change their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. With an expanded one, there is a change in quantity, turning into quality, filling the fixed assets of the enterprise with new content. At the same time, the costs of modernization and reconstruction of facilities after the completion of these works may increase the initial cost of facilities.

There are various reasons for the disposal of fixed assets of an enterprise: moral and physical deterioration or termination of the fact of their intended use; realization (sale); free transfer; transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations; liquidation in case of accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies. The cost of an item of fixed assets of an enterprise that is retired or not permanently used for production needs is subject to write-off from the balance sheet.

In organizations, you can determine the active and passive part of the fixed assets of the enterprise. The active part affects the object of labor, moves it in the production process and exercises control over the course of production (machines, equipment, vehicles, etc.), while the passive part creates favorable conditions for the functioning of the active part (buildings, structures, inventory, etc.).

Efficiency of use of fixed assets of the enterprise

The most important indicator characterizing the fixed assets of the enterprise is the level of their use. In this case, values ​​are applied. For example, - output in value terms per 1 rub. average annual cost of fixed assets; use of equipment by quantity. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between available, installed, working according to the plan and actually working equipment; the use of equipment by time, one should also distinguish between calendar, estimated, planned and actual time; eat (release) products per unit area. - the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise to the average number of workers in the largest shift. The technical condition of fixed assets of the enterprise is characterized by the coefficients: updates; disposals; growth; wear; suitability of fixed assets, as well as the cost of their maintenance.

Organizations have been granted the right to lease surplus, temporarily free or unused fixed assets of the enterprise.

In doing so, one should distinguish between:

• current lease- lease of individual objects to the tenant for temporary use;
• long term rental- transfer to the lessee on the balance sheet of a whole complex of fixed assets of the enterprise with the right of subsequent redemption;
• leasing, or financial lease - the acquisition by the lessor at the request of the tenant of individual objects, both with the right of redemption, and without it. In this case, the landlord receives them on his balance sheet or the landlord transfers the object to the tenant's balance sheet.

A lease is a property lease based on a contract that involves the urgent possession and use or temporary use of property for a fee by transferring it from the lessor to the lessee for a fee. Both movable and immovable property can be leased. According to the law, in the case of a lease of real estate, the contract is subject to state registration.

There are two parties involved in a lease:

• lessor - the owner of the property, renting it out (persons authorized by law or the owner to rent out property can also act as a lessor);
• tenant - the recipient of the property, using it for his own purposes in accordance with the purpose of the property or in accordance with the terms of the contract.

The most common method of establishing rent is to determine a fixed amount of payment, calculated on the basis of the value of the entire leased property or separately for each of the constituent parts. Payments are made, as a rule, periodically within the terms established by the contract. However, a one-time payment is also possible. The lessee is the owner of the products and income received as a result of the use of the leased property.

A separate type of rental relationship is the rental of property. Enterprises can transfer property for rent periodically, in the event of the appearance of temporarily unused facilities; rental of property is carried out on an ongoing basis. Property transferred under a lease agreement is usually used by the tenant for business activities; when renting out property, it is usually used for consumer purposes. The term of the lease agreement is unlimited, while the rental agreement, as a rule, is concluded for a period of up to one year. In addition, it is generally not allowed to sublease property provided under a rental agreement.

Leasing is a type of lease, which has elements of loan operations, which makes it similar to a loan. It also includes components of foreign trade and investment activities. The Law "On Leasing" interprets it as a type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a specified period, for a certain fee and in accordance with the conditions set forth in the agreement with the right to redeem the property by the lessee.

The main difference between leasing and traditional lease is that three parties are directly involved in it:

• lessor (lessor) - an individual or legal entity that acquires property into ownership and transfers it for temporary possession and use to the lessee for a certain fee and on the terms agreed in the contract;
• lessee (tenant) - an individual or legal entity accepting property for use in accordance with a leasing agreement;
• seller (supplier) - an individual or legal entity that sells to the lessor the property that is the subject of the leasing agreement.

In the process of leasing activities, the lessor bears the costs associated with the acquisition and transfer of property to the lessee, as well as the costs due to the need to create conditions for the normal use of the property leased.

Classification and valuation of fixed assets

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", assets are considered as fixed assets of an enterprise if they:

• are used in the production of products in the performance of work or the provision of services or for management needs;
• used for more than 12 months;
• in the future will bring income to the organization;
• will not be sold in the foreseeable future.

Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computers, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantations and other basic funds.

The main investments also include capital investments in the fundamental improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works) and in leased fixed assets.

Capital investments in perennial plantings, radical land improvement are included in fixed assets in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation, regardless of the completion of the entire complex of works.

As part of fixed assets, land plots owned by the organization, objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources) are taken into account.

If one object has several parts with different useful lives, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory object.

To organize accounting and ensure control over the safety of fixed assets, each item of fixed assets (inventory item), regardless of whether it is in operation, in stock or on conservation, must be assigned an appropriate inventory number when accepting them for accounting. The inventory number assigned to an item of fixed assets is retained by it for the entire period of its stay in this organization.

Inventory numbers of fixed assets deducted from accounting are not assigned to newly accepted accounting objects within 5 years after the end of the year of decommissioning.

Object-by-object accounting of fixed assets is carried out by the accounting service on inventory cards for accounting for fixed assets (OS-6 form). An inventory card is opened for each inventory object. Inventory cards can be grouped in a card file in relation to the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets, and within sections, subsections, classes and subclasses - according to the place of operation (structural divisions of the organization).

Filling in inventory cards (inventory book) is carried out on the basis of the act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (OS-1 form), technical passports and other documents for the acquisition, construction, movement and write-off of fixed assets. Inventory cards (inventory book) should contain basic data on the fixed asset object: useful life, depreciation method, exemption from depreciation (if any), individual characteristics of the object.

Inventory cards, as a rule, are compiled in one copy and are in the accounting service.

For fixed assets taken on lease, it is also recommended to open inventory cards to carry out off-balance accounting of the specified objects of the lessee.

Acceptance of fixed assets for accounting is carried out on the basis of an act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets approved by the head of the organization;

Fixed assets are accepted for accounting in the event of their acquisition, construction and manufacture, contribution by the founders on account of their contributions to the authorized (share) capital, receipt under a donation agreement and other receipts at their original cost.

The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee (including those that were in operation) is the sum of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture, except for value added tax and other reimbursable taxes.

Object-by-object accounting of fixed assets is carried out in rubles, and when acquiring fixed assets, the value of which is determined in foreign currency, the assessment is also made in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of Russia, effective on the date of acceptance by the organization for accounting of objects by right of ownership, economic management, operational management or lease agreement.

The cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except for the cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the accounting regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" (PBU No. 6/01).

A change in the initial cost of fixed assets is allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation of the relevant fixed assets or capital works, as well as due to revaluation of fixed assets.

If the company decides to revaluate fixed assets, then it will have to be done every year. Revaluation can be both in the direction of increasing the value of fixed assets (revaluation), and in the direction of decreasing (decrease).

As a result of the revaluation, the initial cost of fixed assets increases and account 01 "Fixed assets" is debited in correspondence with the credit of account 83 "Additional capital". At the same time, the amount of accrued depreciation on revalued fixed assets increases: the debit of account 83 "Additional capital" and the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

As a result of the writedown of fixed assets, the initial cost of fixed assets is reduced and a posting is made: the debit of the account "Additional capital" and the credit of the account "Fixed assets" and at the same time the amount of accrued depreciation on revalued fixed assets is reduced: the debit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" and the credit of account 83 "Extra capital".

When there is not enough additional capital to cover the amount of the markdown, that part of the markdown that exceeds the amount of the previous markdowns is written off from own profit and referred to account 84 "Retained earnings (Uncovered loss)". In this case, the following postings are made: account 84 debit, account 01 credit and account 02 debit, account 84 credit.

As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, account 01 takes into account the replacement cost of fixed assets.

The increase (decrease) in the initial cost of fixed assets is attributed to the additional capital of the organization.

The reconstruction of existing enterprises includes the reorganization of existing workshops and facilities of the main, sub-main and service purposes, as a rule, without expanding the existing buildings and structures of the main purpose, associated with the improvement of production and an increase in its technical and economic level, taking into account the achievements of scientific and technological progress and carried out under a comprehensive project for the reconstruction of the enterprise, in general, to increase production capacity, improve quality and change the range of products, mainly without increasing the number of employees while improving their working conditions and environmental protection.

The additional equipment or technical re-equipment of existing enterprises includes a set of measures to improve the technical and economic level of individual industries, workshops and sections based on the introduction of advanced equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of production, modernization and replacement of outdated and physically worn-out general factory facilities and auxiliary services.

At the same time, the expenses of the organization reflected in the capital investment account, upon completion of the completion, additional equipment, reconstruction of the fixed asset object or upon completion of work of a capital nature, are written off to the debit of the fixed asset account.

At the same time, the amount on the additional capital account increases by the amount of costs attached to the fixed assets account and the own source, which remains at the disposal of the organization, decreases (with the exception of depreciation).

Methods of acquisition of fixed assets and procedures for their reflection in accounting

Purchasing for a fee

The main way of receipt of fixed assets to the enterprise are long-term investments (capital investments) in fixed assets. Accounting for such investments is kept on the balance sheet account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" for the relevant sub-accounts and for each construction object or acquisition of fixed assets for a fee. The cost of fixed assets accepted for operation on the basis of acceptance certificates for completed objects is debited from account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" to the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets".

With this method of acquiring a fixed asset for a fee, according to a number of regulatory documents, the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of these fixed assets is recognized.

The construction of fixed assets is carried out through new construction and construction to expand existing enterprises.

New construction includes the construction of a complex of facilities for the main, auxiliary and service purposes of newly created enterprises, buildings and structures, as well as branches and individual industries, which, after commissioning, will be on an independent balance sheet.

If the construction of an enterprise or structure is planned to be carried out in stages, then the first and subsequent stages belong to new construction until the commissioning of all the designed capacities for the full development of the enterprise (structure).

When expanding an existing enterprise, an increase in its production capacity should be carried out in a shorter time and at lower unit costs compared to the creation of similar capacities through new construction with a simultaneous increase in the technical level and improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise as a whole.

The construction of facilities can be carried out by contract and economic methods.

With the contract method of construction, the cost of the work performed is credited to account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" sub-account 4 "Acquisition of fixed assets" under the accounts of contractors and design organizations. The same account also includes the cost of purchasing equipment that requires installation. With the economic method of construction, account 08-3 "Construction of fixed assets" includes accrued wages for employees participating in construction, deducted to off-budget funds, the cost of materials used and low-value inventory, depreciation of tools, temporary fixtures and devices; the cost of equipment requiring installation, the cost of maintaining the control apparatus and other expenses. The procedure for reflecting in accounting operations for the construction of facilities by contract and economic methods is given in Table. 4.1.

The procedure for reflecting the accounting for the construction of an object of fixed assets Table 4.1

		box no. accounts				Amount, rub.		Foundation (document)
I. With the contract method of construction of an object of production value
	The advance payment to the design organization for the production of design and estimate documentation in the amount of 100% of the cost was transferred							Agreement, bank statement
	Accepted design and estimate documentation from the design organization						Invoice and certificate of completion
	Value added tax on the invoice of the design organization (18%)						Invoice
	Contractors' invoices for completed construction and installation works accepted for payment						Invoice
	Value Added Tax (18%)						Invoice
	Payment made to the contractor						bank statement
	The supplier's invoice for the purchase of equipment for installation during the construction of the facility was accepted for payment						Invoice, bill of lading
	VAT on the invoice for the purchase of equipment (18%)						Invoice
	Payments made to suppliers for equipment						bank statement
	Transferred equipment for installation						Certificate of commissioning
	Produced offset with the budget for VAT						Act on commissioning, transfer of funds to account
	Commissioning of the facility						The act of putting the facility into operation

II. With the economic method of construction of an industrial facility

	The advance payment of the design organization for the preparation of design and estimate documentation for the construction of a residential building in the amount of 100% was transferred				Agreement, bank statement
	Accepted from the design organization design estimates for the construction of a residential building
	VAT on an invoice from a design organization (18%)				Invoice, certificate of completion
	Salary paid to employees who took part in the construction of a residential building				Settlement and payroll
	Personal income tax withheld				Settlement and payroll
	Paid salaries to employees				Settlement and payroll
	Accruals in: 1) social insurance fund (4%)				Help-calculation
	2) pension fund (28%)				Help-calculation
	3) health insurance fund (3.6%)				Help-calculation
	Written off materials for the construction of a residential building				material calculations
	VAT on written-off materials (18%)				Accounting information
	Equipment handed over for installation				Certificate of commissioning
	VAT on equipment handed over for installation
	Commissioning of a residential building and inclusion in fixed assets				Commissioning certificate
	VAT written off to the source of financing of capital investments				Commissioning certificate

Thus, the initial cost in the construction of an industrial facility by a contract method amounted to 33 thousand rubles, and a residential building - 39,560 rubles.

An enterprise, in addition to the construction of fixed assets, may, under a sale and purchase agreement, purchase fixed assets in finished form, as well as vehicles, equipment that does not require installation, computer equipment, etc.

Cost accounting for the acquisition of individual fixed assets is accounted for on sub-account 08-4 "Acquisition of fixed assets". Let us consider the procedure for such reflection in accounting using the example of an enterprise acquiring a truck for production purposes under a sale and purchase agreement in a trading organization: the cost of a car is 35,400 rubles, including VAT (18%) - 5,400 rubles. The costs associated with the acquisition (delivery) amounted to 1,180 rubles, including VAT of 180 rubles.

The reflection of transactions in the accounting accounts will be as follows:

• debit of account 08/4, credit of account 60 - the cost of the purchased truck in accordance with the invoice, excluding VAT - 30,000 rubles;
• debit of account 19, credit of account 60 - VAT on received fixed assets - 5400 rubles;
• debit of account 08/4, credit of account 60 - the amount of expenses associated with the purchase of a truck, excluding VAT - 1000 rubles is taken into account;
• account 19 debit, account 60 credit - VAT on the cost of purchasing a truck - 180 rubles;
• the debit of account 08/4, the credit of account 68 - the tax on the purchase of vehicles was charged - 6000 rubles. (30,000 rubles * 20%);
• debit of account 01, credit of account 08/4 - fixed assets were put into operation at actual acquisition costs -
  37000 rub. (30,000 rubles + 1,000 rubles + 6,000 rubles);
• the debit of account 60, the credit of account 51 - paid for the acquired fixed assets and acquisition costs - 36580 rubles.
  (35400 rubles + 1180 rubles);
• account 68 debit, account 51 credit - paid tax on the purchase of vehicles - 6000 rubles;
• the debit of account 68, the credit of account 19 - the allocation to the budget of the amount paid in the implementation of capital investments at the time of registration of the truck -5580 rubles.
  (5400 rubles + 180 rubles).

Rice. 4.1. General scheme of correspondence of accounts for the acquisition and construction of fixed assets

Receipt under an exchange agreement

Under an exchange agreement, a legal or natural person undertakes to transfer one product to the ownership of the other party in exchange for another (clause 1, article 567 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, each party acts both as a seller and as a buyer. If the exchange agreement does not specify a condition for the transfer of ownership, then the ownership of the goods is transferred at the time the parties fulfill their obligations under the agreement (Article 570 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). If the enterprise is the first to receive fixed assets under an exchange agreement, then until the transfer of ownership (shipment of the corresponding goods in exchange for the received fixed asset), this fixed asset is accounted for on off-balance sheet account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". After the transfer of ownership, the receipt of fixed assets is accounted for in a manner similar to the sale and purchase agreement.

In accordance with paragraph 3.5 of PBU No. 6/01, the initial cost of fixed assets acquired in exchange for other property other than cash is recognized as the cost of the property being exchanged, at which it was reflected in the balance sheet.

To reflect the receipt of fixed assets in accounting, the following initial data were used: under an exchange agreement, an enterprise acquires an object of fixed assets in finished form for the transferred property (manufactured products, goods, services), the cost of which is 60,000 rubles. (excluding VAT). The barter valuation agreed upon by the parties in the contract is 94,400 rubles. (including VAT - 14400 rubles). At the same time, the initial cost of the fixed asset object according to the balance sheet is 100,000 rubles, and the accrued depreciation is 30 thousand rubles, respectively, the residual (actual) value, according to accounting data, amounted to 70,000 rubles.

Thus, from the party acquiring property, plant and equipment: 1. Upon receipt of an object of fixed assets on the date of transfer of ownership of the exchanged property:

• according to the balance sheet value of the disposed property without VAT:
  debit account 08, credit account 90/1 - 60 thousand rubles. (according to clause 26 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of Fixed Assets ... "on the date of transfer of ownership of the exchanged property, the account for accounting for capital investments in correspondence with the credit of the sales account is debited");
• for the amount of VAT - 18%:
  debit account 19, credit account 90/1 - 12400 rubles. (70,000 x 18%). (Methodological guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets establish the rules for reflecting in the accounting records of accrued fixed assets acquired under an exchange agreement, but at the same time, there are no recommendations for accounting for the amounts of input VAT indicated in the supplier's primary documents. Based on the requirements tax legislation, the debit of account 19 must fully reflect the amount of VAT indicated in the primary documents of the supplier, therefore, by analogy with the requirements of the Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets in terms of posting fixed assets, the amount of VAT can be reflected in correspondence with account 90/3);
• when commissioning:
  debit account 01, credit account 08 - 60,000 rubles.

2. When transferring property:

• to write off disposed property at cost:
  debit of account 90/2, credit of accounts 41, 43 ... - 60,000 rubles;
• 
  debit 90/3, credit account 68 - 10800 rubles. (VAT is calculated based on the amount of revenue according to accounting data, equal to 60,000 rubles * 18%);
• 
  debit account 90/2, credit account 80 -1800 rubles.

3. When refunding (offsetting) input VAT:

• debit account 68, credit account 19 - 12600 rubles.

For the party transferring property, plant and equipment: 1. Upon receipt of property acquired in exchange for fixed assets:

• at the cost of the retired fixed asset without VAT:
  debit account 10 (41 ...), credit account 91 - 70,000 rubles;
• for the amount of VAT:
  debit account 19, credit account 91 - 10800 rubles.

2. When transferring a fixed asset:

• to write off fixed assets at historical cost:
  debit of account 91, credit of account 01 - 100,000 rubles;
• to write off the previously accrued depreciation amount:
  debit of account 02, credit of account 91 - 30,000 rubles;
• on the amount of VAT due to be paid to the budget:
  debit account 91, credit account 68 - 12600 rubles. (VAT amount is calculated on the basis of revenue according to accounting data equal to 70,000 rubles.)
• on the revealed financial result under the exchange agreement:
  debit account 99, credit account 91 - 1800 rubles. (It should be borne in mind that the current regulatory documents do not provide for the acceptance of this amount of loss as a reduction in the financial result for tax purposes.)

Free receipt

According to clause 3.4 of PBU No. 6/01, the initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a donation agreement and in other cases of gratuitous receipt is recognized as their market value as of the date of posting.

The costs of delivery of the specified items of fixed assets received under a donation agreement and in other cases of gratuitous receipt are accounted for as capital costs and are attributed by the recipient organizations to an increase in the initial cost of the item. These expenses are reflected in the accounts of capital investments in correspondence with the accounts of settlements. In the event that enterprises receive motor vehicles free of charge, tax on the purchase of motor vehicles is not charged.

The posting of fixed assets received free of charge is reflected in the accounting records on the credit of account 98 "Deferred income" subaccount 2 "Gift-free receipts" in correspondence with account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". As depreciation is accrued (debit of account 20 "Main production", credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"), deferred income is included in non-operating income of a part of fixed assets received free of charge in accordance with PBU - 9/99. Taxable income increases by this amount (debit of account 98/2, credit of account 91). The commissioning of fixed assets is carried out in the usual manner: debit account 01, credit account 08. In accordance with tax legislation, the receiving party is obliged to pay income tax (24%), while the correspondence of the accounts will be: debit 99 "Profit and Loss", credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

See also:

Organization of accounting of fixed assets at the enterprise LLC "XXX"

For 2008, XXX LLC applies an accounting policy approved by Order No. 6 dated January 30, 2008, in accordance with which the accounting department of the enterprise is responsible for accounting.

The chief accountant reports directly to the head. Subordinate to the chief accountant are: lead accountant, accountant of the first category and accountant of the second category. The chief accountant organizes the work of the accounting department, draws up an accounting policy and a working chart of accounts, conducts an internal audit on a monthly basis and supervises the work of the accounting department employees, and is responsible for the preparation of tax reporting. The accounting policy of the enterprise provides for job descriptions for each of the employees of the accounting department. They are presented in Appendix 16.

In relation to fixed assets, the accounting policy of the organization provides for the following provisions:

1. Useful lives of fixed assets (OS) are established independently. The basis for establishing the useful life is the period during which the use of the asset brings economic benefits (income). Fixed assets are included in groups based on the standards established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups” No. 1 of 01/01/2002

2. Fixed assets worth less than 20,000 rubles. are written off to production costs as they are released into production or operation.

3. The cost of purchased books, brochures, etc. publications are written off in full to the costs of the current month.

4. Depreciation of fixed assets shall be calculated on a straight-line basis based on their initial (replacement) cost and depreciation rates calculated on the basis of the useful life of these objects.

5. Write off the costs of fixed assets repair in full as expenses in the period to which they relate.

Accounting at the enterprise is maintained in accordance with the working chart of accounts of financial and economic activities of organizations (Appendix 17). The enterprise also developed and approved a workflow schedule (Appendix 18).

At the enterprise "XXX" LLC, fixed assets are recorded on a synthetic account 01 "Fixed assets", depreciation is accounted for on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

Accounting at the enterprise is carried out in an automated way using the software "1C Enterprise" version 7.7.

The introduction of accounting is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents that have a different status.

Depending on the purpose and status, it is advisable to present regulatory documents in the form of the following system:

1st level: legislative - Law "On Accounting" (Federal Law);

2nd level: standards (regulations) - Regulation on accounting and reporting;

3rd level: guidelines, instructions, comments, letters of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation;

4th level: working documents on the accounting of the enterprise itself.

The main regulatory documents for the accounting of fixed assets are: Law "On Accounting" dated November 21, 1996, No. 129-FZ; Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n; Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" (PBU 6/01) dated 30.03.01 No. 26n; Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets dated July 20, 1998 No. 33n (as amended).

These documents provide for the right of organizations on the basis of these standards to independently determine specific forms and methods of organizing accounting and control based on the organizational and legal form of management, industry specifics.

Thus, the analysis of accounting at the enterprise LLC "XXX" allows us to conclude that, in general, accounting in the company is organized correctly. The company has developed: a chart of accounts, a workflow schedule, the necessary job descriptions; accounting policy approved. Accounting is carried out automatically, which eliminates the possibility of arithmetic errors. The organization keeps records in accordance with regulatory documents on accounting.

fixed assets

Fixed assets are non-current assets of the enterprise. That is, these are the means of the organization that are used by it in its activities for more than one year. It is necessary to proceed from this main criterion when classifying the economic assets of an enterprise as a category of fixed assets. In RAS 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" approved Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 N 26n the criteria for classifying economic assets as fixed assets are determined. The asset is accepted by the organization to accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are met simultaneously:

a) the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

b) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a term lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

c) the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;

d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

Classification of fixed assets:

Manufacturing assets include fixed assets. who take part in the sphere of material production and serve it. The degree of their participation in the production process is different: some participate in production as tools of labor (machines, equipment, tools), others ensure the continuity of the production process (transmitters, structures), others create the necessary conditions for the production process (production buildings), storage or movement of inventories and finished products (warehouses, vehicles, etc.).

Non-production assets include fixed assets, which do not participate directly or indirectly in the production process, but are intended for the purposes of non-productive consumption, housing and socio-cultural services for workers (fixed assets of housing and communal services, health care, culture, etc.).

depending from a natural-material character, i.e. by type, fixed assets are divided into groups:
· land;
· capital expenditures for land improvement;
· buildings and constructions;
working and power machines and equipment;
measuring and control instruments and devices;
computer and office equipment;
vehicles;
tools, production and household inventory;
working and productive livestock;
perennial plantings;
internal roads;
objects of nature management;
other fixed assets.

Accounting documents

Upon receipt of fixed assets (OS), fixed assets are accepted for accounting at original cost. Initial cost of fixed assets purchased for a fee, the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition is recognized, construction and manufacture, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes

All operations on capitalization of fixed assets, write-offs and other operations are documented.

These include, in particular,
- Act (waybill) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (form N OS-1);
- Certificate of acceptance and delivery of repaired, reconstructed and modernized facilities (form N OS-3);
- Act on the write-off of fixed assets (form N OS-4);
- Act on the write-off of vehicles (form N OS-4a);
- Inventory card of accounting of fixed assets (form N OS-6);
- Equipment acceptance certificate (form N OS-14);
- The act of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation (form N OS-15);
- The act on the revealed defects of the equipment (form N OS-16).
+ documents of the supplier and technical passports of manufacturers for complex technical products.

All operations on capitalization of fixed assets, write-offs and other operations with fixed assets are documented by the above documents. It should be noted that the Law of the Russian Federation "On Accounting" No. 402-FZ dated December 6, 2011 does not regulate the forms of primary accounting documents. The above are the forms used until 01/01/2013, in accordance with the resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics dated October 30, 1997 N 71a "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wearing items, work in capital construction", i.e. before the entry into force of the new law. Therefore, for accounting purposes, it is necessary in the Order "On Accounting Policy for Accounting Purposes" to discuss the use of the above forms or, according to the new law, the use of new ones developed by the enterprise itself,
in this case, banks are developed with the presence of mandatory details on them. .

Accounting and posting

Accounting for fixed assets is carried out on account 01 "Fixed assets". (Active account) On this account, fixed assets are accounted for at their original cost.

Upon receipt of fixed assets, based on the documents of the supplier, postings are made for posting the fixed assets to the balance sheet, with the execution of the Acceptance and Transfer Certificate OS-1, namely:
1) Dt 08 Kt 60 Initial cost Operation "Recording documents of OS suppliers"
2)Dt19-1 Kt 60 Supplier VAT Instead of account 60 in leads N1 and 2, there may be another account, for example, 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", when buying an OS for cash.
3) Dt 01 Ct 08 Operation "Commissioning OS"/at original cost, Price without VAT/. An acceptance certificate is drawn up by the commission and signed by the head of the organization.

During the operation of the fixed asset, the cost of fixed assets is written off to the cost in the form of depreciation deductions. All fixed assets are legally divided into depreciation groups with different periods of operation. The Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups is used (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 N 1 "On the Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups"). During the reporting years, depreciation deductions for fixed assets are accrued monthly regardless of the accrual method used in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount

The annual depreciation amount is calculated depending on the depreciation method chosen by the enterprise in accordance with the Regulations on Accounting Policy for accounting purposes. As a rule, this is a linear method, which is most often used in enterprises and organizations. At linear way the annual depreciation amount is determined based on the initial cost of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of the fixed asset, according to the depreciation group to which this fixed asset belongs. Except linear way There are other depreciation charges: reducing balance method,method of writing off the cost by the sum of numbers of years of useful life,method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works). Due to the brevity of this course and very rare application, these methods are not considered in this paper. Since January 1, 2002, for the purposes of tax accounting, the Classification of Fixed Assets has been used, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 N 1 "On the Classification of Fixed Assets Included in Depreciation Groups"). OS according to this classification are divided into the following groups:

First group- all non-durable property with a useful life of 1 to 2 years inclusive
Second group- property with a useful life of more than 2 years up to 3 years inclusive
Third group- property with a useful life of more than 3 years up to 5 years inclusive
Fourth group- property with a useful life of more than 5 years up to 7 years inclusive
Fifth group- property with a useful life of more than 7 years up to 10 years inclusive
Sixth group- property with a useful life of more than 10 years up to 15 years inclusive
Seventh group- property with a useful life of more than 15 years up to 20 years inclusive
Eighth group- property with a useful life of more than 20 years up to 25 years inclusive
Ninth group- property with a useful life of more than 25 years up to 30 years inclusive
Tenth group- property with a useful life of more than 30 years

Not subject to depreciation:
- land and other objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources), as well as inventories, goods, capital construction in progress, securities, financial instruments of forward transactions (including forward, futures contracts, option contracts).
- property of budgetary organizations, with the exception of property acquired in connection with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities and used to carry out such activities;
- property of non-profit organizations received as targeted income or acquired at the expense of targeted income and used for non-commercial activities
- and property acquired (created) with the use of budgetary funds for targeted financing. This provision does not apply to property received by a taxpayer during privatization.
- objects of external improvement (forestry objects, road facilities, the construction of which was carried out with the involvement of sources of budgetary or other similar targeted financing, specialized structures for navigation conditions) and other similar objects
- productive livestock, buffaloes, oxen, yaks, deer, other domesticated wild animals (with the exception of draft animals);

The use of one of the depreciation methods for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out during the entire useful life of the objects included in this group. Accrual of depreciation on an item of fixed assets starts from the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of this object for accounting, and is made until the full repayment of the cost of this object, or the write-off of this object from accounting. Accrual of depreciation stops from the first day of the month following the month of the full repayment of the cost of this object, or the write-off of this object from accounting. During the useful life of fixed assets, depreciation charges are not suspended, except in cases its transfer by decision of the head of the organization to conservation for a period of more than three months, as well as during the restoration of the object, the duration of which exceeds 12 months. regardless of the results of the organization's activities in the reporting period and is reflected in the accounting of the reporting period to which it relates. Monthly depreciation charge is made out by accounting entry: Dt 20,23,26 Kt 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets". When accruing depreciation of fixed assets, different cost accounts 20,23 and 26 are debited, depending on the use of fixed assets, namely in the main production (Dt 20), in auxiliary production (Dt 23) or non-production fixed assets or general purpose fixed assets (Dt 26).

During the operation of the OS, there is a need for their repair. In addition to repair, OS can be upgraded and reconstructed. Modernization and reconstruction differ from repair in that they significantly change the consumer properties of OS and have a capital cost. For example, the reconstruction of a building increases the usable area of ​​the task - the costs are capital in nature. Whitewashing and painting the building are current costs that do not significantly change the consumer properties of the building. Accordingly, the cost of repairing the OS and upgrading and reconstructing the OS in accounting are reflected in different ways. All types of OS repairs are included in current costs, and the costs of modernization and reconstruction lead to an increase in the OS cost. Accordingly, with this economic content, these transactions are taken into account, namely the following postings:

Current OS repair
Contracted: Dt 20,23,26 Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - the cost of OS repair
Dt 19 Kt 60 - VAT is taken into account by the OS repair supplier

Made by the company (household method) Dt 20,23,26 Kt 10,70,69,69 - repair cost expressed as the sum of costs from the loan of the relevant accounting accounts, for materials - Kt sch.10, for salary - CT sch. 68, for deductions to extra-budgetary funds from the salary fund - Kt sch.69

Reconstruction and modernization of OS
Contracted: 1) Dt08 Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - the cost of OS repair
2) Dt19 Kt 60 - VAT supplier for reconstruction. OS
3) Dt01 Kt 08 Increase in the cost of fixed assets by the amount of reconstruction and modernization

When reconstructing by contract, it is mandatory, in addition to the invoice, that an act of work performed be drawn up, in construction an estimate is drawn up and upon completion, in addition to the act of work performed F2-KS, a certificate of the cost of work performed F3-KS is drawn up

Reconstruction and modernization of the operating system, performed by the enterprise itself ( household method):

1. Dt 08 Kt 10,23,70,68,69 material, labor costs and tax deductions and deductions to modernization funds
2. Dt 01 Ct 08 increase in the cost of the OS by the amount of modernization costs

During the operation of the enterprise fixed assets retire from economic turnover. The disposal of fixed assets is carried out for various reasons: due to damage and write-off of fixed assets, when selling fixed assets, transferring fixed assets to another legal entity as a contribution to the authorized capital, etc. The disposal of fixed assets is recorded in the following postings:

1. Write-off and disposal due to the unsuitability of the OS for further use
- The initial cost of fixed assets is written off from the balance. Acts are drawn up for the write-off of fixed assets of the form OS-4, OS-4a or OS-4b

Dt 91 Kt 01 "Sub-account for asset disposal"- The residual value is written off from the balance sheet to the financial result from the write-off.

2. Write-off (disposal) in connection with the sale of fixed assets

Dt 01 "Sub-account for the disposal of fixed assets" Kt 01- The initial cost of fixed assets is written off from the balance. Acts of acceptance and transfer of OS-1 of the form OS-1a, OS-1b are issued
Dt 02 Kt 01 "Sub-account for the disposal of fixed assets"- The depreciation of fixed assets accrued by the time of disposal during the operation of the fixed asset is written off from the balance
Dt 91 Kt 01 "Sub-account for asset disposal"- The residual value is written off to the financial result from the write-off
Dt62 Kt91_1- The proceeds from the sale of fixed assets are reflected at the selling price, an invoice is issued for the sale of fixed assets
Dt 91 Kt68- VAT was charged on the amount of fixed assets sold, in accordance with the issued invoice for the fixed assets sale

3. Write-off (disposal) in connection with the transfer, as a contribution to the authorized capital of another legal entity

Dt 01 "Sub-account for the disposal of fixed assets" Kt 01- The initial cost of fixed assets is written off from the balance. Acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets of the OS-1 form are drawn up
Dt 02 Kt 01 "Sub-account for the disposal of fixed assets"- The depreciation of fixed assets accrued by the time of disposal during the operation of the fixed asset is written off from the balance
Dt 58 Kt 01 "Sub-account for the disposal of fixed assets"- Transfer of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital.

Fixed assets - a part of the organization's property used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, as well as for management during a period exceeding 12 months, or a normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months.

In accounting, fixed assets worth no more than 40,000 rubles can be accounted for as part of inventories. From January 1, 2016, the limit on the value of fixed assets in tax accounting increased from 40,000 to 100,000 rubles. Fixed assets put into operation from January 1, 2016 are accounted for with a new limit of 100,000 rubles (Federal Law No. 150-FZ dated June 8, 2015).

The accounting unit of fixed assets is an inventory object:

• a separate item (for example, a safe);
• a single complex of several items that are mounted on a single foundation and have a common control (for example, a computer, which includes a system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse).

You must charge depreciation on fixed assets. How to act, see account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

Acquisition and commissioning of fixed assets

If your organization has acquired fixed assets, then you must account for them on the balance sheet at historical cost. The initial cost is the sum of the actual costs of acquiring an item of property, plant and equipment.

Record the posting of an object of fixed assets in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”:

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60 (75-1, 76, 98-2, …)
– an item of fixed assets has been capitalized.

DEBIT 01  CREDIT 08

Purchase of fixed assets

If your organization purchased fixed assets for a fee (under a sales or supply agreement), define their initial cost as the sum of all costs associated with this purchase.

Such costs may include, for example:

• amounts paid to the seller in accordance with the contract;
• amounts paid for delivery and installation;
• amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of this item of fixed assets;
• customs duties and fees;
• non-refundable taxes, state duty paid in connection with the acquisition of an item of fixed assets;
• interest on loans and borrowings received for the acquisition of an item of fixed assets, if it is an investment asset;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of fixed assets.

You must first take into account the costs of acquiring fixed assets in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” (without value added tax):

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60 (76, …)
– costs directly related to the acquisition of fixed assets (without VAT) are taken into account;

then, on the basis of invoices, reflect the amount of value added tax:

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 60 (76, …)
– VAT has been taken into account on costs directly related to the acquisition of an item of fixed assets.

After the fixed asset is put into operation, make a debit entry to account 01:

DEBIT 01  CREDIT 08
– the object of fixed assets was put into operation.

Then reflect the deduction for value added tax:

- A tax deduction has been made.

There are situations when a property needs state registration, but is already in operation.

Until 2011, such objects could be accounted for in two ways: on account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” or on a separate sub-account opened to account 01 “Fixed assets”.

Starting from 2011, temporarily operated real estate objects should be accounted for as fixed assets (with allocation on a separate sub-account).

The fact of filing documents for state registration does not matter (clause 52 of the Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets, approved by order No. 91n dated October 13, 2003).

Depreciation on such fixed assets must be accrued in the usual manner: from the 1st day of the month following the month when the property was taken into account (letter of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation dated August 29, 2011 No. ЗН-4-11 / [email protected]).

The fact of filing documents for state registration of ownership for depreciation does not matter.

Aktiv JSC acquired a warehouse building under a sale and purchase agreement. According to the contract, the cost of the warehouse is 1,180,000 rubles. (including VAT - 180,000 rubles). 15,000 rubles were paid for the state registration of the building.

DEBIT 60  CREDIT 51
– 1,180,000 RUB - the seller's invoice is paid;

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60
– 1,000,000 RUB - the building is credited on the balance sheet of the organization (excluding VAT);

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 60
– 180 000 rub. – the amount of VAT is taken into account according to the seller's invoice;

DEBIT 01 subaccount “Fixed assets subject to state registration”  CREDIT 08
– 1,000,000 RUB - the building is accounted for on a separate sub-account;

DEBIT 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"  CREDIT 19
– 180 000 rub. - A tax deduction has been made.

After the building is ready for commissioning, the Asset accountant must make the postings:

DEBIT 01  CREDIT 01 sub-account "Fixed assets subject to state registration"
– 1,000,000 RUB - the building is included in fixed assets.

Since now the state registration takes place after the registration of the property, it is impossible to take into account the costs of paying the state duty in its initial cost.

The amount of the cost of paying the state duty must be taken into account as part of the current expenses:

DEBIT 76  CREDIT 51
– 15 000 rub. – money was transferred to pay for the state registration of ownership of the building;

DEBIT 26  CREDIT 68 subaccount "State Duty"
– 15 000 rub. - the amount of state duty for registration of ownership of the building is taken into account.

If you use real estate objects that are reflected in your account 08 (not transferred to fixed assets on time) for the production of products, the provision of services or for management needs, then property tax must be charged on such objects (Determination of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated 25 March 2013 No. VAS-3043/13).

Recall that, in accordance with paragraph 6 of PBU 6/01, the accounting unit of fixed assets is an inventory object. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that are a single whole and designed to perform a specific job. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, common control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each object included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.

Let's consider how a company can record the purchase of a personal computer in its accounting.

Aktiv JSC purchased a personal computer under a sales contract. The bill indicated the cost of the components of the computer:

• system unit - 33,040 rubles. (including VAT - 5040 rubles);
• monitor - 13,570 rubles. (including VAT - 2070 rubles);
• keyboard - 1180 rubles. (including VAT - 180 rubles);
• mouse - 590 rubles. (including VAT - 90 rubles).

Total: the cost of a computer is 48,380 rubles. (including VAT - 7380 rubles).

The components of a computer (system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse) can only function as part of a single complex, so the Aktiva accountant took them into account as a single inventory item and made the following entries:

DEBIT 60  CREDIT 51
– 48 380 rub. - the seller's invoice is paid;

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60
– 41 000 rub. (48 380 - 7380) - a computer was credited on the organization's balance sheet (at the cost of its components, excluding VAT);

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 60
– 7380 rub. - the amount of VAT is taken into account according to the seller's invoice.

Delivery of the computer (236 rubles, including VAT - 36 rubles) "Asset" additionally paid in cash from the cash desk through an accountable person:

DEBIT 71  CREDIT 50
– 236 rub. - money was issued from the cash desk to an accountable person to pay for the delivery of a computer; v

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 71
– 200 rub. (236 - 36) - the delivery fee is included in the book value of the computer (based on the advance report of the accountable person);

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 71
– 36 rub. – including VAT on delivery costs (based on the invoice of the transport organization).

When the computer was put into operation, the Aktiva accountant made the following entries:

DEBIT 01  CREDIT 08
– 41 200 rub. (41,000 + 200) - the computer is included in the fixed assets of the organization;

DEBIT 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"  CREDIT 19
– 7416 rub. (7380 + 36) - a tax deduction has been made.

In exchange for the goods, Aktiv receives a laptop from Passive LLC.

DEBIT 45  CREDIT 41
–  35 000 rub. - written off the cost of goods shipped under a barter agreement;

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60
- 43,000 rubles. – a laptop received under a commodity-exchange agreement was credited.

After that, the Asset accountant must reflect the proceeds from the sale of the goods and write off its cost. See the procedure for recording these operations in typical situations “How to reflect revenue under a barter (barter) agreement” to account 90 “Sales”.

If the market price of the transferred property cannot be determined, then determine the value of the received fixed assets based on the prices at which the organization acquires similar fixed assets.

Fixed assets must be constantly maintained in working condition, which requires certain costs.

Maintenance costs (technical inspection, care, etc.) and all types of repairs (current, medium, capital) of fixed assets include in the cost of production:

DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 29, 44, …)  CREDIT 10 (60, 69, 70, …)
– reflected the cost of maintenance and repair of fixed assets.

The costs of all types of repairs are taken into account when taxing profits in the amount of actual costs. These expenses are included in the cost of production in the reporting period in which they arose (Article 260 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

JSC "Aktiv" carried out the current repair of the machine. Repair costs were:

• wages of workers - 1000 rubles;
• contributions to the PFR, FSS, FFOMS and insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases accrued from the wages of workers - 302 rubles;
• the cost of purchased parts is 1416 rubles, including VAT - 216 rubles.

The accountant of "Active" made the postings:

DEBIT 20  CREDIT 70
– 1000 rub. - the wages of workers who carried out repairs were written off to the cost price;

DEBIT 20  CREDIT 69-1, 69-2, 69-3
– 302 rub. - written off to the cost of contributions to the PFR, FSS, FFOMS and contributions for "injury";

DEBIT 71  CREDIT 50
– 1416 rub. - money was issued from the cash desk to an accountable person to pay for details;

DEBIT 10  CREDIT 71
– 1200 rub. (1416 - 216) - the parts purchased for the repair of the machine were credited;

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 71
– 216 rub. – VAT included;

DEBIT 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"  CREDIT 19
– 216 rub. - VAT is accepted for deduction;

DEBIT 20  CREDIT 10
– 1200 rub. - written off to the cost of parts used in the repair of the machine.

In total, 2502 rubles were written off to the cost of repairs. (1000 + 302 + 1200). This amount can be fully taken into account when taxing profits.

The initial cost of the repaired fixed assets is not subject to change.

If you decide to revaluate fixed assets, then in the future you will need to do this every year.

Revaluation is carried out by indexation or direct recalculation at documented market prices.

In this case, the following can be used (clause 43 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of Fixed Assets):

1. data on similar products received from manufacturing organizations;
2. information on the level of prices available from state statistics bodies, trade inspections and organizations;
3. information about the price level published in the mass media and specialized literature;
4. evaluation by the Bureau of Technical Inventory;
5. expert opinions on the current (replacement) cost of fixed assets.

However, for property tax purposes, the results of the revaluation are taken into account.

The results of the revaluation are taken into account either on account 83 "Additional capital", or are included in the financial results.

note

In tax accounting, the value of fixed assets is formed without revaluation. Depreciation is charged in the same manner and in the same amounts as before the revaluation of fixed assets (Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Disposal of property, plant and equipment

If your organization has sold, disposed of, or transferred to another company an item of property, plant and equipment, you must deduct its value from the organization's balance sheet.

As you know, fixed assets are listed on the balance sheet at their residual value, which is determined as follows:

When writing off the balance sheet of an item of fixed assets, first write off the amount of accrued depreciation.

To do this, do the wiring:

DEBIT 02  CREDIT 01
– written off the amount of accrued depreciation of the fixed asset.

Thus, on the debit of account 01, the residual value of the retired item of fixed assets will be formed. You must attribute this amount to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”:

DEBIT 91-2  CREDIT 01
– written off the residual value of the fixed asset.

To account for the disposal of fixed assets, you can open a separate sub-account “Retirement of fixed assets” for account 01.

If your organization has decided to use the sub-account "Retirement of fixed assets", when writing off the balance sheet of an item of fixed assets, you must make the following entries:

DEBIT 01 subaccount "Disposal of fixed assets" CREDIT 01
- written off the initial cost of the item of fixed assets;

– written off the residual value of the fixed asset.

If an object of fixed assets is retired, the value of which was increased as a result of the revaluation, then the amount of its revaluation, which is on account 83 "Additional capital", include in retained earnings:

DEBIT 83  CREDIT 84
– the amount of the revaluation of the retired item of property, plant and equipment is included in retained earnings.

If you take into account property worth no more than 40,000 rubles as part of fixed assets, then depreciation is charged on it in the usual manner.

In February, Aktiv JSC purchased a pneumatic motor worth 17,700 rubles. (including VAT - 2700 rubles). Its useful life is 3 years. In accordance with the accounting policy of Aktiv JSC, property worth more than 10,000 rubles. included in fixed assets. The pneumatic motor was put into operation in February.

The accountant of "Asset" must make the postings:

in February

DEBIT 08  CREDIT 60
– 15 000 rub. (17 700 - 2700) - the debt to the supplier is reflected;

DEBIT 19  CREDIT 60
– 2700 rub. – VAT included;

DEBIT 01  CREDIT 08
– 15 000 rub. – the pneumatic motor is put into operation;

DEBIT 68 subaccount "VAT settlements"  CREDIT 19
– 2700 rub. - accepted for VAT deduction;

in March

DEBIT 26  CREDIT 02
– 417 rub. (15,000 rubles: 3 years: 12 months) - depreciation has been charged.

Sale of fixed assets

If your organization decides to sell an item of property, plant and equipment, make the following entries:

DEBIT 62 (76)  CREDIT 91-1
– reflected income from the sale of fixed assets and the buyer's debt;

DEBIT 51 (50, …)  CREDIT 62 (76)
– received funds from the buyer;

DEBIT 91-2  CREDIT 68 sub-account “VAT settlements”
– VAT charged;

DEBIT 01 subaccount "Disposal of fixed assets"  CREDIT 01
– written off the initial cost of fixed assets;

DEBIT 02  CREDIT 01 sub-account "Disposal of fixed assets"
– written off the amount of accrued depreciation;

DEBIT 91-2  CREDIT 01 sub-account "Disposal of fixed assets"
– written off the residual value of fixed assets;

– expenses associated with the sale of an item of fixed assets (for example, expenses for the dismantling of equipment, dismantling of a building, etc.) have been written off.

DEBIT 91-2  CREDIT 01 subaccount "Disposal of fixed assets"
– written off the residual value of the liquidated object of fixed assets;

DEBIT 91-2 CREDIT 23 (20, 25, …)
– expenses associated with the liquidation of an item of fixed assets (for example, expenses for dismantling equipment, dismantling a building, etc.) have been written off;

DEBIT 10  CREDIT 91-1
–materials, scrap received during the liquidation of the fixed asset object were credited.

The costs of liquidating fixed assets reduce the company's taxable profit (clause 1, article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

At the end of the month, you must determine the financial result from the liquidation of the fixed asset (usually a loss):

DEBIT 99  CREDIT 91-9
– reflected the loss from the liquidation of the item of fixed assets.

What about fixed assets? How to correctly account for fixed assets in accounting? What is depreciation and how is it calculated?

Fixed assets in accounting

The fixed assets of an enterprise are property that is used as a means of labor for the production of goods, the provision of services, the performance of work, or for the management of an institution for a period that is more than 12 months, or an operating cycle that exceeds 12 months.

As for fixed assets:

• buildings
• working equipment
• power machines
• measuring instruments and control devices
• computer technology
• means of transport
• tools
• household supplies and inventory
• production and productive, breeding and working cattle
• perennial plantations
• on-farm roads and other relevant facilities

Also, among the fixed assets take into account:

• capital investments for the purpose of radical land improvement (irrigation, drainage and other land reclamation works)
• investments in fixed assets on a leasehold basis
• plots of land, objects of natural resources (subsoil, water and other resources)

Fixed assets that are intended only to be provided by the institution for a monetary reward for temporary use and possession or for temporary use for profit are reflected in accounting, as well as financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets.

An asset is accepted by an institution for accounting as a fixed asset, in case of simultaneous fulfillment of the following conditions:

• purpose of the object - use in the production of goods, for the provision of services or in the performance of work; for the management needs of the institution or for the provision by the institution for a monetary reward for use of temporary or temporary use and possession
• purpose of the object - use for a long time, that is, a period that lasts more than 12 months or an operating cycle that is more than 12 months
• the institution does not plan further resale of this object
• it can bring economic benefit (profit) to the institution in the future

OS depreciation

In the process of operation, the fixed asset transfers its value to the cost of production using depreciation. Depreciation charges are calculated monthly over the entire useful life of the asset.

Useful life - is the period during which the use of an object that is a fixed asset brings economic benefits (profit) to the institution. For a number of fixed assets, such a period is determined by the amount of production (volume of work in physical terms), which is expected to be obtained as a result of using this object.

Documents on fixed assets:

In accounting, it is very important to properly document the movement of fixed assets.

Funds are accepted for accounting only on the basis of the relevant primary documentation:

• act of acceptance and transfer: form OS-1, used to account for all fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings, form OS-1a - to account for structures and buildings, form OS-1b - when accounting for groups of fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings
• the act of acceptance of equipment in the form of OS-14
• the act of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation in the form of OS-15

For each item of fixed assets, an inventory card should be opened:

• form OS-6 - with one fixed asset
• form OS-6a - with a group of fixed assets
• form OS-6b - inventory book for accounting for fixed assets

In case of write-off of fixed assets, it is necessary to issue a write-off act:

• according to OS-4 form - with one object
• according to the OS-4a form - for road transport
• according to the OS-4b form - with a group of objects

Accounting for fixed assets at the enterprise

Fixed assets in accounting fall on account 01 "Fixed assets". The entire amount of fixed assets goes to account 01 through account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". Account 08 - intermediate between accounts 01 "Fixed funds" and 60 "Settlement with suppliers". When an object is accepted for accounting, all costs are collected on the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred from the credit of account 08 to the debit of account 01, from this moment the object is considered put into operation. The object is retired and written off from credit account 01.

Account 02 “Depreciation” is used to calculate depreciation charges.

Write-off of fixed assets up to 40,000 rubles.

PBU 6/01 clause 4 allows organizations to take inexpensive objects (the cost of which is within 40 thousand rubles) for accounting not as a fixed asset, but as inventories, and then write it off as expenses.

For example, an enterprise purchased a printer for 5,000 rubles, it makes no sense to accept it on account 01 as an OS, charge monthly depreciation on it. It is much more convenient to accept it as an inventory and immediately write it off as expenses. At the same time, it is necessary to reflect the postings in the accounting department: D10 K60 - the object is accepted for accounting as materials, and then write it off as expenses by posting D20 (25, 26, 44) K10.

This can only be done if the value of the fixed asset is less than 40,000 rubles, if its fixed asset is worth more than 40,000 rubles, then the object must be accepted on account 01.

Receipt of fixed assets to the enterprise

Fixed assets are assets that are directly used to produce products, provide services and perform other functions of the enterprise, with a service life of at least one year. In addition to those in operation, some of the property, plant and equipment may be held in stock or leased out. Depreciation of fixed assets subject to depreciation, for example, machine tools or vehicles, is taken into account in the cost of manufactured products (services rendered).

Let us dwell in more detail on the features of accounting for the receipt of objects by an enterprise, consider the postings on fixed assets performed when they are taken into account in the case of construction, purchase, gratuitous receipt, as well as upon receipt of an object in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital.

Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Commissioned fixed assets are recorded using the Fixed Assets account (account 01). The basis for commissioning is the order of the head of the enterprise. The accounting department draws up acts of acceptance and transfer and takes into account fixed assets on inventory cards (such as OS-6).

Most often, the receipt of fixed assets occurs as a result of:

1. completion of construction
2. acquisitions for a fee (purchase of OS)
3. receiving free of charge
4. receipts in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital

In accordance with this, accounting for the receipt of such funds is somewhat different. Let's consider each case separately.

Accounting for commissioned construction projects

The formation of the initial cost of the object put into operation in this case is determined by the amount of costs for its construction. These costs are reflected on the balance sheet "Investments in non-current assets" (account 08). The construction of facilities can be carried out by the enterprise or with the involvement of contractors.

In the case of construction with the help of a third-party developer, the account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) is used.

Accounting entries during the construction of the OS object by third parties:

D08 - K60 - the total cost of work has been determined

D19 - K60 - allocated VAT

D01 - K08 - the construction site was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - the allocated VAT is directed to reimbursement from the budget

D60 - K51 - funds were transferred to the contractor.

If the construction is carried out on its own, then the accounts “Materials” (10), “Settlements with personnel for wages” (70), “Auxiliary production” (23), “Depreciation” (02) and others are used to account for the costs of it. In this case, the following lines are drawn up:

D08 - K10 (02.23.70.69, etc.) - construction costs are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation.

Accounting for the acquisition of fixed assets

The purchase of fixed assets is the most frequent type of their receipt. To account for such funds, the accounts “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) or “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (account 76) are used. Depending on the type of acquired funds, corresponding sub-accounts are opened to the account “Investments in non-current assets” (08).

The initial cost of acquired fixed assets is the sum of all costs associated with their purchase and commissioning. Such expenses, in addition to the amount paid to the seller, may include: customs duties, non-refundable taxes, state duties, remuneration to intermediaries and consultants, as well as funds spent on the installation and adjustment of equipment.

Acquisition of fixed assets of wiring:

D08 - K60 (76) - the cost of the object is taken into account according to the supplier's documents

D19 - K60 (76) - VAT is allocated from the cost of the object

D08 - K70 (69, 76, 10, etc.) - costs for delivery, assembly, adjustment are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - VAT sent for reimbursement from the budget

D60 (76) - K51 - funds were transferred to the supplier.

Accounting for donated fixed assets

The initial cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, which were accepted free of charge, for example, in the form of a gift, is the market value of such objects. If it is impossible to determine it, the assessment takes place at the cost of similar material assets. According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, funds received free of charge are considered non-operating income of the enterprise.

Free receipt of fixed assets of the posting:

For accounting, the sub-account "Grant-free receipts" (98-2) is used. The accounting entries include the following:

D08 - K98-2 - fixed assets accepted for accounting

D01 - K08 - objects are put into operation.

D98-2 - K91 - depreciation deductions are written off.

Receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital

Fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital are accounted for at the value agreed by the founders of the organization (joint stock company). If necessary, use the services of an independent appraiser.

The contribution of the founders is reflected using the account "Authorized capital" (80), sub-account "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital" (75-1).

The wiring is as follows:

D75-1 - K80 - the debt of the founders has been formed

D08 - K75-1 - funds received as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted for operation.

As a result of the article, we will summarize all the postings performed with one or another type of receipt of an object by an enterprise into one table.

Postings upon receipt of fixed assets:

The concept of OS depreciation

Depreciation of fixed assets - what is it? What is depreciation for? What is a useful life? We will analyze the features of depreciation and the corresponding accounting entries in the article below.

During the operation of fixed assets, a gradual obsolescence of the object occurs, both moral and physical. Parts wear out, power is lost, productivity is reduced. As a result of this, complete physical wear and tear occurs, as a result of which the object is written off from the register, and a new modern model is bought instead.

There is such a thing as a useful life - the period during which an object is able to operate at full capacity and bring economic benefits. During this entire period, depreciation is calculated from the cost of fixed assets, which, in fact, is a unit of depreciation in monetary terms.

Why is depreciation necessary?

Depreciation is a very important process, thanks to which the funds spent on the acquisition of fixed assets are returned as part of the proceeds from the sale of manufactured products.

From the 1st day of the month following the month of putting the object into operation, the depreciation process begins. Every month, depreciation deductions are calculated and written off to the cost of products, works, services or to sales expenses (for trade enterprises). Thus, when a product (goods) goes on sale, its cost includes a part of the cost of fixed assets used in the production process, in the amount of depreciation. These funds are returned to the enterprise after the sale of products (works, services) and receipt of payment from the buyer. The funds received can be used to improve existing fixed assets (repair, reconstruction, modernization) or to purchase new, more modern facilities.

The process of accruing depreciation is continuous, continuing from month to month until the object is fully depreciated, that is, until the cost of fixed assets is fully transferred to the cost of production. After that, the object can be written off from the account on which it is recorded (account 01 "Fixed assets"). Also, depreciation is terminated when the object is retired from the enterprise, for example, when it is sold, donated, obsolescence.

According to the law, depreciation starts on the 1st day of the month following the month of commissioning and ends on the 1st day of the month following the month of deregistration.

Depreciation also ceases to accrue if the object is transferred for conservation for a period of more than three months, or for reconstruction (modernization) for a period of more than twelve months.

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment depends on the useful life of the asset. This period is set by the enterprise independently, depending on the type of object. In this case, you need to be guided by the Classification of fixed assets, according to which, all objects are divided into depreciation groups. In total, there are 10 such groups, each with its own useful life.

Upon receipt of a fixed asset, the organization, in accordance with the classification, determines which group the received fixed asset belongs to, selects the useful life corresponding to this group and, based on it, then calculates depreciation on a monthly basis.

Useful life depending on the depreciation group:

• 1 - 1-2 years
• 2 - 2-3 years
• 3 – 3-5 years
• 4 - 5-7 years
• 5 – 7-10 years
• 6 - 10-15 years
• 7 - 15-20 years
• 8 - 20-25 years
• 9 - 25-30 years old
• 10 - from 30 years

Upon receipt of the object, an act of transfer acceptance is issued in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b. Information about the selected useful life should be reflected in this document.

Depreciation postings

Depreciation is a business transaction for which a posting must be reflected in the accounting of an enterprise.

The depreciation posting is carried out on the basis of the document - the depreciation settlement sheet.

To account for depreciation, account 02 is intended, called "Depreciation". In the credit of account 02, the calculated depreciation deductions are entered monthly in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for sales or production expenses.

Depreciation posting:

D20 (23, 25) K02 - depreciation of the fixed assets object involved in production has been accrued;

D26 K02 - depreciation of fixed assets used for economic needs has been accrued;

D44 K02 - reflects the accrued depreciation on fixed assets used in trading activities.

Thus, depreciation is accumulated on loan account 02.

When a fixed asset is written off from accounting, all depreciation accumulated on account 02 is written off by posting D02 K01.

When the fixed asset is sold, the accumulated depreciation is written off by posting D02 K91 / 2.

Knowing the initial cost of the fixed asset, for which it is listed on the debit of account 01, and the depreciation accrued for the entire period of operation on credit account 02, you can calculate the residual value of the object at any time by subtracting the value of credit 02 from the value of debit 01. Knowledge of the residual cost is useful in a number of cases, for example, when the object is retired, sold, depreciation calculation.

There are 4 methods for calculating monthly depreciation charges:

• linear
• diminishing balance method
• method of writing off the cost of fixed assets proportional to the output

Calculation of depreciation of fixed assets in a linear way

To calculate depreciation in accounting, 4 methods are used.

Methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets:

• Linear way
• Declining balance method
• The method is proportional to the volume of output
• Method by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

In all these 4 methods of calculating depreciation, such a concept as the depreciation rate is used - an annual percentage of the cost of fixed assets.

The basis of the calculation is the original (or replacement) cost of the object or residual, the latter is obtained by subtracting from the original cost of depreciation. Replacement cost is the value obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, it can be either more (in case of revaluation) or less (in case of markdown) of the original one.

The organization independently determines for itself which method of calculation for this object will be used, its choice should be fixed in the accounting policy. In addition, the selected method is reflected in the fixed asset inventory card.

Let us first consider in more detail the linear method for calculating depreciation. As a rule, in the vast majority of cases, enterprises use this method.

Straight line depreciation method

This is the simplest and most common calculation method. During the entire period of use, depreciation is written off in equal installments. Depreciation should begin on the first day of the month following the month in which the object was taken into account.

To calculate depreciation using this method, you need to know the initial (or replacement) cost of the fixed asset and the depreciation rate.

The straight-line depreciation formula is:

A \u003d Initial cost * Depreciation rate.

The initial cost is the cost at which the object is accounted for on account 01.

The formula for calculating the depreciation rate:

Norm A = 100% / useful life.

The resulting depreciation is annual, to calculate the monthly deductions, you need to divide the annual depreciation by 12 months.

Linear calculation example:

The car has an initial cost of 200,000 and was taken into account on 03/10/2014. The useful life is assumed to be 10 years. How to calculate car depreciation?

Annual A. \u003d 200,000 * (100% / 10) \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A. = 20,000/12 = 1666.67.

Thus, every month, starting from April 1, 2014, depreciation should be charged in the amount of 1666.67, this amount should be used for monthly depreciation posting - D20 (44) K02.

Calculating depreciation using the straight-line method has several advantages over non-linear methods.

The method is very simple, monthly depreciation charges are calculated once at the beginning of operation.

The cost of the object is evenly transferred to the cost of products (services, works) throughout the entire period of use. With non-linear methods, most of the cost of fixed assets is written off in the first years, due to which there is an increase in the cost of production in these years. For enterprises that plan to quickly update fixed assets, it is more convenient to use non-linear methods, but if the asset is acquired for long-term operation and it is not planned to quickly replace it, then it is better and easier to use the linear method of depreciation.

Calculation of depreciation using the decreasing balance method

All methods of depreciation of fixed assets are divided into linear and non-linear. Let us dwell in more detail on the non-linear calculation method - the diminishing balance method. Using this method, accelerated depreciation of fixed assets is carried out. What is the benefit of this payment method? In what cases is it best to use it? Below is an example of calculating depreciation charges using the accelerated method.

In contrast to the straight-line method of calculation, the residual value of the object is taken to calculate depreciation using the reducing balance method. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the accrued depreciation from the initial (or replacement) cost of the object. That is, the residual value is equal to the difference between the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 02.

In addition, this method uses an acceleration factor that the organization sets itself. This coefficient is designed to accelerate the write-off of the value of the object through depreciation and, accordingly, the return of funds invested in the acquisition of fixed assets.

Upon receipt of fixed assets, the object is accepted for accounting on account 01, from the next month depreciation should be charged on it and monthly postings should be made to write off depreciation charges (D20 (44) K02).

The general formula for calculating the declining balance method:

A \u003d Residual value * Depreciation rate * Acceleration factor.

An example of calculating the depreciation of fixed assets using the accelerated method:

We have fixed assets with an initial cost of 200,000 and a useful life of 5 years. We take the acceleration coefficient equal to 2.

When calculating depreciation charges using the diminishing balance method, the depreciation rate will be calculated taking into account the acceleration factor.

Norm A \u003d 100% * 2 / 5 \u003d 40%

1 year of operation:

Residual value (Rest.) = 200,000 - 0 = 200,000.

Monthly A = 80,000 / 12 = 6666.67

2nd year of operation:

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 = 120,000.

Year. A. \u003d 120,000 * 40% \u003d 48,000.

We eat. A. \u003d 48,000 / 12 \u003d 4000

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 = 72,000.

Year. A. \u003d 72,000 * 40% \u003d 28,800.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 = 43,200.

Year. A. \u003d 43,200 * 40% \u003d 17,280

As you can see, with each year of operation, monthly depreciation deductions decrease. Most of the value of the fixed asset is written off in the early years. In order to fully write off the cost of an object, you need to use Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which, at the moment when the residual value is less than 20% of the original cost, depreciation is calculated as the residual value divided by the number of remaining months of the useful life.

In our example, 20% of the original cost is 40,000.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 - 17,280 = 25,920, which is less than 20% of the original cost.

Therefore, in the future, we will calculate the monthly depreciation by dividing the residual value by 12.

We eat. A. \u003d 25920 / 12 \u003d 2160.

As a result of these calculations, the value of the fixed asset object will be completely written off, the residual value will be 0, the object can be written off from account 01.

When is the decreasing balance method beneficial?

The accelerated method of calculating depreciation is convenient to use if, for any reason, an organization needs to write off an asset as soon as possible. This is true for operating systems that quickly wear out or become obsolete, the performance of which is significantly reduced with an increase in the period of use.

An example of such a fixed asset is a computer. Every year more and more powerful models appear, and very quickly a computer whose service life has not yet come to an end may no longer be able to cope with the tasks. After 2-3 years of use, it needs to be upgraded or changed to a more modern model. Therefore, it will be convenient here in the first 1-2 years to write off the bulk of its cost and use the money returned as part of the proceeds to improve the computer or purchase a new one. At the same time, the old model can still be sold before the end of its service life. At the same time, it turns out that we will return almost the entire cost of the computer using accelerated depreciation, and we will receive additional profit by selling the old model.

That is, if the organization plans to quickly update fixed assets, then it is more profitable for it to use the accelerated reducing balance method.

There is also such a non-linear depreciation method as the method in proportion to the volume of production and the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

To calculate the depreciation of fixed assets in accounting, there are 4 methods. One of them is the linear method - the most common and simple.

The remaining 3 are non-linear:

• Declining balance method
• The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life
• The method of writing off the cost proportional to the volume of products (works, services)

Let's analyze the depreciation method by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

This method, along with the reducing balance method, is an accelerated way to write off the cost of fixed assets. In the first year of operation, the monthly depreciation amount written off will be the largest, with each subsequent year the monthly depreciation will decrease.

In some cases, the accelerated depreciation method is more beneficial for the enterprise than the straight-line method, in which depreciation occurs evenly over the entire useful life.

The calculation basis is the initial cost of the fixed asset, at which it is taken into account.

Formula for calculating depreciation:

A \u003d Initial cost of fixed assets * Depreciation rate.

The depreciation rate for each year is calculated separately and depends on the useful life established for the object when it was taken into account.

The general formula for calculating the norm:

Norm A \u003d number of years remaining until the end of the useful life / sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

For example, if the useful life is 7 years, then the annual depreciation rate in the first year is calculated as:

Norm A in the 1st year = 7 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 25%.

N. And in the 2nd year = 6 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 21.4%.

N. A in the 3rd year = 5 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 17.86%

N. A in the 4th year = 4 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 14.3%

For the remaining years of the useful life, the depreciation rate is calculated according to the same principle, the numerator decreases by one every year, the denominator remains unchanged.

Calculation example

There is a fixed asset, accepted for accounting on January 10, 2014 at an initial cost of 200,000. It has a useful life of 4 years. How do I calculate the monthly depreciation charge for this fixed asset?

First of all, we note that the facility was put into operation in January 2014, which means that depreciation on it will be charged from February 1, 2014.

Norm A \u003d 4 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 40%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 40% \u003d 80,000.

Monthly A \u003d 80,000 / 12 \u003d 6666.67.

Norm A \u003d 3 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 30%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 30% \u003d 60,000.

Monthly A \u003d 60,000 / 12 \u003d 5000.

Norm A \u003d 2 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 20%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 20% \u003d 40,000.

Monthly A \u003d 40,000 / 12 \u003d 3333.33.

Norm A \u003d 1 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 10%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 10% \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A \u003d 20,000 / 12 \u003d 1666.67.

Thus, in 4 years, the cost of the fixed asset will be completely written off through depreciation.

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

As mentioned above, this method is accelerated. In the first years, the largest part of the cost of the fixed asset is written off, with each subsequent year, depreciation deductions decrease until the cost of fixed assets is completely written off.

When is it convenient to use the accelerated depreciation method?

If the company intends to quickly update its fixed assets, then it is better to use the accelerated method. In this case, the company will be able to quickly return the funds spent on the acquisition of the object, through depreciation as part of the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, and provision of services.

If the equipment in use wears out quickly, its performance decreases significantly with each year of operation, or quickly becomes obsolete, then it is better to use an accelerated method, for example, the write-off method by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life. The funds spent will be returned to the enterprise faster, with this money it will be possible to buy new equipment.

In addition to this method, you can also use the diminishing balance method, where the company independently applies the acceleration factor and returns the funds invested in the object much faster.

In addition to these advantages, the method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life has its drawbacks.

An undoubted minus can be called the rise in the cost of manufactured products (works, services) in the first years, since it is in these years that depreciation deductions are maximum. Depreciation is included in the cost, so in the first years the cost of production will be overestimated, gradually every year it will decrease.

Write-off of the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of production

The write-off method in proportion to the volume of output is a non-linear depreciation method that can only be applied to fixed assets for which the expected output is determined. In what cases it is convenient to apply this method of calculation, how to calculate depreciation in proportion to the volume of actually produced products - more on that below.

In general, there are 4 methods for calculating the depreciation of fixed assets, one of which is linear and 3 are non-linear.

The straight-line method is characterized by a uniform depreciation throughout the useful life. As a rule, it is this method that is most often used for calculation.

Three non-linear methods:

• The declining balance method is an accelerated depreciation method, characterized by the write-off of most of the cost of the fixed asset in the first years of operation, with each subsequent year depreciation deductions decrease
• Write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life - also an accelerated method
• The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of output. We will discuss this method of depreciation in more detail below, we will give an example of calculating depreciation using this method.

The formula for calculating depreciation in proportion to the volume of output:

As mentioned above, the method is applicable to those objects for which the manufacturer has set the expected production output in advance - that is, if the amount of work that the object must perform during its useful life is known.

For the calculation, the initial cost of the fixed asset is taken, which is formed upon receipt of the object by the enterprise and putting it into operation.

General formula for calculation:

A \u003d Actual volume of output for the reporting period * Depreciation rate

Depreciation rate = Initial cost / Estimated volume of production over the useful life.

Example of depreciation calculation:

There is a main vehicle - a truck. Its initial cost is 600,000 rubles. Accepted for accounting April 20, 2014. The estimated mileage over the useful life as set by the manufacturer is 400,000 km.

Calculation:

Norm A \u003d 600,000 / 400,000 \u003d 1.5 rubles / km

Depreciation on the car is charged monthly, so we will take 1 month for the reporting period. We start accruing depreciation from May 1, 2014, that is, the next month after commissioning. Depreciation stops after the full write-off of the cost of the fixed asset or when the fixed asset is retired.

The actual mileage of the truck in May was 1,000 km.

A \u003d 1000 * 1.5 \u003d 1500 rubles.

Actual mileage for June = 4000 km.

A \u003d 4000 * 1.5 \u003d 6000 rubles.

Actual mileage for July = 5000 km.

A \u003d 5000 * 1.5 \u003d 7500 rubles.

Further, the depreciation for the car is calculated in a similar way depending on the actual mileage in that month. The write-off will continue until the cost is fully written off through depreciation.

If the cost of the object is completely written off, but its useful life has not ended, that is, the fixed asset is in working condition, then the object can be operated further, depreciation does not need to be charged.

When is it convenient to use the write-off method in proportion to the volume of production?

Any method of calculating depreciation has its pros and cons, in one case it is convenient to use one method of calculation, in another - another.

In this case, it is convenient to write off the cost of an object depending on the volume of output when there is a direct dependence of the object's wear on the frequency of its operation.

This method is common in industry, such as mining, or for cars or trucks.

Whichever method is chosen for depreciation, it must be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

The procedure for revaluation of fixed assets

The initial cost at which an item of fixed assets is accepted for accounting may change in the course of operation in several cases. If the object was reconstructed or modernized, as well as during the revaluation. The value obtained as a result of the revaluation will be referred to as the replacement value.

What is a revaluation of fixed assets?

Revaluation is the process of recalculating the original cost of fixed assets in order to match their market prices. This procedure is available only to commercial enterprises that independently determine for themselves the frequency of revaluation, as well as the objects for which it will be carried out. When setting the frequency of the revaluation of fixed assets, you need to remember one limitation: it can be carried out no more than once a year in the last month of the year. All points relating to the revaluation of fixed assets should be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

It must be borne in mind that if a certain frequency of cost recalculation is established for an object, and it is indicated in the Order on Accounting Policy, then this frequency must be observed and a revaluation must be carried out without fail.

How is the revaluation of fixed assets carried out?

The procedure must be documented, all the necessary revaluation of fixed assets associated with an increase or decrease in their value as a result of the recalculation must be reflected.

As mentioned above, the revaluation is carried out at the end of the year. The procedure begins with the issuance of an order indicating the objects for which revaluation should be carried out. The results of the revaluation (the new price of the object and the recalculated depreciation) should be reflected in the inventory card of the asset.

The method of revaluation of fixed assets for commercial enterprises is called the method of direct translation at documented market prices.

The cost of fixed assets is recalculated in accordance with market prices on the date of recalculation. You can determine the average market price both independently and with the involvement of specialist appraisers.

The new (replacement cost) is reflected at the beginning of the new year.

The increase in value (revaluation) in accounting is reflected in the credit of account 83 "Additional capital" in correspondence with the debit of account 01 (posting D01 K83).

The reduction in value (markdown) is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with the credit of account 01 (posting D91/2 K01).

Along with the cost reflected in the debit of account 01, the depreciation accrued on account 02 is also subject to recalculation.

How to re-evaluate the depreciation of fixed assets?

Depreciation rate \u003d (accrued depreciation / initial cost of fixed assets) * 100%.

Recalculated depreciation = replacement cost * wear rate.

The increase in depreciation as a result of revaluation is reflected in posting D83 K02.

The decrease in depreciation as a result of the markdown is reflected in posting D02 K91/1.

For clarity, let's consider two examples: revaluation and markdown of the OS cost.

Revaluation of fixed assets (example):

We have a fixed asset with an initial cost of 100,000. Depreciation of 25,000 was accrued on the object. As a result of the revaluation, the cost increased to 110,000. What transactions should be reflected in the accounting department?

The cost of the OS has increased - we are seeing an additional assessment.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Depreciation = (25,000 / 100,000) * 100% = 25%

A \u003d (110,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 27,500.

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset increased by 10,000, depreciation increased by 2,500.

Revaluation postings:

10,000 - D01 K83 - increased the value of the object during revaluation.

2,500 - D83 K02 - increased depreciation on the object as a result of revaluation.

Depreciation of fixed assets (example):

We have an object with an initial cost of 100,000. Accrued depreciation - 25,000. When analyzing the market, the average market price for this object was revealed - 80,000. How should the transactions be reflected?

The cost of the fixed asset has decreased - we observe a markdown.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Degree of wear = 25%

A \u003d (80,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 20,000

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset decreased by 20,000, the amount of accrued depreciation decreased by 5,000.

Markdown transactions:

20 000 - D91/2 K01 - reduced the value of the object at a markdown.

5,000 - D02 K91/1 - the accrued depreciation on the object at a markdown has been reduced.

Inventory of fixed assets (surplus and shortage)

Inventory of fixed assets is a procedure necessary for every enterprise. Inventory is the process of reconciling the actual availability of fixed assets and their location with accounting data. This important procedure allows you to identify inconsistencies between accounting and actual data, identify surpluses and shortcomings.

The procedure for conducting an inventory is regulated by the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations.

Before starting the inventory, you need to prepare - check the following points:

• Availability and correctness of filling out documents on fixed assets: inventory cards, inventory books, inventories and other documents
• Availability of technical documentation for fixed assets
• Availability of documents for leased objects, as well as for leased ones

If any documents are not found or damaged, then they should be restored, received or issued.

Before starting the procedure, a receipt is taken from the financially responsible persons that all objects are located at their destination and are taken into account.

Inventory can be carried out in the following cases:

• Control check
• Change of responsible person
• Regular scheduled inspection, etc.

The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets

This procedure must be accompanied by competent documentation.

First of all, the decision to conduct an inventory of fixed assets is fixed in the inventory order. For this, there is a unified form INV-22. This order notes which assets are being checked, sets the date for the procedure, as well as the composition of the inventory commission.

The formation of an inventory commission is an integral part of this process. It should include representatives of the accounting department, materially responsible persons, representatives of the management team, third-party persons who are not employees of this enterprise. The functions of the formed commission include control of the inventory process, execution of the necessary documentation and the issuance of a final conclusion.

Upon the arrival of the date specified in the order, the verification of the availability and condition of the enterprise's fixed assets begins.

The commission inspects all objects, enters into special inventory lists in the INV-1 form information about the inspected objects:

• Name
• Purpose
• Inventory number
• Technical and operational indicators

When inventorying buildings, structures, land plots, the presence of documents confirming that these objects are owned by the organization is checked.

Inventory lists are compiled in two copies: for the accounting department and for the financially responsible person.

When inventorying leased fixed assets, inventories are compiled in three copies, the third version of the inventory is transferred to the direct owner of the object.

For items of fixed assets, for which discrepancies were revealed during the inventory process, collation statements are compiled in the form of INV-18.

The collation statement is also drawn up in two copies: for the accounting staff who will perform the necessary postings to account for surpluses and write off shortages, and for the financially responsible person.

Objects that have become unusable and cannot be restored are reflected in a separate inventory indicating the date of commencement of use, as well as the reason why they are not suitable for operation.

Objects under repair are also reflected separately; for these fixed assets, an act of inventory of unfinished repairs is filled out in the form of INV-10.

Objects that are in the organization, but do not belong to it, for example, are in safekeeping, are entered in separate collation sheets.

All inventory documents are certified by the signatures of materially responsible persons and members of the commission headed by the chairman.

The final results of the inventory of fixed assets are recorded in the statement of results of the INV-26 form.

Accounting inventory of fixed assets

The results of the inventory are subject to immediate reflection in the accounting of the enterprise. Identified surpluses and shortages should be reflected using accounting entries in the month in which the inventory was carried out.

All identified surpluses and shortages must be explained by financially responsible persons.

Inventory surplus (postings):

Surpluses are objects unaccounted for in accounting.

The surplus identified during the inventory is credited to the account of fixed assets (account 01) in correspondence with the account of other income and expenses (account 91). The surplus is taken into account through account 08, in the same way as in the case of receipt of fixed assets. Postings for the acceptance of surplus have the form: D08 K91 / 1 and D01 K08. Such fixed assets are accepted at the average market value as of the current date.

Write-off of shortage during inventory (posting):

The identified shortage is debited from account 01 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. There are three steps to take when decommissioning an object:

1 - write off from account 02 the accrued depreciation for the missing object (posting D02 K01 / 2),

2 - write off the initial cost of the missing object from account 01 (posting D01/2 K01/1),

3 - write off the residual value of the missing object from account 01 (posting D94 K01 / 2).

In order to write off an object, it is necessary to open subaccount 2 on account 01, transfer the initial cost of the missing object to its debit, and the accrued depreciation to its credit. After that, on the loan account 01/2, the residual value will be determined, which must be written off as a shortage.

1 - the guilty person has not been identified, in this case the shortage is written off as other expenses by posting D91 / 2 K94. In this case, there must be documentary evidence of the absence of the perpetrators or a refusal to recover damages from the perpetrator.

2 - the guilty person has been identified, in this case the shortage is written off to the debit of sub-account 2 of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” by posting D73 / 2 K94. Further, the employee either makes a shortage in cash in cash (posting D50 K73/2) or it is deducted from his salary (posting D70 K73/2). If the market value of the missing object is recovered from the guilty person, then the difference between the amount of the shortage and the market value is charged to account 98 “Deferred income”.

Postings during the inventory of fixed assets:

Transfer of fixed assets for conservation

Conservation of fixed assets is the termination of the operation of an object for a certain period of time with the possibility of its renewal. Conservation is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the preservation of an object for a long time.

Mothballing may be applicable if an item is idle for some reason and is not in use, and management may decide that it would be more beneficial to mothball the item for the required period, thereby providing it with the proper conditions for preservation.

The period of conservation of the fixed asset may not be less than three months.

Depreciation is not charged on mothballed objects. Depreciation should stop accruing from the first month following the month of transition to conservation.

If such a situation has occurred that the object is deactivated in less than 3 months, for example, after 2 months, then depreciation will have to be charged for these 2 months.

The procedure for transferring a fixed asset to conservation

At the initial stage of preparation for conservation, an inventory of fixed assets is carried out, the actual availability of objects with credentials is checked. An inventory is necessary to identify fixed assets that are not currently used. It is economically more profitable to transfer such objects to conservation, thereby ensuring their safety.

The procedure for transferring to conservation is carried out with the help of a commission specially created for this purpose. The commission may include employees of the enterprise, representatives of the management team, etc. The commission draws up a list of idle objects, checks them, decides on the conservation of the fixed asset, sets the conservation deadlines, draws up the necessary documentation.

First of all, the head of the enterprise draws up a conservation order, which contains a list of unused objects. The order is made in any form.

Another of the main documents is the act of conservation of the object, which is drawn up and signed by the members of the commission. Since the State Statistics Committee has not established a standard form of the act, the organization itself develops the form of the act in accordance with its needs.

When setting the form of the act, you need to follow certain rules and include the necessary details in the form. As a rule, the conservation act contains the following information:

• Number and date
• Name of the object, its purpose
• Asset inventory number
• Initial cost (or replacement cost, if a revaluation was carried out)
• residual value
• Accrued depreciation
• Useful lives
• Reasons for the transfer to conservation
• The term of conservation of the fixed asset

After the members of the commission sign the act, it is sent to the head for approval.

In the inventory cards, you can make a note about the transfer of the object to conservation, it is more convenient to do this in the 4th section.

After the object is removed from the mothballed state, depreciation should be continued, while the useful life is extended for the time spent on mothballing. Depreciation must begin on the first day of the month following the month of re-entry.

OS conservation accounting

Objects of fixed assets are accepted for accounting on the debit of account 01. When transferring a fixed asset for mothballing, a separate sub-account “Fixed assets for mothballing” is opened on account 01. The mothballed object is transferred there by posting D01.OS on mothballing K01.OS in operation.

During depreservation, reverse wiring is performed.

Conservation costs:

When preparing an object for conservation and transferring it to long-term storage, some costs arise, which are taken into account as others in the debit of account 91/2. Expenses may also arise during re-preservation, as well as during storage.

Posting for the write-off of expenses for the conservation of fixed assets: D91 / 2 K20 (23, 10, 70, etc.).

Repair of fixed assets

Repair of fixed assets may be required at any time. Equipment does not last forever and can be damaged or broken. If the equipment cannot be restored, then it should be written off, but if the operational properties of the object can be restored, then repairs are carried out.

Repair or reconstruction?

Restoration of an object can be carried out in two ways: current repairs and major repairs (reconstruction, modernization). These two concepts are sometimes confused or considered one and the same process. However, accounting and tax accounting for current and capital repairs of fixed assets is different. It is important at the initial stage to decide how the object will be restored: repaired or reconstructed.

During the current repair, the properties and characteristics of the object that were before the breakdown are restored. That is, the technical and economic indicators of the fixed asset do not change, only the elimination of the malfunctions occurs, or preventive work is carried out to prevent these malfunctions. That is, the repair is aimed primarily at maintaining the standard operating condition of the fixed asset. Repair costs are deducted as expenses in the current tax period.

During the overhaul (reconstruction or modernization), the characteristics of the object are improved, it becomes better, more powerful, more productive, more modern. The changes are more global and, in general, are characterized by an improvement in the technical and economic indicators of the facility. At the same time, all expenses for major repairs increase the initial cost of the object.

That is, the cost accounting mechanism in both cases is fundamentally different, so that the tax authority does not have unnecessary questions in the future, it is necessary to clearly determine what type of work is carried out with the object and where the costs should be attributed.

Accounting for the cost of repairing fixed assets (postings)

Repair work can be carried out both by the enterprise itself, and by attracting third-party contractors with whom a contract is concluded. In the first case, the repair method is called economic, the second - contract.

Depending on how an organization decides to repair its assets, the costs will vary somewhat.

Whatever the source of costs, the cost of repairing fixed assets is attributed to an increase in the cost of production, goods.

Postings to write off the cost of repairs performed on their own:

• D 23 K10 - posting on the write-off from the warehouse of the materials necessary for the repair
• D23 K70 - payroll entry for employees involved in the repair of the facility
• D23 K69 - entry for the accrual of insurance premiums from the salary of employees involved in the repair of the facility
• D20 K23 - repair costs are charged to production costs

Postings for writing off the costs of repairs performed by a contract method:

• D 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) K60 (76) - entry for attributing the cost of work performed to the cost of production for manufacturing enterprises (into sales expenses for trading enterprises)
• D19 K60 - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed by the contractor
• D68. VAT K19 - VAT directed to reimbursement from the budget
• D60 (76) K50 (51) - payment to the contractor for the work performed

Provision for the repair of fixed assets in accounting (postings)

Large enterprises for which repair is a frequent operation and / or repair costs are significant, form a special reserve in advance. The creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets occurs gradually, from month to month. In accounting, account 96 “Reserve for future expenses” is used for this. The formation of a reserve for repairs takes place on a loan account 96 with the help of the gradual inclusion of certain amounts in the cost of production.

Postings for the creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets: D20 (23, 25, 26) K96.

When it becomes necessary to repair an object, a posting is written off from the reserve: D96 K10 (70, 60, 76, 69 ...).

The monthly amount deducted to the reserve is determined as 1/12 of the annual cost of repairs according to the estimate.

If the amount of the formed reserve is not enough to carry out repair work, then the missing funds can be obtained either by deducting additional funds to the reserve (posting D20 K96), or by attributing these costs to the cost of production (posting D20 K10, 70, 60).

If the amount of the formed reserve exceeded the annual repair costs, then the funds remaining on the loan are written off to the organization's income by posting D96 K91 / 1.

At the end of the year, the balance on account 96 is 0.

Modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets

In the process of using fixed assets, equipment may break down, lose its operational properties, become morally and physically obsolete. To restore the properties and characteristics of fixed assets, repairs are carried out. If, in the process of repair work, an object is improved, it becomes more functional, more efficient, that is, its technical and economic indicators generally improve, then this will not be just a repair, but a reconstruction or modernization.

The difference between reconstruction and repair

It is important to see the differences between regular maintenance of fixed assets and modernization or reconstruction. The cost accounting mechanism in both cases is different, so it is necessary at the initial stage to determine how the fixed asset will be restored.

In the process of repair, the functions and properties of the object are restored, which it had at the initial stage of operation, that is, the object does not become better than it was. It just fixes breakage and damage.

If, in the process of carrying out repair work, replacing parts and parts of equipment, the fixed asset has become more powerful, more functional, its productivity has increased, the layout has improved (for real estate), then this is already modernization and reconstruction. And costs need to be accounted for differently.

Maintenance costs are included in the cost of production or selling expenses. The costs of modernization, reconstruction, completion, additional equipment increase the initial cost of the OS.

So, modernization is characterized by an increase in productive capacity, an increase in the book value of fixed assets and useful life, a change in depreciation parameters.

Accounting for the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets

The main feature that distinguishes reconstruction from repair is the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the object. The fixed asset from an economic point of view becomes more profitable for operation. In the process of reconstruction (modernization), new properties and functions of the object may appear.

Documenting:

If the enterprise decides to improve the fixed asset by modernizing it, then the head issues an order (instruction) in which he establishes which object is to be overhauled, what are the deadlines for the work, and appoints responsible persons.

A defective list is filled out for the OS object indicating the reason for the need for modernization.

If the work is carried out by a contract method, then an agreement is concluded with the contractor, which describes the terms of the work, as well as a list of what needs to be done. Estimated technical documentation is being prepared.

For modernization, reconstruction of fixed assets is transferred on the basis of an invoice for internal movement (OS-2 form). This form is issued if the OS will be repaired by the organization itself. If third parties are involved for this, then the act of acceptance and transfer of OS-1 is used.

A modernized, reconstructed object is taken back to accounting on the basis of an acceptance certificate in the OS-3 form.

Information about the overhaul and associated costs is reflected in the inventory card of the object.

Cost accounting entries:

All costs of modernization, reconstruction are attributed to the increase in the initial cost of the fixed asset.

Just as with the receipt of fixed assets by the enterprise, all costs for the work performed are collected under the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred to the debit of account 01.

Postings during the modernization (reconstruction) of fixed assets on their own:

• D08 K10 - written off the materials necessary for the modernization (reconstruction)
• D08 K70 - wages were accrued to employees involved in the reconstruction process
• D08 K69 - insurance premiums are accrued from the salary of these employees
• D08 K23 - expenses of auxiliary production are written off
• D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses for modernization, reconstruction

Postings during the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets by a contract method:

• D08 K60 (76) - reflects the cost of work by third parties
• D19 K60 (76) - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed
• D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses taken into account

With an increase in the cost of fixed assets, monthly depreciation charges will also be increased, this must be taken into account when calculating depreciation.

It should also be noted that in connection with the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the fixed assets, the useful life may be increased. The need for this is determined by the management of the organization and the commission that controls the process of modernization (reconstruction).

Disposal of fixed assets from the enterprise

An item of fixed assets can leave the enterprise in several ways and for various reasons. The object can be sold, donated, contributed to the authorized capital of another organization, written off due to moral or physical deterioration. We will analyze each method of disposal of a fixed asset, how the object is deregistered, what postings to write off the fixed asset must be performed by the accountant in each case.

Write-off of a fixed asset as a result of physical or obsolescence

If the fixed asset is physically worn out, its useful life has expired, obsolete or damaged so much that it is not subject to further use, then it must be written off, that is, deregistered.

Before writing off the OS, it is necessary to assess its condition, the possibility or impossibility of its further operation. This assessment is carried out by a special commission. If the commission decides to write off the object, then the head issues an order on the need to write off the fixed asset. At the same time, a write-off act is drawn up in the form of OS-4, OS-4a or OS-4b, on the basis of which the accountant already makes postings to deregister the fixed asset and makes a mark on the write-off in the inventory card OS-6, OS-6a or OS- 6b.

When an asset is disposed of in this way, its residual value is written off from account 01 on which the object is listed. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of accrued depreciation from the initial (replacement) cost. Initial - this is the cost at which the fixed asset was accepted for accounting on account 01 upon receipt. The replacement value is the value received as a result of the revaluation. Accrued depreciation - all accumulated depreciation deductions as of the write-off date, accrued on credit account 02, are taken.

The procedure for writing off fixed assets is as follows:

1. On account 01, an additional sub-account 2 "Disposal of fixed assets" is opened. At the same time, operating OS will be listed on subaccount 1
2. Posting is being written off the initial (replacement) cost: D01/2 K01/1
3. Posting is being written off the accrued depreciation: D02 K01/2
4. On subaccount 2, the residual value of fixed assets (the difference between debit and credit) was formed, which is written off to other expenses by posting D91/2 K01/2

If the object is fully depreciated, its useful life has ended, then the residual value will be equal to 0 (the debit of the account 2 account 01 is equal to its credit).

The costs of writing off fixed assets, for example, for dismantling, are also written off as other expenses (D91 / 2 K70, 69, 76).

Parts, spare parts, materials remaining after the dismantling of the fixed asset and subject to further use are accounted for at the average market value as material assets (D10 K91 / 1).

Based on the results of the write-off, a financial result is formed on account 91;

Postings when decommissioning a fixed asset:

Sale of a fixed asset

If the disposal as a result of write-off is documented by a write-off act, then the disposal of a fixed asset through a sale is documented by an act of acceptance and transfer form OS-1, OS-1a, OS-1b.

If for an enterprise the sale of fixed assets is an isolated case and is not a common activity, then the income and expenses associated with the sale are reflected on account 91 (in contrast to the sale of goods, which are recorded on account 90 “Sales”).

When a fixed asset is sold to a third-party enterprise, the residual value of the object is written off in the same way, postings:

D01 / 2 K01 / 1 - the initial cost of the OS was written off,

D02 K01 / 2 - depreciation was written off for this fixed asset.

D91/2 K01/2 - the residual value of fixed assets aimed at sale has been written off.

D91 / 2 K70 (69, 76) - associated costs are reflected.

The proceeds received from the sale of fixed assets are reflected in the credit of account 91 on the first sub-account, the posting looks like:

D62 (76) K91 / 1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets.

The sale of an item of fixed assets is a transaction subject to VAT. The price at which the object is sold to the buyer must include value added tax. The amount of VAT is reflected in posting D91/3 K68.vat.

Based on the results of the sale, a financial result is formed on account 91, which is reflected in one of the postings:

D99 K91 / 9 - reflected the loss from the sale of fixed assets (if expenses exceeded revenue).

D91 / 9 K99 - reflected the profit from the sale of fixed assets (if the proceeds from the sale exceeded the costs).

Transactions when selling a fixed asset:

Free transfer of fixed assets (donation)

A donation of a fixed asset is equated to a sale, so the mechanism for the disposal of fixed assets is similar to a sale.

Similarly, the residual value is debited to account 91/2. This includes all associated costs.

Since the object is transferred free of charge, there will be no revenue in this case. However, VAT must be charged for payment. The VAT calculation is based on the average market value of the fixed asset at the date of transfer.

The loss received from donation is reflected in posting D99 K91 / 9.

Postings for the gratuitous transfer of fixed assets:

Contribution of a fixed asset to the authorized capital of another enterprise

Let's consider another way to dispose of fixed assets - making it into the authorized capital of another organization. The transfer is similarly formalized by the act of acceptance and transfer.

The contribution of fixed assets to the authorized capital is considered a financial investment of the enterprise in order to receive income in the form of dividends, therefore, account 58 “Financial investments” is used to reflect this operation.

Initially, postings are made to write off the initial cost and depreciation: D01/2 K01/1 and D02 K01/2.

The posting for the transfer of fixed assets to another enterprise looks like: D76 K01 / 2, which is carried out for the amount of the residual value of the fixed assets.

At the same time, a debt is formed on a contribution to the authorized capital, which is reflected in posting D58 K76.

It is not necessary to charge VAT on the cost of fixed assets, since this operation is not equated with sales, but is considered an investment by the enterprise.

Postings when making a fixed asset in the Criminal Code of another enterprise:

Lease of fixed assets

When transferring fixed assets for temporary use from one organization to another, it becomes necessary to take into account the lease of objects from both the lessor and the lessee.

The property is transferred on the basis of a lease agreement, which specifies the details of the parties (lessor and tenant), as well as the period for which the property is transferred. When transferring fixed assets for a period of less than 12 months, we observe a short-term lease, for a period of more than 12 months - a long-term lease. Also, the agreement may reflect the possibility of transferring ownership of the leased property and indicate the conditions under which this is possible.

The accounting records of the leased fixed assets must be maintained by both parties to the transaction. With the help of postings, the lessor reflects the transfer of the object for rent, and the tenant - their acceptance. Let's figure out what accounting entries for the lease of fixed assets should be reflected by both parties.

Accounting for the lease of fixed assets from the lessor

The owner of an item of fixed assets, for example, equipment, has the right to transfer this equipment for temporary use to another organization. This may be an isolated case, or the organization may specialize in leasing property and for it such operations are a common activity.

We will analyze both cases, since the accounting for expenses and income in both cases differs markedly.

By the way, despite the fact that the fixed asset was leased to another enterprise, the object still continues to be listed on the balance sheet of the lessor and, therefore, it must be depreciated monthly.

To account for the transfer of an asset for rent, a separate sub-account “Integrated assets leased” is opened on account 01, the transfer of an asset for rent is reflected by posting D01.OS in lease D01.OS in operation.

The transfer itself is drawn up by an act of acceptance and transfer in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b.

Leasing of fixed assets is the main activity of the enterprise

In this case, account 90 “Sales” is used to record all income and expenses from lease operations. The debit of this account collects all the expenses associated with the lease, the income on the loan.

The expenses can be monthly depreciation, transportation and installation costs of the facility (if this happens at the expense of the lessor), expenses for current or major repairs (again, if this happens at the expense of the owner of the equipment) and other related expenses.

The income is the rental payments that the tenant pays to the owner of the object.

The entry for accounting for rental expenses looks like: D90 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44).

Posting for accrual of lease payments looks like: D76 K90/1.

Posting on receipt of these payments: D51 K76.

Every month, the final financial result from the lease is considered on account 90, the profit received is reflected in the posting D90/9 K99, if the expenses exceeded the income, then we observe a loss, which is reflected in the posting D99 K90/9.

If the lease payments include VAT, then it must be separated from the amount of payments (posting D90/3 K68.VAT) and paid to the budget (D68.VAT K51).

Lease of fixed assets is a one-time operation

In this case, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used to account for expenses and income.

Similarly, debit account 91 collects expenses associated with a leased fixed asset, credit account 91 - income.

Fixed asset lease accounting entries:

D91 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44) - expenses for the lease of fixed assets are taken into account.

D76 K91 / 1 - lease payments have been accrued.

D51 K76 - payment for the rental of fixed assets has been received.

When the fixed asset is returned to account 01, a reverse posting is made D01.OS in operation K01.OS in lease. And also a mark is made in the act of acceptance and transfer of this OS.

Accounting for a leased asset with a tenant

When receiving any equipment for temporary use from another organization, the organization records it on the off-balance account 001. The cost specified in the anerda agreement is entered in the debit of account 001.

At the same time, the organization can start inventory cards for these fixed assets.

Since the object continues to be listed on the balance sheet of its owner, the tenant does not charge depreciation on it.

The tenant writes off the costs of lease payments by posting D20 (44) K76, their payment to the lessor is reflected by posting D76 K51.

The tenant allocates VAT included in the rental amount by posting D19 K76 and directs it to reimbursement from the budget by posting D68. VAT K19.

If the tenant returns his property to the owner, then in the tenant's accounting it must be removed from account 001, for which its value is reflected in credit 001.

If the tenant wants to pay rent payments ahead of time, then you can use account 97 “Deferred expenses”. D97 K76 wiring is in progress. After that, monthly it is necessary to carry out posting D20, 23, 26 (44) K97.

Repair of a leased fixed asset

If the leased object requires repair, then it is carried out depending on the conditions specified in the lease agreement.

At the expense of the tenant:

If the tenant repairs the OS on its own, then all repair costs are debited by postings:

D20 (44) K10 - the cost of materials spent on repairs was written off.

D20 (44) K70 - the accrued wages of employees involved in the repair of a leased OS were written off.

D20 (44) K69 - insurance premiums are accrued from the salary of these employees.

D20 (44) K76 - reflects the costs of the services of third-party organizations engaged in repairs.

D19 K76 - allocated VAT on services of third-party organizations.

D68.VAT K19 - VAT is deductible.

By the lessor:

If the OS is being repaired by its owner, then all the above entries are made in the lessor's accounting.

Also, these expenses can be offset against future lease payments, while all expenses associated with the repair and collected on the debit of account 20 or 44 are written off by posting D76 K20 (44).

Redemption of a leased fixed asset:

The ability to buy out the OS is usually written into the lease agreement. In this case, as a rule, the tenant pays the cost of this equipment to its owner (posting D76 K51). The redemption price is usually reflected in the text of the lease agreement.

The costs associated with the redemption of the object are collected under the debit of account 08, this includes the redemption value (posting D08 K76), as well as lease payments paid earlier. These lease payments will be accounted for as accrued depreciation in posting D08 K02.

The purchased object is put into operation, while the accountant makes posting D01 K08.

Based on materials: buhs0.ru