Narrow-nosed monkey and its subspecies. Narrow-nosed monkey and its subspecies See what "Narrow-nosed monkeys" are in other dictionaries
Among the narrow-nosed, three main groups are distinguished:
- parapithecus ( Parapithecoidea) - a completely extinct group of narrow-nosed monkeys;
- monkey ( Cercopithecoidea) - an extensive group of narrow-nosed primates living in Africa, Asia and Europe (Gibraltar);
- hominoids ( Hominoidea) are the higher apes, to which modern man also systematically belongs.
All narrow-nosed are diurnal animals. All have a complex social organization. Almost all narrow-nosed, excluding thick-bodied, have a narrow nasal septum, and their nostrils are turned down. Body sizes range from 35 cm (pygmy monkey) to 175 cm (gorilla). The brain is well developed. Teeth 32. Primates mainly feed on mixed food with a predominance of plant matter, less often they are insectivorous. In connection with a mixed diet, their stomach is simple. There are four types of teeth - incisors, canines, small (premolars) and large (molars) molars; molars with 3–5 cusps. Primates have a complete change of teeth - milk and permanent. There are throat pouches. The tail of most is long, but it is never used for grasping. Some representatives (lapunder, mandrill) have a short or absent tail (magot, great apes).
In most species, fangs grow throughout their lives and self-sharpen against each other - they are used as weapons. In narrow-nosed groups that, as a result of a change in social organization, males do not require physical superiority in order to achieve females and / or territory (magots, bonobos, humans), fangs have decreased.
Narrow-nosed primates have a well-developed, five-fingered, grasping limb adapted for climbing tree branches. All primates are characterized by the presence of a clavicle and a complete separation of the radius and ulna, which provides mobility and a variety of movements of the forelimb. The thumb is movable and in many species can be opposed to the rest of the fingers. The terminal phalanges of the fingers are equipped with nails. In those forms of primates that possess claw-like nails, or have a claw on separate fingers, the thumb always bears a flat nail. The hairline and individual areas of the skin are sometimes brightly colored. The lower narrow-nosed monkeys have cheek pouches and ischial calluses. They are distributed in Africa and Asia (on the Arabian Peninsula, in South and Southeast Asia, China, Japan). One species of narrow-nosed monkeys, magot, is found even in Europe (Gibraltar). They live in herds or family groups.
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See what "Narrow-nosed monkeys" are in other dictionaries:
Monkeys of the Old World (Catarhina), section of anthropoid primates. Fossil forms are known from the second half of the Neogene beginning of the Quaternary periods of the East. hemisphere. 4 families: marmosets, gibbons, pongids and hominids (the last 3 ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
4 families of mammals of the primate order: marmosets, gibbons, pongids and hominids. The nasal septum is narrow, the nostrils are drawn together and turned down ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
4 families of mammals of the primate order: marmosets, gibbons, pongids and hominids. The nasal septum is narrow, the nostrils are drawn together and turned down. * * * SLIDER MONKEYS SLIGHT-NOSED MONKEYS, 4 families of mammals of the order of primates: ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
narrow-nosed monkeys- (Catarrhini) higher primates of the Old World, Africa, Asia and Europe. The most ancient representatives are known from the Oligocene of Egypt. Among narrow-nosed monkeys, three main groups are distinguished: parapithecus (Parapithecoidea) completely extinct group of narrow-nosed monkeys ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
- (Catarrhini) three fam. monkeys (see) of the Old World, connected on the basis of a trace. common signs. The partition between the nostrils is narrow and the nostrils are directed forward, and not sideways, as in broad-nosed (see). Nails on the fingers of the front and hind limbs. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (Simiae catarrhinae) a group of monkeys of the suborder of higher Primates. W. o. (except for thick bodies) have a narrow nasal septum, their nostrils are turned down. Body sizes from 35 cm (pygmy monkey) to 175 cm (gorilla). The brain is good ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
4 sem. mammals neg. primates: marmosets, gibbons, pongids and hominids. The nasal septum is narrow, the nostrils are drawn together and turned down ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
The lower narrow-nosed monkeys, unlike the American monkeys, have a narrow nasal septum and a protruding facial region of the skull. The tail varies from short (black baboon, mandrill, drill, pig-tailed macaque) to long, never ... ... Biological Encyclopedia
higher narrow-nosed monkeys- žmoginės beždžionės statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas šeima apibrėžtis Šeimoje 4 gentys. Kūno masė - 5 300 kg, kūno ilgis - 45 180 cm. atitikmenys: lot. Pongidae anthropoid apes vok. Menschenaffen rus. higher narrow-nosed ... ... Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas
lower narrow-nosed monkeys- šunbeždžionės statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas šeima apibrėžtis Šeimoje 10 genčių. Kūno ilgis - 32 110 cm, uodegos ilgis - 0 106 cm. atitikmenys: lot. Cercopithecidae English. guenonlike monkeys; old world monkeys; Old World… … Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas
narrow-nosed monkeys, or old world monkeys(lat. catarrhini) - parvotryad (lat. parvus- "small, small") primates. Together with broad-nosed monkeys (monkeys of the New World), they are included in the infraorder ape-like, and with tarsiers they form a suborder of dry-nosed primates.
Among the narrow-nosed, three main groups are distinguished:
- parapithecus ( Parapithecoidea) - a completely extinct group of narrow-nosed monkeys;
- monkey ( Cercopithecoidea) - an extensive group of narrow-nosed primates living in Africa, Asia and Europe (Gibraltar);
- hominoids ( Hominoidea) - higher apes (including humans).
All narrow-nosed are diurnal animals. All have a complex social organization. Almost all narrow-nosed, excluding thick-bodied, have a narrow nasal septum, and their nostrils are turned down. Body sizes range from 35 cm (pygmy monkey) to 175 cm (gorilla). The brain is well developed. Teeth 32. Primates mainly feed on mixed food with a predominance of plant matter, less often they are insectivorous. In connection with a mixed diet, their stomach is simple. There are four types of teeth - incisors, canines, small (premolars) and large (molars) molars; molars with 3-5 tubercles. Primates have a complete change of teeth - milk and permanent. There are throat pouches. The tail of most is long, but it is never used for grasping. Some representatives (lapunder, mandrill) have a short or absent tail (magot, great apes).
In most species, fangs grow throughout their lives and self-sharpen against each other - they are used as weapons. In narrow-nosed groups that, as a result of a change in social organization, males do not require physical superiority in order to achieve females and / or territory (magots, bonobos, humans), fangs have decreased.
Narrow-nosed primates have a well-developed, five-fingered, grasping limb adapted for climbing tree branches. All primates are characterized by the presence of a clavicle and a complete separation of the radius and ulna, which provides mobility and a variety of movements of the forelimb. The thumb is movable and in many species can be opposed to the rest of the fingers. The terminal phalanges of the fingers are equipped with nails. In those forms of primates that have claw-like nails or have a claw on separate fingers, the thumb always bears a flat nail. The hairline and individual areas of the skin are sometimes brightly colored. The lower narrow-nosed monkeys have cheek pouches and ischial calluses.
Distributed in Africa and Asia (on the Arabian Peninsula, in South and Southeast Asia, China, Japan). One species of narrow-nosed monkeys, magot, is found even in Europe (Gibraltar). Monkeys settled all over the planet. They live in herds or family groups.
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An excerpt characterizing the narrow-nosed monkeys
“And then, we are a fat sovereign,” he said, pronouncing e instead of e and b instead of b. “Then, that the emperor knows this. He said in his manifesto that he cannot look indifferently at the dangers threatening Russia, and that the security of the empire, its dignity and the sanctity of alliances,” he said, for some reason especially leaning on the word "unions", as if this was the whole essence of the matter.And with his infallible, official memory, he repeated the introductory words of the manifesto ... “and the desire, the sole and indispensable goal of the sovereign, is to establish peace in Europe on solid grounds - they decided to send part of the army now abroad and make new efforts to achieve“ this intention “.
“Here’s why, we are a worthy sovereign,” he concluded, instructively drinking a glass of wine and looking back at the count for encouragement.
- Connaissez vous le proverbe: [You know the proverb:] “Yerema, Yerema, if you would sit at home, sharpen your spindles,” said Shinshin, wincing and smiling. – Cela nous convient a merveille. [This is by the way for us.] Why Suvorov - and he was split, a plate couture, [on the head,] and where are our Suvorovs now? Je vous demande un peu, [I ask you] - he constantly jumped from Russian to French, he said.
“We must fight until the day after the drop of blood,” said the colonel, banging on the table, “and die rrret for our emperor, and then everything will be fine.” And to argue as much as possible (he especially drew out his voice on the word “possible”), as little as possible,” he finished, again turning to the count. - So we judge the old hussars, that's all. And how do you judge, young man and young hussar? he added, turning to Nikolai, who, hearing that the matter was about the war, left his interlocutor and looked with all his eyes and listened with all his ears to the colonel.
“I completely agree with you,” answered Nikolai, flushing all over, turning the plate and rearranging the glasses with such a determined and desperate look, as if at the present moment he was in great danger, “I am convinced that the Russians must die or win,” he said, himself feeling as well as others, after the word had already been said, that it was too enthusiastic and pompous for the present occasion and therefore awkward.
- C "est bien beau ce que vous venez de dire, [Wonderful! what you said is wonderful]," said Julie, who was sitting next to him, sighing. Sonya trembled all over and blushed to her ears, behind her ears and to her neck and shoulders, while Nikolai spoke. Pierre listened to the colonel's speeches and nodded his head approvingly.
“That's nice,” he said.
“A real hussar, young man,” the colonel shouted, striking the table again.
- What are you talking about there? Marya Dmitrievna's bass voice was suddenly heard across the table. What are you banging on the table for? she turned to the hussar, “who are you getting excited about? right, you think that the French are in front of you?
"I'm telling the truth," said the hussar, smiling.
“It’s all about the war,” the count shouted across the table. “After all, my son is coming, Marya Dmitrievna, my son is coming.
- And I have four sons in the army, but I don’t grieve. Everything is the will of God: you will die lying on the stove, and God will have mercy in battle, ”the thick voice of Marya Dmitrievna sounded without any effort, from the other end of the table.
- This is true.
And the conversation again focused - the ladies at their end of the table, the men at theirs.
“But you won’t ask,” the little brother said to Natasha, “but you won’t ask!”
“I’ll ask,” Natasha answered.
Her face suddenly flared up, expressing a desperate and cheerful determination. She half rose, inviting with a glance Pierre, who was sitting opposite her, to listen, and turned to her mother:
- Mum! her childlike chest voice sounded all over the table.
Quite numerous: at present, zoologists have 96 of their varieties. They settled exclusively in the Eastern Hemisphere (with the exception of Mona monkeys and green monkeys. They were brought from Africa in the 17th century and they fully adapted to living on the tropical islands of the Caribbean Sea). Unlike narrow-nosed, they have anatomical features closer to humans. They have 32 teeth (those with 36 teeth), some of them are completely devoid of a tail, and those who have one do not use it when climbing trees. In most species, the pelvis performs the same functions as in humans - it supports the internal organs while walking upright. Narrow-nosed animals are divided into two main groups: marmosets and hominids. There is also a third family, parapithecus, which is completely extinct.
The distribution range of these primates is very wide and is not limited only to the tropical zone. Of course, the narrow-nosed monkey prefers evergreen forests rich in fruits and plant foods, but they are also found outside them. The most northern species is considered to be Japanese mago (39 ° N). From winter frosts, which sometimes reach -12 ° C, these monkeys are saved by hot springs. In Europe, only one species has survived to this day - the tailless monkey that lives on Gibraltar (36 ° N). Two breeds that live in Tibet are also described: thick wool helps the monkeys withstand the harsh continental climate.
These are mostly small animals, although within the family there are maxims: the smallest is considered (35 cm), and the largest narrow-nosed monkey is a gorilla (meter and 75 cm). All primates of this family have narrow nostrils (with the exception of thick-bodied ones with a wider nasal septum. They all lead a diurnal lifestyle. Another characteristic feature is the cheek pouches where the animal puts food “in reserve”. In a more relaxed environment, when an individual she is not afraid that her relatives will take away her food, she takes it out, chews it and eats it.
The narrow-nosed monkey - both a monkey and a hominoid - has a fairly developed brain. She uses various devices for obtaining food: stones for breaking nuts, clubs for hunting snakes. Primates clean young resinous shoots from the bark and stick them into the anthill. The ants stick to the stick and the monkeys lick them off. Gorillas and chimpanzees are especially striking in their mental abilities, they can learn the language of the deaf and dumb and communicate with people.
The marmoset family, in turn, is subdivided into monkeys proper (they also include macaques) and the latter clearly protrude the lower part of the face, which creates a resemblance to a dog's muzzle. Baboons also have developed fangs, which they display as a symbol of social status or in danger as a threat to the enemy. This narrow-nosed monkey lives in a society with an extremely developed hierarchy: in a flock, each individual is subjugated to someone and conquers someone. Zoologists believe that a similar hierarchy existed in the primitive herd of people.
Of the hominids, the black monkey, also called the pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo, is of particular interest. For a long time it was considered a chimpanzee, and only in 1957 was it isolated as a separate species. Its skin is black (in a common chimpanzee it is pink), more sloping, narrow shoulders and long legs. Makes barking, sharp sounds. Bonobo lives in the interfluve of Lualaba and Congo. Until now, this is a little-studied species, and its number does not exceed ten thousand individuals. Long black hair, parted in the middle, on a black face, and intelligent eyes give the animal a completely human appearance.
Narrow-nosed monkeys, or Old World monkeys, differ from American ones not only in a thinner nasal septum (which, by the way, brings them closer to humans), in a smaller number of teeth (32, but not 36), but also in the fact that the tail some species are underdeveloped, and if it is long, it is unable to cling to branches when moving through trees.
Narrow-nosed monkeys are divided into two well-separated families - marmosets and anthropoids.
The marmoset family. This group includes monkeys, which we meet more often than others in cages and aviaries of zoos - slender and dexterous African monkeys (Fig. 484), replacing them in the tropical countries of Asia, macaques, dog-headed baboons from the mountainous regions of Africa.
Monkeys move along the ground and along thick branches on four legs, leaning on the surface with the palms of their hands and the entire sole of their hind legs (Fig. 485). They have hairless ischial calluses on their bodies, and a pair of cheek pouches in their mouths - a kind of internal pockets where monkeys put part of the food they get, without wasting time chewing it when moving.
The vast majority of monkeys live in forests and move with great dexterity along the branches of trees, but compared to American monkeys, they turn out to be less specialized dart frogs and are unable to cling to branches with their tails; some species, like all dogheads, for example, have broken with the forest and become inhabitants of open mountainous areas, where they can climb rocks with great dexterity.
As a rule, all monkeys are inhabitants of tropical countries. However, among the monkeys there are several species that already live outside the tropical zone. The tailless monkey, or mago, lives in Northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), as well as on the rocks of Gibraltar, that is, already in Europe (36 ° north latitude).
The closest relative of this monkey, the Japanese mago, lives on the opposite edge of the Eastern Hemisphere and in its distribution reaches 39 ° north latitude, where it has to endure winter frosts down to -12 ° C. Two species of monkeys, dressed in thick and long hair, are found in coniferous forests Tibet is a high extratropical highland with a harsh continental climate.
In addition to monkeys and macaques - small monkeys with more or less human-like physiognomies - in our zoos you can see monkeys of rather large sizes and already less human-like - baboons and their relatives, united under the general name dog-headed.
Most of the species of this peculiar group are inhabitants of the rocky plateaus and rocky mountain slopes of tropical Africa. On the ground, they move on all fours, only occasionally rising to their hind legs. Unlike monkeys, they are not associated with forest landscapes, but on occasion they climb trees and climb their branches with sufficient dexterity, although due to their terrestrial lifestyle, their fingers are shorter than those of born poison dart frogs.
The name "dog-headed" is given to these monkeys because their front part protrudes forward in the form of an elongated muzzle with fanged jaws, especially impressive in larger males.
With this structure, the massive head of baboons seems disproportionately large and overweight compared to their relatively short body, and the tails of some species are short (3–5 cm) stumps, while others somehow awkwardly stick out in the form of an arcuately curved stick, apparently, in these cases, having lost any functional significance.
For the purposes of comparison, let us recall the appearance and habits of the natives of the same Africa - monkeys with their super-acrobatic dexterity of movements and with their mobile and expressive physiognomies. Undoubtedly, next to them, dog-heads will seem to us both ugly "from the face" and somehow awkwardly formed.
However, as it has already been repeatedly noted, we cannot impose our aesthetic requirements on nature: the divergence of characters in the two groups of narrow-nosed monkeys was associated with their settlement in two different biotopes. Rocky highlands make different "requirements" for their inhabitants than dense tropical forests. In particular, the greater bestiality of dogheads finds an explanation in the peculiarities of their living situation.
Forest monkeys have the opportunity to obtain a complete plant food for themselves in the form of sugary and mealy fruits, which form the basis of their diet, while dogheads living on rocky mountain slopes had to include meat food in their diet, eating not only invertebrates, but also reptiles and small mammals up to antelope cubs.
Dogheads also have to repulse terrestrial predators, and under such conditions their formidable fangs acquire an important protective value.
Ultimately, the adaptive features of dogheads (including the advantages associated with their herd lifestyle) put them forward to a prominent place in the fauna of tropical Africa. The biological prosperity of this group is also evidenced by the significant diversity of doghead species and their abundance.
Of the representatives of this group, the mandrills (Fig. 486), which the famous Vrem recognized as "the ugliest of all monkeys", attract special attention of visitors to the zoo. In their appearance, the bright coloring of hairless areas unusual for mammals on their elongated muzzle, in the genital area and on the ischial tuberosities, where bright red and cornflower blue coloring alternates, is especially striking (recall that monkeys, unlike the vast majority of other mammals, have, like humans, color vision).
A family of anthropoid, or anthropomorphic, apes. The highest group among monkeys are anthropomorphic monkeys, closest to humans. These include the largest species - the gorilla and chimpanzee living in African forests, the orangutan - a large monkey from the island of Borneo, and several forms of gibbons 2 from Indochina and from the islands of Borneo and Sumatra (Fig. 487). The number of teeth they have is the same as in humans, and just like in humans, there is no tail. Mentally, they are more gifted than other apes, and in this respect the chimpanzee stands out in particular.
Recently (1957), the great ape bonobo was singled out as a separate genus - a form that until then was considered only a pygmy variety of chimpanzee.
All great apes live in forests, easily climb trees and are very imperfectly adapted to movement on the ground (Fig. 488). Unlike true tetrapods and bipeds, they have an inverse relationship between the length of the limbs of the first and second pairs: their legs are relatively short and weak, while the prehensile upper limbs are significantly elongated, especially in the most skillful poison dart frogs - in gibbons and orangutans. .
When walking, the higher apes rest on the ground not with the entire sole of their feet, but only with the outer edge of the foot; with such an unsteady gait, the necessary assistance to the animal is provided by its long arms, with which it either grabs the branches of trees, or leans on the ground with the back of bent fingers, thereby partially unloading the lower limbs.
Smaller gibbons, descending from trees and walking across an open place, move on their hind legs, and balance with their unusually long arms like a person walking along a narrow pole.
Thus, great apes do not have the upright human gait, but they do not walk on all fours in the way that most other mammals do. Therefore, in their skeleton we find a combination of some features of a two-legged man with animal features of four-legged mammals.
In connection with the elevated position of the body, the pelvis in anthropoid apes is closer in shape to the human, where it really justifies its name and supports the abdominal viscera from below (Fig. 489). In tetrapods, the pelvis does not have to perform such a task, and its shape is different there - it is easy to see on the skeleton of a cat, dog and other four-legged mammals, including monkeys (see Fig. 485).
The tail of great apes is underdeveloped, and its skeleton is represented in them, as in humans, only by a small rudiment - the coccygeal bone, which is closely soldered to the pelvis.
On the contrary, the inclined position of the neck and the stronger development of the facial bones, pulling the skull forward, bring the great apes closer to the four-legged animals. To support the head, strong muscles are required, and with this is the development of long spinous processes on the cervical vertebrae and bony ridges on the skull; both serve to attach muscles.
Strong chewing muscles also correspond to large jaws. They say that a gorilla is able to gnaw through a gun taken from a hunter with its teeth. For attaching the masticatory muscles in the gorilla and orangutan, there is also a longitudinal ridge on the crown of the head. Due to the strong development of the facial bones and crests on the skull, the cranium itself turns out to be more laterally compressed and less capacious than in humans, and this, of course, is reflected in both the size and development of the cerebral hemispheres (Fig. 490): the gorilla is almost it is the same as a human, and its brain weighs three times less than a human (430 g for a gorilla and 1,350 g for a person).
All modern anthropoids are inhabitants of tropical forests, but their adaptability to life among woody vegetation is not equally expressed in them. Gibbons are natural-born poison dart frogs. Orangutans also constantly hang on trees; there they arrange their nests, and the adaptability to climbing is clearly expressed in the structure of their long arms, the hands of which, with four long fingers and a shortened thumb, have a characteristic monkey shape that allows them to cling tightly to the branches and branches of trees.
In contrast to orangutans, gorillas mostly lead a terrestrial lifestyle in the forests and climb trees only for food or for safety, and as for chimpanzees - smaller and heavier monkeys, they occupy an intermediate place in this respect.