Where do frogs winter in Siberia. Species: Siberian frog = Rana amurensis. Quiet solo and loud choir

(lat. Rana amurensis) - a species of the family of real frogs ( Ranidae).

Description

The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially fused blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the abdomen begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females in the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first finger. The head is moderately sharp. The lower leg is 1.75-2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are webbed. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.

Spreading

This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, Far East Russia, Korea, northern and central Mongolia, and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians in the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates into the tundra and the forest-steppe zone. It occurs most often in open, damp areas such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown lakesides, riverbanks, and open areas in forests with abundant vegetation and woody debris. Communication with water bodies (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or shrubs in river valleys.

Lifestyle

The population density over a large area reaches several hundreds and thousands of individuals per hectare. At the same time, in the northernmost and southernmost areas of the range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable places, in which case the total abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog hibernates in pits at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for the southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5-11 years in various regions.

Nutrition

Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus, and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates, sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.

reproduction

The breeding season occurs from March-April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in shallow lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with stagnant water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of "dumb" brown frogs. Clutch contains 250-4000 eggs laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June-August.

intermediate ranks

Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886

Siberian frog, or Amur frog(lat. Rana amurensis) is a species of the family of true frogs ( Ranidae).

Description

The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially fused blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the abdomen begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females in the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first finger. The head is moderately sharp. The lower leg is 1.75–2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are webbed. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.

Spreading

This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern and central Mongolia, and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians in the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates into the tundra and the forest-steppe zone. It occurs most often in open, damp areas such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown lakesides, riverbanks, and open areas in forests with abundant vegetation and woody debris. Communication with water bodies (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or shrubs in river valleys.

Lifestyle

The population density over a large area reaches several hundreds and thousands of individuals per hectare. At the same time, in the northernmost and southernmost areas of the range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable places, in which case the total abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog hibernates in pits at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for the southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5–11 years in various regions.

Nutrition

Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus, and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates, sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.

reproduction

The breeding season takes place from March-April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in shallow lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with stagnant water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of "dumb" brown frogs. The clutch contains 250–4000 eggs laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June-August.

Notes

Links

• (English) . Amphibia Web. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what the "Siberian Frog" is in other dictionaries:

One of the largest families of the order of anurans, uniting more than 400 species belonging to 32 genera. The extremely diverse amphibians of this family are characterized by the presence of teeth on the upper jaw, cylindrical, ... ... Biological Encyclopedia

Includes species of the class Amphibians, common in Russia. Currently, about 30 species have been recorded in Russia. Contents 1 List of species 1.1 Order Tailed (Caudata) ... Wikipedia

Frogs (Ranidae), a family of tailless amphibians. Length from 3 to 20 and even 32 cm. Teeth on the top, jaws, terminal phalanges of the fingers without intercalary cartilage. The body is usually slender, with long (jumping) hind limbs. 46 genera, 555 species... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary Wikipedia

The Red Book of the Sverdlovsk Region is a list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi of the Sverdlovsk Region. One of the regional Red Books of Russia. Established in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Bastak. Bastak State Nature Reserve IUCN Category Ia (Strict Nature Reserve) Coordinates: Coordinates ... Wikipedia

There are 6 species of amphibians on the territory of Mongolia. Contents 1 List of species 1.1 Order Tailed amphibians (Caudata) ... Wikipedia

The inner calcaneal tuber of the Siberian frog is low and slightly triangular. The limbs are short, the ankle joints go behind each other, but when the hind limb is extended along the body, this joint, as a rule, does not even reach the eye. The temporal spot is well expressed. Upper body dark brown; along the middle of the back and head there is always a clear light strip, bordered by rows of black spots, often merging into 2 black stripes. Spots may not be expressed (Sakhalin). The belly is blood red with numerous dark spots. Dorsal skin with tubercles, often coinciding with spots.

The Siberian frog is widespread in China and Mongolia. In the USSR, the southern border of the range runs through Northern Kazakhstan, Northern Kyrgyzstan and further east to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, including Sakhalin and the Shantar Islands. The northern border passes through the middle reaches of the Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana and further west to the left bank of the lower reaches of the Irtysh and the northeast of the Sverdlovsk region.

In frogs from the northern parts of the range, the legs are the shortest (in 50% of individuals, the ankle joints are in contact or do not reach each other). In Northern Kyrgyzstan, in the region of the lake. Balkhash subspecies lives Rana amurensis balchaschensis Terentjev, 1923, which differs from the nominative form in longer tibiae (1.76-2.05 versus 1.92-2.45 in the nominative; the ankle articulation reaches the end of the muzzle or goes behind the eye), a relatively large internal calcaneal tubercle (2.3 -4.0 versus 3.0-6.0 in the nominative form) and a shorter body (1-2.6-3.0 versus 2.9-3.6 in the nominative).

In most of its range, the Siberian frog is tied to river floodplains, where it inhabits open lowland swamps and swampy shores of lakes. On Sakhalin, it lives in floodplain meadows and swamps, including tundra ones. In Western Siberia, the number reaches 40-50 adults per 100 cylinder-days, in the vicinity of Alma-Ata - 600-800 individuals per 1 ha, in the Far East - up to 230 individuals per 1 ha. It usually stays close to water bodies and goes into the water when threatened. Active in the evening hours, often active during the day. In the Far East, in the first half of the summer it feeds on beetles, spiders and earthworms; in July, Lepidoptera larvae serve as the main food; in September - bugs and orthoptera. In the southern parts of the range and in the Far East it wakes up in March, in the north of Yakutia - in the second half of May. It leaves for wintering in water bodies, respectively, in late September - early October and in November. Reproduction begins shortly after the opening of reservoirs. Silent. Spawning is extended for 15-20 days. The female lays 1000-1800 eggs in one or two clumps. Larval development lasts 25-60 days. The size of underyearlings leaving the reservoir reaches 13-16 mm. Maturity occurs in the third or fourth year.

TAILLESS ORDER - ANURA

Frog family - Ranidae

SIBERIAN FROG - Rana amurensis

Distribution and abundance. The Siberian frog is distributed from the eastern slopes of the Ural Range and further east, occupying a vast territory throughout Western and Eastern Siberia, Transbaikalia, the Ussuri Territory and most of Yakutia. It inhabits the island of Sakhalin and the South Kuril Islands. It is common in most of these areas. Its numbers especially increase where there is no moor frog. There, in the southern regions, up to 500 individuals per hectare can be found. In the Tomsk region, frogs were found only in the floodplain of the Ob and its large tributaries - Chulym, Keti, Parabel, etc. In the middle taiga (Narym), the maximum number was recorded - 422 individuals / ha on floodplain islands with an abundance of water bodies. To the south, in the Kolpashevskaya floodplain, the number is 13 times lower.

Biotopes. It lives most often in damp meadows, it is found in hummocky tundra swamps, in clearings among swampy taiga. The preferred habitats, like those of the moor, are the edges of the forest, shrubbery and lake basins. In Transbaikalia, it is common in steppe habitats, but keeps there near water bodies. In the Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, it occurs together with the moor frog, it can be found especially often in the north of these regions.

Activity. The study of daily activity in this species was not specifically studied, but it was noted that frogs are active in the morning and evening twilight. Hunting frogs were also encountered during the day, so their activity can be described as polyphasic, round-the-clock. Individual plots are small, as in the moor frog.

Nutrition. They feed on terrestrial insects, most often beetles. However, fillies, ants, caterpillars are also found in the feed. Amphibians living near water bodies eat water beetles and molluscs. The food of the Siberian frog in the Tomsk region is invertebrates of the herbaceous layer, but there are also moisture-loving forms - dragonflies, earthworms, mollusks.

Wintering. Leaves for wintering in September - early October. In the south of the region - at the end of October. Looks for cracks in the ground, heaps of stones for this. It often hibernates in rodent burrows, mole dwellings. It can also winter in the thickets of swampy reservoirs, in digging wells. Appears after wintering in late March - early April with the snow melting. In the Tomsk region, the duration of the active period is 150-160 days, they remain active until mid-late September. They winter in stagnant floodplain reservoirs.

Reproduction. After 8 - 10 days after waking up from hibernation, reproduction begins. Males are silent, making only soft sounds. Mating takes place underwater. Females spawn in water bodies from two weeks to a month. The eggs are dark brown. Reservoirs are selected shallow, well warmed up and usually slowly flowing. Caviar is laid by the female in the form of two lumps, in total from 1000 to 1600 eggs. The beginning of spawning in the Tomsk region is the second decade of May. For mating and laying eggs, frogs use shallow lakes with an area of ​​100 to 250 m 2 and temporary reservoirs of floodplain depressions 0.3-1.2 m deep. They are open, well lit, overgrown with grass and tussocks are insignificant. The fertility of frogs is 260-1390 eggs in a clutch.

Development. The larvae hatch in 6-10 days. First, they hang, clinging to the leaves of underwater plants, then, having used the nutrients of the eggs to the end, they begin to feed on their own. They eat phyto- and zooplankton, they also eat silt. Tadpoles are dark gray above with small spots and speckles, uniformly gray below, and their body is very transparent. The development of the tadpole lasts 30-40 days, and it reaches 4-6 cm in length. This is followed by a short metamorphosis, and the tadpole turns into a frog. The frog, which comes ashore usually at the end of May, has a body length of less than 2 cm. It leaves the reservoir to return to the water for breeding only after 3-4 years. In the Tomsk region, the duration of egg development is 14-20 days, larval development is 30-45 days, while metamorphosis is extended until early August. The length of underyearlings during the period of mass landfall is 19.5 mm.

Siberian frog – Rana amurensis Boulender, 1886
Order Tailless amphibians - Anura

Appearance.

The color varies from grayish-olive to grayish-brown. A well-defined dorsomedial stripe runs from the cloaca to the level of the eyes. The temporal spot is absent. The skin of the sides and thighs is bumpy and covered with red or maroon grains.

The ventral side is off-white or yellowish in color with a well-defined red-orange marbled mottling. The calcaneal tubercle is low. During the breeding season, the nuptial callus is well expressed on the forelimbs of males, which has the following shape: the metacarpal part is divided into two lobes on the palmar side, and whole on the medial side.

Spreading.

Some sources indicate that the Siberian frog occurs as far as the Arctic Circle. According to other sources, in its distribution to the north it reaches Turukhansk. There is evidence that it has not been found anywhere in the southern, middle subzones of the taiga.

The first Siberian frog on the bank of the Podkamennaya Tunguska near the Chamba cordon was found on 06/04/2010, and on September 12, a dead individual of this species was found at about the same place.

On the territory of the region it is noted in the vicinity of the village. Motygino (reserve "Motyginsky multi-island"), on an artificial pond and in the floodplain of the river. Alezhinki, near the village. Mokrusha, oz. Kananchul near the village Ust-Kananchul, lake. Kungul near the village Novogorodka (Kansk forest-steppe), on the lakes Kurbatovskoye, Sosnovoye and Kopytovo, the oxbow river. Chulyma (Achinsk forest-steppe), a swampy area in the vicinity of the village. Russian. Diptera - 63.1% - and Coleoptera - 14.4% are used as lumpy objects.

Number and limiting factors.

It is unknown in the region, the average density in the Kansk forest-steppe was 314.1 individuals / ha, in Krasnoyarsk - 10, in Achinsk - 15.8. Regular fluctuations in the number of amphibians largely depend on temperature, humidity, activity of food objects, the action of predators and anthropogenic influence. The decrease in the abundance of the species in habitats in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and adjacent territories is due to drainage and pollution of habitats, as well as other factors of anthropogenic origin.

Security measures.

Special measures for the protection of the species in the region have not been developed. First of all, it is necessary to study the spatial distribution and identify key habitats. Already today, on the lakes where the species lives, it is necessary to strengthen the protection regime up to the creation of specialized micro-reserves.

Information sources. 1. Gorodilova, 2010; 2. Kuranova, 1998; 3. Bannikov et al., 1971; 4. Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980; 5. Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995; 6. V.Yu. Sopin - oral communication; 7. Kuzmin, 1999; 8. Munkhboyar, 1973; 9. Shkatulova, 1978; 10. Krivosheev, 1966; 11. Kutenkov, 2009.

Compiled by: S.N. Gorodilov, A.A. Baranov. Photo: Svetlana Gorodilova, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.