General characteristics of the flora. Quantitative characteristics of flora. Research results and discussion
Introduction
The environmental education of schoolchildren, the formation of a responsible attitude towards nature and the rational use of its resources is the most important problem of our time. One of the forms of environmental education can be school sites, where students acquire the basics of environmental knowledge and conduct systematic research work on topical issues of ecology and biology. This work is dedicated to the significant date of our school, it turns 25 years old. The purpose of our work is to determine the current state of the flora on the territory of the secondary school with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district of the Komi Republic. To achieve this goal, specific tasks have been identified:
Most fully identify and determine the species composition of the flora on the territory of the school site.
Conduct a taxonomic, systematic, geographical, ecological and biomorphological analysis of vascular plants growing on the school site.
Assess the current state of the flora on the territory of the school site and offer recommendations for its further landscaping and for long-term monitoring.
The scientific significance of our work lies in the fact that on its basis it is possible to conduct monitoring studies to determine the dynamics of development of various phytocenoses in a given area, as well as to environmentally substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for expanding the list of ornamental woody plants enriched with introduced species in the landscaping of villages and schools. . The results of our research will be included in the environmental passport of the school site and are already being used for biology, geography, environmental talks, lectures, games, quizzes and excursions along ecological paths.
Natural conditions of the study area
The climate of our region is temperate continental, with lower total temperatures during the active growing season and a uniform distribution of precipitation. A general idea of the climate of the region is provided by the data of climatic factors given in Table 1 based on long-term observations of the Ust-Vymsk meteorological station.
The growing season (the period with an average daily temperature above 5 °C) begins in early May and ends in September. Its average duration is 100–120 days, which is compensated by the presence of a long daylight hours. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C in this region is 1200–1400°C (Geographic Atlas…, 1994). According to the amount of precipitation, the study area is classified as excessively humid (Atlas…, 1997).
On average, 500-600 mm of precipitation falls per year, a large number of days with precipitation is typical (204 days per year). The amount of precipitation (522 mm) exceeds their annual evaporation (352 mm). More than 56% of the annual precipitation falls during the growing season, which has a positive effect on plant growth.
Air humidity averages 79% per year. Its lowest indicators fall in the spring and summer months, the highest - in autumn and winter (Isachenko, 1995). The average depth of soil freezing is 98 cm. The average dates of river freeze-up are November 10–15;
According to soil zoning, the study area is included in the Vychegdo-Luzsky region of typical podzolic soils (middle taiga) of the Vychegdo-Mezen geomorphological district. Waterlogged variants develop on peaty-podzolic, gleyed soils to varying degrees, since waterlogging occurs due to a decrease in atmospheric water runoff (Zaboeva, 1973). Soil acidity is strong - pH = 3.6–4.5
Table 1. Data of climatic factors based on long-term observationsUst-Vymsk weather station
Me-sya-tsy
Yu.P. Yudina (1954) the study area belongs to the middle taiga subzone. The study area is included in the Vychegodsko-Sysolsky geobotanical district, the northern boundary of which is the valley of the river. Vychegda. There are few dry meadows, they are very unstable, quickly covered with moss and overgrown with shrubs and forests. Farming from the mainland is partially shifting to the river valleys and to the southern slopes. Meadows in the valley of the lower Vychegda are forb-grass and cereals. The yield of herbs in these meadows is high (3–4 t/ha).
Method of collection and processing of material
Field studies of flora and vegetation on the territory of the school site with. Aikino were performed by us during the summer periods of 2004–2006. To study the flora of this area, the method of specific (elementary) floras (CF), developed by A.I. Tolmachev, was used. (1974). According to this method, the flora was examined throughout the territory of the site. We laid routes throughout the site, during which the species of plants, epiphytic lichens and mosses were identified, obscure species were taken in bouquets, in a herbarium and were determined at school, at home, the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The collected material was identified according to the "Flora of the North-East of the European Part of the USSR" (1974–1977). The names of the species are given according to the summary of S.K. Cherepanov (1995). To characterize the flora of the school site, a general list of vascular plants was compiled, the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this flora were determined, and a separate list of the assortment of ornamental woody plants used in school gardening was given with the number and percentage of species, genera, families of this group. The method of biographical coordinates was used to analyze the flora. The analysis of life forms was carried out according to the system of I.G. Serebryakova (1962). The analysis of species according to biotypes of Raunkier, according to their ecological and coenotic confinement was carried out.
Research results and discussion
The territory of the studied school site (3.7 hectares) is located at the address: with. Aikino, st. Central, d. 100 "A". It is covered with vegetation on an area of 3.3 hectares. Unlike natural communities, anthropogenic landscapes are characterized by direct human intervention in the habitats of animals and plants. This leads to the formation of a new natural and economic complex. In our case, this complex is a school site.
When analyzing its flora, we found 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino. Spore vascular plants (pine and horsetails) number 8, angiosperms - 212 species (of which 39 are monocots, 173 are dicots). The set of ten leading families turned out to be almost the same as the flora of the taiga zone.
On the territory of the school site, the first 3 places are occupied by the Aster family( Asteraceae ) – 29 (13.2%), bluegrass( Poaceae ) – 22 (10%) and rosés( Rosaceae ) – 17 species (7.7%), and in the flora of the taiga zone this three includes the sedge family (Cyperaceae ), which in our case takes only 11th place. Increased family roleLamiaceae due to a significant number of weed species from the genus Pikulnik (Galeopsis ) .
The ten leading families include 62% of the total species composition, which is typical for the floras of the middle taiga zone and indicates the boreal nature of the flora of the school site. The birth spectrum starts withCarex ( 7) andSalix (6 types). This is common in boreal floras. One third of the families (bindweeds– Convolvulaceae , cyanotic -Polemoniaceae ) and a large number of births (chastukha -Alisma , adoxa - Adoxa ) have only one species each, which indicates a certain depletion and migratory nature of the boreal floras (Tolmachev, 1954).
Features of the flora and vegetation of the Boreal floristic region, which includes the studied territory, are determined by the boreal latitudinal group of species (Martynenko, 1989). It includes more than 70% of vascular plants. Boreal species are forest-forming species (Siberian spruce -Picea obovata , forest pine -Pinus sylvestris ), shrubs (blackcurrant -Ribs nigrum , wild rose May - Rosa majalis ) and herbs (meadow foxtail -Alopecurus pratensis , fence peas -Vicia sepium ).
The second place in terms of species diversity is occupied by a polyzonal group (19%), which includes species widely distributed in several natural zones (common ragwort -Senecio vulgaris , shepherd's bag -Capsella bursa - pastoris ). Economic activities are carried out on the territory of the school, as a result, an increase in the coenotic role of eurytopic polyzonal species is observed. Southern latitudinal groups - nemoral (1 species: folded mannik -Glyceria notata ) and forest-steppe - make up about 7% of the species. The forest-steppe latitudinal group includes species that are usually distributed in grassy communities of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of our country, such as narrow-leaved bluegrass ( Poa angustifolia ), Danish Astragalus (Astragalus danicus ) and others.
A very small group (1.4%) is formed by species of the northern latitudinal groups, the distribution area of which lies in the Arctic and Subarctic - arctoalpine (alpine bluegrass -R oa alpina ) and hypoarctic (philico-leaved willow -Salix phylicifolia and ozhica multicolored -Lusula multiflora ). More than half of the longitudinal groups of the flora of the school site have Eurasian areas (aspen -Populus tremula , meadow geranium -Geranium pratense ), the second place (23.6%) in this indicator is occupied by the Holarctic (circumpolar) group (black sedge -Carex Nigra , field violet -Viola arvensis ). A significant proportion (15.4%) of the flora is made up of species with European ranges, many of which play a significant role in the composition of forests (grey alder -Alnus incana , drooping birch -Betula pendula ) and meadow (giant fescue -Festuca gigantea , awnless rump -Bromopsis inermis ) communities.
About 7% of the flora belongs to the pluriregional (almost cosmopolitan) group, which includes mainly polyzonal weeds (field bindweed -Convolvulus arvensis , Veronica field -Veronica arvensis ) plants that are widely distributed throughout the world. The proximity of our republic to Siberia and historical ties with the Siberian flora have determined here a certain number of Asian (Siberian) species (0.9%) - bristly currant (Ribs hispidulum ) and wild rose (Rosa acicularis ). Near the school, in a flowerbed, from year to year, the only representative of America grows by self-sowing - the amaranth is thrown back (Amaranthus retroflexus ), once introduced with other cultivated flower seeds.
More than half of plant species grow in meadow (54.6%) communities, and one third in weed-ruderal habitats. Abandoned areas of fields and meadows draw attention. Weeds are actively growing here - horsetail (Equisetum arvense ), couch grass (Elytrigia repens ), Sosnovsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi ), field sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis ). At one time, dozens of biologists worked on the creation of Sosnovsky's hogweed, combining the best features of several plants. We got an "ideal plant" with a large biomass and energy of seed reproduction, extremely unpretentious.
Now this introduced plant is a problem XXI century. It fills everything around, crowding out other plants. Thus, uncontrolled human impact on nature can lead to detrimental consequences (Orlovskaya et al., 2006). A large number of ruderal species grow in manured areas (dioecious nettle -Urtica dioica , common flaxseed -Linaria vulgaris , curly thistle -Carduus crispus ). More than half of the weeds are adventitious species introduced from the southern regions of our country (Silene noctiflora , Arabis gerardii ).
The forest cenotype (10%) is represented mainly by woody plants - Siberian larch (Larix sibirica ), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia ), goat willow (Salix caprea ) and others. The presence of marsh (3.7%) and coastal-water (1.4%) cenotypes is due to insignificant watering in the ravines where springs flow.
The selection of ecological groups of plant species was carried out on the basis of their relationship to the moisture factor (Poplavskaya, 1948; Goryshkina, 1979). Most of the plant species of the school site belong to mesophytes (76.5%), growing in conditions of sufficient moisture (white gauze -Chenopodium album , sorrel sour -Rumex acetosa ).
The second place in terms of the number of species is occupied by plants of dry habitats that can tolerate a significant lack of moisture - xeromesophytes (medium cinquefoil -Potentilla intermedia , rough cornflower -Centaurea scabiosa ) .
The group of hygrophytes includes 10.4% of plant species (bog Belozor –Parnassi palustris , marsh bedstraw -Galium palustre ) that live in humid environments. According to the life forms of Raunkier, hemicryptophytes (60.5%) prevail in the flora of the school site, which is typical for the forest zone, the second place is occupied by therophytes (18.5%), represented mainly by plant species in the anthropogenic disturbed areas of the school.
In the analyzed flora, 90% of the species are herbs, of which 67.3% are perennials, among which rhizomatous (32.7%) and taproot (15%) plants predominate. In the former, this ensures their stable fixation in the territory and good distribution even with a weakened seed renewal due to intensive vegetative reproductionCirsium setosum , coltsfoot -Tussilago farfara ). A significant proportion of one- and two-year-olds (19.1%) are mainly anthropochoreous species (medium chickweed -Stellaria media , mountaineer bird -Polygonum aviculare ). They take an active part in open groups and in the overgrowth of disturbed areas.
The set of tree life forms on the school plot is not rich - 10%. A large area is occupied by lawns and flower beds (91%), and trees and shrubs - only 0.5 ha. In the course of our research, 33 species of woody plants (of which 12 are introduced) from 22 genera and 9 families were identified. Of the ornamental tree species, the most typical are fluffy birches (Betula pubescens ) and warty (B . R endula ) and many species of willows, as well as from introduced species - balsam poplar (Rohr ulus balsamifera ) and yellow locust (Caragana arborescens ).
The systematic composition of woody plants is variegated. The largest number of species are represented by the Rosaceae families (Rosaceae ) – 10 (30%) and willow (Salicaceae ) – 8 (24%). In the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1998), the elderberry is listed (Sambucus racemosa ), which is very rare in the southern forests of our republic and is used in the landscaping of our village and school. The Komi Republic has 74% of the forested area (Government Report..., 2005), but the species composition of woody plants is poor, represented by only 101 species (Flora of the North-East..., 1974–77), of which only 45 are suitable for landscaping.
In this work, 21 species of woody plants from the local flora, used in landscaping the school site, are identified. The most promising ecological and geographical areas for attracting woody and shrubby plants are: the European part of Russia, North America, East Asia, and the Far East (Skupchenko et al., 2003).
The list is made up of 29 species of woody plants, taking into account fruiting or successful vegetative propagation, seedlings of which can be purchased at the arboretum of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences or the nurseries of the Aikinsky and Chernamsky forestries. List of species of woody plants recommended for landscaping p. aikino
Acer ginnala Maxim .
Berberis amurensis Rurp .
Cotoneaster integerrimus Medic .
Crataegus chlorosarca Maxim .
Crataegus curvicepala Lindl.
Crataegus dahurica Koehne
Crataegus submolis Sarg.
Euonymus europaeus L.
Euonymus verrucosus Scop.
Fraxinus pensyvanica Marsh.
Malus cerasifera Spacy.
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borckh.
Malus purpurea (Barbier) Rehhd.
Padus maackii (Rupr.) Kom.
Philadelphus coronarius L.
Philadelphus coronarius 'Luteus'
Picea pungens Enggelm.
Ribes alpium L.
Salix alba L.
Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br.
Sorbus sambucifolia Roem.
Spirea beauverdiana Schneid.
Spirea beauverdiana Schneid. x billiardii Hering.
Spirea chamaedryfolia L.
Spirea trilobata L.
Syringa amurensis Rupr.
Syringa josikaea Jacq. Fil.
Syringa wolfii Schneid.
Swida alba "Argenteo -; line-height: 150%"> It should be noted that some woody plants (hawthorn, wild rose, birch, Tatar maple, Siberian larch) have a well-developed dust-retaining property and gas resistance (poplar, bird cherry), so they are used in plantings to reduce environmental pollution.
On the territory of the school site, we identified 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families, and according to life forms - 4 fruticose, 11 foliose and 9 crustose. Nitrophilic lichens are very abundant among the foliose ones: stellate fiscia (R hyscia stellaris ) and gray-blue (Ph . aipolia ), xanthoria wall (Xanthoria parietina ) and scale: scoliciosporum chlorococcal (Scoliciosporum chlorococcum ).
Bushy forms are noted - grooved ramalina (Ramalina sinensis ), bryoria (Bryoria sp . ), sleeping hard (Usnea hirta ) and evernia plum (Evernia prunastri ) is depressed. Also, 3 types of epiphytic moss were identified - Pilesia multiflorum (Pylaisiella polyantha ( Hedw .) Graut - seven.Hypnaceae), leskea polycarpous (Lescea polyocarpa Hedw . - seven. Lescaceae ), orthotrichum is beautiful (Orthotrichum speciosum Ness in Sturm - seven. Orthotrichaceae ), which grow well at the base and on the north side of the trunks of old deciduous trees in settlements.
conclusions
1. In the flora of the school site with. Aikino, Ust-Vymsky district, 220 species from 137 genera and 44 families were identified, which is slightly less than half (45%) of the entire flora of the vicinity of the village. Aikino, as well as 24 species of epiphytic lichens from 18 genera and 7 families, and 3 species of mosses.
2. Ecological and biological analysis of the school plot showed the predominance of species of the boreal Eurasian element and the advantage of mesophilic herbaceous rhizomatous perennials of the meadow coenotype.
3. 33 species of woody plants from 22 genera and 9 families used in landscaping the school site have been identified.
4. It is necessary to use an extended list of landscaping assortment of woody plants, proposed by the staff of the Institute of Biology of the KSC Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the creation of long-term monitoring on the territory of the school site with. Aikino Ust-Vymsky district to continue research work.
So, flora and vegetation are two different components of the vegetation cover.
The flora of our Motherland has more than 18,000 species. All this huge variety of plants is distributed over 160 families. The families of Asteraceae, cereals, and legumes are the richest in species, each of which contains several thousand species. There are relatively many species in such families as rosaceae, cruciferous, buttercup, clove, sedge. Representatives of these families can be found everywhere - from the tundra to the desert, from the western to the eastern borders of the country, from the plains to the highlands.
The geographical distribution of individual plant species is very different. Some of them are found only in a limited area, sometimes very small. So, Semenov's fir grows exclusively in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, and the Crimean peony - only in the southern part of the Crimea. However, many species have a wider distribution, they are not limited to any limited area. Finally, there are species that are very widespread and are found in most of the territory of the Soviet Union. An example is the familiar trees - Scotch pine, aspen, birch.
The area of natural distribution of a plant on the earth's surface is called an area. If the range of a particular species is relatively small and this species is found only in one specific area of the globe, then this species is called endemic to the corresponding area. So they say about endemic plants, or, in other words, endems, of the Caucasus, Carpathians, Central Asia, etc.
There are many endemics in the flora of our country. Especially a lot of them in the flora of the high belts of mountains.
Among the plants of the domestic flora, the so-called relics are of great interest - ancient species that have survived to our time from geological epochs more or less remote from modernity. The most "old" relics in our country are plants preserved from the Tertiary period (2 - 65 million years ago). These include, for example, the Pontic rhododendron, a large evergreen shrub that grows in the coastal regions of Georgia (in Colchis); an iron tree that forms forests in the mountains of Azerbaijan (in Talysh); Amur velvet - a tree common in our Far East (in Primorye), and others. On the territory of the Soviet Union there are several regions where such plants are found, the most important of them: Western Transcaucasia, or Colchis, the extreme south of Azerbaijan, or Talysh, our Far East. Relics of the Tertiary period are rather heat-loving plants, therefore they have survived in our country only where the climate has remained warm enough for a long time. In other regions of the Soviet Union, plants of this type died in the Quaternary due to the onset of a glacier or a sharp cooling of the climate.
Relic plants, like endemics, are of great scientific value. Many of them need protection.
The impact of all of the above and other factors has led to the formation of specific plant communities in the urban ecosystem! with a unique species composition. In this case, two opposite processes can be observed. On the one hand, many plant species characteristic of the conditions of the given region disappear, on the other hand, new species appear.
So, in the flora of any city you can find local (aboriginal) wilsh or autochthonous by origin, and types allochthonous(from anoz - chuayaV i.e. entered the area from other parts of the world. Sravlin
recently introduced species began to be called adventitious, or strangers. Introduced species can be both cultivated and weedy. The distribution of adventitious species can be carried out spontaneously or deliberately. The purposeful activity of a person to introduce into a culture in a given natural historical region plants that have not previously grown in it, or their transfer to culture from the local flora is called introduction.
The number of adventitious species in cities is very high. The proportion of adventitious species in urban flora can reach up to 40%, especially in landfills and railways. For example, 370 adventitious species have already been identified in Moscow and the region (Ekopolis-2000..., 2000). Sometimes they can behave so aggressively that they crowd out native species. Most of the local representatives disappear from the urban flora already when the cities are laid. It is difficult for them to acclimatize in the city, as the new habitat conditions are not similar to natural ones. It has been established that of the preserved local species, there are usually few forest species, Tfeobm ^^^^ st ^ slashe species. Wednesday aliens Avdov more people from the southern regions.
The ecological composition of the urban flora is also somewhat different from the zonal one. Naturally, species adapted to a lack of moisture (xerophytes) and soil salinity (halophytes) take root better.
The enrichment of the urban flora is partly due to the running wild of some ornamental plants. Thus, 16 such species were found in parks near Moscow, which turned out to be very resistant to anthropogenic pressures (Frolov, 1989).
Vegetation in the city is unevenly distributed. For large cities, the following regularity is most characteristic. The increase in plant species occurs from the city center to its outskirts. In the centers of cities, "extremely urbanophilic" species predominate. There are very few of them, so the centers of some cities are sometimes called "concrete (asphalt) deserts." Closer to the periphery, the share of "moderately urbanophilic" species increases. The flora of the surroundings is especially rich; "urban-neutral" species are also found here.
The leading place in the landscaping of cities in the temperate zone is occupied by deciduous species, conifers are practically not represented. This is due to the weak resistance of these rocks to the polluted environment of the city. In general, the species composition of urban plantations is very limited. For example, in Moscow, 15 tree species are mainly used for landscaping the city, in St. Petersburg - 18 species. Broad-leaved trees are predominant - linden, including small-leaved, maple, balsam poplar, Pennsylvania ash. smooth elm, from small-leaved - birch drooping.
The share of participation of other types is less than 1%. On the streets of the city you can see such species as rough elm, pedunculate oak, Scotch pine, American maple
Kansky, horse chestnut, poplar of various types (Berlin, Canadian, black, Chinese), large-leaved linden, common spruce, European larch, etc.
Another characteristic feature of the urban flora and its clear difference from the natural one is its great dynamism and inconstancy. The floristic composition and the total number of species can change in a fairly short period of time. The age of the settlement has an impact, for example, the younger the city or microdistrict, the more unstable the flora. It is also necessary to take into account such factors as the expansion of buildings, the demolition of old buildings, the development of industry and transport.
The growing gathering of wild plants has a noticeable effect on the flora of large cities. On the territory of Moscow there is a ban on the collection of any wild plants. Currently, more than 130 species of native plants should be recognized as rare and vulnerable, some of them are on the verge of extinction. 29 species are included in the list of wild plants subject to special protection in Moscow and the Moscow region.
As for herbaceous plants, in addition to cultivated plants (lawn grass mixtures) in the city there are many weeds and garbage (ruderal< растений. Они отличаются достаточной степенью устойчивости по отношению к антропогенным факторам и высокой агрессивностью. Эти растения в большом количестве растут на пустырях, около дорог, по железнодорожным насыпям, на запущенных свалках и т.д. Для нормального функционирования им даже необходимы постоянно идущие нарушения.
The living conditions of plants in cities are very similar. The proportion of synanthropic species is constantly increasing. This leads to the fact that the floristic composition of cities in different climatic zones becomes very similar, and in fact, urban vegetation turns into azonal. Thus, 15% of plant species are common to all cities in Europe, and if we compare only the centers of these cities. then this indicator will be much higher - up to 50% (Frolov, 1998).
The total life expectancy of urban plants is significantly less than that of natural ones. So, if in the forests near Moscow the linden lives up to 300-1400 years, then in Moscow parks - up to 125-150 years, and on the streets - only up to 5M 80 years. The growing season also differs.
Features of the urban environment affect the course of the life process, plants, flora, their appearance and the structure of organs. For example, urban trees have reduced photosynthetic activity, so they have a more dense crown, small leaves, and shorter shoots.
City trees are extremely weakened. Therefore, they are soba excellent places for the development of pests and all kinds of diseases. This further exacerbates their weakening, and sometimes causes premature death.
The main pests are insects and mites, such as moths, aphids, sawflies, leaf beetles, psyllids, herbivorous mites, etc. About 290 species of various pests have been recorded in Moscow alone. At the same time, the most dangerous are gypsy moth, larch moth, linden moth, viburnum leaf beetle, etc. Now the number of trees affected by elm sapwood is growing. Also, many green spaces suffer from the typographic bark beetle, which has been actively breeding in recent years.
It is noteworthy that in the conditions of the city the leaves of many plants dry out at the edges, brown spots of various sizes and shapes appear on them, sometimes a white, powdery coating appears. Similar symptoms indicate the development of various diseases (vascular, necrotic-cancerous, rotten, etc.). In Moscow, a wide spread of rot diseases in plants has been revealed, which affects the quality of the green spaces of the city. This is especially noticeable in areas of new development, mass recreation and landfills. Due to the high level of morbidity, the volume of sanitary cuttings carried out in the city exceeds all others for the same period.
Thus, there is a clear difference between the urban flora and the natural one. Urban communities are characterized by much less species diversity, strong anthropogenicity, and a large number of ruderal species. Biodiversity and the gene pool of plants can be preserved to some extent in the territories of forest parks and parks. However, trends of decreasing species diversity in the urban area are still observed. To increase it, first of all, it is necessary to conduct research that will provide more data on the ecology of certain species.
1. The absence of annuals (except for some weeds - wood lice), perennials dominate
2. Of the flowering plants, small shrubs dominate:
a) evergreens: by the time the snow melts, they have a system of assimilation organs (lingonberry, partridge grass) ready;
b) summer green: by the time the snow melts, they have a system of branches, although without leaves (dwarf birches, willows).
3. Leaf xeromorphosis: leathery, flat or narrow heather type due to physiological dryness, lack of water and nitrogen.
4. There are almost no plants with tubers, bulbs, rhizomes (geophytes). If there is, then they are located shallow and on the non-freezing slopes of river valleys.
5. Plant shapes:
a) trellis - stretch along the surface of the soil, lifting up the leaves (polar willow, mesh);
b) cushion plants (krupka, saxifrage);
c) many species have dwarf forms, which under normal conditions reach large sizes (downy willow -20 cm).
6. The roots of plants are concentrated in the surface horizons, which is associated with low soil temperatures and constant movement of soils.
7. High frost resistance. Flowering spoon grass withstands -46 0 C, while physiological stress occurs at -50 0 C.
8. Treelessness, since there is a gap between the evaporation of water and its entry into the roots of trees in winter and spring (evaporation is stronger on plants not covered with snow, and there is almost no water inflow).
9. The timing of flowering of various plant species is close, since they have a short growing season (almost species bloom at once).
10. The flowers are bright, with a shallow arrangement of nectaries, an open corolla, often pollinated by Diptera, bumblebees (legumes). Flowers do not last long: cloudberries last 2 days, since there is little chance of pollination by insects (winds, frosts).
11. Vegetative reproduction dominates, less often flowers are pollinated by wind and insects.
12. The longevity of tundra plants makes it possible to “wait” for a favorable season for generative reproduction. Arctic willow lives 200 years, ledum 100 years, dwarf birch 80 years.
13. Leaves carotene (yellowish tint) as reflection of excess ultraviolet radiation is necessary.
The layer of life that unites all the underground and above-ground tiers in the tundra is very narrow - up to 1 m.
Animal adaptations (features of the fauna)
1. Differences in the composition of the summer and winter populations are sharply expressed. In winter, lemmings, some voles, reindeer, and tundra partridge remain in the tundra. In summer, the impact of animals is not as concentrated and not as noticeable as in winter.
2. Some northern birds have larger clutch sizes than related species further south. More intensive growth by the chick was also noted (large daylight hours and the possibility of feeding). In summer there are geese, ducks, geese, swans, white partridges, passerines.
3. Diptera predominate among insects: mosquitoes, midges, etc. Insects and other invertebrates inhabit the litter and the upper peat horizon of the soil.
4. Bergman's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator, the size of warm-blooded animals decreases, and cold-blooded animals increase. With enlargement of dimensions, the volume increases faster (and heat production) than the surface of the body. In addition, puberty occurs later than in the south, so the animals begin to breed, reaching a larger size than their southern relatives.
5. Allen's rule: when moving from the poles to the equator in related species, there is an increase in the protruding parts of the body (ears and tails). This is due to a decrease in heat transfer through the capillaries in the auricles of northern species.
6. There are few granivorous birds, since the plants that produce seeds are unproductive. Food for birds and mammals is the green mass of plants, the bark and leaves of shrubs, berries, lichens (moss moss). Their growth is slowed down, so deer leave pastures for a long time, making migrations.
7. Migrations: seasonal (geese), food across the zone (deer, lemmings, snowy owls).
8. Well-developed fur, feather covers, as well as subcutaneous fat in birds and mammals.
9. The role of lemmings in the processing of green mass is great, and their passages occupy up to 20% of the tundra area. The growth of their number is repeated after 3-4 years. One lemming eats 50 kg of phytomass per year.
10. There are no reptiles and reptiles in the tundra.
11. Seaside adaptations:
- nesting of fish-eating birds on rocks impregnable for predators (bird markets);
- life of pinnipeds on ice floes near ice-holes;
- year-round active way of life of the polar bear in the coastal zone or in the ice of the ocean.
Phytophages dominate in tundra ecosystems: lemmings, waterfowl, deer, hares, musk oxen, which serve as food for zoophages (owls, arctic foxes). Invertebrates living in the dying organic mass also play a certain role. In general, these are fragile ecosystems with few food links.
2. Tundra subzones. Along the thermal gradient from north to south, there is a gradual change in the composition and structure of tundra biomes. To the south, the role of shrubs increases first, and then, when moving to the forest zone, trees. There are several subzones of the tundra zonobiome.
Polar desert. Polar deserts are not yet formed zonobiome with the initial stage of overgrowth of polygonal soils. When they are overgrown, first (in the Far North) lichens appear, and to the south, individual representatives of forbs. The diagnostic sign of the subzone is absence of mosses. There are no communities either, since their structure has not developed. There are no sedentary animals, no bloodsucking insects, but along the rocky shores of the ocean there are bird markets.
Spotted (Arctic) tundra subzone. The diagnostic feature of the subzone is not closeness of vegetation (forb-moss) cover. In the north, its projective cover is 40%, and in the south it already reaches 95%. There are no shrubs yet and almost no sphagnum mosses. Formation of spotted tundra happens as follows. During permafrost swelling, mounds with ice lenses inside are formed. Snow corrosion, as it were, cuts off the sod from such a hillock, and the loamy gley soil becomes bare. An overgrown spot is formed. It can increase when soils rise up, pouring them onto the sod.
Flora. The vegetation is based on lichens and green mosses, which are associated with forbs (partridge grass, polar poppy, saxifrage). Sedges and grasses (alpine foxtail, alpine pike) acquire a noticeable role. To the south, polar willow, stone fruit, cloudberry, lingonberry, wild rosemary appear. All this adds up to colorful plant associations. In closed depressions, swampy cottongrass and sedge tundras are found, along the outskirts of which peat mounds are common - this is a manifestation of thermokarst. Marshy tundras may have hollow structure.
Hollows are zoogenic. Lemmings make moves in grass stands, nibbling grass. With the constant growth of incisors, lemmings are forced to constantly gnaw something in order to grind them down. If the slope of the terrain is weak, hay gnawed by lemmings is carried down and folded across the slope in rolls. Gradually, the hay decomposes and peat pits form. Lemming passages sometimes serve as the initial stage in the formation of frost cracks, which sometimes forms a polygonal structure.
The Arctic tundra is low-tiered, usually the vertical structure is limited to grass-forb (or cottongrass-sedge) and moss layers. The layer of life is sometimes compressed up to 20-30 cm, so the tundra is easily visible to the horizon. Her background is not green, but rather khaki. This is the result of carotene pigmentation caused by excess UV radiation. Against this dull background, very bright flowers stand out in summer, attracting pollinating insects.
Fauna. From afar, tundra partridges with white plumage are visible. Since lemmings and partridges form the basis of the diet of small predators, there are also white snowy owls, whose diet also includes snow bunting sparrows, cubs of arctic foxes. The more lemmings, the more owls and arctic foxes. There are usually no large animals. Reindeer are occasionally found, and polar bears are found along the sea coast, connected by a food chain with fish and pinnipeds. A lot of birds live here on the coast: gulls, guillemots, etc. All of them feed on fish and nest near the ocean, often forming bird colonies.
Within 3-5 weeks, the Arctic tundra in the phenological sense lives very intensively, but everything is quickly replaced by peace when cold weather sets in. Already in August, frosts and snowfalls begin, and then a short autumn turns into a long winter with a polar night.
Subzone of typical (subarctic) tundra.
Flora. These are shrub tundras (in Europe from the Kola Peninsula to the Lena River). A layer of shrubs is formed above the moss and grass-forb layers. There are also birches: dwarf, splayed, Middendorf, willows: creeping, Lapland, wild rosemary, in some places (Priberingian tundra) - cedar and alder elfin, many shrubs: lingonberries, cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries. Shrub tundras are usually located in the depths of the continent, where winds are weaker, precipitation is higher and average summer temperatures reach 10 0 C. Permafrost thaws up to 150 cm. The further south, the warmer and more important the role of shrubs in plant communities. Sometimes shrub layer it is continuous, the roots densely penetrate the moss cover, as if tying it, in some places a real turf is formed. Characteristic in communities and mushrooms, moreover, their attachment is preserved and the boletus grows precisely under shrub birches, and sometimes even above them, if the birch is creeping. Appear in abundance sphagnum mosses, which were not in the previous subzone. Sometimes, especially in rubbly places, the moss layer is replaced by a lichen one (Yamal, Gydan, Alaska, Labrador tundras). herbage becomes richer, oxalis, sorrel, valerian appear, and in meadow areas - buttercups, cinquefoil, sedges, meadow grasses.
Fauna typical tundra is also changing. Seaside birds, the polar bear disappear, lemmings become more numerous (there are several species that vicarate with each other: Norwegian, Ob, hoofed, etc.), snowy owls, arctic fox, appear in summer wolf. In Canada, shrub tundras are associated musk ox and musk ox. The musk ox is now introduced in the Taimyr tundra. There are many reindeer, although the only wild herd has survived only in Taimyr. It wanders from the Putorana Mountains to Severnaya Zemlya. Also characteristic of the subzone ermine and weasel. Very dense population waterfowl: geese, small swans, geese, plovers, sandpipers - all are associated with fresh waters. Usually they spend only summer in the tundra, and in autumn they fly to southern latitudes. With an abundance of phytophagous birds, there are also many predators: peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, etc. fish, which are often exported: salmon, char, omul, grayling, navaga, whitefish, whitefish. And, on the contrary, the world of invertebrates is poor in a systematic sense, but abundant: worms, arthropods, butterflies.
Only lemmings, arctic foxes and snowy owls winter in the tundra, other species migrate or fly south for the winter. Some (grouse, reindeer, weasel, ermine) are equally characteristic of both the tundra and the taiga zone.
Maximum impact The vegetation cover is provided by the following types.
a) lemmings, each of which eats or gnaws up to 50 kg of phytomass per year. When the lemming population is too large, the animals begin migrating in huge numbers of tens of millions. Along the trajectory of such a migration, the vegetation is fairly damaged.
b) the reindeer has a lesser impact on vegetation, and there are relatively few of them left (in the 60s, 70 specimens per 100 km 2). Since the reindeer feeds on reindeer moss (cladonia lichen), which grows slowly, the reindeer moss is quickly depleted, and the reindeer are forced to roam. Since the deer bite the young shoots of trees, the forest penetrates from the taiga to the north more slowly than it could, and in some places is already receding to the south. In general, borealization of the tundra is observed.
c) the herbage is also affected by waterfowl, especially geese, which pretty much bleed the vegetation near lakes.
Forest-tundra subzone (zonoecotone). The forest tundra is sometimes called a zonoecotone and sometimes a subzone. It starts where trees go to the plakor, watersheds. There are two types of vegetation here - tundra and forest. The transition from one to the other is gradual. First, individual trees appear on the plakor, low, crooked, with a flag-shaped crown. To the south, they merge into island communities; further south, a blurred, mosaic, but already continuous border of coniferous forests appears. Sometimes an economic border of the forest is also drawn, south of which commercial logging is possible. The forest-tundra subzone is not continuous. Where the tundra comes into contact with the mountains of the taiga zone, there is a sharp transition from the plain tundra to the mountain taiga (NW Siberia, Alaska).
Transition The nature of the forest-tundra is manifested in the fact that the sparse tree layer is simply superimposed on the tundra layer. Even to the south, where already independent taiga communities are being formed, tundra species are present in the lower tiers for a long time (in Karelia, spruce forests with tiers of dwarf birch). The forest-tundra is warmer than the tundra: the average July temperature is up to 12 0 C, more precipitation falls (up to 450 mm per year), and the permafrost thaws deeper. The increase in heat to the south determines the entire character of the forest-tundra biota. Forest communities with light forests occupy 30% of the area in the middle of the subzone, 10% of the tundra complex, and azonal swamps and meadows account for 60% of the area. With such a ratio, it is difficult to call the forest-tundra an independent zonobiome.
Flora and fauna has its own characteristics. In the forest tundra, the multilayered communities are already manifesting, the composition of tree species is enriched: in addition to birches and willows, the biocenoses include spruce, larch, alder, cedar, etc. The tree layer is always sparse, but the shrub layer is clearly expressed and includes many species. Among the animal population there are more taiga species: brown bear, wolverine, weasel. There are fewer polar foxes, polar owls, waterfowl, oceanic birds and animals finally disappear. The role of vile is growing.
4. Orobiomes of the tundra. Orobiomes are mountain biomes. Approximately 25% of the area of the tundra zone (together with the forest tundra) is occupied by mountains. The altitudinal-belt spectrum of the mountains of the tundra zone is extremely primitive. The waist column starts at the bottom or with flat tundra and then on the slopes it turns into mountain tundra, and in the upper tiers loaches(the initial stage of overgrowth of rukhlyak); either from the forest-tundra or from the northern taiga, and then the mountain tundra along the upper tiers of the ridges extend far south of the border of the tundra zone (along the Urals, the mountains of northeast Siberia, the Far East and Alaska). Mountain tundras are also found far from the boundaries of the zone as an isolant belt in the Rocky Mountains of Alaska, in the mountains of Siberia and the Urals.
Since loaches cannot be considered an established biome, consider the only orobiome of this zone - mountain tundra. Mountain tundra communities are composed mainly of typical tundra species. Vegetation succession leads to phased overgrowing of clastic material of mountains.
1. Scale lichens with a rare participation of vascular plants: fescue, partridge grass.
2. Leafy and fruticose lichens.
3. Shrubs and mosses: green mosses, wild rosemary, blueberries.
4. Shrubby, with dwarf birches and willows and grass-moss mountain tundras (sedges, rushes).
These successions resemble plain tundra. In other mountainous regions, only the composition of the grass and shrub layers changes: instead of dwarf birch, other species of birch, Siberian dwarf pine, etc. appear. Similar successions are probably also observed in the southern analogues of the mountain tundras of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, but are represented by other edificators.
Biomass. In the tundra and forest-tundra, the biomass increases quite sharply from north to south, from subzone to subzone. The average values of biomass are as follows: in the arctic tundra, phytomass is 5 t/ha (70-75% roots), in the shrub (subarctic) - 25 t/ha, in the forest-tundra - 40-45 t/ha (22% roots). The increase is very low: in the tundra for the year, minus the litter, the increase is 0.05-0.1 t/ha, in the forest-tundra - up to 0.3 t/ha. In the Canadian tundra, the figures are higher due to the less continental climate. The zoomass even for the grass-shrub-moss tundra is only 0.012 t/ha.
- The concept of flora………………………………………………….3-8
The contribution of flora to the overall biodiversity………………………..9-10
Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan……………………….11-39
Conservation of biological diversity and flora
- as its component…………………………………………. 39-47
- Conclusion…………………………………………………………….….48
- Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….49
Introduction.
Preservation of biodiversity is one of the key problems of building a sustainable development society.The most important component of biodiversity is flora as a set of plant species growing in a certain area. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity breeds diversity”, flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems. For this reason, the study of flora, its rational use and protection are the most important components of a broad program for the conservation of biodiversity as an exhaustible resource.
There is undeniable progress in the protection of biodiversity in the world. A number of important international documents have been adopted and are being implemented, such as the “Concept for the Protection of Biological Diversity” (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the “Pan-European Strategy for the Protection of Biological Diversity” (1996) and others. activities of international organizations - UNESCO, the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The WWF representative office operates in the Republic of Bashkortostan and makes a significant contribution to the protection of flora.
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the protection of biodiversity in Russia and Bashkortostan. The need to preserve biodiversity is reflected in such documents as the “Concept of the Russian Federation’s Transition to Sustainable Development” (1996), the federal law “On Environmental Protection (2002), the Ecological Doctrine of Russia” (2002), the law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan" (1995), Republican Complex Program "Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2004-2010", "Concept for the Development of the System of Protected Natural Areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan" (2003).
The purpose of the work: to tell about the uniqueness of flora as a biodiversity hotspot of global importance, economic value, state of use and protection; to characterize the flora of Bashkortostan.
I. The concept of flora.
Flora
(in botany, lat. flora) - a historically established set of plant species distributed in a certain area at the present time or in past geological epochs. Houseplants, plants in greenhouses, etc. are not part of the flora.
The name of the term comes from the name of the Roman goddess of flowers and spring flowering Flora (lat. Flora).
In practice, the expression "Flora of a certain territory" is often understood not as all the plants of a given territory, but only as Vascular plants (Tracheophyta).
Flora must be distinguished from vegetation- sets of various plant communities. For example, in the flora of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, species of the families of willows, sedges, grasses, buttercups, and Asteraceae are richly represented; from conifers - pine and cypress; and in vegetation - plant communities of the tundra, taiga, steppe, etc.
Historically, the development of flora is directly conditioned by the processes of speciation, displacement of some plant species by others, plant migrations, their extinction, etc.
Each flora has specific properties - the diversity of its constituent species (richness of flora), age, autochthonous degree, endemism. Differences between the floras of certain territories are explained primarily by the geological history of each region, as well as differences in orographic, soil, and especially climatic conditions.
Flora analysis methods:
- geographical analysis
- division of flora by geographical distribution; identification of the proportion of endemics;
genetic analysis (from the Greek genesis "origin, occurrence") - the division of flora according to the criteria of geographical origin and the history of settlement;
botanical and geographical analysis - establishment of connections of this flora with other floras;
ecological and phytocenological analysis - separation of flora according to growing conditions, according to vegetation types;
age analysis - division of flora into progressive (young in time of appearance), conservative and relict elements;
systematic structure analysis - comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of various systematic groups that make up this flora.
Flora typification
Flora of specialized groups
Sets of plant taxa covering specialized groups of plants have the corresponding specialized names:
Algoflora- flora of algae.
Brioflora- moss flora.
Dendroflora, or arboriflora- Flora of woody plants.
Three more terms appeared before these groups of organisms were no longer classified as plants:
Lichenoflora- lichen flora.
Mycoflora- Mushroom flora.
Mixoflora- flora of myxomycetes (mucus molds)
Territory flora
From the point of view of the nature of the territories under consideration, there are:
The flora of the earth as a whole
Flora of the continents and their parts
Flora of individual natural formations(islands, peninsulas, mountain systems)
Flora of countries, regions, states and other administrative entities
Flora by the criterion of external conditions
According to the criterion of external conditions of the territories under consideration, there are:
Flora of chernozem and other soil types
Flora of swamps and other special areas of the earth's surface
Flora of rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies
Flora of the seas and oceans
Basic approaches to the study of floras.
Flora as a set of species of a certain territory is formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. For this reason, the study of its composition is one of the tasks of environmental monitoring.
Regional floras.
Most often, regional floras are studied within the boundaries of administrative units (republic, administrative region, city or rural settlement). This is the most traditional type of floristic research, the most important task that allows one of the biomonitoring options to be carried out - monitoring the state of the biological diversity of plants in the region.
The result of the study of regional flora is a complete list of plant species with an assessment of their distribution. This allows you to identify rare species and compile the "Red Book". During periodic re-examinations, a tendency to change the flora under the influence of a person is revealed, first of all - adventization, i.e. an increase in the proportion of alien species, and a decrease in floristic diversity.
The study of regional floras is necessary for the geobotanical study of vegetation, the assessment of botanical resources, and the development of a system for the protection of plant biodiversity in the region.
specific flora.
Unlike regional floras, which are distinguished for any territories, regardless of the variety of environmental conditions (they may include different natural zones, plains and mountains, etc.), specific floras are identified for ecologically homogeneous territories (with one type of climate, one type of geomorphological structure of the surface, one type of prevailing vegetation). For example, the flora of the Baimaksky or Abzelilovsky districts, which include flat and mountainous areas, cannot be considered as specific floras. The flora of the steppe part of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, the flora of the southern part of the mountain-forest zone of Bashkortostan, etc. can be considered as specific.
Identification of specific floras is carried out on the territory of a sufficiently large area, within which the influence of the natural complex and human activity on the composition of plant species is fully manifested. This value can vary from 100km? in the Arctic up to 1000 km? in the tropics.
Partial floras.
The concept of "partial flora" was proposed by B.A. Yurtsev within the framework of the method of specific floras, but this concept is also used in the study of regional floras. Partial flora is understood as the flora of a certain type of habitat and, accordingly, a certain type of plant communities associated with it (in this case, the partial flora is called cenoflora). Thus, partial floras of reservoirs and coastal aquatic habitats, lowland, transitional and raised bogs, southern steppe stony slopes, postforest meadows, wastelands, and fields are distinguished. When studying the floras of settlements, partial floras of kitchen gardens, yards, trampled habitats, ditches, dung heaps, etc. are distinguished.
Estimation of gamma diversity.
Gamma Diversity is a form of biological diversity, defined as the number of plant species in a landscape or geographical area. It is synonymous with regional flora.
Gamma diversity depends on the area of the study area and is formed as a result of the interaction of two forms of diversity:
Alpha - diversity - species diversity of communities;
Beta-diversity - diversity of communities.
These two indicators are non-linearly related, since species richness is different in different communities, however, it is obvious that the richer the species of the community and the higher the diversity of these communities, the higher the gamma diversity. Naturally, both components of gamma-diversity depend on the climate and topography. On the flat territory of the desert zone, the values of alpha and beta diversity and, accordingly, gamma diversity will be minimal. In the temperate zone, with a complex relief, which combines rich-species communities of steppes, meadows, forests, and, in addition, there are coastal-aquatic and aquatic communities and ruderal and segetal communities associated with human influence, gamma diversity will be high.
Analysis of the composition of the flora.
Any flora (regional, specific, partial) consists of species that differ in a significant number of parameters: systematic affiliation, life form, geographical characteristics, biological features. For this reason, a qualitative analysis of the composition of the flora (compilation of various spectra) is one of the mandatory sections of any floristic study.
Flora analysis includes the compilation of spectra according to the following parameters.
systematic composition.
The representation of different families is analyzed, special attention is paid to the first 10 families, which are called the leading ones. The degree of their participation in the flora and the complex of soil-climatic factors, and the history, and the current state of the flora, which is under the influence of man. So, for the natural flora of the temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, the leading families (Table 1) are characterized by the participation of Asteraceae, grasses, roses, sedges, legumes, cruciferous, clove, oxtail, etc. With increasing human influence (synanthropization and adventivization flora) the proportion of species from the families of haze and cruciferous increases.
When analyzing the systematic composition of the flora, such indicators as the average number of species in a genus, the average number of genera in a family, the average number of species in a family that can receive an evolutionary interpretation are also used (the more genera in families, the older they are; the more species in genera , on the contrary, they reflect the later stages of evolution).
spectrum of life forms.
This spectrum also reflects the diversity of ecological conditions in which the studied flora was formed. Thus, phanerophytes predominate in humid tropical forests, while in the forests of the temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, despite the fact that phanerophytes dominate, hemicryptophytes predominate in the flora. In the steppes and meadows, there are few phanerophytes, and the predominance of hemicryptophytes is more complete. Therophytes predominate in deserts. A significant participation of terophytes indicates synanthropization of the environment.
Synanthropization of flora.
Assessment of flora replenishment by adventitious plants is an informative method of biomonitoring, because the proportion of alien plants is directly related to the intensity of human transformation of vegetation.
This version of the analysis includes compiling spectra according to the share of different groups of synanthropic species from among local species that have adapted to intense human influence, as well as adventitious species.
Phytosociological spectrum.
The most promising for comparing floras (especially specific ones) is to evaluate the modern ecological structure of the flora and the degree of its adventivization.
When comparing the share participation of species of different orders or classes of vegetation, one can obtain the most integrated information about the geography, ecology, and anthropogenic disturbance of the studied flora.
- Contribution of flora to overall biodiversity.
Consider the links between plants and wildlife in the forest, between flora and fauna. The forest is inhabited by many different living creatures - from the smallest insects to large animals. They differ not only in their size, but also in their way of life, type of food, and in many other ways. All of them play a certain role in the life of the forest as a whole. This is an obligatory component of forest biogeocenosis.
The relationship between representatives of the flora and fauna in the forest boils down to the fact that the flora affects the fauna, and that, in turn, has the opposite effect. In other words, the impact goes in two mutually opposite directions.
Consider the influence of flora on fauna. Plants play an important role in the life of the animal population of the forest, providing it with food, providing an opportunity for settlement, shelter from enemies, reproduction, etc. There are a lot of examples. Take at least food resources. The live mass of forest plants provides food for various inhabitants of the forest - all kinds of herbivorous insects, birds, animals. Among insects, these are, for example, butterfly caterpillars, the larvae of some beetles, and the beetles themselves. Vegetable food plays an important role in the diet of grouse birds, forest mice, squirrels, not to mention deer, roe deer, wild boars, elks ... Leaves, shoots, buds, needles, etc. are eaten. The fruits of forest plants are also important food resource. They feed primarily on various birds and quadrupeds. The role of juicy fruits is especially great. The most important for animals and birds are the succulent fruits of mass plants, which usually form thickets in the forest - blueberries, lingonberries, raspberries. The nutritional value of the juicy fruits of mountain ash, bird cherry, elderberry, buckthorn, honeysuckle, euonymus, viburnum, etc. is essential. Birds especially willingly eat them. Dry fruits also serve as food for forest fauna. Hazelnuts are eaten in large quantities by squirrels, oak acorns by forest mice, etc.
Living creatures living in the forest use not only the green mass of plants and their fruits for food, they also take other "tribute" from plants. Insects, for example, collect pollen and nectar from flowers. Caterpillars of some butterflies and larvae of certain species of beetles feed on living tissues of ovaries and immature fruits (for example, caterpillars of the acorn moth butterfly, larvae of the acorn weevil beetle, etc.). Aphids and scale insects suck out the “juices” of plants with the help of special devices. Moles, mice, shrews feed on living underground parts of plants, especially succulent ones. In a word, plants serve as suppliers of a wide variety of food products for representatives of the fauna.
However, the inhabitants of the forest use not only living parts of plants for food. Many also feed on dead plant remains, primarily those that fall to the ground. They also have many consumers - earthworms, various soil insects, their larvae, etc. All these living creatures in one way or another process the dead plant mass, which contributes to its faster decomposition.
Other examples of the connection between plants and animal life can be cited. Very important, in particular, the role of plants as a place of shelter for all kinds of living beings. Some forest birds nest in dense thickets of bushes in the forest. Hollows in the trunks of large old trees serve as a refuge for forest bees; owls and eagle owls need them to breed chicks. Woodpeckers make nests in the trunks of aspens.
The role of plants in animal life also lies in the fact that they serve as suppliers of building material for dwellings, nests, etc. Plant material is used, for example, to build the nests of some forest birds. Do you remember what beavers build their dams from? And here it is not complete without building material borrowed from plants. No less familiar is the example of ants. These forest orderlies build their dwellings from plant residues - dry needles, twigs, leaves, etc.
So, in the forest, the role of plants in the life of animals is very significant and this is manifested in many ways. It is important to note one thing: the animal world is highly dependent on plants. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity breeds diversity”, flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems.
- Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan.
According to the latest data, the flora of vascular plants of Bashkortostan includes 1730 species, bryoflora - 405 species, lichenobiota - 400 species. The floristic diversity of different regions of Bashkortostan varies. The areas with a high concentration of species are the Iremel and Yaman-Tau mountains; shikhans (mountains - remnants) Tratau, Yuraktau, Tastuba, Balkantau, Yaryshtau, Susaktau; ridges Mashak, Zigalga, Irendyk, Krykty, Kraka, Shaitan-Tau; the valleys of the rivers Belaya, Inzer, Ural, Sakmara, Zilim, Nugush, Uryuk, B. and M. Ik, Zilair, Fortress Zilair, Tanalyk; lakes Yakty - kul, Urgun, Talkas, Karagaily; swamps Tyulyukskoe, Tygynskoe, Zhuravlinoe, Septinskoe, Arkaulovskoe, Lagerevskoe, etc.
The formation of a high floristic diversity is associated with the influence of a number of natural-historical and anthropogenic factors.
- Relief.
On the territory of Bashkortostan there is a system of mountains of the Southern Urals. Due to the vertical zonality, the mountainous relief allows different biomes to be combined in a limited area - from mountain tundra and boreal forests to broad-leaved forests and steppes.
- Flora history.
The complex history of the territory of Bashkortostan, especially its mountainous part, contributed to the enrichment of the flora. It contains many relics reflecting the history of the region over the past 1.5 million years, when cooling and warming alternated in the Pleistocene and Holocene.
The thermal maximum of the Middle Holocene is associated with a significant penetration into the depths of the Southern Urals by steppe groups.
Endemic species that formed during the transformation of local conditions in the preglacial and Pleistocene periods make their contribution to the flora of Bashkortostan.
- Geographical position: the junction of Europe and Asia.
The position of Bashkortostan at the crossroads of Europe and Asia has led to the combination of Siberian and European species in communities (the formation of an ecotone effect on a geographical scale). So, in the forests of the Southern Urals, typical European species are combined, such as amazing violet, obscure lungwort, forest chistets, large-flowered foxglove, fragrant bedstraw, and species of the Siberian range - Siberian adonis, northern aconite, Gmelin's rank, spear-shaped underripe, etc.
- Latitude explanation.
The position at the junction of the forest and steppe zones caused widespread hemiboreal forests with dominance in the tree layer of pine (with the participation of birch, larch and aspen). These are the most species-rich forests of the Southern Urals, which is also due to the ecotone effect. With the indisputable dominance of boreal species in the herbage (reed reed grass, northern aconite, lily-leaved bell), nemoral and subnemoral species are common in these forests: male thyroid gland, spreading pine forest, hard-leaved chickweed, common sleepweed, amazing violet, etc. Meadow, meadow- steppe and steppe species, such as: steppe cherry, chiliga, Russian broom, common oregano, etc.
The dense network of range boundaries creates special problems for the protection of BR, since at the boundaries of distribution, species form populations with reduced resistance to the influence of anthropogenic factors.
- Human influence.
During the period of sustainable nature management, which was typical for the Bashkirs before the reform of 1861, anthropogenic factors did not cause significant damage to BR and other renewable resources. Moreover, some forms of human exposure have been a BR-increasing factor. So, it is thanks to man that species-rich communities of plain and mountain post-forest meadows were formed. After the disappearance of natural large steppe phytophages (saiga, tarpan), it was Bashkirs' kosher horse breeding that was the main factor in the preservation of the steppe biome. Schools of horses were constantly moving across the steppe landscapes, ensuring uniform grazing of phytomass. In addition, horses are the least detrimental to steppe communities: hoof pressure is minimal, and a broad diet promotes uniform grazing.
Over the past century, the area of forests has significantly decreased, especially in the foothill regions of the Cis-Urals. In addition, in part of the populated areas, there was an undesirable change of species, such as pine, spruce and oak, to low-value ones - birch, linden, aspen. As a result, there was a shortage of coniferous wood in the region and a significant amount of overmature birch wood has accumulated. The resources of secondary forest management - medicinal raw materials - have been depleted.
Significant damage to renewable resources was caused by the process of urbanization, which in the conditions of the Southern Urals is especially active and at present more than 70% of the population lives in cities. The cities of the region are constantly increasing their area, which reduces the share of natural, primarily forest, ecosystems. In addition, the urban population has a strong recreational impact on natural ecosystems within a radius of tens of kilometers.
A significant part of the territory of the Southern Urals falls on solid industrial waste storage facilities - waste rock from mining, ash dumps, industrial waste dumps, etc. In vast areas around industrial enterprises and highways, as a result of atmospheric emissions, soils are contaminated with heavy metals and other environmentally hazardous substances. Huge amounts of untreated or undertreated industrial and municipal effluents are discharged into aquatic ecosystems, primarily into rivers, which cause enormous damage to the BD of these ecosystems.
Habitats disturbed by humans have become a haven for dozens of alien species that occupy niches of native plant species, thereby adversely affecting native BR. In recent years, dangerous alien species of the North American genera ragweed and cyclaena have naturalized in the Republic of Belarus.
This cumulative impact of negative anthropogenic factors has formed high risks for many species of the flora of Bashkortostan. So, at present, more than 150 species of plants are threatened, including: 40 steppe, 27 forest, 22 swamp, 20 mountain-tundra, 14 meadow, 13 meadow-steppe, 12 rock.
- The systematic composition of the flora.
Flowering species are represented by 1680 species and 107 families (natural 103, cultivated 4). Including 86 families of dicots (445 genera, 1279 species), 21 families of monocots (121 genera, 401 species).
The distribution of species by families is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
4 species each contain families: Asclepiadaceae (Lastovnevye), Fumariaceae (Smoky), Hypericaceae (St. .
3 species each contain families: Aceraceae (Maple), Cannabaceae (Hemp), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbitaceae), Elatiniaceae (Povoynikovye), Hydrocharitaceae (Water-colored), Illecebraceae (Cartilaginous), Lentibulariaceae (Public), Polemoniaceae (Cyanide), Santalaceae (Santalaceae) , Thyphaceae(Cattail), Ulmaceae(Elm).
- Table 1. Representation of families of higher spores and gymnosperms in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of births | Number of species |
| Division Equisetophyta (horsetails) | ||
| Equisetaceae (Horsetails) | 1 | 8 |
| Division Lycopodiophyta (lycopods) | ||
| Lycopodiaceae (Lucids) | 2 | 3 |
| Huperziaceae | 1 | 1 |
| Division Polypodiophyta (Parn-shaped) | ||
| Onocleaceae (Onokleaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Athyriaceae | 6 | 9 |
| Woodsiaceae | 1 | 2 |
| Dryopteridaceae (Shield) | 2 | 5 |
| Thelypteridaceae (Telipterisaceae) | 2 | 2 |
| Aspleniaceae (Kostentsovye) | 1 | 4 |
| Polypodiaceae (Centipedes) | 1 | 1 |
| Hypolepidaceae (Hypolepis) | 1 | 1 |
| Ophioglossaceae (Uzhovnikovye) | 1 | 1 |
| Botrychiaceae (Grandworts) | 1 | 3 |
| Salviniaceae (Salviniaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Division Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) | ||
| Pinaceae (Pine) | 4 | 4 |
| Cupressaceae (Cypress) | 1 | 3 |
| Ephedraceae (Ephedra) | 1 | 1 |
Table 2. Representation of the main flowering families in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of species | |
| absolute | % | |
| Asteraceae (Asteraceae, Compositae) | 207 | 11,97 |
| Poaceae (Poaceae, Cereals) | 163 | 9,43 |
| Rozaceae (Pink) | 108 | 6,25 |
| Cyperaceae (Sedge) | 100 | 5,78 |
| Fabaceae (Fabaceae, Moths) | 96 | 5,55 |
| Brassicaceae (Cabbage, Cruciferous) | 79 | 4,54 |
| Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae) | 77 | 4,45 |
| Scrophulariaceae (Norichaceae) | 76 | 4,40 |
| Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae, Lamiaceae) | 55 | 3,18 |
| Apiaceae (Celery, Umbelliferae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodiaceae) | 47 | 2,72 |
| Polygonaceae (buckwheat) | 38 | 2,20 |
| Orchidaceae (Orchidaceae) | 36 | 2,08 |
| Boraginaceae (borage) | 30 | 1,74 |
| Salicaceae (willow) | 26 | 1,51 |
| Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae) | 20 | 1,16 |
| Liliaceae (liliaceae) | 19 | 1,10 |
| Juncaceae (Sitnikovye) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Potamogetonaceae (Pardaceae) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Violaceae (Violet) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Euphorbiaceae (Euphoriaceae) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Alliaceae (Onion) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Primulaceae (primroses) | 15 | 0,87 |
| Campanulaceae (bellflowers) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Geraniaceae (Geraniaceae) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Gentianaceae (Gentian) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Orobanchaceae (Broomrape) | 11 | 0,64 |
| Onagraceae (Cypreaceae) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Ericaceae (Ericaceae) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Plantaginaceae (Plantain) | 9 | 0,52 |
| Cuscutaceae (Dodder) | 8 | 0,47 |
| Betulaceae (birch) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Crassulaceae (Crassulaceae) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Limoniaceae (Kermekovye) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Pyrolaceae (Grushankovye) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Caprifoliacea (Honeysuckle) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Linaceae (Flax) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Dipsacaceae (Villaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Malvaceae (Malvaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Amaranthaceae (Amaranthaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Iridaceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Alismataceae (Partiales) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Grossulariaceae (Gooseberries) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Sparganiaceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Urticaceae (Nettles) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Valerianaceae (Valerian) | 5 | 0,29 |
2 species each contain families: Aristolochiaceae (Kirkazonovye), Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae), Balsaminaceae (Balsaminaceae), Callitrichaceae (Marsh), Cepatophyllaceae (Hornwort), Cistaceae (Cistus), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulaceae), Droseraceae (Drossyanaceae), Frankeniaaceae (Frankeniaceae) , Haloragaceae (Slate-berry), Juncaginaceae (Sitnikovye), Manyanthaceae (Rotational), Najadaceae (Nayadaceae), Oleaceae (Oleaceae), Oxalidaceae (Oxalis), Paeoniaceae (Peonies), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnaceae), Thymelaeaceae (Volnikovye), Zygophyllaceae (Parnolistaceae) .
1 species each contains the following families: Adoxaceae (Adox), Araceae (Aronnikovye), Berberidaceae (Barberry), Butomaceae (Susakaceae), Celastraceae (Berskletovye), Cornaceae (Cornaceous), Elaeagnaceae (Suckerheads), Empetraceae (Vodiannikovye), Fagaceae (Beech) , Globulariaceae (Sharovnitse), Hippuridaceae (Tail), Hydrangeaceae (Hydrangeaceae), Monotropaceae (Vertlyanitse), Parnassiaceae (Belozoraceae), Portulacaceae (Portulacaceae), Resedaceae (Resedaceae), Ruppiaceae (Ruppiaceae), Rutaceae (Rutaceae), Scheuchzeriaceae (Scheuchzeriaceae) , Tiliaceae (Linden), Trapaceae (Water Walnut), Zannichelliaceae (Tzanicelliaceae).
Resource characteristic
Consider the main groups of useful plants of the flora of Bashkortostan: fodder, medicinal, melliferous, food, as well as "anti-useful" plants - poisonous, many of which, however, are used as medicinal plants.
fodder plants
Forage plants form the basis of hayfields and pastures. Their number in Bashkortostan is at least 500 species. Forage plants are divided into agrobotanical groups: cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges, wormwood. In turn, these groups can be subdivided into steppe and meadow.
Cereals
Steppe: Agropyron pectinatum (comb wheatgrass), Festuca pseudovina (false sheep fescue), F. Valesiaca (Welsh Island), Koeleria cristata (thin-legged comb), Poa transbaicalica (steppe bluegrass), Stipa capillata (hairy feather grass), S. Lessingiana ( k. Lessing), S. Pennata (k. cirrus), S. Sareptana (k. Sarepta), S. Tirsa (k. narrow-leaved), S. Zalesskii (k. Zalessky).
Meadow: Agrostis gigantean (giant bent grass), A. Stolonifera (shoot-forming n.), Alopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail), Bromopsis inermis (awnless rump), Calamagrostis epigeios (ground reed grass), Dactylis glomerata (combination hedgehog), Elytrigia repens (wheatgrass creeping), Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue), Phalaroides arundinacea (reed double spring), Phleum pratensis (meadow timothy grass), Poa angustifolia (narrow-leaved bluegrass), P. pratensis (m. meadow).
Legumes
Steppe: Astragalus danicus (Danish Astragalus), Medicago romanica (Romanian alfalfa), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), M. Officinalis (d. medicinal), Onobrychis arenaria (sandy sainfoin), Trifolium montanum (mountain clover), Vicia tenuifolia (peas narrow-leaved).
Meadow: Lathyrus pratensis (meadow rank), Medicago lupulina (hop alfalfa), Trifolium hybridum (hybrid clover), T. pratense (meadow), T. repens (creeping), Vicia cracca (mouse peas).
forbs
Steppe: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Centaurea scabiosa (rough cornflower), Filipendula vulgaris (common meadowsweet), Galium verum (real bedstraw), S. stepposa (steppe sage), Serratula coronata (serpuha crowned), Thalictrum minus (small cornflower ).
Meadow: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Carum carvi (common cumin), Filipendula ulmaria (elmweed meadowsweet), Fragaria viridis (green strawberry), Geranium pratensis (meadow geranium), Heracleum sibiricum (Siberian hogweed), Leucanthemum vulgare (common cornflower) , Pimpinella saxifrage (saxifrage femur), Plantago maior (large plantain), P. media (medium n.), Polygonum aviculare (bird mountaineer), P. bistorta (snake), Potentilla anserina (goose cinquefoil), Prunella vulgaris ( common blackhead), Ranunculus polyanthemos (multiflorous buttercup), Rumex confertus (horse sorrel), R. thyrsiflorus (pyramidal sorrel), Sanguisorba officinalis (medicinal burnet), Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), Taraxacum officinale (medicinal dandelion), Tragopogon orientalis ( oriental goatbeard).
Meadow - marsh: Caltha palustris (marsh marigold), Lythrum salicaria (willow loosestrife), Symphytun officinale (comfrey), Trollius europaeus (European bathing suit).
sedges
The main part of sedge species is associated with wet and swampy meadows. Sedges are poorly eaten on pastures; sedge hay is considered of little value. The feeding value of sedge fodder increases when it is ensiled.
The most common in Bashkortostan on waterlogged soils are Carex acuta (sedge sharp), C. Acutiformis (sharp o.), C. cespitosa (soddy o.), C. juncella (o. sytnichek). C. pediformis (stop-shaped island), C. Praecox (early island), C. muricata (prickly lake), etc. are common in steppe meadows and steppes.
Among solonchakous species, C. asparatilis (rough lake) and C. distans (spread lake) are of the greatest food value.
Wormwood
Wormwood (genus Artemisia) form the basis of semi-desert communities, which are absent in Bashkortostan. However, some species of wormwood are found in disturbed meadow and ruderal communities (A. Absinthium - bitter wormwood, sieversiana - Sievers village, A. vulgaris - common wormwood), however, most of the wormwood is associated with steppe grass stands, with Austrian wormwood playing a special role ( A. austriaca), dominant in the steppes with heavy grazing. All wormwoods are poorly eaten in pastures and in hay.
medicinal plants
The great medieval physician Paracelsus said that "the whole world is a pharmacy, and the Almighty is a pharmacist." At present, about 120 species used in scientific medicine and more than 200 species in folk medicine are represented in the flora of Bashkortostan. List of medicinal plants of the flora of Bashkortostan used in scientific medicine:
Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)
Adonis vernalis (spring adonis)
Alnus incana (Alder gray)
Althaea officinalis (Marshmallow)
Angelica archangelica (angelica officinalis)
Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
Betula pendula (Birch warty)
Bidens tripartita (tripartite string)
Bupleurum aureum (Golden voles)
Capsella bursa - pastoris (Shepherd's purse)
Carum carvi (Common cumin)
Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower)
Centaurium erythraea (Centaury)
Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - narrow-leaved tea)
Chamomilla recutita (Chamomile)
Chamomilla suaveolens (Scented Chamomile)
Chelidonium majus (Large celandine)
Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley)
Crataegus sanguinea (Blood red hawthorn)
Datura stramonium (Datura common)
Delphinium elatum (larkspur high)
Digitalis grandiflora (Foxglove)
Dryopteris filix - mas (male fern)
Echinops sphaerocephalus (Globular Mordovnik)
Elytrigia repens (Wheatgrass)
Erysimum diffusum (Spreading jaundice)
Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)
Fragaria vesca (Wild strawberry)
Frangula alnus (Brittle buckthorn)
Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi (Korzhinsky Licorice; the species is included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus)
Gnaphalium rossicum (Russian sushi)
Humulus lupulus (Common hop)
Huperzia selago (Common ram)
Hyoscyamus niger (Black henbane)
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort)
Inula helenium (Elecampane high)
Juniperus communis (Common juniper)
Leonurus quinquelobatus (Five-lobed motherwort)
Lycopodium clavatum (Clubed club moss)
Melilotus officinalis (Melilotus officinalis)
Menyanthes trifoliate (Three-leaf watch)
Nuphar lutea (Yellow pod)
Origanum vulgare (Oregano)
Oxycoccus palustris (Marsh Cranberry)
Padus avium (Common bird cherry)
Plantago major (Plantago major)
Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine)
Polemonium caeruleum (Blue cyanosis)
Polygonum aviculare (Highlander bird)
Polygonum bistorta (Snake knotweed)
Polygonum hydropiper (Water Pepper)
Polygonum persicaria (Highlander)
Potentilla erecta (Potentilla erecta)
Quercus robur (Pedunculate oak)
Rhamnus cathartica (Gesther laxative)
Ribes nigrum (Black currant)
Rosa majalis (May wild rose)
Rubus idaeus (Common raspberry)
Rumex confertus (horse sorrel)
Sanguisorba officinalis (Burnet officinalis)
Sorbus aucuparia (Sorbus ashberry)
Tanacetum vulgare (Common tansy)
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion officinalis)
Thermopsis lanceolata (Thermopsis lanceolate)
Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme)
Tilia cordata (little-leaved linden)
Tussilago farfara (mother and stepmother)
Urtica dioica (Dioecious nettle)
Vaccinium vitis - idaea (Cowberry)
Valeriana officinalis (Valeriana officinalis)
Veratrum lobelianum (Lobel hellebore)
Viburnum opulus (Viburnum opulus)
honey plants
Beekeeping is a traditional branch of the economy of the Bashkirs, and the main forage base of bees is plants of wild flora, which determines the high commercial quality of Bashkir honey. Honey plants are plants from which bees collect nectar and pollen. Bees get sugar (carbohydrates) from nectar, and protein and fat from pollen.
All plants, including nectarifers, give pollen, but wind-pollinated plants are especially rich in it. Among them: tree-shrub species from the genera Alnus (alder), Betula (birch), Corylus (hazel), Populus (poplar), Salix (willow), Quercus (oak), Ulmus (elm); herbs - Cannabis ruderalis (weed hemp), Humulus lupulus (hops), species of the genera Amaranthus (amaranth), Artemisia (wormwood), Bidens (succession), Chenopodium (gauge), Rumex (sorrel), Typha (cattail) and others.
- E.N. Klobukova-Alisova distinguishes the following groups of honey plants.
Summer honey plants: Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower), Echium vulgare (common bruise), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), Rubus idaeus (common raspberry), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Capsella bursa - pastoris (common shepherd's purse), Centaurea jacea (meadow cornflower ), Cichorium intybus (common chicory), Origanum vulgare (common oregano), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), Trifolium medium (medium clover), Viscaria vulgaris (common tar).
Autumn supporting honey plants: these include many summer species with an extended flowering period: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Arctium lappa (large burdock), Bidens tripartita (sober string), drooping thistle, Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - tea), Delphinium elatum (larkspur high), Echium vulgare (common bruise), Medicago falcata (yellow alfalfa), Trifolium repens (creeping clover).
Food wild plants
At present, their role in the nutrition of the population of the republic is small, however, they contribute to the diversity of food and are sources of vitamins and many microelements necessary for the human body.
Among the most important food plants are: Adenophora liliifolia (lily-leaved bell), Aegopodium podagraria (common goutweed), Allium angulosum (angular meadow), Arctium lappa (large burdock), Artemisia absinthium (wormwood), Bunias orientalis (eastern sverbiga), Capsella bursa - pastoris (shepherd's purse), Carum carvi (common cumin), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Humulus lupulus (common hop), Hupericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Origanum vulgare (common oregano), Oxycoccus palustris (marsh cranberry; the species is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus), Padus avium (common bird cherry), Pimpinella saxifraga (saxifrage femur), Pteridium aquilinum (common bracken), Ribes nigrum (black currant), Rosa majalis (May wild rose), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), R. idaeus (common raspberry), Rumex acetosa (common sorrel), Scirpus lacustris (lake bulrush), Sorbus aucuparia (common mountain ash), Taraxacum officinale (drug dandelion ny), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Urtica dioica (dioecious nettle), Viburnum opulus (common viburnum).
poisonous plants
Some part of the flora of Bashkortostan is represented by poisonous plants, and many of the plant poisons are used as medicines in low doses. The most important poisonous plants are: Aconitum septentrionale (high wrestler), Actaea spicata (black cohosh), Adonis vernalis (spring adonis), Anemonoides altaica (Altai anemone), A. ranunculoides (v. ranunculoides), Chelidonium majus (large celandine), Cicuta virosa (poisonous milestone, this is the most poisonous plant), Conium maculatum (spotted hemlock), Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley), Daphne mezereum (wolf bast), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), E. pratense (meadow x.), E. fluviatile (river x.), E. sylvaticum (forest x.), Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane), Juniperus Sabina (Cossack juniper), Paris quadrifolia (four-leaved crow's eye)
Brief description of the natural regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan
BASHKIR PRE-Urals
1. Kamsko-Tanypsky region of broad-leaved, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine forests
The undulating plain of the interfluve of the river. Kama, Belaya and Fast Tanyp. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. Gray and light gray forest, soddy-podzolic and floodplain soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: cutting down the last fragments of primary forest types with their replacement with artificial plantations; air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain; pollution (soil, atmosphere, water) during oil production; soil erosion; overgrazing; destruction of natural vegetation during the preparation of the bed of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir; unregulated recreation in coniferous forests (Nikolo-Berezovskoe L-in); anthropogenic swamping of forests, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous (linden-fir-spruce, oak-fir-spruce), broad-leaved (linden-birch, linden-oak, etc.) dominated, and, along the sandy terraces of rivers, broad-leaved-pine forests, which, at present, , mostly replaced by secondary forests, meadows, artificial plantations and farmland. The main forest-forming species: spruce, fir, pine, birch, linden, oak, aspen. The vast swampy massifs that took place in the past (Katay, Cherlak-Saz, etc.) in the Pribelskaya lowland have been destroyed or severely disturbed by reclamation. The flora is mixed, boreal-nemoral, relatively poor. Relic and endemic species are almost absent.
Tasks of biodiversity protection. Key areas with rich biodiversity: river valleys and their terraces (the rivers Kama, Belaya, Bystry Tanyp, Piz, Buy, etc.), the Karmanovo reservoir, the green zone of the city of Neftekamsk, forbidden forest belts along river banks, preserved and restored island indigenous types of forests and swamps. Security level is low: 1 reserve and 6 natural monuments.
The main objects of protection: reference and rare types of forests (broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine, southern taiga pine forests, green moss and lichen, pine-larch-linden - on sandy soils, white-moss spruce forests, etc.), preserved and potentially recoverable swamps (sphagnum pine forests, sedge-hypnum, etc. .), rare species of plants (Siberian iris, sandy astragalus, perennial blueberry, wild rosemary, marsh cranberry, medicinal avran, etc.). Species requiring reintroduction or restoration of habitats: narrow-cup carnation, anomalous peony, slender cottongrass.
2. Zabelsky region of deciduous forests
General characteristics of the natural complex. Gently undulating and hilly plains of the Pribelye. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. To some extent, podzolized gray forest soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: felling of primary forest types, overgrazing, soil erosion, pollution of the river. Belaya industrial effluents, air pollution, destruction of swamps, unregulated recreation around cities, poaching, urbanization, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, maple, elm) dominated, now largely giving way to secondary forests (linden, birch, aspen) and farmland. In the north of the region, insignificant fragments of broad-leaved-dark-coniferous forests have been preserved. Steppe meadows and meadow steppes are represented on the slopes in small areas. Small fragments of pine forests have been preserved along the banks of the Belaya and Sim rivers. The flora is mixed, relatively poor.
Security tasks. Key areas with rich biodiversity: valley natural complexes (R. Belaya, Sim, Bir, Bystry Tanyp, etc.), forbidden strips of forests along river banks, numerous sphagnum bogs in karst depressions, old-growth forests, relic island pine forests along the Belaya and Sim. Security is low: 20 small natural monuments and 2 zoological reserves.
The main objects of protection: rare species of plants (salvinia floating, ephedra two-eared, rusty schenus, yellow iris, oblique onion, marsh cranberry, water chestnut, three-lobed blueberry, etc.).
Species that require reintroduction or restoration of habitats: the most beautiful feather grass, the forest apple tree.
3. Area of broad-leaved-dark-coniferous forests of the Ufa plateau
General characteristics of the natural complex. A flat hill deeply dissected by river valleys with absolute heights of 450-500m. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well humidified. Mountain gray forest soils predominate. There are unique permafrost soils under green moss forests.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed (perennial logging) and poorly populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: felling of the last fragments of primary forests (including in forbidden areas), air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain, forest fires, unregulated recreation around the Pavlovsk reservoir, poaching.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, linden-dark coniferous and dark coniferous (spruce, fir) forests prevailed. In addition, oak forests were widespread in the western part, and pine and broad-leaved-pine forests were widespread in the northern and eastern parts. At present, primary forests, to some extent disturbed, have survived mainly only along the forbidden strips along the Ufa, Yuryuzan, and Ai rivers. The rest of the territory is dominated by secondary birch, aspen and linden forests. Rarely there are areas of steppe meadows and sphagnum bogs. The flora is mixed boreal-nemoral, enriched with relict Siberian species (Siberian zygadenus, Siberian adonis, disputable bitterweed, etc.). The endemic of the Ufa plateau is described - the Ural sapling.
etc.................