State and municipal sector of the economy. The current state of the state and municipal sectors The main economic functions of the state and municipal sector

FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education PENZA STATE UNIVERSITY EV Alekhin "ECONOMY OF THE STATE AND MUNICIPAL SECTOR" Textbook PENZA 2010 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Topic 1. Theoretical foundations of public finance. 7 3. Topic 2. Economic functions of the state. 37 4. Topic 3. State and municipal sector of the economy. 57 5. Topic 4. State financial policy of Russia. 102 6. Topic 5: Financing and production in the public sector. 123 Introduction The modern system of public financial management is the result of a long development of state institutions. The past century, and especially the post-war period, was characterized by a significant expansion of the public sector in countries with market economies, which in its growth outpaced the dynamics of the private market sector, which was due to the increasing complexity of state functions, the use of new methods of macro- and microeconomic regulation aimed at compensating for "failures" market mechanism. Currently, many highly developed countries use new forms of budget planning, budget execution and evaluation of the results of public finance management, have modern systems of budget accounting and financial reporting, institutions of external and internal audit, liquidity and public (municipal) debt management, widely use contractual relations and competitive selection of providers of public goods and services. A huge number of guidelines prepared by national and international organizations are devoted to the introduction of best practices and modern methods of managing public finances. They proceed from the fact that with all the differences between the public finance management systems of different countries, there is a significant similarity between them in setting the fundamental management tasks and solving them. This makes it possible to formulate general principles, standards and best management practices that can be successfully implemented in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This textbook is devoted to general issues of the theory of the public sector and public finance, the evolution, organization and functioning of the public sector, the principles of the budget structure and modern trends in the decentralization of tax and budgetary powers, as well as the main methodological sources that contribute to the dissemination of best practice in public finance management. The first topic provides a brief overview of theoretical ideas about public finance as part of the public sector economy, gives a description of the main theories related to taxation, the provision of public services, and financial relationships between governments at different levels. It addresses the following questions: What is the specificity of public goods? Why does the state fulfill the task of providing public goods and services? What are the ways in which public goods and services can be provided? Is it obligatory for the state to produce public goods itself, or can they be produced in the private sector? The answers to these questions largely determine the scale of the public sector, the nature and mechanisms of public finance management. Thus, the involvement of non-state enterprises in the production of public goods and services contributes to the reduction of the public sector, the development of contractual relations and a significant change in the functions of public authorities, which have to acquire corporate management skills that are unusual for them. The second topic begins with the definition of state functions, an analysis of the evolution of the role of the state in a market economy and the characteristics of state functions in a transitional period. Since the state budget is the most important instrument of state influence on the economy, the analysis then shifts to issues related to the formation and functioning of state budgets. The dynamics of public expenditures in the post-war period, the factors influencing the growth of budget expenditures, the structure of public budgets of the leading countries of the world in comparison with Russia are analyzed. This leads to the important issue of defining the boundaries of the public sector and its sub-sectors at various levels of government. The textbook analyzes the recommendations of international statistical systems on the formation of the public sector based on the inclusion of institutional units that meet certain criteria. These recommendations are widely used in many countries of the world, which adapt the general principles of international statistics to the specifics of national economics and law. An assessment of the scope of the public sector is a prerequisite for the organization of public financial management and the implementation of public functions. On this basis, in particular, the financial capacity of the state to provide public goods and services is determined. The analysis of government functions, the definition of the scope and boundaries of the public sector, the characteristics of public goods and services and the ways they are provided, which are the subject of research in the first section, are of great importance for understanding the mechanisms of public finance management. The state provides legal regulation of the economy, provides public goods, redistributes income between individuals, has a stabilizing effect on the economy and the financial system, and promotes economic growth. The implementation of these functions is carried out primarily on the basis of the formulation of state policy and the management of public finances. The goals of state policy determine the choice of forms and methods of regulation, fiscal instruments and technologies necessary for the implementation of functions. Thus, setting long-term goals, as a rule, requires the use of methods of multi-year budget planning, performance-based budgeting, special methods of debt management, etc. At the same time, public finance management in almost any country is carried out on the basis of the distribution of fiscal powers and interaction various levels of government. In turn, the nature of the budget structure and interbudgetary relations largely determine the effectiveness of the implementation of state functions. Finding the optimal balance between centralized and decentralized management is one of the central tasks in any national public finance management system. Topic 1. Theoretical foundations of public finance. 1.1. Development of theoretical ideas about the economy of the public sector 1.2. The theory of public goods 1.3. The theory of public choice 1.4. The theory of fiscal federalism 1.1. The theory of public finance (eng. public finance) is an integral part of a more capacious discipline - the economy of the public (public) sector (eng. public sector economics). While the subject of public finance has traditionally been tax revenues of the budget, the theory of public sector economics is more general in nature and, in addition to the theory of taxation, includes the theory of public (budget) expenditures and the theoretical foundations of interbudgetary relations (the distribution of income and expenditures between budgets of different levels). This section examines the evolution of theoretical concepts within the framework of the public sector economy as a whole and in terms of its most important components. 1.1.1. Development of theoretical ideas about the economics of the public sector The theory of the economics of the public sector originates in the works of the ancient Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle. In his work “The State”, Plato describes an “ideal state”, in which the idea of ​​the public good is of the greatest value, and the orders are based on justice, which ensures the well-being (happiness) of a person and society as a whole. In his discussions about the size of the state, Plato expressed views similar to the concept of T. R. Malthus. Plato believed that the state appears to meet the needs of people. With an increase in the number of people in the state, the level of consumption of each of them increases. But if people do not limit their consumption to this level and show demand for various luxury goods, then the state begins to grow and this gradually leads to a shortage of some socially important resources. Based on the rich historical material about the Greek city-states, Aristotle created a theory of the state different from Plato (the work "Politics"). Being the spokesman of the polis ideology, Aristotle was an opponent of large state formations, highlighting three "good" and three "bad" forms of government. He considered “good” forms in which the possibility of selfish use of power is excluded, and power itself serves the whole society; it is a monarchy, an aristocracy and a "polity" (middle-class rule) based on a mixture of oligarchy and democracy. On the contrary, Aristotle considered tyranny, pure oligarchy and extreme democracy to be “bad” forms. The concept of “public goods”, which is fundamental for the economy of the public sector, was actually introduced in the middle of the 18th century. D. Hume, who pointed out the existence of such types of services, the production of which does not bring profit to individuals, however, in collective production, it can be useful for society as a whole. A. Smith later noted the need for the monarch (in fact, the state) to provide certain benefits (maintenance of courts, defense, police, education of the poor), the profit from the sale of which in the private sector does not cover the costs associated with their production. The closest to modern ideas about public goods were the works of J. Mil, who showed that under certain conditions, individual preferences can only be satisfied through collective action. J. Mil is the author of a textbook example with a sea lighthouse, illustrating the properties of a public good - the inability not to consume the service, as well as the inability to charge individuals - consumers of the service. The evolution of economic theory has long been held back by an insufficient amount of knowledge in the field of microeconomic processes. development at the end of the nineteenth century. proposed by L. Walras within the framework of the marginalist economic school of the theory of general equilibrium became an impetus for the development of the economy of the public sector. The results of the works of Walras influenced the research of A. Marshall, who, in relation to public finance, developed the theory of tax shift and the distribution of the tax burden. Marshall used the tax shift theory in the context of partial equilibrium to illustrate the principles of price theory. As microeconomics as a theory of pricing developed more and more sophisticated analysis techniques, so did the analysis of the distribution of the tax burden, which began to be carried out on the basis of general equilibrium theory. In addition to the Marshallian positive theory of the distribution of the tax burden, the period before the 1950s. is also characterized by the presence of a normative theory of taxation, based on the utilitarian approach of A. Pigou to the question of how the tax burden should be distributed among individualsii. The Marshall-Pigou tradition of the public sector dominated the Anglo-American academic world until the mid-1950s. At the same time, these traditions missed two important aspects of the subject: firstly, the theory of public spending received almost no coverage, and secondly, research ignored the process of collective decision-making. In parallel with the Anglo-Saxon tradition, other approaches to the analysis of public finances have been formed in Italy and Sweden. Since the 1880s Wixel, De Viti De Marco, Mazzola, Panteleioni and Pareto have explored the public sector in the context of exchange. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon school of the time, which focused on defining the role of the state, the Italian school of public finance made public spending and taxes a subject worthy of separate discussion and analysis. In the works of representatives of the Swedish school - K. Wicksel and E. Lindahl - taxation and public spending for the first time began to be considered as an integrated system, that is, theoretical ideas about the budget were laid down. Wicksell's work deserves special attention, as his research subsequently led to the emergence of modern public choice theory. Wicksell not only viewed taxes in conjunction with spending, but also treated decision-making in the public sector as a political and collective choice of individuals. E. Lindahl summarized Wicksell's work with a more detailed analysis of the relationship between standard performance standards and political institutions. The studies of Swedish economists formed the basis of the theory of public choice, which is strongly associated with the name of the American economist J. Buchanan. The public choice school extended to the public sector the economic paradigm that individuals are selfish and rational utility maximizers. Of particular interest to her is the behavior of the main agents of the political decision-making process. The interaction of voters, politicians and bureaucrats brings the final result in the form of the level and structure of public spending and taxes. It was the theory of public choice that made the economics of the public sector an independent section of economic theory.

TOPIC 1. THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN THE MODERN MIXED ECONOMY

The subject of economics of the state and municipal sector

The dialectics of the development of society is connected with its dual nature. FROM On the one hand, it is the relationship of society with the individual; on the other hand, it is the relationship of society with the state. In the economy of the public sector, state regulation of the institutions of society and man is combined. The feedback system of the state, society and a person is one of the most difficult theoretical and practical problems of increasing the efficiency of the public sector. Man does not exist for the state, but the state exists for man.

Economics of the Public Sector - Fundamental Science, which means that its methodology is based on objective universal laws, perceived from the standpoint of dialectical development. The economics of the public sector is studied at the intersection of economic theory, sociology, political science and psychology.

The theoretical basis of the course is a combination of political economy, institutionalism, micro- and macroanalysis, the world economy, the economy of the public sector of foreign countries. This is especially important, because in the context of globalization, the economy of the public sector in Russia and other countries retains its historical traditions in the relationship between the state, society and the individual.

The subject of study of the economics of the public sector- the role and functions of the state as an economic entity of a market economy, interaction with other economic entities within the country and abroad. The economic activity of the public sector as a whole, at the federal, regional and municipal levels, as well as in the context of industries and types of economic activity, is subject to consideration.

Key Objectives of the Public Sector Economics Course:

Substantiation of the need for the development of the public sector in a market economy;

Theoretical substantiation of the need for state intervention in the framework of microeconomics from the standpoint of efficiency and justice;

Acquaintance with the theory of public choice, identification of problems and difficulties of state regulation of the economy;

Acquaintance with the tools and mechanisms of state intervention in the economy.

Main questions considered by public sector economics are:

The impact of the public sector on the level and living conditions of the population based on the production and provision of services on a non-market basis, social payments and the use of other instruments;

Formation of income, expenses and property of the public sector;

The impact of economic policy and economic activity of the public sector on other participants in economic activity and their economic behavior;

Production of goods and services by the public sector on a commercial basis.

The market economy of any country is a mixed economic system., consisting of the most important sectors - private and public. The variety of types of mixed economies, which arose as a result of the historical features of the formation of statehood, national mentality and other factors, led to the ambiguity of approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "public sector". Two approaches are most widely used.

The public sector is a set of economic resources at the disposal of the state and public organizations (including local governments). It is a part of the economic space in which:

1. the market does not operate or operates only partially, and therefore, the non-market way of coordinating economic activity, the non-market type of organization of the exchange of activities prevails;

2. not private, but public goods are produced, distributed and consumed;

3. The economic balance between supply and demand for a public (collective) good is ensured by the state, local governments and voluntary public organizations with the help of relevant social institutions, primarily through budgetary and financial policy.

In the public sector the production of economic goods of a special kind - public goods. Between the market and public sectors of the economy, between the state and economic agents, there is an exchange of activities and flows of economic benefits. The public sector plays an active role in the circulation of income, resources, goods and services.

Since the public sector is dominated by the activity of the state, it is often referred to as the public sector. This identification of the public and state sectors is, to a certain extent, acceptable.

The purpose of the functioning of the public sector (through the mechanisms for implementing the stabilization function, as well as the functions of distributing resources and income) is the formation of a single socio-economic space in a certain territory.

The public sector includes three sub-sectors:

state,

voluntary public,

mixed.

On the one hand, the mixed sector occupies an intermediate position between the public and market sectors, and on the other hand, there is an adjacent zone within the public sector between the state and voluntary public sub-sectors.

The public sector of the economy: understanding in the narrow and broad sense. First of all, it must be said that there is no unified approach to defining and isolating the public sector into an independent concept. There are discrepancies here, which have target and national specifics. In this regard, at present, we can talk about two interpretations of the public sector: narrow and broad sense. Let's look at the first aspect first.

When determining the essence of the public sector, as a rule, they proceed from the fact that it is the most important component of the national economy. At the same time, a distinctive feature of the public sector of the economy lies in the ability of the state to carry out direct and operational management of economic entities included in its composition. The very management of economic entities of the public sector of the economy is carried out by state authorities through their representatives participating in the formation of the strategy and tactics of the activities of public sector enterprises.

The methodological basis for defining the public sector is the concept administrative and economic department legal entities (business entities). Administrative and economic management refers to the impact on the part of the manager (the head of the legal entity) on the activities of the legal entity, aimed at achieving the goal as quickly as possible. On the basis of this concept, the definition of the public sector is formulated:

Narrow interpretation of "public sector"- the public sector of the economy should be understood as a set of legal entities (economic entities), the administrative and economic management of which is carried out by the state through the federal and regional authorities of the country. It is assumed that the public sector is designed to represent the interests of members of society, therefore it is commonly called the public sector.

Broad interpretation of "public sector"- the public sector is understood as the totality of economic resources owned by the state, all organizations through which state regulation of the economy is carried out. This includes the economic budget, state organizations in the field of administration, healthcare, education, defense, state production enterprises, state lands, and mineral reserves.

1.2. Economics of the public sector and economics of the public administration sector.

The modern economy is mixed. Economic activity in it is carried out by the public (public) sector, as well as private non-financial enterprises, financial-credit and other organizations, often united by the general concept of "private sector". The economy of the public (state) sector itself is also mixed. The components of the public sector are the general government sector and enterprises owned or controlled by the state, but related, according to the generally accepted division of the economy into economic sectors, to non-financial and financial corporations. . The basis of the public sector is the sector of public (public) administration, in relation to which public finances are also formed. Consider its place in the system of economic sectors of the economy.

At present, when compiling forecasts of socio-economic development, the formation of finance, the principles of constructing statistics and economic analysis the boundaries of sectors of the economy are determined in accordance with the system of national accounts, which is accepted all over the world. Thus, unified approaches to the study of the economy of the public sector and the economy of other sectors are provided. In the system of national accounts adopted by the United Nations in 1993, the public administration sector is singled out as one of the sectors of the economy.

According to this system, economic entities of the country (institutional units) that own and dispose of assets and enter into economic relations with other economic entities, in accordance with their functions and methods of financing costs, are combined into five institutional sectors of the economy:

Sector of non-financial corporations;

Sector of financial corporations;

public administration sector;

Household sector;

Sector of non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH).

Each of these sectors includes corresponding institutional units. Under Institutional Unit is understood as an economic entity (economic unit) that owns and disposes of assets on its own behalf, assumes obligations, enters into economic transactions with other institutional units, compiles a complete set of accounts, including a balance sheet of assets and liabilities. As economic entities, both legal entities (enterprises, government bodies, credit organizations, insurance companies, etc.) and households are accepted, since they are the centers of economic decision-making. Business entities have economic resources in constant circulation.

Non-financial corporations include institutional units (corporations and quasi-corporations) located in the economic territory of the country, the main function of which is the production of goods and non-financial services for the purpose of selling them on the market and making a profit. Production costs are reimbursed from sales proceeds. This sector includes, in particular, enterprises of industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, trade, etc.

The sector of financial corporations includes institutional units whose main function is financial and credit activities - monetary authorities, banks, insurance companies, non-state pension funds and other institutions engaged in financial intermediation.

Non-profit organizations serving households (population) include public non-profit organizations that provide non-market services to households. These are public organizations that include political parties, trade unions, religious organizations, various societies, unions and associations, as well as meet the needs in the field of education, health, culture, etc. They are funded by membership dues, donations and property income.

The household sector brings together individuals or groups of individuals who live together and have a common budget. Households manage their resources, have assets and liabilities, and engage in economic activities. These include households of people who work for hire, households of entrepreneurs, households of the self-employed (freelancers, owners of small unincorporated farms, family shops, cafes), households of people living on transfers (pensioners, students). This is a sector that mainly consumes goods and services and produces them for its own consumption and sale.

Sector of public administration. The public administration sector includes institutional units vested with the right to legislative, executive and judicial power in the territory of the country or its parts.

The main functions of the general government sector are:

Ensuring political and regulatory activities;

Provision of goods and services on a non-market basis for their collective or individual consumption by members of society;

Also the redistribution of income and wealth through transfers and subsidies. This predetermines its role as the basis of the public sector, its leading element. Respectively, the economy of the state (public) administration sector is the central link in the economy of the state (public) sector.

The public (public) sector is a broader concept than the public administration sector. It brings together the general government sector and state-owned or controlled enterprises and organizations that, like the private sector, produce goods and services on a commercial basis and are an integral part of the nonfinancial and financial corporations sectors.

1.3 Composition of the public sector of the economy by organizational and legal forms:

State unitary enterprises;

State (budgetary) institutions;

Joint stock companies, in the authorized capital of which the controlling stake of voting shares (more than 50%) is in state ownership (federal and / or constituent entities of the Russian Federation);

Subsidiaries whose main (parent) company belongs to the public sector;

Enterprises that are part of a holding whose parent company belongs to the public sector;

Joint-stock companies, in the authorized capital of which the controlling stake of voting shares (more than 50%) is owned by state unitary enterprises;

Enterprises, in the authorized capital of which there is a "golden share", which is in the hands of the state.

Main activities of the public sector economy:

Provision of public goods;

Redistribution of income and wealth and provision of social assistance to the population;

Production and sale of goods and services on a commercial basis by enterprises owned or controlled by the state.

Due to its special role, the state can also influence the economic behavior of business entities through the adoption of legislative and other regulations, taxation, subsidies and other measures to regulate economic activity.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGBOU VPO Ural State University of Economics

Economics of the state and municipal sector

Direction of training

State and municipal administration

Qualification (degree) of the graduate

bachelor

Compiled by: Uzhegova A.M., Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor

Yekaterinburg

The purpose and objectives of studying the discipline

The purpose of the discipline "Economics of the state and municipal sector" is the formation of students' basic professional knowledge, practical skills and abilities in the field of economics of the public sector, necessary in the activities of public authorities to solve specific problems.

This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks:

1. Familiarization of students with the basic concepts, tools, latest theories and approaches in the field of public sector economics.
2. Teaching analytical approaches to the study of patterns of development and functioning of the modern state and society.
3. Formation and development of students' practical skills in the field of analysis of the activities of the public sector and non-governmental non-profit institutions.
4. Realization of the ability for the most prompt and adequate response to continuous changes in the current socio-economic situation.

Topics of the discipline and their summary

Topic 1. General characteristics of the economy of the state and municipal sector

General characteristics of the economy of the state and municipal sector. The concept, boundaries and scale of the economy of the state and municipal sector. The main activities and public goods provided by the public sector of the economy. General concept of public sector finance.

Man is the basis of the economy of the state and municipal sector. Man as a subject of economy and society. Correlation between the interests of a person, society and the state. Social spending: goals, sources, ways of financing. Indicators of human development in the economy of the public sector.

Economic foundations of the political mechanism in the public sector. Institutes of public administration. The need and main characteristics of a political mechanism in the public sector. Voting as a way of making a collective choice. Articulation and aggregation of interests in the political mechanism of public choice. Political mechanism for making government decisions. Failures of the state as a regulator of the public sector. Administrative reform and reform of local self-government.

Voting as a way of making a collective choice. Articulation and aggregation of interests in the political mechanism of public choice. Political mechanism for making government decisions. Failures of the state as a regulator of the public sector. Administrative reform and reform of local self-government.

Topic 2. Functioning of the economy of the state and municipal sector

Market failures and public goods. The most important types of market failures. Public goods, their properties and typology.

Equilibrium in the public sector. Theoretical foundations of economic equilibrium. Varieties of equilibrium in the public sector

The mechanism of functioning of the public sector. Public Sector Resources. System communications of the public sector.

Human needs and interests as a factor in the development of the state and municipal economy Employment, motivation and income in the public sector. The role of the state in regulating processes in the labor market. The infrastructure of state regulation of the labor market and its functions. Non-state structures to promote employment of the population. Managing the motivation of employees of organizations to work. Priority directions and principles of wage regulation at the level of industry and region. Income from capital as property of capital as a function. The impact of public sector income policy implementation on similar issues in the private sector.

Pricing in the public sector and government pricing policy. Prices in the national economic system. Formation of market pricing in Russia: features and problems. Three categories of prices in a two-sector economy. Features of pricing in the public sector. State price policy as a means of increasing the efficiency of social production.

Questions for self-study

Three categories of prices in a two-sector economy. Features of pricing in the public sector. State price policy as a means of increasing the efficiency of social production.

Topic 3. Social functions of the state and municipal sector

Social potential of the state and municipal sector. Features and reproduction role of social needs in the main sectors of the public sector. Mechanisms for the implementation of social needs in the main sectors of the public sector.

The role of the state and municipal sector in the reproduction of the population. The study of the family in economic science. Socio-economic functions of the family. Socio-demographic needs of the family and the social need for the reproduction of the population. Essence, goals and measures of socio-demographic policy. The structure of demographic policy resources. Support for families with children. Problems of the effectiveness of demographic policy.

Public health is the main indicator of the well-being of the people. Public health and economics. The quality of public health in modern Russia.

Social protection of the population. Directions and forms of social protection. social transfers. Social insurance and pension provision. Health insurance system. Financing social insurance.

Questions for self-study

The system of socio-economic support for families with children. Sources of funds for socio-economic support of families with children. The main types of benefits for families with children during the period of market reforms. Benefit for pregnancy and childbirth. A one-time allowance for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy. One-time allowance for the birth of a child. Monthly allowance during parental leave until the child reaches the age of 1.5 years. Monthly child allowance. tax incentives.

ANNOTATION

The tutorial is an electronic version of the book:
Economics of the state and municipal sector. Textbook / Alekhin E. V. Penza, 2010.

Introduction
Topic 1. Theoretical foundations of public finance.
Topic 2. Economic functions of the state.
Topic 3. State and municipal sector of the economy.
Topic 4. State financial policy of Russia.
Topic 5. Financing and production in the public sector.

Introduction
The modern system of public finance management is the result of a long development of state institutions. Past
century, and especially the post-war period, were characterized by a significant expansion of the public sector in countries with market economies, which in its growth outstripped the dynamics of the private market sector, which was due to the complication of state functions, the use of new methods of macro- and microeconomic regulation aimed at compensating for the "failures" of the market mechanism.

Currently, many highly developed countries use new forms of budget planning, budget execution and evaluation of the results of public finance management, have modern systems of budget accounting and financial reporting, institutions of external and internal audit, liquidity and public (municipal) debt management, widely use contractual relations and competitive selection of providers of public goods and services. A huge number of guidelines prepared by national and international organizations are devoted to the introduction of best practices and modern methods of managing public finances. They proceed from the fact that with all the differences between the public finance management systems of different countries, there is a significant similarity between them in setting the fundamental management tasks and solving them. This makes it possible to formulate general principles, standards and best management practices that can be successfully implemented in developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

This textbook is devoted to general issues of the theory of the public sector and public finance, the evolution, organization and functioning of the public sector, the principles of the budget structure and modern trends in the decentralization of fiscal powers, as well as the main methodological sources that contribute to the dissemination of best practice in public finance management.

The first topic provides a brief overview of theoretical ideas about public finance as part of the public sector economy, gives a description of the main theories related to taxation, the provision of public services, and financial relationships between governments at different levels. It addresses the following questions: What is the specificity of public goods? Why does the state fulfill the task of providing public goods and services? What are the ways in which public goods and services can be provided? Is it obligatory for the state to produce public goods itself, or can they be produced in the private sector? The answers to these questions largely determine the scale of the public sector, the nature and mechanisms of public finance management. Thus, the involvement of non-state enterprises in the production of public goods and services contributes to the reduction of the public sector, the development of contractual relations and a significant change in the functions of public authorities, which have to acquire corporate management skills that are unusual for them.

The second topic begins with the definition of state functions, an analysis of the evolution of the role of the state in a market economy and the characteristics of state functions in a transitional period. Since the state budget is the most important instrument of state influence on the economy, the analysis then shifts to issues related to the formation and functioning of state budgets. The dynamics of public expenditures in the post-war period, the factors influencing the growth of budget expenditures, the structure of public budgets of the leading countries of the world in comparison with Russia are analyzed.
This leads to the important issue of defining the boundaries of the public sector and its sub-sectors at various levels of government. The textbook analyzes the recommendations of international statistical systems on the formation of the public sector based on the inclusion of institutional units that meet certain criteria. These recommendations are widely used in many countries of the world, which adapt the general principles of international statistics to the specifics of national economics and law. An assessment of the scope of the public sector is a prerequisite for the organization of public financial management and the implementation of public functions. On this basis, in particular, the financial capacity of the state to provide public goods and services is determined.

The analysis of government functions, the definition of the scope and boundaries of the public sector, the characteristics of public goods and services and the ways they are provided, which are the subject of research in the first section, are of great importance for understanding the mechanisms of public finance management. The state provides legal regulation of the economy, provides public goods, redistributes income between individuals, has a stabilizing effect on the economy and the financial system, and promotes economic growth. The implementation of these functions is carried out primarily on the basis of the formulation of state policy and the management of public finances. The goals of state policy determine the choice of forms and methods of regulation, fiscal instruments and technologies necessary for the implementation of functions. Thus, setting long-term goals, as a rule, requires the use of multi-year budget planning methods, performance-based budgeting, special debt management methods, etc.

At the same time, the management of public finances in almost any country is carried out on the basis of the distribution of fiscal powers and the interaction of various levels of government. In turn, the nature of the budget structure and interbudgetary relations largely determine the effectiveness of the implementation of state functions. Finding the optimal balance between centralized and decentralized management is one of the central tasks in any national public finance management system.

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Introduction

1. State and municipal sectors of the economy. The current state of the state and municipal sectors

2. Financial policy of Russia in modern conditions. The content of the financial policy. Public debt management

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Finance (from lat. finance- cash, income) - a set of economic relations that arise in the process of formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds. Usually we are talking about trust funds of the state or business entities (enterprises).

1. State and municipal sectors of the economy. The current state of the state and municipal sectors

Government sector- a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions that are state-owned and managed by state bodies or persons appointed by them.

The public sector of the economy includes all economic resources owned by the state, and all organizations through which state regulation of the economy is carried out. This includes the state budget, state production enterprises, state organizations in the field of administration, healthcare, education, defense, state lands.

The municipal sector of the economy is a sector of economic relations limited by the boundaries of the municipality, focused on maintaining and developing those areas of the national economy that are within the competence of municipal authorities. As a rule, issues related to the competence of local authorities belong to the category of operational issues and should be resolved in the shortest possible time in the prescribed manner for their consideration. Enterprises of any form of ownership, the purpose of which is to satisfy the municipal interest, can operate in the municipal sector of the economy.

Share of the public sector of the economy in 2009 in the total volume of production will be 8.9% against 9.1% in 2008.

In the fuel and energy complex (FEC), the public sector of the economy includes:

In the coal industry - 151 enterprises;

In the oil industry - open joint-stock companies NK Rosneft, Vostochnaya Oil Company, ONAKO and Sibur, which produce about 26% of oil, as well as state-owned companies for pipeline transportation of oil and oil products Transneft and Transnefteprodukt »;

In the electric power industry - RAO "UES of Russia", its subsidiaries, regional joint-stock companies, nuclear power plants.

The specific volume of products produced by the state sector of the economy of the fuel and energy complex in 2008 amounted to about 46% of the total industrial production of the complex against 55% in 2007.

The share of production of the public sector of the economy in the total volume of ferrous metallurgy production in 2009 should be 1.5%, according to the forecast, non-ferrous - 2.4%.

In civil engineering, in 2008 the privatization process was basically completed. Of the 1562 enterprises and organizations of the machine-building complex, more than 90% have been transformed into joint-stock companies. 1165 enterprises and organizations in the complex have been completely redeemed. In 2008, there were 168 enterprises in the state sector of the economy. The share of products manufactured by public sector enterprises is less than 1% of the total volume of engineering products.

There are currently 154 enterprises in the public sector of the chemical complex, of which 8 are joint-stock companies with a predominant share of the state (more than 50%). The share of the volume of products manufactured by enterprises of the state sector of the chemical and petrochemical industry in the total volume of products is 10%, microbiological - 19, medical - 21%.

The share of output produced by enterprises of the public sector of the economy in the total output of the defense complex is 49%. A further decrease in the number of state-owned enterprises of the defense complex to 450, an increase in the number of state-owned enterprises from 5 to 25 units is predicted. The number of enterprises corporatized with 100% participation of the state should be 58 units in 2009. The process of formation of state research centers and federal research and production centers, new integrated companies and corporations will continue. The total number of integrated structures in the defense industry will increase in 2009 to 60 units against 37 units in 2008.

In the timber industry complex, about 18% of enterprises belong to the state sector of the economy. The share of the public sector in the total volume of marketable products of the timber industry is 5%.

The share of agricultural products produced in the public sector in the total volume is 17.4%.

The share of the public sector in the total volume of traffic in 2008 was 58.4% against 53.5% in 2007.

Railway transport enterprises remain state-owned.

The share of paid services to the population by communication enterprises of the public sector of the economy is 88%.

State-owned organizations (including municipal ones) account for 8% of the total volume of retail trade through all sales channels.

The share of public sector enterprises in the total volume of sales of paid services to the population is 42%.

In terms of housing and communal services, the share of public sector enterprises is 70.9%, services of cultural institutions - 58.9, passenger transport - 56.9, communications - 33.8, sanitary and health services - 25.8%.

The main source of financing for the sectors of the socio-cultural sphere are budgetary funds, the share of which is 79-82% of the total expenditures for these purposes.

It is planned to continue restructuring the network of institutions in the social and cultural sphere, aimed at the formation and development of a system of non-state institutions. The transfer of part of the institutions of the socio-cultural sphere from federal ownership to state ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal property will continue, which will allow to concentrate financial resources on providing state support to leading institutions and on implementing priority areas for the development of the complex.

The share of state-owned organizations in the total number of scientific organizations is about 73%. An important component of modern science and technology policy has become the formation of a network state scientific centers(SSC), the number of which reached 58.

The share of enterprises in the public sector of the economy in 2008 accounted for about 21% of the total investment in fixed assets from all sources of financing against 22% in 2007. A further reduction in investment volumes by 16% from the level of 2007 is expected.

In 2009, the share of investments in the fixed capital of enterprises in the state sector of the economy will be 20%. Investments are projected to fall by 9% from what was expected in 2008. Given the insufficiency of public investment resources, budgetary funds in 2009 are used only to pay off accounts payable under a strictly limited range of programs.

In 2008, the number of employees in state-owned enterprises was 14.15 million people, which accounted for 26.6% of the total number of employees employed in the economy. The share of the main production sectors in the public sector of the economy accounts for about 40% of the number of employees.

The basis of the management system in the public sector of the economy is a clear definition of its components and the implementation of their state accounting and registration.

One of the main directions of institutional transformations in the public sector is the process narrowing the scope of application of the right of economic management.

The process of transferring both the enterprises themselves and other objects of federal property to the ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation continues. First of all, this concerns objects of social, cultural and municipal purposes.

2. Financial policy of Russia in modern conditions. The content of the financial policy.

municipal sector finance debt

Financial policy is a fundamental element in the financial management system. Based on the definition of finance as economic relations for the formation, distribution, redistribution and use of funds, the state, when organizing these relations, determines the main goals and objectives facing society and, accordingly, the financial system.

At all times, the main goal of financial relations was their organization, which would be aimed at ensuring the growth of social wealth. Achieving this goal is possible only with the effectiveness of specific forms of distribution, redistribution and use of available financial resources and the financial potential of the state. A general indicator of the effectiveness of the financial mechanism is the growth rate of the gross domestic product and national income - the main source of growth in the welfare of society.

Financial policy is an independent sphere of state activity in the field of financial relations. This is a set of state measures for the use of financial relations, the mobilization of financial resources, their distribution and use for the implementation of a particular state program of economic and social development.

The policy covers all areas of state activity. Depending on the sphere of public relations, which is the object of political influence, one speaks of economic or social, cultural or technical, budgetary or credit, domestic or foreign policy. Financial policy has a self-sufficient independent significance and at the same time is the most important means of implementing state policy in any area of ​​public activity, be it the economy, the social sphere, military reform or international relations.

The implementation of financial policy can be divided into 3 stages :

1) definition and setting of the main goals and specification of long-term and immediate tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the goals set for a certain period of the life of society;

2) determination of the main directions for the use of financial resources, as well as the development of methods, means and specific forms of organization of relations with the help of which these goals are achieved in the shortest possible time, and the immediate and long-term tasks are solved in the best way;

3) the selection and placement of personnel capable of solving the tasks set, organizing their implementation, and, in fact, the implementation of practical actions aimed at achieving the intended goals.

Naturally, the direct impact of financial policy on the economy begins only at the third stage, but it is determined by the content of the two previous stages.

By itself, financial policy cannot be good or bad. It is evaluated in accordance with how it corresponds to the interests of society (or a certain part of it) and how much it contributes to the achievement of goals and the solution of specific problems.

To assess the financial policy of a given government and to make recommendations for its adjustment, first of all, it is necessary to have a clear program of social development, highlighting the interests of the whole society and individual groups of the population, characterizing promising and more immediate tasks, determining the timing and methods for their solution. Only under this condition it is possible to develop a specific mechanism for the implementation of financial policy and give its objective assessment.

The effectiveness of financial policy is the higher, the more it takes into account the needs of social development, the interests of all strata and groups of society, specific historical conditions and features of life.

Financial policy should be directed primarily to the formation of the maximum possible amount of financial resources, since they are the material basis of any transformations.

Public debt management is a continuous process that includes 3 stages: attraction of financial resources through the placement of securities, repayment and servicing of debt obligations. At the 1st stage, the maximum size of government borrowings and guarantees for the next budget year is determined, tools for attracting resources and increasing the efficiency of their use are selected. At the 2nd stage, resources are attracted in external or internal financial markets by issuing and placing government securities, obtaining a loan or providing government guarantees, and then these funds are directed to finance current budget expenditures or investment projects. The 3rd stage is to find sources of financial resources to pay off and service the public debt, reduce overall costs, and timely fulfill debt obligations.

State debt obligations are repaid at the expense of budget revenues, the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves, funds received from the sale of state property, as well as new borrowings.

Methods public debt management can be divided into administrative and financial.

Administrative methods are based on the quick and accurate implementation of individual orders of state authorities and administration; they do not provide an assessment of the economic efficiency and results of actions to public debt management.

Financial methods consist in the choice of methods and forms of ensuring the repayment of public debt through the analysis of financial indicators and are aimed at maximizing the effect of attracted loans with minimal costs associated with their repayment and servicing.

The most optimal combination of administrative and financial methods is determined by internal and external economic and political factors. In the conditions of the debt crisis, when the state is experiencing difficulties in fulfilling its previously undertaken obligations to repay and service state debt, the following are used: refinancing, restructuring, loan conversion, loan consolidation, cancellation and write-off of public debts.

Public debt management directly affects economic growth, inflation, loan interest, employment, investment in the country's economy as a whole and in the real sector of the economy.

Conclusion

Financial policy is a system of measures for the management, distribution and accumulation of financial resources.

Financial policy is an integral part, the core of the economic policy of the state.

Financial policy is manifested in the system of forms and methods of financial management. The main task of financial policy is to provide financial resources for the program of socio-economic development of the state. The content of financial policy is complex and covers a wide range of measures:

1) Development of a general concept of financial policy, definition of its goals and objectives;

2) Creation of an adequate financial mechanism;

3) Management of the financial activities of the state and other economic entities.

The fundamentals of financial policy constitute a strategic direction that determines the long-term and medium-term prospects for the use of finance and provides for the solution of global problems. They are related to the main problems facing the state: it is the efficient use of financial resources, the regulation of social and economic processes, the stimulation of certain industries and territories, and advanced areas of development.

The success of the financial policy, its high efficiency determine the power of the state, its ability to ensure the performance of all functions, realize national interests, maintain a balance between internal and external interests, socio-economic stability.

Bibliography

1. Drobozina L.A., Finance. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2009.-398s

2. V. M. Rodionova, Finance. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2005.-280s