Presentation of nuclear weapons and their damaging factors. The damaging factors of nuclear weapons and ways to protect against it. Radiation dose and radiation sickness

Nuclear weapons A weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes. Nuclear bomb explosion in Nagasaki (1945)

Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish: thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction; neutron weapon - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from atomic physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that a letter addressed to him in early 1943 by the Soviet physicist Flerov, who managed to explain the essence of the problem in a popular way, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. The general leadership was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the GKO, V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed I. Kurchatov as the head of the atomic project (his appointment was signed on March 10). The information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, V. M. Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long ceased to exist." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and they had these weapons at their disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952. US spy satellites have located the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting Moscow's claims that tactical weapons were transferred there.

The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the Pravda newspaper published a TASS report "in connection with the statement of US President Truman about an atomic explosion in the USSR":

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Affecting factors nuclear weapons: - shock wave; - light radiation; - penetrating radiation; - Nuclear pollution; - electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion.

It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave.

The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of excess pressure.

Overpressure 20-40 kPa unprotected people can get light injuries (light bruises and concussions). The impact of a shock wave with excess pressure 40-60 kPa leads to lesions of moderate severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears. Severe injuries occur when excessive pressure exceeds 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed with excess pressure over 100 kPa .

light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air.

Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s.

penetrating radiation

Flux of gamma rays and neutrons propagating within 10-15 s.

Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes occur in the body, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness.

electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment.

Radioactive contamination of the area

Fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion into the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects.

Zones of radioactive contamination according to the degree of danger

• zone A- moderate contamination with an area of ​​70-80% of the area of ​​the entire trace of the explosion. The radiation level at the outer boundary of the zone 1 hour after the explosion is 8 R/h;
• zone B- severe contamination, which accounts for approximately 10% of the area of ​​the radioactive trace, the radiation level is 80 R/h;
• zone B- dangerous infection. It occupies approximately 8-10% of the area of ​​the explosion cloud trace; radiation level 240 R/h;
• zone G- extremely dangerous infection. Its area is 2-3% of the area of ​​the explosion cloud trace. Radiation level 800 R/h.

Types of nuclear explosions

Depending on the tasks solved by the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, high-altitude, air, ground (surface) and underground (underwater) explosions are distinguished.

slide 1

Study questions
Nuclear weapons, their damaging factors. Radiation protection.
Chemical weapons, their damaging factors. AHOV peacetime. Protection against OV and AHOV.
3. Biological weapons, their damaging factors. Biological protection of the population.
4. Conventional weapons.
5. Personal protective equipment.

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Federal laws "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" dated 21.12.94. No. 68-FZ (as amended in accordance with the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122) “On Civil Defense” of February 12, 1998 No. 28-FZ (as amended in accordance with the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 #122)
Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation "On civil organizations of civil defense" dated 10.06.99. No. 620. "On the preparation of the population in the field of protection against natural and man-made emergencies" dated 4.09.2003. No. 547 "Regulations on the organization of public education in the field of civil defense" dated November 2, 2000 No. 841

slide 3

Documents of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation "Regulations on the organization of providing the population with personal protective equipment" Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated 21.12.2005. No. 993. "Rules for the use and maintenance of PPE, RHR and control devices" Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated 27.05.2003. No. 285.
Legal support
Other documents 1. Guidelines for anti-epidemic provision of the population in emergencies. Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. - M., 1995. 2. Recommendations on the application of radiation protection regimes for the population, workers and employees of national economy facilities and personnel of non-military civil defense formations in conditions of radioactive contamination of the area. Headquarters of the Moscow Region Civil Defense. - M., 1979. 3. "Regulations on dosimetric and chemical control in civil defense". It was put into effect by order of the NGO of the USSR in 1980 No. 9. - M.: Voenizdat, 1981. 4. Radiation safety standards NRB - 99 SP 2.6.1.758 - 99. 5. Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-99). SP 2.6.1.799 - 99.

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The main ways to protect the population
Organizational
Shelter of the population in protective structures
Evacuation of the population
Use of PPE
Radiation, chemical and biomedical protection

slide 5

First study question:
Nuclear weapons, their damaging factors. Radiation protection.

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AFFECTING FACTORS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Shock wave (SW) - 50% of the explosion energy Light radiation (SR) - 30-35% of the explosion energy Penetrating radiation (PR) - 4-5% of the explosion energy Radioactive contamination of the area (RZ) Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) - 1% of the explosion energy
The essence of radiation protection of the population is to prevent exposure of people in doses higher than permissible, to minimize losses among various categories of the population.

Slide 7

X
track axis
Zone A
Zone B
Zone B
Zone G
cloud trail
B
G
AT
Direction of the wind
windward side
Leeward side
BUT
Zone A - moderate pollution Zone B - severe pollution Zone C - dangerous pollution Zone D - extremely dangerous pollution
Fig.1
At

Slide 8

Table 1 Characteristics of the zones of the RP of the terrain during nuclear explosions
Zone name Zone index (color) Dose until complete decay of RS, rad Dose rate (radiation level) Рav, rad/h Dose rate (radiation level) Рav, rad/h
Zone name Zone index (color) Dose until complete decay of RV, rad for 1 hour after JV for 10 hours after JV
Moderately soiled A (blue) 40 8 0.5
Heavy pollution B (green) 400 80 5
Hazardous contamination B (brown) 1200 240 15
Extremely dangerous pollution D (black) > 4000 (in the middle 7000) 800 50
Table 2 Characteristics of the zones of the RP of the terrain in case of accidents at the ROO
Zone name Zone index (color) Radiation dose for the first year after RA, rad Radiation dose for the first year after RA, rad Dose rate 1 hour after RA, rad/h Dose rate 1 hour after RA, rad/h
Zone name Zone index (color) at the outer boundary at the inner boundary at the outer boundary at the inner boundary
Radiation hazard M (red) 5 50 0.014 0.14
Moderately soiled A (blue) 50 500 0.14 1.4
Heavy pollution B (green) 500 1500 1.4 4.2
Hazardous contamination B (brown) 1500 5000 4.2 14
Extremely hazardous pollution D (black) 5000 - 14 -

Slide 9

A set of measures for radiation protection of the population
Identification and assessment of the radiation situation Notification of the population about the threat of radioactive contamination Introduction of radiation protection regimes for the population and development of regimes of behavior in radioactive contamination zones (RZZ) in RA Conducting emergency iodine prophylaxis and the use of radioprotectors Organization of dosimetric monitoring (radiation monitoring) Decontamination of roads, buildings, equipment, transport, territory Sanitization of people Use of PPE Protection of agricultural production from radioactive substances Restriction of access to territories contaminated with radioactive substances Compliance with the rules of radiation safety, personal hygiene and organization of proper nutrition. The simplest processing of food products contaminated with radioactive substances (RS) Biological cleaning of territories contaminated with RS Introduction of shift work at facilities with a high level of radioactive contamination (contamination)

Slide 10

The optimal scheme for emergency iodine prophylaxis
Daily dose of stable iodine preparations
Stable iodine products Population categories Population categories Population categories Notes
Stable iodine preparations Adults and children over 2 years of age Children under 2 years of age Breastfed newborns Pregnant women Notes
Potassium iodide (KJ) 1 tab. 0.125 g ¼ part of the table. 0.125g or 1 tab. 0.04 g (crush the tablet and dissolve in a small amount of water) Get the required dose of stable iodine with mother's milk (see daily dose for adults) 1 tab. 0.125 g only in conjunction with 3 tables. 0.25 g potassium perchlorate (KClO4) with water after meals
Iodine tincture* 3-5 drops in a glass of water Get the required dose of stable iodine in mother's milk (see adult daily dose) Three times a day after meals
Contraindications hypersensitivity to iodine pathological conditions of the thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis, the presence of a large multinodular goiter, etc.) skin diseases (psoriasis, etc.) pregnancy hypersensitivity to iodine pathological conditions of the thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis, the presence of a large multinodular goiter etc.) skin diseases (psoriasis, etc.) pregnancy Use only if there is a threat of radioactive iodine intake (see contraindications) Adults and children over 3 years old - no more than 10 days. Children under 3 years old and pregnant women - no more than 3 days
* use only for adults in the absence of potassium iodide tablets (KJ)

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Basic dose limits (NRB - 99)
Standard value Dose limits Dose limits Dose limits Note
Standard value Categories of exposed persons Categories of exposed persons Categories of exposed persons Note
Standardized value Personnel Personnel Population Note
Normalized value Group A group B Population Note
Effective dose Effective dose Effective dose Effective dose Effective dose
Annual average for any consecutive 5 years 20 mSv (2 rem) 5 mSv (0.5 rem) 1 mSv (0.1 rem)
but not more than per year 50 mSv (5 rem) 12.5 mSv (1.25 rem) 5 mSv (0.5 rem) For β and γ radiation 1 rem ≈ 1R
for the period of employment (50 years) 1 Sv (100 rem) 0.25 Sv (25 rem) _ The beginning of the periods is introduced from January 1, 2000
for a lifetime (70 years) _ _ 70 mSv (7 rem) The beginning of periods is introduced from January 1, 2000
Irradiation doses for wartime that do not lead to a decrease in people's working capacity
50 rad (R) - single irradiation (up to 4 days) 100 rad (R) - for 1 month (first 30 days) 200 rad (R) - for 3 months. 300 rad (R) - within 1 year

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Planned increased exposure of citizens involved in LLA Permitted only if it is necessary to save people or prevent their exposure. 2. Allowed for men over 30 years old: 10 rem per year with the permission of the territorial body of the SSES; 20 rem per year with the permission of the federal body GSEN. 3. Once during the period of life, upon informing and voluntary written consent. General intervention levels 3 rads per month – start of resettlement; 1 rad per month - termination of resettlement; 3 glad during the year - resettlement for permanent residence.

slide 13

1 - 3 - for the non-working population; 4 - 7 - for workers and employees; - for the personnel of the formations. The duration of compliance with the RPP depends on: the level of radiation (dose rate) in the area; protective properties of shelters, PRU, industrial and residential buildings; allowable radiation doses.
Eight typical RRZs have been developed for wartime:
Under the regime of radiation protection (RRZ) is understood the procedure for the actions of people, the use of means and methods of protection in zones of radioactive contamination, providing for the maximum reduction of possible radiation doses.
Standard RRZ are unsuitable for use in radiation accidents (RA), since the nature of radioactive contamination of the area is not the same in a nuclear explosion and a radiation accident.
Wartime Radiation Protection Regimes

Slide 14

Radiation safety rules: limit your stay in open areas as much as possible, use PPE when leaving the premises; when in an open area, do not undress, do not lean, do not sit on the ground, do not smoke; periodically moisten the ground near houses, industrial premises (dust reduction); before entering the room, shake out clothes, clean them with a damp brush, wipe them with a wet cloth, wash shoes; observe the rules of personal hygiene; in the premises where people live and work, carry out daily wet cleaning with the use of detergents; take food only in enclosed spaces, washing your hands with soap and rinsing your mouth with a 0.5% solution of baking soda; drink water only from trusted sources, and food - purchased through the distribution network; when organizing mass catering, it is necessary to check food products for contamination (Gossanepidnadzor, SNLC); it is forbidden to swim in open water until the degree of their radioactive contamination is checked; do not pick mushrooms, berries, flowers in the forest; in case of a threat of radiation injuries (YaV or RA), it is necessary to carry out emergency iodine prophylaxis in advance.

slide 15

Second study question:
Chemical weapons, their damaging factors. AHOV peacetime. Protection against OV and AHOV.

slide 16

Potentially hazardous substances used in industry, agriculture and defense purposes GOST R 22.0. 05 - 94
Hazardous chemicals (OHV) GOST 22.0.05 - 94 (more than 54000 names)
Radioactive substances GOST R 22.0.05. - 94
Hazardous biological substances GOST R 22.0.05. - 94
Warfare Toxic Chemicals (BTCS)
Emergency chemical hazardous substances (AHOV) GOST R 22.9.05 - 95
Substances that cause predominantly chronic diseases
Poisonous substances (OS)
toxins
personnel
Phytotoxicants
Reserve
AHOV of non-inhalation action
AHOV of inhalation action (AHOV ID) GOST R 22.9.05. -95

Oral
Skin - resorptive
Explosive and fire hazardous substances GOST R 22.0.05-94

Slide 17

Class 1 - extremely dangerous (KVIO more than 300), mercury vapor; Class 2 - highly hazardous (KVIO 30-300), chlorine; class 3 - moderately hazardous (KVIO 3-29), methanol; Class 4 - slightly hazardous (KVIO less than 3), ammonia. KVIO - the coefficient of the possibility of inhalation poisoning. The criteria for classifying one or another substance as AHOV are: the belonging of the substance in terms of KVIO to classes 1 and 2; the presence of a substance in chemical waste products and its transportation in quantities, the release (spill) of which into the environment may pose a danger of mass destruction of people.
According to the degree of impact on the human body, harmful substances are divided into four hazard classes:

Slide 18

C a s s i f i c a t i o o V
P h i s i o l o g i c h e
T a c t i c h e s
Phosphorus organic: Vi - gases Vx - gases
General toxic: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride
Asphyxiants: phosgene diphosgene
Skin blister: mustard lewisite
Irritant: Lachrymatory: chromopicrin adamsite
Lethal
Temporary - disabling
To destroy the flora
Psychotomimetic: BZ LSD
P o d u n t a t i o n s
S O V: Vi - gas
N O W: CS

Slide 19

Characteristics of RH and AHOV Concentration - the amount of RH (AHOV) per unit volume (g/m3). Density of infection - the amount of agents (AHOV) per unit area (g/m2). Persistence - the ability of OV (AHOV) to maintain damaging properties for a certain time. Toxicity - the ability of OV (AHOV) to have a damaging effect. MPC is the concentration of organic matter (AHOV), which does not cause pathological changes (mg/m3). Toxodose - the amount of RH (AHOV) that causes a certain effect. Threshold toxodosis - causes the initial symptoms of the lesion. Lethal toxodosis - causes death.

Slide 20

Ammonia is a gas with a pungent odor, a 10% ammonia solution (“Ammonia”), 1.7 times lighter than air, dissolves well in water, combustible, explosive when mixed with air. The sensation threshold is 0.037 g/m3. MPC indoors - 0.02 g/m3. At concentrations: 0.28 g/m3 - throat irritation; 0.49 g/m3 - eye irritation; 1.2 g/m3 - cough; 1.5 - 2.7 g / m3 - after 0.5-1 hour - death.

slide 21

Depth of infection in case of emergency release (outflow) of 30 tons of ammonia
tн>tB
tn=tB
tn

slide 22

Chlorine is a greenish gas with an irritating pungent odor, 2.5 times heavier than air, slightly soluble in water, flammable in contact with combustible materials. During the First World War, it was used as an OV. MPC indoors - 0.001 g/m3. At concentrations: 0.01 g / m3 - irritating effects appear; 0.25 g / m3 - after 5 minutes - death.

slide 23

Depth of infection in case of emergency release (outflow) of 30 tons of chlorine
tн>tB
tn=tB
tn

slide 24

Protection against OV, AHOV is organized in advance.
The main ways to protect the population from OV, AHOV:
use of RPE and SZK;
use of protective structures of civil defense;
temporary shelter of the population in residential (personnel - in industrial) buildings and evacuation of the population from the zones of chemical contamination (CCZ).

Slide 25

identification and assessment of the chemical situation; creation of a communication and warning system at the KhOO; determining the procedure for providing personal protective equipment and their accumulation; preparation of protective structures (PS), residential and industrial buildings for protection against hazardous chemicals (sealing); determination of temporary accommodation points (TAP) and long-term residence points (LRP) of people, as well as ways to withdraw to safe areas; determining the most appropriate ways to protect people and use PPE; preparation of management bodies for liquidation of the consequences of emergencies; preparation of the population for protection from hazardous chemicals and training in actions in conditions of chemical contamination.
The main measures to organize the protection of the population from the agents, AHOV:

slide 26

Accident with AHOV
Isolating RPE
1000 m
XOO
Filtering PPE
500 m
Minimum safe volume: Ammonia - 40 tons Chlorine - 1.5 tons Dimethylamine - 2.5 tons Hydrocyanic acid (hydrogen cyanide) - 0.7 tons Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) - 20 tons Ethylmercaptan - 9 tons
Without PPE - if the amount of hazardous chemicals in the release (strait) does not exceed the minimum safe volume - this is the amount of hazardous chemicals (t) that does not pose a danger to the population located at a distance of 1000 m or more from the accident site under the worst weather conditions: the degree of vertical stability of the atmosphere – inversion; air temperature 20°С (0°С in winter); average wind speed - 1 m/s.
Recommendations for the use of RPE in case of accidents with hazardous chemicals

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Third study question:
Biological weapons, their damaging factors. Biological protection of the population.

slide 30

Bacterial means: pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes, viruses, fungi and their toxins (poisons) used to infect the population, farm animals and plants, as well as territories and objects. Particularly dangerous diseases: plague, cholera, smallpox Causative agents of other diseases:
anthrax; brucellosis;
yellow fever; typhus;
Ku fever psittacosis.
Bacteriological weapons - the use of pathogenic properties of microorganisms and toxic products of their vital activity

Slide 31

Medical events
Anti-epidemic
Sanitary and hygienic
isolation-restrictive
Vaccinations
Disinfection
Emergency prevention
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene
Sanitary control
Premises
food
Water
Observation - observation of the population in the lesion
Quarantine
Medical - biological protection
Timely shelter Use of prophylactic drugs
Biological control Sanitization
Use of PPE Medical measures

slide 32

Quarantine is a complex of sanitary and hygienic, anti-epidemic, therapeutic, administrative and economic measures aimed at identifying infectious patients, preventing the further spread of infectious diseases both inside and outside the outbreak.
Observation is a system of restrictive measures aimed at treating identified patients, conducting current and final disinfection of residential, office premises and territories. During observation, regime measures are carried out less strictly than during quarantine. It is allowed (albeit with restriction) to enter and leave the territory of the outbreak. Import and export of property is allowed through the checkpoint after disinfection. The period of quarantine and observation depends on the incubation period of the disease and is calculated from the moment of isolation (hospitalization) of the last patient and the completion of the disinfection of the focus.

Slide 33

Fourth study question:
Conventional weapons.

slide 34

Conventional means of destruction Volume explosion ammunition (vacuum bomb) - simultaneous detonation of an aerosol cloud of combustible mixtures sprayed in the air at several points. The explosion occurs with a delay of several seconds. Incendiary mixtures: Napalm - a brown jelly-like mass with the smell of petroleum products, lighter than water, adheres well, burns slowly, black poisonous smoke, t mountains = 1200 0С Pyrogels - an oil product with the addition of powdered magnesium (aluminum), liquid asphalt, heavy oils, t mountains \u003d 1600 0С Thermite and thermite compositions are compressed, powdery mixtures of iron and aluminum with the addition of barium nitrate, sulfur and binders (lacquer, oil), burns without air access, t hot \u003d 3000 0С White phosphorus is a waxy substance that ignites spontaneously in air, thick white poisonous smoke, t mountains = 1000 0С

Slide 35

Promising types of weapons: Directional nuclear weapons Laser (beam) weapons Beam weapons (beams of neutrons, protons and electrons) Microwave devices Psychotronic drugs (whimsical generators that control the human psyche, affecting breathing, the cardiovascular system) Infrasonic weapons (generation of powerful low-frequency oscillations (less than 16 Hz) as a result of which a person loses control of himself Radiological weapons (the use of military radioactive substances for radioactive contamination of the area)

slide 36

Fifth study question:
Individual protection means.

Slide 37

1. Instructions on the use of personal protective equipment. - M .: Ministry of Defense, 1991. 2. Regulations on the organization of providing the population with personal protective equipment (Order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry of December 21, 2005 No. 993. 3. Rules for the use and maintenance of PPE, radiation, chemical reconnaissance and control devices. Approved by order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry dated May 27, 2003 No. 285. Entered into force on July 1, 2003. 4. Recommendations on the procedure for writing off the inventory of property that has fallen into disrepair or lost civil defense Developed in order to implement the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 94. No. 330 -15 Sent to the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Emergency Situations No. 40-770-8 dated March 26, 1997. 5. "On the procedure for planning and issuing civil defense property from the mobilization reserve" Methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 1997. reserve of the administration of the Sergiev Posad region "Decree of the Head of the Sergiev Posad region dated 27.08.97 No. 74-R
Legal support

Slide 38

The nomenclature, volume of PPE, the creation, content, procedure for their issuance and use are determined by the Decree of the local government, the order for the organization
In peacetime - living within the boundaries of the zones of possible dangerous radioactive, chemical, biological contamination in case of accidents at potentially hazardous facilities.
In wartime - living in territories classified as civil defense groups, in settlements with environmental protection facilities and railway stations of the I and II categories, and objects classified as civil defense categories, as well as in territories within borders zones of possible RKhBZ
The population is subject to provision of PPE:
"Regulations on the organization of providing the population with personal protective equipment" (Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated December 21, 2005 No. 993)
"Rules for the use and maintenance of PPE, RHR and control devices" (Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated May 27, 2003 No. 285)

Slide 39

Classification of personal protective equipment
Combined-arms PPE
PPE
SZG
SZK
Protective clothing
filter type
insulating type
insulating type
filter type
Protective glasses
PPE for workers in production
PPE
SZK

insulating type
filter type
insulating
Filtering
Additional cartridges
Children's gas masks
Civil PPE
PPE
Filtering
improvised means
Civilian gas masks
Protozoa

Slide 40

Protozoa
Civil PPE
PPE
Filtering
Cotton-gauze bandage (VMP)
Anti-dust fabric mask (PTM)
Civilian gas masks
Children's gas masks
Additional ammo
DPG-1
DPG-3
ROM-K
PDF-7
PDF-D
PDF-SH
PDF-2D
PDF-2Sh
KZD-4
KZD-6
Civil PPE

Slide 41

Civilian gas masks
GP-7 (MGP)
GP-5 (SHM-62) GP-5V (SHM-66Mu)
GP-7V (MGP-V)
GP-7VM (M-80, MB-1-80)
VK (IHL)
PDF-2D, - 2Sh (MD-4)

Slide 42

Civilian gas masks
GP-5
(SHM-62)

slide 43

GP-7VM (M-80, MB-1-80)
The gas mask kit includes: front part (with an intercom); filtering-absorbing box (FPK); a bag; a set of anti-fogging films; warming cuffs; insert; flask for water; jar lid with valve for drinking; knitted hydrophobic cover for FPC.

Slide 44

GP-7V (MGP-V)

Slide 45

Protective camera for children (KZD-6)
In addition, the camera package includes: a polyethylene cape to protect elements 2 from precipitation; plastic bag for used linen and diapers; repair material made of rubberized fabric.

Slide 46

KZD-6
Outdoor air temperature ranges, °С from -20 to -15 from -15 to -10 from -10 to +26 from +26 to +30 from +30 to +33 from +33 to +34 from +34 to +35
Time, h 0.5 1 6* 3 2 1.5 0.5
The camera retains its protective properties in the temperature range from -30 to +35°C.
* Subject to the provision of warm meals at low temperatures. The mass of the camera is not more than 4.5 kg.

Slide 47

Filter-absorbing boxes

Slide 48

Hopkalite cartridge DP-1 Protective action time, min.
Parameter -10 and below -10 to 0 -10 to +25 +25 and above
Time of protective action during physical activity:
medium 40 80 50
severe Use of DP-1 is prohibited Use of DP-1 is prohibited 40 30
Note. DP-1 provides protection against CO (at concentrations up to 0.25 vol.%). It can be used in an atmosphere containing at least 17 vol.% O2. It is a one-time use product, it must be replaced with a new one, even if the protective action time has not expired. DP-1 is used for its intended purpose only with a gas mask RSh-4.

Slide 49

DP-2 - provides protection against CO (at concentrations up to 0.25%); with a short-term (no more than 15 minutes) stay at a CO concentration of up to 1%. It can be used in an atmosphere containing at least 17% O2. The anti-aerosol filter, which is part of the KDP, cleans the inhaled air from radioactive dust. KDP is used for its intended purpose with combined arms gas masks (except for PBF) and civilian gas masks.
Additional cartridge kit (KDP)
The composition of the KDP: additional cartridge DP-2 (h-13.6 cm, Ø -11 cm); anti-aerosol filter (h-4.5 cm, Ø -11.2 cm); a bag with a sealing ring for an anti-aerosol filter; connecting tube; a bag.
DP-2 protective action time, min.
Parameter Ambient temperature, ºС Ambient temperature, ºС Ambient temperature, ºС Ambient temperature, ºС
Parameter -40 to -20 -20 to 0 0 to +15 +15 to +40
Time of protective action during heavy physical activity:
In the presence of hydrogen* 70 90 360 240
In the absence of hydrogen 320 320 360 400
* In the presence of hydrogen in the atmosphere at a concentration of 0.1 g/m3, which corresponds to the composition of the atmosphere of unventilated fortifications when firing from artillery systems and small arms.

Phenol 0.2 200 800 800

Slide 53

Gas masks insulating
Insulating gas mask IP-4M Equipped with the front part MIA-1, which has an intercom. It is completed with replaceable regenerative cartridges RP-4-01. The protective action time under load is at least 40 minutes, at rest - 150 minutes. Weight - 4.0 kg. Cartridge weight - 1.8 kg.
Insulating gas mask IP-5 Can be used for light work underwater at a depth of up to 7 m. Complete with replaceable regenerative cartridges RP-5M. Protective action time: on land when performing work - at least 75 minutes; at rest - 200 minutes; under water when performing work - 90 minutes. Weight - 5.2 kg. Cartridge weight - 2.6 kg.
Operating temperature range IP-4M and IP-5 - from -40 to +500C Warranty period of storage of gas masks IP-4M, IP-5, IP-6 - 5 years

Slide 54

RU-60M* - carbon monoxide toxodose absorbed by a person at the level of threshold values. The time of the protective action is determined from the conditions that the absorbed doses of OHV during the specified time do not have a noticeable effect on the health of a person using the protective hood "Phoenix". and adjoining edges of clothing. IPP-11 should be stored in warehouses that provide protection from atmospheric precipitation at temperatures from -500C to +500C. Warranty period of storage - 5 years. The curb weight of the package is 36-41 g, dimensions: length - 125-135 mm, width - 85-90 mm.
Individual dressing bags PPI AV-3 sterile
PPI AV-3 is a highly effective tool for providing emergency medical self-help and mutual assistance. It has a high sorption capacity, atraumaticity (does not stick to the wound surface and is painlessly removed).
when dressings), moisture- and micro-impermeable, provides normal vapor exchange in the wound. The package consists of two pads (movable and fixed) and an elastic fixing bandage. The pads have three layers: an atraumatic one based on a knitted mesh that provides minimal adhesion to the wound, a sorption pad based on bleached cotton-viscose fibers and a protective one based on a non-woven polypropylene fabric. The elastic fixing bandage used to fix the pads ensures ease of application, reliability and stability of the fixation of the bandage on various parts of the body, incl. and complex configuration.

Nuclear weapon

and its damaging factors

The presentation was made by: SIRMAY Yana Yurievna, teacher of life safety,

MBOU "Tomponskaya multidisciplinary gymnasium", 2014

Nuclear weapon

• What is a nuclear weapon
• Types of explosions.
• The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
• The focus of nuclear destruction

What is a nuclear weapon?

Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intra-nuclear energy, instantly released as a result of a chain reaction during the fission of atomic nuclei of radioactive elements (uranium-235 or plutonium-239).

The power of a nuclear weapon is measured in TNT equivalent, i.e. mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), the explosion energy of which is equivalent to the explosion energy of a given nuclear weapon and is measured in tons,

Atomic bomb explosion in Nagasaki 1945

Types of explosions

ground

Underground

Surface

Underwater

Air

high-altitude

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

shock wave

light emission

Electromagnetic

pulse

radiation

infection

Penetrating

radiation

Shock wave The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. This is an area of ​​sharp compression of air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The source of the air wave is the high pressure in the explosion area (billions of atmospheres) and the temperature reaching millions of degrees.

The hot gases formed during the explosion, rapidly expanding, transfer pressure to neighboring layers of air, compressing and heating them, and they, in turn, affect the next layers, etc. As a result, a high-pressure zone propagates in the air at supersonic speed in all directions from the center of the explosion.

So, during the explosion of a 20-kiloton nuclear weapon, the shock wave travels 1000 m in 2 seconds, 2000 m in 5 seconds, and 3000 m in 8 seconds. The front boundary of the wave is called the front of the shock wave.

Directly behind the front of the shock wave, strong air currents are formed, the speed of which reaches several hundred kilometers per hour. (Even at a distance of 10 km from the site of the explosion of a munition with a capacity of 1 Mt, the air speed is more than 110 km / h.)

The damaging effect of SW is characterized by the amount of excess pressure.

Excess pressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the SW front and normal atmospheric pressure, measured in Pascals (PA, kPa).

To characterize the destruction of buildings and structures, four degrees of destruction were adopted: complete, strong, medium and weak.

• Complete destruction
• Strong destruction
• Medium destruction
• Weak destruction

The impact of the shock wave on people is characterized by light, medium, severe and extremely severe lesions.

• Light lesions occur at an excess pressure of 20–40 kPa. They are characterized by temporary hearing impairment, light contusions, dislocations, bruises.
• Moderate lesions occur at an overpressure of 40–60 kPa. They manifest themselves in concussions of the brain, damage to the organs of hearing, bleeding from the nose and ears, and dislocations of the limbs.
• Severe lesions are possible with excess pressure from 60 to 100 kPa. They are characterized by severe contusions of the whole organism, loss of consciousness, fractures; possible damage to internal organs.
• Extremely severe lesions occur at excess pressure over 100 kPa. People have injuries of internal organs, internal bleeding, concussion, severe fractures. These lesions are often fatal.

Shelters provide protection from shock waves. In open areas, the effect of the shock wave is reduced by various recesses and obstacles. It is recommended to lie on the ground with your head in the direction from the explosion, preferably in a recess or a fold in the terrain.

light emission

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum.

It is formed by products of the explosion heated to a million degrees and hot air.

The duration depends on the power of the explosion and ranges from fractions of a second to 20-30 seconds.

The strength of the light radiation is such that it can cause skin burns, eye damage (up to

blindness). Radiation leads to massive fires and explosions.

Protection for a person can be any barriers that do not let light through.

penetrating radiation

ionizing radiation

The radiation that is generated

during radioactive decay, nuclear transformations and forms ions of various signs when interacting with the environment. Basically, it's a stream

elementary particles that are not visible and not felt by man. Any nuclear radiation, interacting with various materials, ionizes them. The action lasts 10-15 seconds.

There are three types of ionizing radiation - alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating power. Beta radiation is less ionizing but more penetrating. Gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power.

Protection against penetrating radiation is provided by various shelters and materials that attenuate the radiation and neutron flux.

Pay attention to the difference in the protective potential in gamma and neutron radiation.

Radiation (radioactive)

area contamination

Among the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, radioactive contamination occupies a special place, since it can affect not only the area adjacent to the site of the explosion, but also the area remote by tens and even hundreds of kilometers. At the same time, contamination can be created over large areas and for a long time, posing a danger to humans and animals. The fission products falling out of the explosion cloud are a mixture of approximately 80 isotopes of 35 chemical elements of the middle part of the Mendeleev Periodic Table of Elements (from zinc #30 to gadolinium #64).

Since a significant amount of soil and other substances are involved in a fireball during a ground explosion, when cooled, these particles fall out in the form of radioactive fallout. As the radioactive cloud moves, radioactive fallout occurs in its wake, and thus a radioactive trail remains on the earth. The density of contamination in the region of the explosion and in the wake of the movement of the radioactive cloud decreases with distance from the center of the explosion.

The radioactive trace, with the direction and speed of the wind not changing, has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination.

Zones of radioactive contamination

Zone

Extremely

dangerous

infections

danger zone

infections

Strong zone

infections

Zone

moderate

infections

Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the formation of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. These fields, in view of their short-term existence, are usually called an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The consequence of exposure to EMR is the burnout of individual elements of modern electronic and electrical equipment. The duration of the action is several tens of milliseconds.

Potentially poses a serious threat, disabling any equipment that DOES NOT HAVE A PROTECTIVE SCREEN.

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

The focus of nuclear destruction

This is the area directly affected by the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

The focus of a nuclear lesion is divided into:

Full zone

destruction

The zone of the strong

destruction

Medium zone

destruction

zone of the weak

destruction

destruction

Depending on the type of nuclear charge, one can distinguish:

Thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction;

Neutron weapon - a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

Participants in the development of the first samples of thermonuclear weapons,

who later won the Nobel Prize

L.D. Landau I.E. Tamm N.N. Semenov

V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.

Bomb body RDS-6S

Bomber TU-16 -

nuclear weapon carrier

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

Learning objectives: 1. The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. 2. Types of nuclear explosions. 3. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. 4. Protection against damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Questions to test knowledge on the topic: "Safety and protection of people from emergencies" 1. What is an emergency? a) a particularly complex social phenomenon b) a certain state of the natural environment c) the situation in a certain territory, which may entail human casualties, damage to health, significant material losses and violations of living conditions. 2. What are the two types of emergencies according to their origin? 3. What are four types of situations in which a modern person can find himself? 4. Name the system created in Russia for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations: a) a system for monitoring and controlling the state of the environment; b) the unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergencies; c) a system of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. 5. RSChS has five levels: a) object; b) territorial; c) local; d) settlement; e) federal; f) production; g) regional; h) republican; i) regional.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

The history of the creation and development of nuclear weapons This conclusion was the impetus for the development of nuclear weapons. In 1896, the French physicist A. Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. It marked the beginning of the era of the study and use of nuclear energy. 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. 1938, as a result of experiments by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, they manage to break a uranium atom into two approximately equal parts by bombarding uranium with neutrons. British physicist Otto Robert Frisch explained how energy is released when the nucleus of an atom divides. In early 1939, the French physicist Joliot-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible that would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive power and that uranium could become an energy source, like an ordinary explosive.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

On July 16, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb test, called Trinity, was carried out in New Mexico. On the morning of August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the Little Boy uranium atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The power of the explosion was, according to various estimates, from 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. On August 9, 1945, the Fat Man plutonium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Its power was much greater and amounted to 15-22 kt. This is due to the more advanced design of the bomb. The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out at 7:00 on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh SSR. Bomb testing showed that the new weapon was ready for combat use. The creation of this weapon marked the beginning of a new stage in the use of wars and military art.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

8 slide

Description of the slide:

The explosion power of nuclear weapons is usually measured in units of TNT equivalent. The TNT equivalent is the mass of trinitrotoluene that would provide an explosion equivalent in power to the explosion of a given nuclear weapon.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Nuclear explosions can be carried out at different heights. Depending on the position of the center of a nuclear explosion relative to the surface of the earth (water), there are:

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Ground Produced on the surface of the earth or at such a height when the luminous area touches the ground. Used to destroy ground targets Underground Produced below ground level. Characterized by severe contamination of the area. Underwater Produced underwater. Light emission and penetrating radiation is practically absent. Causes severe radioactive contamination of water.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Space It is used at an altitude of more than 65 km to destroy space targets High-altitude It is produced at altitudes from several hundred meters to several kilometers. There is practically no radioactive contamination of the area. Airborne It is used at an altitude of 10 to 65 km to destroy air targets.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of nuclear weapons

13 slide

Description of the slide:

A shock wave is an area of ​​sharp air compression that propagates in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The shock wave is the main damaging factor in a nuclear explosion and about 50% of its energy is spent on its formation. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the air shock wave. And it is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure. As you know, overpressure is the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of an air wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. Overpressure is measured in Pascals (Pa).

14 slide

Description of the slide:

In a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF COMPLETE DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) of more than 50 kPa. All buildings and structures, as well as anti-radiation shelters and part of the shelters, are completely destroyed, solid blockages are formed, the utility and energy network is damaged.

15 slide

Description of the slide:

During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF STRONG DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (on the outer border) from 50 to 30 kPa. Ground buildings and structures are severely damaged, local blockages are formed, continuous and massive fires occur.

16 slide

Description of the slide:

During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF MEDIUM DESTRUCTION The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with excess pressure (on the outer border) from 30 to 20 kPa. Buildings and structures receive medium damage. Shelters and shelters of the basement type are preserved.

17 slide

Description of the slide:

During a nuclear explosion, four zones of destruction are distinguished: ZONE OF WEAK DAMAGE The territory exposed to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion with an overpressure (on the outer border) from 20 to 10 kPa. Buildings receive minor damage.

18 slide

Description of the slide:

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot products of the explosion and hot air up to millions of degrees. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, the time of the fireball lasts 20-30 seconds. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is very strong, it causes burns and temporary blindness. Depending on the severity of the lesion, burns are divided into four degrees: the first is redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; the third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; the fourth is charring of the skin.

19 slide

Description of the slide:

Penetrating radiation (ionizing radiation) is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts for 10-15 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes its rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. To assess the impact of various types of ionizing radiation on a person (animal), two of their main characteristics must be taken into account: ionizing and penetrating abilities. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing but weak penetrating power. So, for example, even ordinary clothes protect a person from this type of radiation. However, getting alpha particles into the body with air, water and food is already very dangerous. Beta radiation is less ionizing than alpha radiation, but more penetrating. Here, for protection, you need to use any shelter. And finally, gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating power. Alpha radiation is helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped with a piece of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that an aluminum plate is enough to protect against. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate even denser materials.

20 slide

Description of the slide:

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated medium. Distinguish: the exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). characterizes the potential danger of exposure to ionizing radiation with a general and uniform exposure of the human body; the absorbed dose is measured in rads (rad). determines the effect of ionizing radiation on biological tissues of the body, having different atomic composition and density Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: total dose of radiation, rad degree of radiation sickness duration of the latent period 100-250 1 - mild 2-3 weeks (curable) 250-400 2 - average week (with active treatment, recovery after 1.5-2 months) 400-700 3 - severe for several hours (with a favorable outcome - recovery after 6-8 months) More than 700 4 - extremely severe no (lethal dose )

21 slide

Description of the slide:

Radioactive particles, falling from the cloud to the ground, form a zone of radioactive contamination, the so-called trace, which can extend for several hundred kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion. Radioactive contamination - contamination of the terrain, atmosphere, water and other objects with radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Depending on the degree of infection and the danger of injuring people, the trace is divided into four zones: A - moderate (up to 400 rad.); B - strong (up to 1200 rad.); B - dangerous (up to 4000 rad.); G - extremely dangerous infection (up to 10,000 rad.).