Comma in a complex sentence examples. Punctuation marks in complex sentences. Comma in a complex sentence

Punctuation is a rather difficult section of the Russian language. It includes a huge number of rules for the use of punctuation marks in writing. Some of these rules relate to complex sentences. In what cases are commas used, and whether other punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence, these are questions that both schoolchildren and those people who are improving their knowledge of the Russian language should understand.

What are compound sentences?

In the Russian language there is such a thing as complex sentences. There are several types of them. One of them is compound sentences. This term refers to a unit of language that contains several simple sentences connected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

In such designs, the parts are equal. Conjunctions that join simple sentences are not included in any of the parts. To make the essence of the term “compound sentence” clear, we give examples below:

1. The wind blew outside, and yellow leaves swirled and fell from the trees.
2. Mom went to work, and Vasya decided to go to his classmate for a textbook.
3. A thunderstorm will begin soon, but Mukhtar will not hide in his booth.

Classification of complex sentences

Constructions formed on the basis of a coordinating connection are classified into sentences with an open and closed structure. The first of them may have more than two parts. In sentences related to structures with a closed structure, only two components are distinguished.

Complex sentences with an open structure are characterized by the meaning of simultaneity. They can be expanded with additional parts. Optional connecting connections ( yes, and, neither... nor) and separating ( either, or, then... then) unions.

For sentences with a closed structure, the above feature is not typical. They can be compared to a closed series. The parts of the sentence are structurally and semantically related and interdependent. The conjunctions that are used are - and, and, however, but, but.

Examples of compound sentences with open structure

These constructions in Russian are divided into several types:

1. Connecting sentences. They express relations of temporal succession, relations of simultaneity. An example shows punctuation marks in a complex sentence: The door opened and guests entered the room.
2. Separating sentences. They express relations of alternation and mutual exclusion. Somewhere a fire was set on fire, or a fire occurred. This construction is a mutually exclusive proposition. Either Lisa was spinning around at her desk, or Vasya was throwing notes towards the next row. But this is a proposal for alternation.

Examples of complex sentences with a closed structure

In order to accurately place punctuation marks in a complex sentence and do the exercises perfectly, you need to know that constructions with a closed structure are classified as follows:

1. Sentences with addition meanings. The rain began to pour, and its small drops began to softly fall to the ground.
2. Sentences expressing resultative meaning. The second part expresses the result, consequence or conclusion caused by the first part. The day was drawing to a close, and the objects in the room gradually lost their outlines.
3. Sentences with an adversative meaning. Everyone knew him, and no one wanted to communicate with him.
4. Comparative sentences. The father left the room, and the mother was left alone with her daughter.
5. Comparative and distributive constructions. In the distance an old, crumbling house could be seen, and next to it lay logs brought by the owners of the land.
6. Suggestions of inconsistency. The sun rose outside, and Vasya was still sleeping.
7. Opposing restrictive sentences. In such constructions, one of the parts reports a situation that limits the manifestation of action in the other part. Andrei wanted to stop the search, but Alexandra did not want to give up.
8. Opposing-concessive offers. The rain had long stopped, but the ground continued to remain damp.
9. Opposing and countervailing proposals. The furnishings in the house were simple and sparse, but the atmosphere seemed very cozy and warm.

Placing commas in a complex sentence

In each of the above examples, you can notice the comma. The placement of punctuation marks in a complex sentence is explained by the existing rule. It states that simple parts contained in a complex structure are separated from each other by commas.

If we supplement the above rule, we can say that commas separate parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:

• connecting;
• dividing;
• adversative;
• connecting;
• explanatory.

Cases when a comma is not placed before conjunctions and, yes, or, or

Many schoolchildren who do not yet know all the rules for using punctuation marks think that before conjunctions and, yes, or, either Commas are always used in complex sentences. Actually this is not true. There are several exceptions to the general rule. So, there is no comma:

• when simple constructions that are part of a complex sentence have a common minor member ( Residents walked along the village street and children rode bicycles);
• when simple constructions from a complex sentence have a common subordinate clause ( When the performance ended, the curtain came down and the audience applauded.);
• when simple constructions explain the common third part associated with them by a non-union connection ( She felt unwell: her temperature rose and she felt pain in her head.).

Commas are also not placed before dividing and connecting conjunctions if the constructions include interrogative, exclamatory or incentive sentences. Example: When will the meeting start and what issues will those present discuss?

Dash in a complex sentence

What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? The construction can contain not only commas, but also dashes. This punctuation mark is used in cases where there is a sharp contrast or unexpected addition in the second part of the sentence. The dash serves as a substitute for a comma. The stranger threw the manuscript into the fire - and suddenly thunder roared.

The punctuation mark is also placed in those constructions in which their parts are one-part nominative (or denominative) sentences. Here are some examples showing a dash in a compound sentence:

1. A sudden clap of thunder - and blinding lightning flashes in the sky.
2. Another two or three hours - and the performance will end.
3. One shot - and the hunter hit the bird rising into the sky.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence: the rule for using semicolons

This punctuation mark is used in several cases. Firstly, it is necessary when the parts of a complex sentence are significantly common. A semicolon divides the structure into two parts, which greatly facilitates the perception of information. He constantly gave her flowers, looked after her beautifully, spoke kind and tender words that could turn the head of any woman; but she did not pay attention to him, did not see all his merits and positive qualities.

It is worth noting that the semicolon is placed mainly in those sentences in which the parts are separated by conjunctions yes and, but, however, but. In rare cases, a punctuation mark is used in a construction before a conjunction A.

Some additional nuances in using semicolons

Before unions and, yes (with the meaning and) The semicolon is not always used. This punctuation mark is used only when in a complex sentence two parts are combined, which without the mentioned conjunctions could be separated by a period. In the morning there was delicious soup, spring rolls and meat cutlets on the table; and while we were eating, my mother came into the kitchen to ask what to cook for us for lunch.

Sometimes the use of a semicolon is optional, that is, it is optional. Here's an example: He already knew Sveta, she was not brought from far away, from a neighboring village, and she had been taken to him before. There are commas in a complex sentence. The parts included in the composition are connected by a union yes and. It forms a connection between two one-part indefinite sentences.

Colon in a compound sentence

A colon is a punctuation mark that divides a sentence into two parts. One of them is connected with the other by causal and explanatory relationships. In complex sentences, a colon may be present. The weather changed outside: the wind rose and clouds covered the sky.

As you can see from the example above, the part containing information about wind and clouds shows how the weather has changed. If the constructions lack explanatory and generalizing parts, then punctuation marks in a complex sentence in the form of colons are not used.

conclusions

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence can be different (comma, dash, semicolon). In some cases a colon is necessary. It is worth remembering that it is very important to correctly distinguish complex constructions from simple sentences that are complicated by homogeneous predicates. Here are some examples:

1. The students asked a question and the teacher answered it.
2. The sun peeked through the window and illuminated the interior with its rays.

The first sentence is complex. In it, the parts are separated by a comma and a conjunction And. The second construction from the example also contains this union. However, there is no comma in the sentence, since it is not complex.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that our speech consists of sentences, some of which are complex. It is very important to know the rules for using commas, dashes, semicolons, and colons. The fact is that in spoken speech we use intonation in order to be better understood, and in written speech we use punctuation marks. They are of great importance and can even decide a person’s fate. The importance of the function of punctuation marks in a complex sentence, as in any other, is confirmed by the famous phrase “execute cannot be pardoned.” That is why it is necessary to remember the rules and learn to apply them in practice.

What is a simple sentence? This is a sentence that has one grammatical basis. For example:

Today I will go to my grandmother.
There's a knock on the door.
What a beauty!

But even in a simple sentence, difficulties may arise when placing punctuation marks. For example, sometimes a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. When?

When the subject and predicate are expressed:

• two nouns: The book is a source of knowledge
• two numerals: Five eight is forty
• two infinitives: To live - to serve the Motherland
• noun and infinitive: An excellent position is to be human.

We do not put a dash between the subject and the predicate when they are expressed:

• personal pronoun and noun: He's a skeptic.
• any parts of speech, but the predicate has the negation of not or the words as, exactly, as if: Poverty is not a vice. Pond like steel.

Sometimes a simple sentence can become complicated. Then it is called a simple complex sentence.

A sentence can be complicated by homogeneous clauses. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

In what cases do we put commas between homogeneous members of a sentence?

• between two or more homogeneous members without unions: Sounds grew, strengthened, expanded.
• between homogeneous members with repeating conjunctions and - and, neither - nor, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, then - that, not that - not that : Both the shore and the sea were silent. It's either north or east.
• between homogeneous members with unions a, but, yes (= but): He grumbled, but agreed.

In no case We we don't put it a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence in the following cases:

• between homogeneous members with one union and, or, either, yes (= and) : Red and blue flowers. Him or me - I don't care.
• within a group of homogeneous members connected in pairs: We collected herbs and berries, mushrooms and nuts.
• in phraseological units: and this and that, neither this nor that, neither light nor dawn, and this way and that, and here and there, neither fish nor fowl, neither alive nor dead.

Even a simple sentence can be complicated by introductory words and constructions. We pause before such words and constructions when reading, which is why we put punctuation marks.

Plug-in constructions with the meaning of additional comments and explanations are highlighted with brackets or dashes. We can exclude such constructions from the sentence without changing the main meaning of the sentence.

For example:
Linda - that was the name of our station - was located 60 km from the city. Nadya went upstairs, where she lived with her mother (her grandmother occupied the ground floor).

Introductory words and sentences are separated by commas: Everyone is probably asleep. The shore, as I said, was low. Fortunately, he didn't crash.

A simple proposal can be complicated by appeal. Appeal Always separated by commas:

My old lady, why did you fall silent at the window?
Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?
Why were you silent at the window, my old lady?

Sometimes the address may be preceded by the particle "o". It is separated from the inversion by a comma only if it can be replaced by an interjection (ah or oh). For example:
Oh (=ah!), memory of the heart, you are stronger than the mind of the sad memory!

Sometimes an insidious conjunction arises in a simple sentence "How", which may or may not be preceded by a comma depending on the context.

A comma is placed before the conjunction “how”:

• with comparative turnover: Her eyes sparkled, green as gooseberries.
• with an introductory phrase (sentence) as usual, as always, as a rule : On the way, as always, we stopped at a cafe.
• when applied with a causal meaning: Russia’s heart will not forget you, like its first love!
• if the sentence contains correlative words so, so, that, so: The Lyceum gave Russia such people as Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig.
• if after the word properly And : Trees, like people, have their own destiny.
• if the word how is part of the expressions none other than; nothing more than : It was none other than Rylov.

A comma is NOT placed before the conjunction “as”:

• if there is a negative particle before the comparative phrase Not or word completely, completely, almost, sort of, directly, exactly, exactly, etc. : The newspaper did not come out as usual. He's just like a child.
• if the phrase can be replaced with “as”: Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (=as a groom). The issue of ecology arises as the main issue of today (as the main issue of today).
• if the phrase is a phraseological unit: white as snow, feared like fire, naked like a falcon, clearly visible.
• with double union of both... and... : This topic is touched upon in both poetry and prose.
• if we can replace the phrase with a noun in the instrumental case: He flew like a bird. (= He flew like a bird.) The dreams disappeared like smoke. (= Dreams disappeared into smoke.)

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more grammatical stems. Types of complex sentences can be represented in the following diagram:

Complex sentences:

1.Allied
2.Non-Union. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning.
3.With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.

Compound. The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star.

Complex subordinates. I know that I don't know anything.

Let's sort it out in order.

Co complex The proposals are quite simple:

A comma is placed between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence: Morning came and everyone went home.

A comma is not placed if the sentences connected by conjunctions have a common secondary member, introductory word, comparative phrase or common subordinate clause: From the window you can see the Volga and the stars sparkle high(general term – “out of the window”).

Complex sentences

We put a comma:

• between simple sentences that are part of a complex one: We set off as the sun rose. Let me know where you are staying. To prevent the child from getting wet, he was wrapped in a cloak.
• when using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to . Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before or inside conjunctions: He didn't come to school because he was sick. We only left because it got dark.
• Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of a sentence: It was obvious that he was right and that I was entirely to blame.

Don't put a comma:

• between adjacent unions what if, what although , if further there is a second part of the union That or So : He said that if the weather did not improve, then we should forget about fishing.
• if there is a negation before the conjunction (conjunctive word) Not : He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
• if the subordinate part is one conjunctive word: He promised to return, but did not say when.
• before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially : He became better, especially when he learned about what had happened.
• before steady speed as you like, wherever it goes, at any cost, as much as you like, unknown where, as if nothing had happened, etc.

IN non-union complex sentences there is always some punctuation mark. It is important to understand which one. Let's figure it out!

We put a comma

• between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and related: Clouds piled up, lightning flashed, and it rained.

We put a colon:

• the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in meaning, a conjunction can be inserted between them because ): Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
• the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, you can insert the words between them namely ): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow had melted, the damp earth was smoking, grass was breaking through.
• the second sentence complements the first (in meaning a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them What : "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel (=that) someone is pulling me to the side.
• The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?

We put a dash:

• with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: I woke up and he was no longer there. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
• when contrasted (in meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between the parts ah, but ): Sasha is stupid - (=a) Petya is smart.
• if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (in meaning, conjunctions can be placed before the first sentence when, if ): (When) the forest is cut down, the chips fly.
• when comparing (meaningfully, you can insert conjunctions between the parts as if): Says a word - (= as if) a nightingale is singing.
• if the second sentence represents a result or conclusion (in terms of meaning, you can insert the word between the parts That's why ): The smoky sun is rising - (=therefore) it will be a hot day.

Complex sentence with different types of communication is a combination of complex sentences already known to us. Therefore, it is important to determine by what connection the parts of the sentence are coordinated. We put punctuation marks based on this. The most questions arise when coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are next to each other. When should they be separated by a comma? It's simple here:

Compare:
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
You can call me, but if you don’t call today, we’ll leave tomorrow.

Let's sum it up

First we need to determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we count the number of grammatical stems.
If the sentence is simple, pay attention to the subject and predicate - are they the ones that need to be put with a dash between them?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it contain homogeneous parts of the sentence, introductory words or constructions, addresses, the conjunction “how”?
If this sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinating connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, ah, but, yes . It’s simple here - if they are there, it means the sentence is complex. If parts of a complex sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check whether we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any connecting words, but the sentence is complex, then it is non-conjunctive. Our task is to determine which character separates the parts of a non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating ones, and a non-union connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. We pay special attention to the presence of conjunctions in the second part then, yes, but .

Coordinating conjunction and can connect:

• homogeneous members of the sentence;
• simple sentences as part of a complex sentence;
• homogeneous subordinate clauses in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous parts of a sentence

If homogeneous members of a sentence are connected by a single conjunction and a comma is not placed between them.
For example: I have two brothers and three sisters.

If homogeneous members of a sentence are connected by a repeating conjunction and, a comma is placed between them. In this case, a comma is placed before the second of the repeated conjunctions.
For example: In the store we bought bread and sausage, butter, and potatoes.

If before homogeneous members of a sentence connected by a repeating conjunction and, there is a member of a sentence without a conjunction, then a comma is placed before the first repeating conjunction.
For example: In the store we bought bread, sausage, butter, and potatoes.

Attention! A comma is not used in expressions such as dad and mom, grandparents and the like, since both words can be replaced with one, for example, parents.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

If the conjunction AND connects simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, then a comma is always placed before it.
For example: Spring has begun, and all the roads have washed away.

A comma is not used if both parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member.
For example: In the morning, birds wake up in the forest and wild animals go out to hunt (both birds wake up and animals go out to hunt in the morning).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous subordinate clauses

In a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, the subordinate clauses can be connected to each other by homogeneous subordination (that is, they join the main clause with the same conjunctions and answer the same questions). Such subordinate clauses can be connected to each other by a conjunction and, in this case, the second subordinating conjunction is omitted. There is no comma before the conjunction.
For example: [The neighbor told me] (that the children had already returned from school) and (the father returned from a business trip).

§112

Between parts of a complex sentence a comma is added .

At the same time, connecting relationships are established between them (unions and, yes meaning "and" no no), adversatives (conjunctions ah, but, yes meaning "but" however, on the other hand, otherwise, however), dividing (unions or, or, whether... or, whether... or, whether... either, that... that, not that... not that), connecting (unions yes and, and besides, also, also, means) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is, or meaning "that is"):

A) My narration turns out to be strictly documentary,And further I must follow the chosen path(Chiv.); AND the water will glisten lonely again,And the night star looks into her window(Sick.); Neither I can't see the light of the sun,neither there is no room for my roots,neither the breezes around me of freedom(Wing.);

b) Mother was traveling with father from Siverskaya station,A we, children, went to meet them(Eb.); The Leningrad blind light shone in the windows of the house,But for both of us this place and this light seemed sacred(Paust.); Expensive,but a good thing; Anton Semenovich, allow me to escort the girls from Pirogovka,otherwise they are afraid(Poppy.); His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldierssame truly loved(Cupr.); All the guys wanted to wait for you here,Yes I dissuaded(Fad.); This year he failed to go to college,however everything was still ahead ;

V) heardwhether the city and monastery bells were ringing through the open windows, shoutingwhether there's a peacock in the yard,or If someone coughed in the hallway, everyone could not help but think that Mikhail Ilyich was seriously ill(Ch.); Will flashwhether the day behind the blue mountain will risewhether night with the autumn moon, I’m still looking for you, distant friend(P.); Not that the rain is drizzling,not that snow pellets are falling;Either I don't like being a typisteither I didn’t like this Filimonov(Sim.); That he was going to go to the zoological garden to study to become a lion tamer,That he was drawn to firefighting(Kav.);

G) I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food;and besides caution never hurts(I.); I was getting ready to leave, my brother was also packing his things; The warmth and dampness made him sleepy,Yes HeAnd didn't try to resist(Sim.); The clouds are approachingMeans it will be raining ;

d) It is necessary to get bread,that is you need to plow, sow, mow, thresh(Ch.); The father always tried to keep the children busy with interesting things,namely he bought new books, came up with funny games .

In a complex sentence with single conjunctions and, yes(meaning “and”), or, or no comma in the following cases:

1) if parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause: Into the wind the forests are noisy with the great ocean roarAnd the tops of the pine trees bend after the passing clouds(Paust.); Through the rain the sun was shiningAnd the rainbow spread from edge to edge(Priv.); By noon black clouds will almost touch the ground, a damp wind will blowAnd languid, sleep-inducing rains will pour down(Paust.); When the sun rose , the dew has driedAnd the grass has turned green; if the subordinate clause refers only to one of the parts of a complex sentence, then its second part is separated by a comma: When I firmly moved my skis down the mountain, a cloud of cold snow dust rose towards me, and two parallel tracks were cut correctly and beautifully across the entire pristine white, fluffy slope ;

2) if parts of a complex sentence have a common introductory word, a common isolated member or a common part of a complex sentence explained by them: In a word , time had already expired and it was time to leave;Contrary to weather forecasters' predictions , the sky has already cleared and the rain has stopped;Anna had an inexplicable feeling : a little more and this whole story will end(Shcherb.); It was impossible to stop : legs were sucked in and footprints filled with water(Paust.);

3) if the parts of a complex sentence are nominative sentences: Do you hear?A hoarse groan and an angry rattle! (P.); however, if there are more than two nominative sentences, and the conjunction And is repeated, then commas are placed - according to the rule that applies when distinguishing homogeneous members of a sentence (see § 26): The hiss of underwater sand, the awkward movement of a crab,And flight of seagulls,And steer run,And round jellyfish ice(Bagr.); AND blue smoke,And the first meetings, vague anxiety,And a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road(Sim.) (in the last part - state house and long road– there is no comma, since this part is perceived as a single whole; repetition of the conjunction And interrupted before part government House);

4) if the parts of a compound sentence are impersonal or indefinitely personal sentences with the same form of the predicate: The trees were dripping and there was a smell of leaves all around; The spectators were placed around the arena and the performance participants were brought into the arena ;

5) if parts of a complex sentence are imperative, interrogative or exclamatory sentences; What unites here is intonation, and in incentive sentences there may also be common particles: Where will the meeting take place?And who is its chairman?– general interrogative intonation; How quiet it is aroundAnd how pure the starry sky!– general exclamatory intonation; Let The sun is shining and the birds are singing!– common particle.

§113

semicolon, especially if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside (more often in the presence of conjunctions a, but, on the other hand, also, also, also): The heart feels horror in this brief moment, which divides the roar of thunder into blows;A they thunder and the clouds burst, throwing golden arrows of lightning from their ranks to the ground(M.G.); This seemed like a paradox to me, and it took me a while to understand the meaning of his words;But he’s like this: the Kilda king has a cultural country...(Priv.); I grabbed his hand;But he looked at me quietly and proudly(Adv.); – We are talking seriously;A If you don’t want to honor me with your attention, then I won’t bow(Adv.); – Here is your salary; you see, I'm giving away;but you have to save me(Adv.); ...Last time I went to the tankers during the day; at nightsame everything seemed different, unfamiliar(Kaz.); For some time the noise of the larches could still be heard through this veil, then it too fell silent, as if crushed by thick snow; windSame subsided(Cor.).

§114

Between parts of a complex sentence is placed dash, if the second part of the sentence contains the meaning of a result, consequence, sharp opposition (usually before the conjunction And, less often before conjunctions but, ah): We need to have time to write it down. The slightest delayAnd the thought flashes and disappears(Paust.); At first I tried not to scoop up water or dirt into my shoes, but I stumbled once, stumbled again -And it didn't matter anymore(Sol.); He pretended to listen to the hostess, was amazed at the simplest things, patted himself on the knee -And again talking only about himself(Boon.); Let's cross the stream along the oak tree -And to the swamp(Priv.); Put a stick on the water -And she will go with the flow(Priv.); She breathed in a little air -And smelled of the cold sea(Street); The soul, as before, is filled every hour with languid thoughts -But the fire of poetry went out(P.); I'm hurrying there -A the whole city is already there(P.).

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

§115

In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing what if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, while, since, why, as if, since, so, just, exactly, although, whose, than, what, in order etc. The subordinate part in a complex sentence is highlighted commas on both sides, if standing inside the main part; if the subordinate part comes before or after the main part, then it is separated from it comma : Double skywhen the clouds were moving in different directions , ended with rain for two days(Priv.); When it got dark , I lit the lamp(Priv.); It is common knowledgethat everyone who left Russia took with them the last day (Ahm.); Green askedso that his bed is placed in front of the window (Paust.); There was a white veil ahead,as if the river had overflowed its banks (A.T.); I'll comealthough very busy ; If I'm in the way, then I'll leave(Paust.); Below lay the third layer,where there were many remains from Roman times (Paust.); It was hard to believethat there is a war at sea (Paust.); It became audiblehow the fire roars inside the building (Shuksh.).

A comma between the main part and the subordinate clause, attached by a simple conjunction or allied word, not placed :

A) if a subordinating conjunction or conjunctive word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction And(or particle): He didn't return the book to meand when I read it ; Will be known soonand who will come to the holiday ;

b) if there is a particle not before a subordinating conjunction or allied word: Need to prepare for examsnot when the session will begin, and long before that (no... but);

V) if the subordinate clause is truncated to one conjunctive word (a conjunctive word used alone loses the function of a subordinate clause): The students were scheduled for an exam, but did not specifyWhen ; Someone was walking from the direction of the avenue - it was unclear from a distanceWho (Pelev.);

G) if the subordinate part, thanks to conjunctions and, or, is included in a number of homogeneous members: During workand when the movie came out , I didn't really understand it(gas.); And I remembered the unforgettable “Frigate “Pallada””And How Grigorovich rolled into Paris eighty years ago!(Bulg.); He suddenly wanted warmthand so that the winter was also warm(Ard.); Come back in a weekor whenever you want .

§116

If a simple subordinating conjunction is preceded by intensifying-restrictive words (particles, conjunctions or their combinations, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, in particular, namely, and also, and (But) only, just, only, exclusively, only etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the conjunction: Yaroslavl is unique, you can’t confuse it with any other city,especially when you will see the city from the Volga(M. Rapov); It's nice in the forest in spring,especially when (If ) the buds on the trees are just beginning to open; She promised to comebut only when exams will end; He came to the city to go to exhibitions,and also to visit your relatives; It's good to relax in the village in the summer,in particular if a fruitful year for mushrooms and berries; He arrived on timejust when classes were about to begin; A ravine appeared before them,only when the fog cleared; He came to Moscowsolely to get to the Bolshoi Theater; I found out about the exhibition late,namely when it's already closed .

§117

In complex sentences complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of, while, due to the fact that, based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, likewise, in proportion as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, for the purpose of, just as, so that, especially since and etc.

Conjunctions can be included entirely in the subordinate clause, and then a comma is placed before the first part of the conjunction: He[day] seemed huge, endless and active,although on the way we didn't even talk to each other(Paust.); It was impossible to read in the diffused glare of the white night,as well as it was impossible to turn on the light(Paust.); The roar of the storm is heard nearby, beyond the cape,whereas in Balaklava Bay the water, filled level with the old embankments, stands motionless(Paust.); You should change girls at posts more often,because In the evening the frost gets stronger(B.P.); I just got boredas the train was approaching Kruziliha(Pan.).

But unions can be dismembered - depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical selection (strengthening) of the first part of the union. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction, and the first is included in the main part as a correlative word: Because of we got up very early and then did nothing, the day seemed very long(Ch.); Thanks to the summer is very hot and dry, it was necessary to water every tree(Ch.); Fedor has changed a lotearlier than mother thought(Av.); It's hard for young people to understandbecause this Russia no longer exists(Paust.). Wed: It's hard for young people to understandbecause this Russia no longer exists .

Do not dismember complex alliances whereas, as if, as if, meanwhile: The construction manager ordered the construction of the dam in a native way,whereas , according to Ivin and other workers, it was necessary to erect a concrete(ABOUT.); It was very similaras if a car was walking in the distance(Priv.); There was a rustling sound,as if as a cat ran across the roof .

Unions while, as, before, if the subordinate clause comes before the main one, usually are not dismembered : As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky-cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket(Bergg.); While I was gutting and cleaning bright sea fish, a woman of about sixty stopped next to me(Sol.). Wed: As the sun was rising, the day was warmer and cheerful(Boon.); … After the household lost its leader, not only Fyodor was confused, but also his mother(Fad.); – The noise died downas the news penetrated to all corners of the hall(Leon.); Here's what happened at the last minutebefore as he followed Elizaveta Alexandrovna into the hallway(Fad.).

The dismemberment of the union while is detected only when the temporal meaning is enhanced, especially when words are included just, yet, most, exactly: I asked my grandfather about thisjust at the time he swung his second felt boot(Priv.). Such sentences are close to sentences with the conjunction When (during the time when): The mushrooms are really starting to growduring the time when rye shoots an ear(Tendr.).

Union So is not dismembered if it has the value of a consequence: He swayed in three steps, and suddenly, having described a full circle with his whole body,So for one moment his legs were directly above his head, he pushed off the bars with force<…>and deftly, like a cat, sat down on the ground(Kupr.) – subordinate part of the investigation; Wed with sentences that have the meaning “thus” in the subordinate clause: ...describing a full circle with your whole bodySo for one moment his legs were directly above his head– the meaning of the word in the main part of the sentence is concretized by the subordinate part of the manner of action.

§118

The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:

A) in the presence of words adjacent to the first part of the conjunction and logically highlighting it: when using negation, intensifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs. All these words pull the emphasis on the first part of the conjunction, contributing to its transition into a correlative word: Pastukhov became friends with Tsvetukhinnot because gravitated toward actors(Fed.); And the sun seems to be shiningjust to before her gaze, without disappearing, shone a window with a motionless black silhouette(Fed.); The young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time,probably because I didn't whistle naturally enough(T.);

b) when including the first part of a conjunction in a homogeneous series of sentence members: Romashov blushed to real tearsfrom his powerlessness and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, and because through the deafening sounds of the quadrille he could not get a single word in(Cupr.);

V) when contrasted: Melodies, mixed with tears, flow straight along your nerve to your heart, and you crynot because you're sadbut because the path to you inside is guessed so correctly and insightfully(B. Past.).

§119

In complex sentences with several homogeneous subordinate clauses punctuation marks are placed according to the rules that apply when separating homogeneous members of a simple sentence: it is taken into account whether the subordinate parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions or not, whether the coordinating conjunction is repeated or not repeated; The number of repeated coordinating conjunctions also matters (see § 25, 26).

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating conjunctions: I remember,how we ran through the forest, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they tore off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes (Garsh.) – four explanatory clauses, not connected by coordinating conjunctions.

2. Between two clauses connected by single connective or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, either, yes(in the meaning of “and”), a comma is not placed (in this case, the subordinating conjunction or allied word may not be repeated): Approaching the house, I rememberedthat nearby, in a spruce forest with juniper, he scared away an old black rooster more than once, and there also lived a queen with one young cockerel And; Her mother, Zinaida Vitalievna, evoked exactly the same pity.when, forgetting about her saleswomen, hairdressers and masseuses, she was tired and went to bed for the night, or when she taught a girl to tie bows (White) – two subordinate clauses connected by a conjunction or .

3. If there are several homogeneous subordinate clauses and the last of them is joined by a coordinating conjunction And, then before the union And comma not placed :…Mom said,What Uncle Kolya insists that I move to Bryansk with him for a while,What he will get me into a Bryansk gymnasiumSo what this is absolutely necessary...(Paust.) – three explanatory clauses, the third of which is joined by a conjunction And .

4. Between two subordinate clauses connected by adversative conjunctions, a comma is put : We have been connected with this Vaska for a long time,when he had Karai, and my dog ​​Anchar was shot while hunting (Priv.) – two subordinate clauses connected by a conjunction A; And we also thought about wood grouse,that the cattle probably got in here and scared [birds] , otherwise, perhaps, in a clearing from above, a hawk looked at them, rushed, dispersed (Prishv.) – two explanatory clauses connected by a conjunction otherwise .

5. For repeated coordinating conjunctions, a comma between homogeneous subordinate clauses is put : In late autumn, gathered around the fire, we remembered with pleasure,how we recently picked mushrooms and berries in these places, and how friends from the city came to visit us, and how fun and carefree everyone was (gas.) – three explanatory clauses connected by a repeating conjunction And .

6. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by different single coordinating conjunctions, commas between them are not placed : However, it is very important to think aboutwhat was double in my eyes or was the mark actually double and how could it be that there was a double trail from one bird - I didn’t have time(Prishv.) – three explanatory clauses connected by conjunctions or And And .

§120

Between homogeneous common subordinate clauses, as well as between common homogeneous members of a sentence, a semicolon can be placed (cf. § 30): Davydov felt a little sad because a lot had changed there now; that now he will no longer be able to sit all night long drawings; that now they have apparently forgotten about him(Shol.).

§121

If a complex sentence has two or, less often, several main parts with a common subordinate part, the signs are placed according to the rules that apply to homogeneous members. In particular, two main parts connected by a connecting conjunction are not separated by a comma: By the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the Printing House was located,the evening ended and Blok left … (Past.) The non-union connection of the main parts entails the use of a comma: As soon as Svezhevsky left Nina,how a mountain student ran up to her, followed by someone else (Cupr.).

§122

With sequential subordination in a complex sentence, commas separate all subordinate clauses: Levinson looked around with a silent, still damp gaze, this spacious sky and earth, promising bread and rest, these distant people on the current,whom he would soon have to make as his own, close people, as were the eighteen who silently rode behind (Fad.).

§123

In a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, as well as in a complex sentence with composition and subordination, two conjunctions (or a conjunction and a conjunction word) may appear side by side: two subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunction word), a coordinating and subordinating conjunction (or a coordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word). Conjunctions are separated or not separated by a comma depending on the following conditions.

1. Comma at the junction of alliances is put, if after the first conjunction follows single union in the subordinate part: But it was impossible to stand in this swamp for long,because when in the first frosts it was covered with a layer of ice, the water under the ice dropped, and so the thin ice was formed(Priv.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes,and although her words were familiar, they suddenly made Saburov’s heart ache(Sim.). The dog pausedand, bye she stood, the man saw how a ray of sunshine caressed the entire clearing(Priv.).

2. If after the first union follows double union, That comma at the junction of alliances not placed. This happens when the subordinating conjunction has the word in the main part of the sentence then: Prokofiev, dressing by touch in the pitch darkness, said,What writing is the most difficult and tempting activity in the worldand what if if he weren't a geologist,That I would probably become a writer(Paust.) – in this sentence there are two explanatory parts connected by the conjunction So what And What; but the second subordinate clause is a complex sentence ( if... then); I thoughtwhat if there will be no change at this hour,That the duck judge didn't shoot this morning(Prishv.) – in this sentence the conjunction What appends the entire following complex sentence ( if... then).

Comma at the junction of conjunctions not placed and in the event that the subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by an connecting conjunction yes and (yes and why, yes and what): Explain to me what you mean by thisso what all this means .

3. At the beginning of a sentence, the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, as well as the subordinating conjunction and the allied word, are not separated by a comma: Denis died.And when I was leaving, his old woman brought me a goose...(Priv.); And forgive me, and forever, forever...Because where is can they meet now?(Boon.).

§124

In a complex sentence it can be put dash :

1) after the subordinate part standing before the main part (especially in the presence of words this, this, that in the main part): When you're sad - write well(Paust.); What's in the air - no one paid attention to that anymore(Ch.); When the eagle, falcon, hawk finally cries , is both beautiful and powerful(M.G.);

2) when enhancing the interrogative nature of the sentence to emphasize the unusual location of the subordinate part before the main one: What is influence? - You know?(Grain); Why did all this happen to you? - Tell me(the usual location of the explanatory subordinate part is after the main part);

3) in the presence of several subordinate parts to emphasize the generalizing nature of the main part: Where will I be this academic year, will I transfer to where? – you have to think about all this!(Grain);

4) with parallelism in the structure of a sentence: Yes,what do you know as a child – you know for life, but alsowhat you don't know as a child – you don’t know for the rest of your life(Color.);

5) with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part: Only time she perked up -when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding(Grain).

§125

colon :

1) if the main part of the sentence contains words warning of further explanation: He warnedabout one thing : so that everyone arrives on time; Orderwas the following : so that everyone prepares for the trip in advance; Butthat's what he remembered well: how Clara jumped over the spinning wheel(Shuksh.). In such sentences it is possible to insert words namely ;

2) if the subordinate clause is an indirect question: He was very worried about the question:is this book worth buying? (Gran.); however, in this case a comma is also acceptable.

§126

In a complex sentence it is put comma and dash, if the sentence is constructed in the form of a period, which is always divided into two parts - pronounced with a rising and falling tone (a comma and a dash are placed at the division site): If the old leaves rustled under my feet,If different branches turned red,If the willows unfolded,If trees of different species spoke with the aroma of their bark, -That , which means there is movement in the birches, and there is no point in spoiling the birch(Priv.). In such sentences, the main part often has a generalizing character and completes the listing of the preceding subordinate clauses: When I found myself in the bosom of the Odessa family,When listened to Mikhail's violin,When , floating on her back, looking into the deep sky, -All fell into place(Grain); What I'm sadWhat it was hard andWhat inspired a gain of strength,with what life was in a hurry to cope, - IAll I put it here(TV).

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

§127

Between parts of a non-union complex sentence when listing a comma is added : The ocean roared behind the wall like black mountains, the blizzard whistled strongly in the heavy gear, the whole ship trembled(Boon.); It was getting dark and freezing, and water was being supplied to the kitchen. Children came and were shushed(B. Past.); Since childhood, I was drawn to the distant and unknown, I always wanted to go somewhere and on something(Chiv.); The wind blew for a week, it was warmer, the earth was receding, the late moonlit greenery was blooming brightly in the steppe(Shol.); Deep below, alfalfa ran in the wind, hot blueness fell from above, leaves rustled right next to my cheek.(Eb.).

§128

With significant prevalence, parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence can be separated semicolon; A semicolon is preferable if there are commas inside parts of a complex sentence - indicators of their internal division: Clear water gurgled and splashed in the ponds; from beautiful vases hanging in the air between the trees, climbing plants descended in garlands(Cupr.); Naples grew and approached; the musicians, shining with brass instruments, had already crowded on the deck and suddenly deafened everyone with the triumphant sounds of a march(Boon.); The stone stairs near the palace were illuminated by dawn; yellowish light fell on the ground, reflecting from the walls and windows(Paust.); The face was pale and stern, completely frozen and motionless; eyebrows are slightly knitted and frowned(Adv.).

If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are, in turn, complex sentences or simple and complex, then between the parts is placed semicolon : For whole hours, while seven, eight, nine struck, while the autumn night, black as soot, was falling outside the windows, I examined her old glove, or the pen with which she always wrote, or her small scissors; I did nothing and was clearly aware that if I had done anything before, if I plowed, mowed, chopped, it was only because she wanted it(Ch.); On him[sky] three slender figures of distant poplars loomed; it seemed that they were either getting smaller or getting taller(M.G.). Internal combinations of characters in such blocks can be very diverse.

§129

In a non-union complex sentence, between the parts is placed colon :

1) if the second part of the non-union sentence explains what is said in the first part; in such cases, word substitution is possible namely: Spring, of course, is moving: in the pond, which has not yet completely melted, frogs lean out, purring in a low voice(Priv.); And from these words of hers, everyone felt good, calm, as in childhood: the sun is shining quietly, times are quietly sliding by... (T. Tolst.).

In the first part of a non-union complex sentence there may be words warning about subsequent explanation: Some more time passes, and then a new one comesmismanagement : Grandfather fell ill, there is no one to plow and sow(Priv.); Then it happened on the givenevent , similar to a miracle: a rosehip bush, oppressed, came into the light and bloomed in September, and bloomed until frost(Priv.); My days are increasingly pouring into memory. And life turnsinto something strange, double : there is one, real, and another, ghostly, a product of memory, and they exist side by side(Trif.); This happenedSo : we went on reconnaissance in the wild forest(Priv.); In our regionold sign : on the twentieth day after the cranes, spring plowing begins(Priv.); Drilledthought : Why didn’t she go change clothes?(Shcherb.); For now I'll tell youone : we read from these sections and from all sorts of other signs a wonderful thing(Paust.);

2) reasons, justifications, which is checked by the possibility of substituting conjunctions since, because: Miller didn’t have time to answer: the boat entered the breakers(Paust.); Nastena was completely exhausted, but she didn’t dare to urge her father-in-law: it was impossible to show that she needed a boat for some reason(Spread); Seeing him, white as a wall, Mikhailovna groaned and grabbed her heart: she also thought that Yegor had returned in secret and had been found(Shuksh.); My first attempts at photography turned out to be extremely unsuccessful: I was in a hurry, often inserting the record into the cassette inside out(Cat.); Oh, it was scary to look at him: some kind of geyser of anger(T. Tolstoy);

3) if the second part of a non-conjunctive complex sentence matters explanatory, which is emphasized by verbs placed in the first part of the sentence and warning about the subsequent presentation of a fact. If there are verbs see, understand, hear, look, learn, think, feel etc., then between the parts of a complex sentence you can insert a conjunction What; if there are verbs look out, glance, look back, listen, look, i.e. verbs that are not capable of attaching an explanation directly, then combinations can be inserted and saw that; and heard that; and felt that and etc.: I immediatelyUnderstood : the rooster was here somewhere(Priv.); I don’t know how long I slept,I hear : I have work in my room again(Priv.); He carefully pried apart his glued eyelids andlooked forward, like a sleepwalker: behind the snowstorm, three lights burned in the pitch darkness(Paust.).

§130

In a non-conjunction complex sentence it is put dash :

1) if between the parts of a non-union complex sentence there are established comparative and adversative relations : In the frosty steamy courtyard the sun turned red -it was warm in the house . The summer heat was scorching outside -it was cool in the house (Boon.); This is not a horse scribbling -my heart is beating (Sn.); They wanted to appoint him as chairman again -it is forbidden (Spread); He called his neighbors heart-rendingly -did not come , hid(T. Tolstoy);

2) if the second part of the sentence contains an indication of result, consequence : Krainev lit the cords -they burst into flames (E.P.); Sintsov gave a turn -the tanker disappeared (Sim.); Another shot -the coachman dropped the reins and quietly slid under the wheels (Shol.); They used to sing -It was breathtaking, any height was taken (Ac.);

3) if the first part of the sentence contains an indication of time or condition performing the action indicated in the second part: The weathered face is burning, andclose your eyes - the whole earth will float under your feet(Boon.); You will go into such a hut in winter – doesn’t smell like a living spirit(Shuksh.); Which leaf will disappear? - Seryozha is looking for him(Pan.); There were a lot of people then,let's go out for mowing - creepy(Sol.);

4) if the second part of the sentence contains comparison with what was said in the first part: Says a word -the nightingale sings ; Will pass by -will give you the sun ;

5) if the second part of the sentence begins with the words so, it’s just like this: I fly into the narrowest cracks like rain, widen them -So new stanzas appear(Ahm.); Alena sighed shakily -So sighs a crying child(Current.); The moon seemed to be lowered from above on a rope -like this she was close, big(Shuksh.); ...No matter how greedily you peer into the blue distance, you won’t see a single dot, you won’t hear a sound -So It’s as if people with their faces and speeches flash through life and drown in our past(Ch.); Suddenly he heard singing -This great-grandmother sang(Pan.); I picked up and examined his Mauser -This it was a great car, and completely new(Pelev.); And Nikitich can reason in this manner all night -only spread your ears(Shuksh.); The bird cherry was large, in long and clean, heavy clusters without leaves -only have time to put your hands under them(Spread).

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic structures

§131

In complex syntactic constructions, i.e. in complex sentences with different types of syntactic connections (with composition and subordination; with composition and non-conjunction connection; with subordination and non-conjunction connection; with composition, subordination and non-conjunction connection), punctuation marks are placed on a general basis ( see § 112, 115, 119, 127) - the type of conjunctions, the semantic relationships of the parts of the sentence, and the order of their arrangement are taken into account: On the youngest birches the buds are green and shining brightly with fragrant resin, but the forest is not yet dressed, and this year a cuckoo has flown to this still bare forest: a cuckoo flying to a bare forest is considered bad(Priv.); While walking in the forest, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome with philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all humanity(Priv.); Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock - and lightning flashed: the idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared(Paust.).

§132

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis: The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here that the wild felling became like a garden to me: I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every fir-tree, and they all became mine, and it’s the same as if I planted them, this is my own garden(Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage to get a worm from under it; at this time we approached, and he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak(Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.

The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark should be distinguished from the combination of a comma and a dash, when each sign stands on its own: Who knows how long you will have to stay in the taiga - and all the time Grinka and his comrades will be behind you(Shuksh.) - a comma closes the subordinate clause of a sentence, and a dash separates parts of a complex sentence.

Depending on the meaning, semantic relationships between simple sentences, the following punctuation marks are used in non-union complex sentences: comma, semicolon, colon, dash. To check the meaning of a non-union complex sentence, you can use synonymous constructions of complex or complex sentences.

Comma in a non-union complex sentence it is placed if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations (simultaneity and sequence). Between simple sentences you can insert a conjunction and.

Wed: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear(Pushkin). - The snowstorm did not subside and the sky did not clear; The train went quickly, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute the noise was no longer heard(Chekhov). - The train moved quickly, and its lights soon disappeared, and in a minute there was no more noise to be heard.

Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence it is placed if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations, but are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread:

To the left was a deep gorge; / 1 behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with layers of snow, were drawn on the pale horizon, still retaining the last glow of dawn/ 2 (Lermontov).

Colon in non-unioncomplex

1. The second simple sentence explains the meaning of the first (explanatory relationship). Before the second sentence you can put the words namely, that is.

Wed: A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(Pushkin). - A terrible thought flashed through my mind, namely: I imagined her in the hands of robbers.

Note!

A colon is required if the first sentence of a non-union complex sentence contains the words so, so, so, one etc., the specific content of which is revealed in the second sentence.

My custom is this: signed, off your shoulders(Griboyedov); I'll tell you only one thing: you can't sit back(Chekhov).

2. The second simple sentence complements the content of the first (additional relations). Before the second sentence you can insert the conjunction that.

Wed: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me(Lermontov). - I knew that the blow of fate would not bypass me.

Note!

Sometimes there are verbs in the first sentence look out, look around, listen and etc.; phrases raise your eyes, raise your head and others, warning about further presentation. In this case, between the parts of a non-union sentence you can insert not just a conjunction that, but a combination of words: and saw that; and heard that; and felt that and so on.

Wed: I looked out of the wagon: everything it was dark and stormy (Pushkin). - I looked out of the wagon and saw that everything was darkness and whirlwind; He thought, smelled: it smells like honey(Chekhov). - He thought, smelled and felt that smells like honey.

3. The second simple sentence states the reason for what is said in the first sentence (causal relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert a causal conjunction because.

Wed: Now everyone is in the house had a stern expression: the earthquake was not good(Tynyanov). - Now everyone in the house had a stern expression because the earthquake was not good; The birds were not heard: they do not sing in hot hours(Turgenev). - I couldn't hear the birds because they don't sing in hot weather..

Shooting range in the non-unioncomplexthe sentence is placed in the following cases:

1. The second simple sentence contains an unexpected addition, indicating a rapid change of events. You can insert words before the second sentence and suddenly, and unexpectedly, and suddenly, and immediately:

The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it(Krylov). - The cheese fell out, and suddenly there was such a trick with it; The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life, laughed(M. Gorky). - The wind blew, and immediately everything trembled, came to life, and laughed.

2. The second sentence of a complex non-union sentence expresses opposition. Between simple sentences you can insert conjunctions a, but.

Wed: I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening(Griboyedov). - I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening; He is the guest - I am the host(Bagritsky). - He is the guest and I am the host.

3. The second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion. You can insert words between parts therefore, then, as a result.

Wed: I'm dying - I have no reason to lie(Turgenev). - I'm dying, so I have no reason to lie; I would like to become a pilot - let them teach me(Mayakovsky). - I would like to become a pilot, so let them teach me.

Note. If the meaning of the consequence is not expressed intonationally, a comma is placed instead of a dash, for example: A man is not a needle, we will find him(Chekhov).

4. The first sentence has the meaning of time or condition. Before the first part you can put conjunctions when, if.

Wed: Cats squabble, and mice are welcome (proverb). - When cats squabble, mice have fun; If it rains, there will be fungi (Pushkin). - If it rains, there will be fungi.

Note If the second sentence is in non-union If a complex sentence begins with a particle like this, then a comma is placed instead of a dash, for example: Give everyone vodka, and soon you yourself will have to starve(Pushkin).

5. The second sentence contains a comparison. Between simple sentences you can put conjunctions as if, as if.

Wed: Says a word - the nightingale sings(Lermontov). - He says a word as if a nightingale is singing.

6. The second sentence in a complex non-conjunctive sentence has a connecting meaning and begins with the words so, so, so:

An order is an order - that's how he was raised(Vorobiev).

The second sentence has a connecting meaning and you can put the word this in front of it (sometimes this word is in the sentence itself):

Plan for analyzing a non-union complex sentence

1. Indicate the type of complex sentence (non-conjunction complex sentence).
2. Indicate how many parts a unionless complex sentence consists of (highlight the grammatical bases).
3. Indicate the meaning (semantic relationships) between the parts of the non-union sentence. Justify the use of punctuation (comma, semicolon, colon, dash).
4. Construct a diagram of a non-union complex sentence.

Sample parsing

The oak tree holds on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Krylov).

Non-union complex sentence; consists of two simple parts: 1) oak holds on; 2) the reed fell to the ground; grammatical basics: 1) oak holds on; 2) the reed fell. The second sentence contains opposition (you can insert a conjunction between the parts: a: The oak tree holds on, but the reed has fallen to the ground). Therefore, a dash is placed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence.

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opposite