Download the presentation the land is the breadwinner. Synopsis of the lesson on the world around on the topic "the land is the breadwinner". B) iron ore, copper ore
We live on earth. " Man is taken from the earth, and feeds on the earth- This truth has been known for a long time.
We call the land "nurse" because it returns us a hundredfold what was sown in a good hour. " Bow to mother earth, she will reward you a hundredfold!”- this wisdom has been proven for centuries.
« Mother-Cheese-Earth feeds everyone, waters everyone, clothes everyone, warms everyone with her warmth!". For all those bounties that the earth sends down to man, the human race has filial feelings for her.
« There is nothing for a person in life holier than maternal feelings. The son of the native land - living and feeding on its bounty, the Russian people-plowman, breathing one breath with nature, is filled with truly filial love and respect for Mother-Damp-Earth».
“And people all need food,
Don't get it, of course
No hard work.
You have to work on the ground
She is your nurse!”
(Author of the verse: Iris Revue
)
A person cannot live without food. It will just disappear. And the earth feeds man. But a seed thrown into the ground, without good supervision, without invested labor, and a kind word will not give a good harvest. Man works on earth. Ordinary people plow, sow, harrow. Skills and experience are passed on from generation to generation. Each watchman knows a lot of tricks for cultivating the land. " The earth is a nurse, and even then she asks for food and drink". A lot of proverbs, sayings, rhymes, invocations about the native land, the breadwinner of people, have been composed among the people.
"Fertilize the land more - the harvest will be higher."
"What goes around comes around".
"He works well - the bread will be born."
"The earth is not plowed at a gallop."
« Goy, the earth is damp,
dear earth,
Mother is dear to us!
She gave birth to all of us
Raised, raised
And endowed with land;
For us, our children,
Drink clean water
And gave birth to every kind of cereal»…
So the conclusion suggests itself: "The earth is a plate: what you put in, then you take."
Anatoly ONEGOV.
Science and life // Illustrations
Pear-like cucumbers grow in the garden when there is a lack of potassium in the soil.
Oats were sown in the fields behind barley.
Meadow areas are shrinking, followed by a decrease in the number of livestock and manure.
Probably, you had to meet at the end of summer on cucumber beds, when the crop is almost all harvested, freak cucumbers. Some of them look like peppers - the tails of cucumbers are thin and bent; others - on a pear - the "head" is poorly developed, and the bottom is swollen exactly like a pear. Cucumbers that look like gnarled peppers grow in beds when plants lack nitrogen, and pear-like fruits grow when potassium is lacking.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron are required by plants in large quantities, and therefore they are called macronutrients. Other substances necessary for nutrition - trace elements - plants need in much smaller doses. Trace elements are: boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, silicon, cobalt, sodium, iodine.
It has long been known how plants behave when they lack the nutrition of one or another macro- or microelement. There will not be enough nitrogen - and the plants will immediately slow down their growth, and the leaves will turn from green to light green.
Lack of phosphorus - their growth, flowering and ripening of fruits will be delayed, the leaves will begin to turn purple and side shoots will not form.
Not enough potassium - the leaves will become lethargic, and brown spots will appear on them, and the edges will turn yellow.
With calcium deficiency, plants will not grow, they will remain tiny dwarfs.
And in the absence of copper, they cannot develop at all and die soon after germination.
All of these plant nutrients come from the soil. Potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, iron ... are found in the earth, the same clay that lies below the upper fertile soil layer is rich in them. But nitrogen is not contained in the soil - it comes from the air as a result of the activity of special bacteria that absorb nitrogen in the air and enrich the soil with this element.
For the successful operation of such bacteria, two conditions are required: access to the soil of oxygen and its weak acidity. This is why soils in low, damp places are much poorer in nitrogen than soils in high, dry places.
Unfortunately, the natural accumulation of nitrogen in the soil is slow, and cultivated plants can extract it very quickly - only a few years are enough for this. Quite quickly, other nutrients can be taken out of the soil.
Back in the early 1980s in Finland, I was shown a drawing from a book addressed to schoolchildren. In the picture, there were two loaves side by side. One is small, and the other is a giant bread. Under the picture there were such signatures: quite recently, in order for our body to receive all the trace elements it needs, it was enough to eat a small loaf of bread; now that the earth has already worked for people, in order to get the same amount of essential trace elements, one must eat such giant bread. So the Finnish schoolchildren were explained that without introducing microelements into the soil, the normal life of people would soon be impossible at all. It was no longer said that all macronutrients should be added to the soil - it was true.
Somehow I read in the scientific literature about the grain crops that were harvested under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Russian North (we were talking about monastic lands). These harvests were characterized by the following numbers: "self-5", "self-7", "self-11", and even "self-13". What is "self-5"? They sowed a pood of grain, but got five poods And "sam-13" - they sowed one pood, and grew 13 poods! Very high figures even today: if at least 200 kilograms of grain are spent per hectare of arable land, then the harvest can be 26 centners per hectare. Keep in mind that in those times there were no today's seeders, and the grain was not sown in rows, but scattered by hand, and the bread grew in a solid thick wall.With this method of sowing, not 200-250 kilograms of seeds went per hectare of arable land, but 400, and the crop "sam-13" looked different : not 26 centners per hectare, but 52 centners! And this is on the northern arable lands, orphan podzols, reclaimed at one time from the forest with the help of fire! The forest was burned down to the ground, and the soil, its upper fertile layer, burned out along with it. in place of the ashes contained all the macro- and microelements, but there was no nitrogen in it.Nitrogen did not remain in the soil either - it volatilized. there was nothing alive: neither aerobic microorganisms, nor bacteria capable of fixing nitrogen and transferring it to the soil. The bare desert only for a year or two gave some kind of harvest due to ash (ash is the first mineral fertilizer that a person encountered). Then people left the recent conflagration, and it gradually overgrown first with Ivan-tea (fireweed), then raspberries, later birch, aspen, and alder. And on such a land-ashes in the 17th century they harvested a crop that is unattainable today for many modern farms?! And the magic wand was the most common manure, which in the spring was taken out to the fields and plowed into the soil. Manure turned out to be the second fertilizer that a person met, both organic, giving food to various microorganisms, and complete, containing all the nutrients the plant needs, including nitrogen.
At the same time, when rich crops were harvested in the northern lands, manure was a commodity there, had its price, and cows were often kept on the farm not for the sake of milk and butter, but for the sake of fertilizer.
In the spring, manure, still in the snow, was taken out to the fields. After the snow melted, when the earth dried up, it was plowed up. The arable land filled with manure rested until autumn, and in autumn the field was sown with winter rye. The following year, rye was harvested, the stubble left after bread was plowed up in the fall, and in the new spring, a spring crop, the same barley, was grown on this field. In the third year, oats were sown after barley.
The oats were harvested, and only the next spring the manure was again taken out to the field. That is, manure was brought into the ground once every four years: 40 tons per hectare of arable land. This amount of manure was produced in four years by one cow with a calf and a small herd of sheep. It turns out that one cow could provide one hectare of arable land with full-fledged fertilizer. If you want to plow and harvest from two hectares of arable land, start two cows.
By the way, 40 tons of manure per hectare of arable land is also today's norm of fertilizer for growing bread, potatoes, cabbage. This proportion must also be maintained in our garden, if we manage with organic fertilizers alone. On a bed 1 meter wide and 10 meters long, 40 kilograms of manure must be applied once every four years - at the rate of 4 kilograms of manure per 1 square meter, or a bucket of manure (raw) per 2 square meters of the garden. From fresh manure introduced in autumn, either cabbage or potatoes can be grown; then root vegetables, green vegetables. Before the third, and even more so the fourth crop, the soil must be corrected, because we do not allocate our land for fallow.
Thus, the secret of high yields in our northern land was revealed to me. And what was the situation with grain harvests to the south, in the same central zone of our country?.. Here, the harvests were much smaller, and over the years they continued to decline. Let's open the Complete Encyclopedia of Russian Agriculture, Volume X. The rye harvest in Russia in the last decade of the 19th century (average for all regions) was 40 pounds per tithe, a little more than 6 centners per hectare. While in Germany 14 centners per hectare. But rye is the main bread for the Non-Chernozem Region, 6 centners per hectare is not a net profit, from here we must also subtract the grain that was left for seeds. What then happened to the peasant and his family for a whole year of life?
Before me is a small book - a lecture by Professor K. A. Timiryazev "Science and the farmer." On the cover there is an author's note: "The fee from this book is intended for the benefit of the hungry."
The book appeared in 1906 and, apparently, is in no way confined to a specific famine year caused by the elements - we are talking about the victims of another, chronic famine in Russia:
"At the present time, unless some of Shchedrin's generals realize that Russia is fed by the peasant. He himself calls the land his breadwinner. But is it really so? Here is what, no later than yesterday, could be read in the newspapers: " According to the information received by the Supremely approved meeting under the chairmanship of I. A. Goremykin on meeting the needs of the rural population, it turns out that in general in 50 provinces, the amount of bread per capita of both sexes does not reach the annual food norm for one soul, 20 poods - 3.4 poods, i.e., 17 percent less than the norm. "He who feeds Russia is malnourished himself. And he is malnourished because the old breadwinner, the earth, refuses to feed him as before ... What needs to be done, to solve this problem about two ears of corn? Who will bring this clue?"
The reason for the chronic famine in Russia lay primarily in the lack of manure. At one time, the German proverb was widely known - "meadow - the breadwinner of arable land." Moreover, it was known exactly what size meadow could feed arable land with an area of 1 hectare: 2 hectares of meadow - 1 hectare of arable land. These figures can be confirmed by the same norm of manure: one cow supplies manure to 1 hectare of arable land, and a cow is fed hay during the stall period by a meadow measuring 2 hectares.
But such correlations "meadow-arable land" were preserved only where there was plenty of land. In the north, there was prosperity, in the south the population grew very quickly, and in order to feed people, it was necessary to increase arable land at the expense of the meadow. The areas of meadows were reduced, the number of livestock and manure decreased, and then crops also fell.
But this is not all the troubles of the land, which was once known as a generous nurse. The meadows, where from year to year they made hay for cattle, of course, lost their strength, their fertility, because at that time they were not fertilized. Each time, the hay contained less and less macro- and microelements necessary for plant nutrition. It turns out that manure became less and less valuable. In addition, potassium and phosphorus, which are spent on the construction of plant tissues, returned to the field a little more than 40%. This is how the arable land lost its strength, because the meadow lost its strength, and then the manure. But hay was harvested from the same meadow from year to year and in the north, and the yields there were quite high for a long time.
It turns out that in the north, hay was most often mowed from floodplain meadows, from lowlands, which were washed by spring waters every spring. Spring water carried with it a large amount of nutrients washed out in different places during the flood, and left them in the floodplain of the river, stream, in a damp low meadow. The soil was fertilized every spring again and again, and therefore the beautiful grass always grew here, which goes to feed the livestock.
But even in former times, not every farm was provided with floodplain lands. And ordinary, non-floodplain meadows were not always enough. And then they plowed up those lands where they had recently harvested hay for cattle, forgetting that without a sufficient amount of manure there would be no desired harvest.
But for many years man has polluted the air, water and land. Now we are thinking about respect for nature.
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Eastern District Department of Education SPECIAL (CORRECTIONAL) COMPREHENSIVE BOARDING SCHOOL II TYPE №30 named. K.A. MIKAELYANA EARTH IS OUR FEEDER TODAY AND TOMORROW.
We are used to believing that our country is the richest in natural resources. Indeed, in Russia there are many forests, rivers and land, so that you can spend these treasures without worrying about the future. But for many years man has polluted the air, water and land. Now we are thinking about respect for nature.
Half of the world's population is unable to drink clean water. Our country ranks second in the world in terms of water reserves. Although there is a lot of water, we must learn to conserve it. Modern enterprises purify water and reuse it without polluting nearby water bodies. Residents of cities and villages should have new pipes, modern taps, meters, which saves water consumption. In agriculture, water must also be spent rationally. Man is 80% water. If there is good, clean water in the city, there will be healthy and strong people.
The forest and its inhabitants also need human protection. History has shown us that large areas of forests have disappeared in Europe in recent years. For example, in modern Germany there are no historical forests, all forests were planted by human hands. We don't want this. The forest is the "green" lungs of our cities, a pantry of useful products, it protects rivers, roads, provides shelter and food for animals and birds. There are 300 times fewer bacteria in forest air than in urban air.
Cutting down trees, plowing the land, people reduce the habitat of animals. Very often, people, having been in the forest, leave behind mountains of garbage and broken bottles in cozy clearings, the bottoms of which can cause forest fires. That is why it is so important that the forest is always clean and fresh!
Reserves help save animals. Elk Island is a national park located in our district. Its territory is 12 thousand hectares. 500 species of plants grow there, 280 animals, 200 species of birds live there. Residents of our area in the autumn and winter arrange feeders in the park. My family and I go there to feed squirrels with nuts, titmouses, sparrows and pigeons, and ducks with bread.
But there is also soil - one of the main wealth that gives man food. This is a thin fertile layer, it covers the entire land of our planet. Soil is formed as a result of the interaction of air, water and living organisms. The land resources of our country are enormous, but the amount of fertile land is constantly declining: new roads and cities, plants and factories are being built. But the soil has a remarkable property - it can recover on its own with the help of the cycle of substances in nature. Now our task is not to take anything away from nature, but to return old debts to it and preserve the riches it has. THE SOIL
Scientists have long thought that the deterioration of living conditions on earth could have catastrophic consequences. They decided to create a working model of the biosphere. This would help prepare for life in space: if you suddenly have to move to other planets. In addition, such systems can be useful in case of extreme deterioration of life conditions on Earth.
American scientists built a huge room under a glass dome, where there were all earthly natural conditions: desert, savannah, forest, and even man-made reservoirs. Plants were supposed to provide both oxygen and light food, and goats, chickens, ocean living creatures - to give hearty meals. Conditions were created for artificial precipitation, moisture fell in heavy rains. The oxygen that the trees gave off was necessary for the respiration of people, animals and microorganisms, and the absorption of carbon dioxide by them was supposed to increase the yield of plants. At first everything was fine, but after a few weeks, the microorganisms depleted the air, people suffered from a lack of oxygen and food. The savanna and forest quickly filled with bacteria that destroyed them. A huge number of insects bred, especially cockroaches and ants. BIOSPHERE - 2
BIOSPHERE DEVICE - 2
No matter how hard scientists tried to take into account every little thing, they could not repeat what mother nature created. This experiment showed that a person is not yet able to create artificial conditions for the circulation of substances without failure. Now our task is not to take anything away from nature, but to return old debts to it and preserve the existing wealth. Skryleva Varvara, 4 "A" class.
Lesson of the world around in grade 4 on the topic:
"Earth-nurse"
Naumenko Natalya Vladimirovna
primary school teacher MBOU secondary school No. 13
Pavlovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory
Lesson Objectives:
Introduce students to different types of soils and their composition;
To promote the upbringing of primary schoolchildren in respect for the soil; developing the ability to work in a group;
To promote the development of logical thinking, observation, the ability to express one's opinion.
List of educational and additional literature
Textbook: A. A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us", Grade 4. Part 1., M.: Education, 2010.
Workbook: A. A. Pleshakov "The World Around Us", Grade 4. Part 1., M.: Education, 2010.
N.V. Lobodin. World around us. Grade 4: lesson plans. Volgograd: Teacher, 2006.
O.I. Dmitrieva, O.A. Mokrushin. Lesson developments for the course "The World Around", Grade 4. M. : VAKO, 2004
I . Organizing time. Student motivation.
Hello guys!
Are you ready for the lesson?
I hope for you, friends!
We are a good friendly class
Everything will work out for us!
Today we have a regular meeting of the "Researchers" club. Let me introduce the participants of today's meeting.
II . Checking homework
Let's do the crossword puzzle.
(Slide 1)
Group work
1.It is very durable and resilient,
Builders reliable friend:
Houses, steps, pedestals
They will become beautiful and noticeable. (Granite)
5. It was cooked for a long time
In the blast furnace
Got famous
Scissors, keys. (Iron)
6. They cover the roads with them,
Streets in the village
It's also in cement.
He himself is a fertilizer. (Limestone)
8. If you meet on the road,
Then the legs get stuck a lot.
And to make a bowl or vase -
She'll be needed right away. (Clay)
9. He is black, shiny,
He brings warmth to the house,
It is light all around.
Helps melt steel
Make paints and enamels. (Coal)
2. It is the most on earth.
You know him well.
Won't do without it
No car, no candy
No machines, no rockets. (Aluminum)
7. Will not run without it
No taxi, no motorbike
The rocket will not rise.
Guess what it is? (Oil)
3. He really needs the kids,
He's on the paths in the yard
He is at a construction site and on the beach,
It even melted into glass.
A real helper for people. (Sand)
4. Plants grew in the swamp,
They became fuel and fertilizer. (Peat
Upon completion of the check for slide 1.
Let's check how well you learned the previous topic. Let's do a test. (Slide 2 - select the correct answer by clicking the mouse)
Test "Our underground riches"
(front work)
1. Mineral deposits are being searched for ...
a) archaeologists;
b) geologists;
c) builders.
2. Minerals include ...
a) brick, concrete, gasoline;
b) machines, vases, scissors;
c) oil, gas, clay.
3. Metals are obtained from ...
a) coal, amber, chalk;
b) pearls, limestone, peat;
c) iron ore, copper ore.
4. With the help of drilling rigs, they extract ..
a) oil, natural gas;
b) potassium salt, diamonds;
c) marble, granite.
5. Minerals with the property of combustibility ...
a) diamond, limestone, graphite;
b) coal, peat, oil;
c) iron ore, table salt, chalk.
6. Construction uses…
a) peat, iron ore, gems;
b) stone coal, malachite, anthracite;
c) sand, clay, granite.
7. Mines are mined ...
a) coal, anthracite, iron ore;
b) table salt, pearls, granite;
c) limestone, shell rock, granite.
III . Formulation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
There is a wonderful pantry on earth. If you put a handful of grain in it, you will receive a hundred handfuls in return (slide 4 - on click).
If you hide a potato, you will pull out a lot (slide 5).
A tiny seed turns into a huge watermelon (slide 6).
A thin sprout turns into a beautiful flower (slide 7).
A handful of seeds becomes a large pile of cucumbers, carrots, tomatoes, sweet fragrant fruits and berries.
Is it a fairy tale or not? This is not a fairy tale. There is actually a wonderful pantry.
What is it called? (Earth).
People have long called the earth a breadwinner. And that is what we are going to focus on today. (Slide 8)
IV . Discovery of "new knowledge"
Now open the Explanatory Dictionary, find the words; earth; and read what is written there.
The word earth has several meanings, one of them is soil.
Let's remember what is the soil? (top fertile layer of the earth).
What substances does soil consist of? (Slide 9)
That is main property soil? (Fertility)
The fertility of different soils is different.
Today we will learn what soils are.
And we still have to find out why the earth is called the "nurse".
We have already studied the natural areas of our country. So, each natural zone is characterized by its own type of soil.
The science of soils - soil science - was created by the Russian soil scientist Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev. More than 100 years ago, Dokuchaev proved that the main types of soils are located on the earth according to the type of zonality. Each natural zone has its own type of soil. He compiled the first soil maps of Russia, created a scientific classification of soils.
Now we will consider sections of the main types of soil in our country. (Slides 11-16)
Tundra soils are common in the tundra.
Tundra soil is light, there is little humus in it. Why? (slide 10).
In the taiga, there is grayish podzolic soil (slide 11).
In deciduous forests - gray forest soils, it has a lot of sand (slide 12).
Chernozem soils predominate in the steppes. Chernozem - the soil is very dark in color, it has a granular structure, it is the most fertile (slide 13).
Swamp soil - contains a thick layer of peat (slide 14).
Meadow soil - there is enough humus in it. There is a thick layer of turf, which is formed by intertwining roots (slide 15).
Let's make a production break - rest.
Fizminutka. (Slide 16)
Wow, you seed-grain (arms to the sides)
Lie down in the furrow at the bottom! (squat)
You, do not be afraid, golden (hands to face)
Nothing that is dark there, (squat)
To the light, to the sun, from the earth (hands up in a squat)
You, sprout, let's go, (get up)
Like in the spring, at an early hour (turns)
Seeds sprouted from us (turns)
Came out to the sun from the darkness (stretch)
Hello sun, it's us (wave hands)
Small is still a sprout-child (tilts of the head)
Just out of diapers, (sit down)
Guys, what do you think, what soils prevail in our region? (We live in the steppe zone, which means that chernozem soils predominate in our country)
Chernozem soils predominate in our region. They are dark in color. Chernozem has a powerful upper fertile layer rich in humus. Chernozem soils are the most fertile in the world. Chernozem is the main wealth of our region. During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis drove the civilian population to the fields and forced them to remove about half a meter of black soil. Then they loaded this land onto platforms and took it to Germany.
Do you think soil fertility is infinite or will it ever end?
Yes, fertility must be preserved, but how - we will now learn from the textbook.
To do this, sit down in groups and get a task to speak at the academic council. You are faced with the problem “How to protect the soil?”
1 group- what rules must be followed when building roads, factories, mining? (it is necessary to remove a layer of soil, and then put it in its original place or use it when landscaping the territory)
2 group– how to protect the soil from the effects of wind and water flows? (Plant shelterbelts, carry out snow retention, properly plow the soil.)
3 group What is the soil afraid of? (Pesticides, too much fertilizer, too much watering)
V . Consolidation of new knowledge.
And now we will make a memo for agricultural workers on soil protection. Look at the slide and remove the wrong actions. (Slide 17)
Correlate the soil and the natural area (slides 18-24, you need to click on the correct answer)
Even in the old days, our ancestors called the earth a breadwinner, mother. She was taken with them on distant wanderings, because they believed that she gives strength and helps in everything in foreign lands. People have always taken good care of the land. Poems and songs were written about her. Let us love, appreciate the earth, take care of it. Then she will delight us with a rich harvest, dense forests, flowering fields. That is why the remarkable Russian scientist Dokuchaev said that soil is more precious than gold. People could live without gold, but not without soil.
VI . Reflection
Reflection (slide 25):
Today's lesson was interesting...
It was a revelation for me that...
I can use my new experience...
Homework (if needed in class)
1) S.171-174, complete task 2 /
2) Be prepared to talk about what you are doing to keep the plants in your area strong, healthy and produce a rich harvest.