Ethnic communities and interethnic relations. presentation of a lesson for an interactive whiteboard in social studies (Grade 11) on the topic. Presentation "nations and interethnic relations" Modern problems of interethnic relations presentation
In a multinational state, interethnic relations are an integral part of political relations. The state establishes and regulates relations between nations and nationalities. The set of principles, norms, rules through which the management of national relations is carried out, constitutes a national policy. Each multinational country has its own national policy. At the same time, there are ways and methods, proven by historical experience, of solving the national question and optimizing national relations.
In the system of national relations, political aspects are key and decisive. Directly in the sphere of politics are such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, the equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in the power structure and some other issues. At the same time, the formation of a national idea, political attitudes, political behavior, political culture is significantly influenced by historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural and living conditions of nations and nationalities. Essentially, all issues of interethnic relations acquire political significance and can be resolved at the political level. The most important expression of the essence of national relations is the national question.
The national question is, first of all, the relationship of national inequality, the inequality of the levels of economic and cultural development of various nations, the lag of unequal and oppressed nations from the privileged, great-power nations. This is an atmosphere of national discord, enmity and suspicions on national grounds, naturally arising on the basis of inequality and the actual inequality of nations in access to economic and cultural values. The national question is not so much an ethnic problem as a socio-political one.
The national question always has a specific historical and social content, including a set of national problems at a certain stage in the development of a given country. The specific content of the national question reflects the peculiarities of the historical development of the country and its peoples, the specifics of their socio-economic and political structure, social class structure, national composition of the population, historical and national traditions, and other factors. Moreover, with the solution of some problems, others arise, sometimes more complex, due to an increase in the level of development of the nations themselves. Therefore, there can be no complete and final solution of the national question in all aspects and social dimensions.
The national question in the former USSR was resolved in several aspects: national oppression and, to a certain extent, national inequality (economic and cultural) were eliminated, conditions were created for the economic, social and cultural progress of the former national outskirts. At the same time, serious mistakes and violations were made in the course of carrying out the national policy. Contradictions and conflict situations were generated by the very fact of the joint residence in one union state of more than 130 nations, nationalities, national and ethnic groups. National formations differed significantly in ethno-social, ethno-cultural, ethno-demographic characteristics. These differences led to the difference in the interests and needs of the peoples, which gave rise to contradictions.
The collapse of the USSR caused numerous tensions and conflicts at different levels and in different regions of one sixth of the planet. Against the backdrop of a strengthening trend towards national self-determination, the rise of national self-consciousness, centrifugal, separatist aspirations of ethno-political forces appeared, putting their ambitions above the vital interests of the peoples. The following can be considered the causes of interethnic conflicts on the territory of Russia: committed acts of injustice and lawlessness against certain peoples (for example, the resettlement of entire peoples); uneven economic, social and cultural development of the republics, national-cultural formations; the predominance of the sectoral principle of management, as a result of which national conditions and traditions, social and economic interests of the integrated development of territories were not always taken into account; the general socio-economic crisis that has engulfed the state; changes in the ethnic composition of the population of certain regions as a result of demographic and migration processes; the problem of relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the regions; growth of national consciousness; underestimation of the national factor by power structures.
The search for mechanisms and ways to solve them is being intensively conducted today in many areas. The conclusion of the Federal Treaty, the adoption of a new Constitution and a number of laws that directly or indirectly regulate relations between the subjects of the Federation, bilateral agreements on the division of powers, all this creates a legal basis not only for the development of interethnic relations, but also for the normal functioning of the entire social organism, the successful formation of a new federal statehood. The experience accumulated in this direction requires its timely and comprehensive analysis, taking into account the fact that interethnic relations are closely connected with all other types of social relations, and their content and forms of manifestation are determined by the general situation in the country.
Nations and international relations.
- Plan:
- ethnic communities.
- national identity.
- Nationalism. International conflicts.
- Ways to overcome interethnic conflicts.
- The concept of national policy in the Russian Federation.
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- National self-consciousness is the awareness by people of one nation, common ideals, cultural norms, traditions.
- national interests -
- 1. The need to preserve its peculiarity, uniqueness in human history.
- 2. Psychologically, do not fence yourself off from other nations and peoples. Enrich your culture.
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- Tolerance - tolerance for other views, customs, mores, traditions, ideological convictions.
- Humanistic approach in solving national issues -
- The idea of peace, harmony, respect for national dignity.
- Consistent development of democracy, legal principles in society.
- Equality of human and citizen rights regardless of race or nationality.
- Prohibition of restriction of citizens on the grounds of racial, social, religious affiliation.
- Preservation of the historical integrity of the Russian Federation.
- Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples.
- The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion.
- Assistance in the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
- Timely resolution of contradictions and conflicts.
- The prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, at inciting ethnic hatred.
Nations and international relations
- Developed by:
- Lecturer in social studies, SBEE SPO "Moscow Regional College of Information Technologies of Economics and Management" MO Zaitseva O.Yu.
- There are about 2 thousand nations, nationalities, tribes on the Earth now. Among them are numerous and sparsely populated, the latter are called ethnic minorities. All of them are part of almost 200 states. It is not difficult to realize that there are many more nations and nationalities than there are states in the world, therefore among these states there are many that are multinational.
- Data. It is generally recognized that the Russian Federation is one of the largest multinational states in the world, where more than a hundred peoples live, each of which has unique features of material and spiritual culture. In the overwhelming majority, the peoples of the country have developed over the centuries as ethnic communities on the territory of Russia, and in this sense they are indigenous peoples who have played a historical role in the formation of Russian statehood. Thanks to the unifying role of the Russian people, a unique unity and diversity have been preserved on the territory of the country, spiritual community and the union of different peoples.
- - a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
- blood relatives team
- Descent from a common ancestor
- Bears a common generic name
- The kinship account is kept on the maternal or paternal line
- Originated at the turn of the Upper and Lower Paleolithic
- Type of ethnic community and social organization of the era of the primitive system
- What are the characteristics of a tribe?
- Signs:
- - blood relations
- - common territory, elements of the economy, self-consciousness, customs and cults
- - self management
- Historically formed linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people
- An autonomous, non-territorially bound political group whose members are committed to common values and institutions
- Switzerland has 4 equal languages (German,
- French, Italian, Romansh),
- However, the Swiss are one nation
- English and Americans speak the same language
- but they are different nations
- Common historical path
- - historical memory
- - national culture
- Nationality- belonging of a person to a particular nation
- National identity
- it is necessary to maintain its originality and uniqueness
- enrich your culture with contacts
- Differentiation
- the desire for self-development,
- national independence,
- development of national culture.
- Integration
- expansion of ties between different nations, a tendency to perceive all the best that has been created by other peoples.
- The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made the extermination of the Jewish population part of the state policy.
- From the 30s and during the Second World War, about 6 million people were shot, burned and destroyed in concentration camps (Treblinka, Auschwitz, Buchenwald) - almost half of the entire Jewish population
- This greatest tragedy is now called the Greek word Holocaust, which means "destruction through burning"
- In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, a British mandated territory, Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine.
- The Jews did not have their own national state, and the policy of oppression of the Jews by the Nazis in World War II played a role in making this decision.
- Neighboring Arab states reacted with hostility to the UN decision
- May 1948 - Proclamation of the establishment of Israel
- From that time began a conflict that continues to this day.
- Palestine did not have its own state
- Yasser Arafat, the leader of Palestine, together with the Fatah movement, began the struggle for gaining national borders, by the mid-90s, with the help of the mediation of European states, the creation of the Palestinian national autonomy was achieved
- At the same time, at one of the international conferences, with the mediation of the United States, it was possible to achieve a decision from Israel that they would give 7% of their territory to the Arabs, in fact, 4% of the territory was occupied by military installations and equipment
- In the fall of 2000, the conflict escalated, the agreement to end the conflict reached at a meeting of world leaders with the warring parties in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) was violated the next day. The Israelis put forward the slogan "Let the army win." In response, the Palestinians promised to "open the way to hell for the Israelis"
- In the early 90s, in connection with the perestroika in the USSR, proclaimed by Gorbachev, the countries of Eastern Europe were freed from communist influence.
- Yugoslavia in the early 90s - a symbiosis of various modern states (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro)
- The leader of Serbia at that time was S. Milosevic, who tried to maintain the dominant position of his republic in the union state
- Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia declared their independence in 1991.
- In the spring of 1992, a war began in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Serbs, Croats and Muslims who inhabited it. This conflict was stopped only with the help of the world community's intervention in it.
- Only Serbia and Montenegro remained in Yugoslavia
- In the autonomous province of Kosovo, populated for the most part by the national minority - Albanians - a separatist movement began (the desire for secession)
- Milosevic tries to preserve the integrity of the state
- His actions were interpreted by the world community as genocide.
- The NATO bloc intervened in the situation, deciding to punish Serbia with a series of powerful airstrikes.
- As a result of the 2000 elections, the democratic opposition came to power in Yugoslavia.
- Milosevic was imprisoned without waiting for the verdict, he died under mysterious circumstances
- Ireland, being an integral part of the British Empire, haunted the government, demanding independence
- At the beginning of the 20th century, the conflict escalated
- In an effort to prevent an explosion in the most turbulent part of the empire, the liberals were forced to make concessions: in April 1912, a bill on home rule (self-government) for Ireland was submitted to Parliament
- Through the efforts of the House of Lords, its adoption was delayed until 1914.
- The situation was especially difficult in Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, where, unlike the rest of Ireland, the majority belonged to Protestants who had close ties with England and therefore advocated maintaining the union (union) with London
- Extremist sentiments were strong among both Catholics and Protestants, there were many people ready to prove their case with weapons in their hands.
- This is how the IRA, the Irish Republican Army, was created.
- As a result, the British government had to make concessions: although the law on the self-government of Ireland was adopted, the most developed province of this island - Ulster - was excluded from its scope.
- Genocide - the extermination of certain groups of the population according to racial, national, religious principles
- Anti-Semitism - national intolerance towards Jews
- Racism - the existence of unequal races, divided into higher and lower
- Apartheid - racial discrimination legislated and supported by the authorities of the state
- Nationalism - the idea of exclusivity and superiority of any nation over another
- Chauvinism is an extreme aggressive form of nationalism
- Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin
- Tolerance - tolerance
- Xenophobia - an obsessive dislike of "strangers"
- Discrimination - infringement of rights
- How do you understand the statement of the German thinker G. Lessing (1729 - 1781): "I am quite convinced that no nation in the world is gifted with any ability predominantly over others"
- Can nationality influence activity, attitude to work, the choice of professions, and the mastery of culture? Explain your answer
- TO ALL THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD The whole universe is in your great power, Yours - "Let it be!" finally happened. You are God the father created the world for happiness, And the man of your labors is the crown. We are all from the ancestor Adam, And our nature is from the root of one, And I want to tell you people directly: -Do not kill your brother. What should we share? The land is dear to everyone, A cradle for everyone, feeds and waters everyone. As a mother does not share her children, the Earth cherishes any nation. And you blow it up, tear it apart, Can you be called the crown of creation? In your pride, as you will not understand, The son does not kill his own mother. For all, one revolves until now, the Earth! Live without wars and without adversity. Every existing people is obliged to protect you as a shrine.
- At first glance, they are so different - Snub-nosed, blue-eyed, Curly-haired and dark-skinned - You are somehow similar: Let every country know: You need peace, not war!
- What documents determine the national policy in the Russian Federation and what are their main provisions?
- In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, was driving along the busy Kievskoye highway when she saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to rip it off, but it was mined. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. In some media, the installation of the poster was called a fascist sortie. How do you explain why Tatyana did not drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; d) statements made in the media.
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Nations and international relations
Why should we study this topic? Who is the source of power in Russia? How many nationalities live in Russia? What is an "ethnos"? What ethnic conflicts have you heard about? What is tolerance?
Tasks of studying the topic To know what an ethnos and ethnic communities are. Understand the meaning of the main concepts of the topic (nation, nationalism, Nazism, chauvinism, racism, xenophobia, separatism, mentality, self-consciousness) 3. Know the causes of interethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them.
Correlate the type of society and the ethnic community Ethnic community Type of society (stage approach) Type of society (formational approach) Genus A) industrial D) capitalism 2. Tribe B) pre-industrial E) feudalism 3. Nationality C) post-industrial E) primitive communal 4. Nation
Compare the two concepts of "nation" - a historical community of people characterized by a common origin, language, territory, economic structure, as well as a mental make-up and culture, manifested in ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness. a historically established community of people based on a common territory, economic structure, system of political ties, language, culture and psychological makeup, manifested in the general civil consciousness and self-awareness (a sense of belonging to one's people, to its historical destiny).
Nation Autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values and institutions Nationality - belonging to a particular nation
National values are something that is especially significant and important for a person and society, which is recognized, with which people generally agree.
The national mentality is usually defined as a way of thinking, a spiritual disposition characteristic of a given particular ethnic community. In other words, the national mentality is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people and helps them to remain true to their historically established values and traditions.
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
Ethnology is a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, interaction between the individual and the social environment.
Trends in the ethnic processes of modern integration - cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, convergence of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation - the aspirations of peoples for national independence
Ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation for the possession of limited resources to social competition between different ethnic groups.
The main causes of conflicts are Territorial - the struggle to change borders, Economic - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which land and subsoil are of great value, in particular. Social - the requirements of civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in employment, especially for prestigious places in government. Cultural and linguistic - the requirements for the preservation or revival, development of the language, cultural community.
Examples of conflicts The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made the extermination of the Jewish population part of the state policy. In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, the British mandated territory, the Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine. May 1948 - Proclamation of the creation of Israel From that time on, a conflict began that continues to this day. Yugoslavia and Albania England and Ireland
Ways to prevent conflict situations The first is the use of legal mechanisms; The second is negotiations between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries. The third is informational. It involves the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) among representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
The humanistic approach is the main guideline in the implementation of the moral, political, and legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are: recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, adherence to the ideas of peace, rejection of violence in relations between peoples; development and continuous functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, regardless of nationality; the focus of state bodies, the media, education, sports, all forms of literature and art on the formation among citizens, especially young people, of a culture of interethnic communication.
Terms (write in a notebook) Genocide - the extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, religious principles Anti-Semitism - national intolerance towards Jews Racism - the existence of unequal races, divided into higher and lower Apartheid - racial discrimination legally enshrined and supported by the state authorities Nationalism - the idea of exclusivity and the superiority of any nation over another Chauvinism - an extreme aggressive form of nationalism Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin Xenophobia - an obsessive dislike for "strangers" Discrimination - infringement of rights Separatism is a demand for sovereignty and independence for an ethnic group
Tolerance - respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior.
Homework What documents determine the national policy in the Russian Federation and what are its main provisions? In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, was driving along the busy Kievskoye Highway when she saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to rip it off, but it was mined. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. In some media, the installation of the poster was called a fascist sortie. How do you explain why Tatyana did not drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; Give examples of interethnic conflicts
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INTER-ETNIC RELATIONS AND NATIONAL POLICY. SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON IN 11 CLASS. PROFILE LEVEL. SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH - TEACHER OF ILYINSKY SCHOOL. [email protected]
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Let's check ourselves! The student wrote out the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of the test in sociology, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover the lost records. Write down the concepts, the definitions of which are given below: 1) people's awareness of their belonging to a certain ethnic group, their unity and difference from other similar formations; 2) the ideals of a given ethnic community, which are one of the sources of motivation for its behavior;
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3) the historically established socio-economic and spiritual community of people that arises during the formation of capitalism, the strengthening of economic ties, the formation of an internal market; 4) the way of thinking peculiar to this ethnos, mentality, predisposition to think and feel, act and perceive the world in a certain way;
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5) a person's belonging to a certain ethnic community; 6) a community of people that has historically developed in a certain territory, possessing common, relatively stable features of the language, culture, and psyche; 7. elements of the socio-cultural heritage that have been preserved in a given ethnic community for a long time.
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Let's check ourselves! The student wrote out the most complex concepts and their definitions on separate cards. On the eve of the test in sociology, he could not find cards on which a number of concepts were written. Help him recover the lost records. Name the concepts, the definitions of which are given below: 1) Ethnic self-consciousness 2 Mentality; 3) Nation 4) Mentality; 5) Nationality 6) Nation 7) Tradition
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“When the power of the state and the nation is declared to be of greater value than a person, then, in principle, war has already been declared, everything has already been prepared for it spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” N.A. Berdyaev How right is the philosopher? Doesn't he paint a too pessimistic picture for us?
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Ethnology Ethnology is a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, personal interaction
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INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS - RELATIONS BETWEEN ETHNOIS (PEOPLES) COVERING ALL SPHERES OF LIFE INTEGRATION DIFFERENTIATION
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ALONG WITH THE TREND TO INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION, THERE ARE PROCESSES OF DIFFERENTIATION
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THERE ARE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS. INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS ARE NOT GENERATED BY THE EXISTENCE OF ETHNOUS BUT THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY LIVE AND DEVELOP - EXAMPLE - HISTORICAL OFFENSES (POLAND, CHECHNYA)
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TERRITORIAL REASONS - THE STRUGGLE FOR CHANGE OF BORDERS, FOR ACCESSION TO ANOTHER ("RELATED" FROM A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW) STATE, FOR THE CREATION OF AN INDEPENDENT STATE EXAMPLES - KOSOVO, SOUTH OSSETIA, ABKHAZIA. ECONOMIC REASONS - THE STRUGGLE OF ETHNOUS FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF PROPERTY, MATERIAL RESOURCES - EARTH, BODIES. EXAMPLE - SCOTLAND. SOCIAL REASONS - REQUIREMENTS OF CIVIL EQUALITY, EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW, IN EDUCATION, PAYMENT. EXAMPLE - THE STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN SPEAKERS IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE. CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC REASONS - REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE, CULTURAL COMMONITY. EXAMPLE - THE BALTICS.
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THE IDEA OF NATIONAL EXCLUSIVENESS LEADS TO GENOCIDE - EXTERMINATION OF THE SO-CALLED INCOMPLETE PEOPLES: THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE. THE HOLOCAUST WAR IN THE BALKANS IN THE 90'S OF THE 20TH CENTURY,
