Business plan and attraction of investments. Business plan investment plan. Personal investment plan examples

It is great when an entrepreneur has enough funds necessary to conduct business. But this is not always the case. In 9 cases out of 10, an entrepreneur is forced to look for third-party resources to invest in his business. To do this, you should carefully consider and plan possible ways to search for financial injections and protect yourself as much as possible.

Consider options for raising additional funds. Let's analyze who can act as an investor. We will try to provide practical assistance to an entrepreneur in need of financing by compiling a step-by-step guide to finding an investor.

The purpose of attracting an investor

Investment- this is a third-party injection of funds into a specific project, program, undertaking on a long-term basis, calculated on a delayed profit.

Why would entrepreneurs need outside funds, because then they will have to share profits? The purpose for which a businessman may invite others to contribute financially to his “brainchild” may be one of the following:

• growth and development of current activities;
• attraction of additional or missing resources;
• increase in fixed assets;
• development of technologies;
• entry into new areas of business.

Types of investment injections

According to the degree of participation in the project, investments can be:

• portfolio- funds are invested in a group of projects, and in several business areas or in different organizations at once;
• real- capital is intended to finance a specific project in order to obtain real profit.

According to the features of the investor, investments can be divided into:

• state;
• private;
• foreign.

According to the nuances of the financed project, investments are allocated:

• intellectual;
• production.

To the extent possible for an investor to control their investments:

• controlled;
• uncontrolled.

Options for attracting investments at different stages of the project

To get money for his project, he must show his worth. And in order for the project to work, money is needed. How to get out of this vicious circle? For each stage of the project operation, it will be more expedient to attract investments from different sources.

1. Planning stage. If an entrepreneur has an interesting business idea, perhaps a model or sample of finished products, but management and processes have not yet begun to improve, then it makes sense to ask for funds from such sponsors:
   • inner circle (relatives, friends, like-minded people);
   • public investment (there are special programs to support some innovations);
   • venture investments (they are designed just for risky startups).
2. Start of the project. The business plan has been developed, the team is being formed, the process has started, but there is no profit yet. In this case, money for further promotion can be given by:
   • venture funds;
   • private investors;
   • foreign sponsors.
3. Good start. The organization took a certain place in the market, the project began to make a profit, albeit not too much so far. To expand activities, funds can be provided by:
   • direct investment funds;
   • venture investors;
   • banks (at this stage of the project, when the first results are already visible, credit organizations can already risk their own funds).
4. Growth and development. When the profit is already obvious and stable, it will not be difficult to find investors. Such a company would be happy to invest in:
   • venture funds;
   • foreign capitalists;
   • state funds;
   • banking institutions.
5. Well done business. When the growth and prospects of the business are not in doubt, the company occupies one of the leading places in the market, investors may even “fight” for the right to invest in a clearly profitable company. In this case, you can no longer just accept sponsorship investments, but publicly sell your shares. In addition, you can take as investors:
   • private entrepreneurs;
   • banks;
   • Pension Fund.

Main sources of investment

In addition to private investments, an entrepreneur can be invested by banks or the state.

Public investment"sharpened" for specific programs. Their rules are very strict and not subject to adjustment. For the most part, these programs are designed for manufacturing companies, so not every entrepreneur can benefit from state support. As a rule, public money is intended for the purchase of equipment, materials, and transportation costs. The entrepreneur will need to look for funds for wages, advertising and other expenses on his own.

Bank investments, i.e. business loans will not be given to anyone. In order to borrow money for a specific business, it must have already been started or the borrower must have another stable income. This is due to the need to pay bank interest.

Private investment- the most promising sponsors for a novice entrepreneur. Among the numerous types of companies and funds that are ready to provide financial assistance at any stage of the project, any businessman can find the right one for him.

One of the forms of investment convenient for beginner businessmen are business incubators– organizations that specialize in financing and supporting entrepreneurs at the beginning of their business journey.

Within the framework of the "incubator", a businessman can rent premises on preferential terms, he will be helped with accounting and legal support, and will be provided with consulting services.

Finding an Investor: A Step-by-Step Guide

If an entrepreneur has set himself the goal of attracting investment capital, a difficult path begins before him, which he will have to go through step by step.

1. Choosing a reliable investor. The investor will become a strategic partner, so you need to approach his choice very responsibly. To do this, you need to clearly understand what type of owner of money may be interested in your project. The choice depends on:
   • stages of the project;
   • own financial opportunities and resources;
   • the presence of additional investment-attractive factors (unique assets, liquid collateral, an original and viable business idea, etc.).
2. Proposal formation. Having outlined the circle of prospective investors, you need to convey to them the information that they can profitably invest their funds in your project. To do this, you need to correctly “pack” information about the project:
   • highlight the benefits
   • justify profitability;
   • provide a realistic business plan;
   • clarify the circle of future consumers, that is, the potential sales market.
3. Drawing up an investment summary. All the attractiveness of the project for investors should be presented as concisely and concisely as possible. A correctly drafted investment proposal - "advertising" of your project - can be more effective than a personal meeting with future investors. If a businessman does not feel able to do this, one of the consulting companies can be entrusted with drafting a proposal.
4. Distribution of investment proposals and resumes. The optimal number of potential "sponsors" to whom an offer should be made should be determined. One or two appeals may not produce results, and a large number of recipients will cast doubt on the seriousness of your intentions. Practice shows the greatest efficiency when contacting 10-20 potential investors: the response rate will be quite sufficient.
5. Negotiation. If your appeal is of interest, a personal meeting will be necessary, which will decide the question of the possibility of investing. Negotiations should be carefully prepared: create a short, bright, persuasive presentation in which you need to highlight key issues related to the project. It is advisable to use illustrative and handout materials. A potential investor will certainly ask a lot of questions.
6. Documentation. Personal agreements are recorded in an official document, a kind of contract. In the practice of investing, such paper is called a "letter of commitment" or "drafting the terms of the transaction." It has no legal force, but is preliminary in relation to future official cooperation, which will begin after the signing of the agreement. Only after that the company can receive the coveted funds.

Planning is a control. Planning is the development of an algorithm for achieving the set goal, indicating the performers, resources, place and time to complete the tasks, the results that need to be achieved, formed in one document with the name "plan".

Not only micro-level tasks (enterprise, project, event) are subject to planning, but also macroeconomic objects, such as a sector of the economy or the entire economy of the state as a whole.

In this case, one speaks of central planning of the economy, as it was in the Soviet Union, and the economy was called planned. The market economy at the macro level also includes planned elements in the process of managing it.

State funds are spent on sectors of the economy in accordance with the plans for the development of the economy. These plans are reflected in government programs, and the method is called "program-targeted planning".

Investment planning is part of the strategic planning for the development of an investment object. What can, with a significant degree of approximation, be called a program-target method. Based on the mission of the invested object, strategic planning goals and a set of necessary resources are formed. Achieving the main goal is always associated with the investments necessary to achieve it. This is where investment planning comes into play. It is implemented at the micro-level and macro-level, at the latter it is more complex and multi-variant in achieving goals.

The investment process involves:

• investor;
• invested object;
• intermediary and service structures of the investment process.

For them, the goals are combined in an investment project. But the ways of achieving the goal of the participants in this process are different, and therefore the tasks of planning are also different. For an investor, if he is not the owner of the invested object, the implementation of the investment project should lead him to increase the invested capital with minimal risks. For an enterprise, as an invested object, the same task is to ensure a long-term increase in its capital on a modern technical base that ensures high productivity of products and its guaranteed sales. For the structures serving this process, the task is more modest: resource support for the investment process and then production.

The investor risks his money, so it is important for him to know where and how his funds will be spent, and how they will be returned to him. To do this, he will carefully study the investment project, the state of the investment object, its production and economic activities, market position and even its competitors. The investor will demand from the enterprise an investment plan called. If there are several projects, then the investor will require to rank the projects and ensure priority for his project.

The most difficult task facing the enterprise. Investment planning, as a rule, is not limited to one investment project. That is, it is necessary to rank projects, to determine the order of their implementation. A business plan is formed for each project. On the basis of business plans, the profitability of projects is compared with bank deposits, the profitability of projects with expected inflation. If the level of profitability of the project is below the average bank deposit rate in the country, it is excluded from the investment plan or sent for revision. Also with inflation.

But that's not all. The level of profitability of projects (internal rate of return) is compared with the indicators of the current profitability of the enterprise. If the internal rate of return of one of the projects is lower than the current profitability of the enterprise, then this project can also be excluded from investment plans.

The ranking of the remaining projects in the investment plans is carried out according to the payback periods of the projects and the net present value of the project. Projects with the shortest payback period and the highest net present value will be quoted above the rest.

At the same time, the company evaluates investors in terms of their financial capabilities, the reliability of the capital provided, the possibility of their participation in the social development of the enterprise, the absence of a criminal component, and much more.

An investor, with the help of an investment project, can take possession of a part of the capital of an enterprise, so such a study of investors is fully justified.

The formation of plans for service structures is completely subordinated to the plans of investors and enterprises.

Business investment planning

Business investment planning is tied to specific projects. A business plan, as a document, is formed at all stages of the implementation of an investment project: pre-investment, investment, production and at the end of the investment project. The methodology for the formation of business plans is the same, the difference lies in the reliability of the information for obtaining calculations. Therefore, the business planning process can be considered as an iterative process. True, there are differences in the business plans prepared for the investor, the bank, its own management and for the public presentation of the same project.

Many banks that provide loans for investment projects require project owners to submit business plans prepared according to their internal business planning methodology. But there are also banks that are satisfied with the presented business plans, since from them they receive the necessary information for their own calculations. Banks in their business plans calculate a number of indicators specific only to the banking sector.

Investors are less demanding on the methods of calculation and formation of business plans. The fact is that almost all business planning methods include calculations of the main technical and economic indicators that allow the investor to draw a conclusion about the economic efficiency of the investment project.

It would be correct to provide the investor with the same business plans as the management of the enterprise, but the managers of the enterprise require pessimistic and optimistic options for investment business plans, and the investor is sent an optimistic option.

The structure of the investment business plan

The business plan of an investment project is a voluminous and complex document. It contains a descriptive part and a calculated part.

The descriptive part includes: characteristics of the enterprise, characteristics of the investment project, description of the product market and its sales, production program of products, description of the management structure of the enterprise.

The calculation part includes the budget of cash flow for the execution of the project with an indication of the financing schedule, calculations of financial indicators and indicators of the economic efficiency of the project.

The calculation part is preceded by a table of initial data for the calculation part, which contains data on the conditions of the investment project: forecast data for inflation, the dynamics of changes in prices for basic resources and products, the dynamics of changes in the value of the national currency against the main currencies of the world or the one that the investor represents. Also included are the interest rate of the Central Bank, the loan rate of the bank financing the project, the discount rate for calculating financial indicators and other external parameters that affect the efficiency of investments.

The business plan ends with a table of indicators of the economic efficiency of the project, according to which the project can be evaluated.

You will certainly become rich if you have a good plan that you follow.
R. Kiyosaki

An investment plan is a personal, almost intimate, purely individual matter for everyone. Alisher Usmanov in an interview with Vedomosti:

“Companies that belong to me and my partners own 1.5% of Gazprom's shares. I don't want to talk about other investments. Such information is a signal for someone to buy or sell shares of these companies. Its disclosure would be incorrect in relation to my partners "

If we talk about meaningful asset management, then we can distinguish the following levels (states) of assets (right column) and put them in correspondence with the status, position in the Kiyosaki quadrant of the corresponding person (left column).

Investor - State

Businessman - Capital

Hired employee, or a person of a free profession - Savings

Wherein:

• savings - a relatively small amount of money (units - tens of thousands of dollars), which are important to save, protect from dangers and risks that we need to meet current and future needs (education, including children, purchase of personal transport and real estate, treatment etc.); by investing part of your savings, you get a chance to be freed from wage slavery.
• capital - the average amount of money (hundreds of thousands - units of millions of dollars); it is money for making new money, in particular, by investing in a business.
• fortune - a large amount of money (tens, hundreds of millions of dollars), which is a tool for earning new money, in particular, by investing in businesses, as well as an object of inheritance, preservation, maintenance, management; as a rule, it is diversified in assets of various kinds.

What is an individual investment plan?

As a rule, an investor, if he is not a professional financier, does not have special investment skills and experience. It is difficult for him to independently choose the optimal ratio of risk and return for himself.

For help in this matter, you can contact the management company, for example, some of them have developed a technology that helps investors express their intuitive attitude to risk in the form of quantitative characteristics and restrictions and document it.

You can also solve this problem yourself, but first you should get acquainted with a few fundamental points.

Amount of investment

You and I are moving aside towards the acquisition of the State, however, each of us starts from his own place, therefore it is impossible to give general recommendations for all here.

Everyone determines for himself what part of his income or savings he is willing to invest and with what risk. When drawing up an investment plan, should you take into account all the specifics of your own world? Children, parents, the need to buy housing, additional income, health status, etc., etc.

In one of the management companies, they shared with me the following considerations in this regard:

“For myself, I would define the share of risky investors as 15-20% of the total number of founders of the department. The decision is made depending on how much of his assets he is ready to allocate for risky investments with high potential returns (for example, a company is ready to allocate 10% of insurance reserves for investment with a potential return of 35%). Someone is ready to risk 10-15% (for starters), someone, having already gained some experience of cooperation with Managers, is ready to transfer more.”

It is up to you to decide where the amount of investment that is comfortable for you lies. Just remember that you define it not once and for all, that it can always be revised.

Timing of investment

Here the answer for us is unequivocal - if we decide to become investors, then this is for the rest of our lives. However, the timing of investing in a particular instrument should be determined and reviewed with enviable regularity.

The time frame for investing in any particular instrument is highly dependent on your circumstances and the specifics of the instrument.

Comfortable measure of risk

Risk is always the other side of return. How much of your savings to risk is only your choice. How much risk to invest is also your choice and your circumstances. One successful investor shared these thoughts with me:

“If you need a yield like on bonds, then it is better to carry money to the bank. And it makes sense to come to a management company if you are ready to take risks, but potentially you can get a profitability much higher than the market one. From my point of view, it is unequivocal: high risk is justified - high profitability. Here everyone decides for himself. I decided for myself - the maximum risk - the maximum profitability.

Another successful investor was less categorical, but close in spirit to the first:

“If you have already decided to give some amount into trust management, then you really need to at least look for something from the average values ​​​​of risk values ​​\u200b\u200band higher, and not with a minimum return, because, for a minimum, I’d better go to the bank ".

The third, so generally stated that there are no investment risks. This I exaggerate, of course, but his approach is very close to me:

“There is a risk of losses, but in the long run this risk is equal to the risk of a serious change in the political system, and all other risks in the long run are not significant. In the short term, yes. I went and bought myself a portfolio with a number of enterprises, something happened to them - some kind of accident and your portfolio fell in price. And if we look at it in the long term, then people will work, just like that, shares will not become cheaper, on the contrary, they should increase their value. In the long run, there is no such risk, unless there is a revolution, for example. But in this case, other activities will be in question.”

The risk must be conscious

1. The measure of risk determines the return.

Risk and return are "two sides of the same coin". The higher the level of expected return, the higher the measure of risk. The higher the investment risks, the higher the return investors will demand from this investment.

Each investor seeks to obtain maximum profitability with a minimum level of risk. However, in reality, the task of the investor is to determine the ratio of risk and return that is comfortable for them. The choice of this ratio determines the individual investment plan.

2. Only you can determine the optimal risk-reward ratio.

A comfortable risk-return ratio is an individual (personal) characteristic of each person. Everyone has a different attitude towards risk.

“One will be willing to risk five units to earn one, and the other only three; this is determined by a person’s individual propensity for risk, and it may not coincide with the investor and the manager.”

Yes, and the relative value of money is different for each person. If your fortune consists of two dollars, then risking one dollar, you risk half the fortune.

If you have a million dollars, then risking one dollar, you risk only 0.000001 of your fortune.

“Risking the same dollar means different risks for different people. Maybe that's why sometimes the client gives the task to "manage as for himself." But the manager cannot know better than the investor what relative value the capital transferred to management has for the investor.

Legally secure the risk/return ratio you have determined. To do this, there is such a document as an investment declaration. Do not think that an investment declaration is a document that managers will draw up for you if you decide to turn to professionals for help in investing. In fact, the investment declaration is your personal investment plan, without which sailing in the sea of ​​investments can be very risky and certainly unpredictable.

If you decide to invest on your own, you will have to read a lot of books and understand a lot of economic issues. Sooner or later, you will come to the need to somehow separate assets according to their risk and return in order to be able to compare and choose. To solve this problem, professionals recommend using their own, or the system of asset ranking developed by your manager.

To determine the measure of risk, the ranking of assets is used.

Unfortunately, this approach is not used in every management company, so when choosing a manager, you should ask how exactly this particular manager is going to manage your risks.

“When developing the Investment Declaration, the company analyzed all types of risks accompanying investment in the securities market and ways to limit them. The investment declaration defines the objects of investment and the requirements for the composition and structure of assets. The composition and structure of assets determine the degree of risk of the securities portfolio and are fixed in the Investment Declaration in the form of quantitative restrictions.”

Fine and coarse adjustment of the risk measure is carried out with the help of restrictions - limits on different types of securities. The limit on the category of securities (shares/bonds) is a tool for rough adjustment of the level of risk.

“The presence of a securities ranking system in a manager is a guarantee for an investor. The system for ranking securities into groups allows for fine-tuning of the risk level by setting limits for each group of securities and a limit for one issuer within each group. The requirements for the composition and structure of assets are fixed in the Investment Declaration”.

Quantitative criteria and ranking principles may be different. Managers from Arsagera consider it optimal that the securities ranking system should establish quantitative criteria according to which securities are ranked into groups that are homogeneous in terms of their investment characteristics, for example:

• for shares - liquidity (turnover) and capitalization (company size);
• for a bond - liquidity (turnover) and credit quality (reliability).

“Each group of securities must be assigned a quantitative assessment of the risk measure - the risk coefficient. The system of limits set in the investment declaration for each group of securities makes it possible to calculate the risk ratio for the entire portfolio formed taking into account the restrictions for each group.”

Thus, only with a well-written investment declaration, setting limits on certain groups of securities, for example, only on blue chips and highly reliable bonds, you can be sure that shares from the second and third echelon, as well as highly profitable ("junk" ) the bonds will not end up in your portfolio.

How to choose investment instruments

The choice of an instrument for investment, first of all, depends on the personal goals of the investor. In this case, it is worth considering:

• estimated investment amount;
• estimated investment period;
• the risk an investor is willing to take;
• the return that the investor expects to receive.

In fact, all these parameters must be considered in combination. The easiest way to illustrate this is with the example of such an instrument as a mutual fund. For example, when investing for the long term, an investor can invest in a closed-end or interval mutual fund, the cost of entry into which can be high, but the potential return is good.

However, one must be careful here. On the one hand, these funds offer investments in more promising assets in terms of growth in their value. On the other hand, these assets will be less liquid and therefore more risky. For example, closed-end equity funds invest in second-tier stocks, closed-end real estate funds in real estate.

If you intend to invest small amounts, then you should pay attention to funds with a low entry threshold (the minimum investment amount) and already among them choose a fund with the optimal risk-return ratio for you.

To further narrow down your options, you need to decide what level of return to expect and how much risk to take. Of all types of funds, venture funds and real estate funds offer the highest returns. But this is the prerogative of closed mutual funds and the corresponding risks.

Of the interval and open-ended funds - the highest level of profitability in equity funds and index funds. Next come the mixed funds, and then the bond funds. For each group of funds, the ratio of profitability / risk will be different.

To diversify your risks, you can choose "exotic" mutual funds such as funds of funds or index funds. There are few of them so far. Index funds invest in securities in the proportion and in the composition in which they are presented in the index chosen as a benchmark. Russian index mutual funds have chosen the MICEX index, RTS and RUX-Cbonds as a benchmark.

There is another option - a fund of funds. The return of such funds is expected to be at the level of the return of mixed investment funds.

A large amount of information about management companies and funds can be found on specialized sites. The most successful in this regard are the website of the National League of Managers www.nly.ru, and the information agency Investfunds.ru.

We will end this conversation with the official opinion of our own Russian authorities on this matter. Surprised? And what about the opinion of the authorities?

Everything is very simple: our state is closely following what is happening in the financial markets, our legislative framework in these matters is considered one of the best in the world. So here our authorities are ahead of the rest.

Oleg Vyugin, head of the Federal Service for Financial Markets, during an online conference organized by the Finance magazine, said the following about building a personal investment strategy:

“From the questions of many, it is clear that there is a real interest in the stock market. And, of course, this interest is connected with the possibility of earning income. And in this regard, I would like to say the following.

First, for a non-professional investor, as a rule, long-term investments bring income.

Very often, attempts to make money on short-term operations bring disappointment for them.

Second, the Russian stock market is an emerging market. And like all such markets, it simultaneously carries a huge growth potential, but is also subject to unpredictable risks.

If your goal is to optimize the risk-to-return ratio, then it may be wise to choose a fund of funds that invests your funds in various mutual funds.

Ceteris paribus, the efficiency of investing in a mixed fund or separately in an equity fund and a bond fund is the same.

If there is, as they say, “extra” money, then the risk may be justified.”

Oleg Vyugin even shared his own investment strategy:

“My natural investing strategy (no time to get serious about it) is passive. The funds are distributed between a deposit in a bank and a mutual fund of commercial real estate.

Formation and reorganization of the portfolio

According to professional investors from the same "Arsagera", the formation of your investment portfolio should be carried out on the basis of the criterion of maximum potential profitability and taking into account the restrictions you have set regarding risk. The potential return is determined by the current value of the asset and the forecast of future value.

Each of these parameters is subject to change: the current value changes as a result of fluctuations in securities quotes, and the forecast of the future value of assets is subject to constant revision based on the emergence of new information. As a result of changes in the current and forecast value of assets, their potential profitability may change.

“In this case, it may be necessary to reshape the portfolio in such a way that it again contains assets that have the maximum potential return. The task of the managing trader is to constantly maintain the most profitable assets in the portfolio, taking into account the restrictions established by the investment declaration.”

As a rule, the potential return of stocks is higher than that of bonds, since stocks are an asset with a higher measure of risk.

“And if there is a limit on shares in the investor's portfolio, then most likely it will be completely filled. A manager trader will only substitute bonds for stocks if the bonds have a higher potential yield, and this is a fairly rare occurrence.”

Very often in the market, current quotes are subject to fluctuations. These short-term market sentiments do not always provide grounds for revising future asset prices based on the fundamental economic performance of companies.

“When the market grows, the potential profitability of shares decreases, then it is possible to increase the volume of bonds in the portfolio. When the market declines, the potential profitability of stocks increases and it is worth increasing their share in the portfolio.”

The ratio of stocks and bonds in your portfolio, as well as the presence of other investment objects in it (for example, gold, or real estate) depends on the strategy you choose - your personal investment plan.

Investor evolution

Who are they, Russian investors? Agree that if we are going to start investing, then it is worth getting to know our future colleagues better.

The business press, in particular Vedomosti and Kommersant, write a lot about investors and investments. From their publications it follows that in 2006 there were about 7 million potential private investors in Russia, in 2007, according to sociologists from the Public Opinion Foundation, at that time no more than 850 thousand people would risk investing their money. MICEX CEO Alexei Rybnikov told Vedomosti: "The growing stock market is increasingly attracting Russians - two-thirds of transactions on the MICEX stock exchange are made by private investors, the number of which has reached 204,000."

Russians also love mutual funds - in the first nine months of 2006, according to Investfunds.ru, they bought shares worth 36 billion rubles. Yury Danilov, senior adviser at the Center for the Development of the Stock Market, estimates the number of individuals working on the stock market on their own or through mutual funds at 450,000–470,000 people, or 0.7% of the economically active population of the country. According to the FOM, 10% of Russians or members of their families own shares. According to sociologists from the Public Opinion Foundation, in 2005-2006 only every second survey participant (57%) used banking services or invested somewhere; 26% - took a loan from a bank or bought goods on credit, 15% - exchanged currency and only 2% - made transactions with shares. FOM President Alexander Oslon notes: “In this regard, Russians urgently need a massive financial educational program, because if the survey participants had a large amount of money, then 32% would prefer to put money in Sberbank, 20% would open their own business. Only 9% of respondents would go to the stock market: 7% would buy shares of Russian companies, and 2% would invest in mutual funds”

This is the emerging class of investors, says Oleg Vyugin, head of the Federal Financial Markets Service (FFMS). He is pleased that there are people for whom investing is not a game, but a real business.

According to the general opinion of experts, the interest of the population in the stock market is obvious - in less than a year the number of investors on the MICEX has doubled. Yuri Mintsev, vice president of BrokerCreditService, the largest online broker, believes that in five years there will be 4 million private investors. “This is a very optimistic forecast, if it is correct, then we will have enough work for a long time,” says Mintsev. “Mostly, people are held back by a lack of knowledge and experience in investing, as well as more important expenses,” he shares his experience of communicating with potential clients.

It is hoped that in the foreseeable future, 10-20% of the population will be invested in funds, as in Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that Mutual Investment Funds (UIFs) have successfully passed the first serious test. Despite a serious drop in the Russian stock market in May-June 2006, as a result of which the RTS index collapsed from its peak of 1765 points to 1235 points, the shareholders did not rush to withdraw their investments from the funds en masse either in the summer or at the beginning autumn.

“Fixing profits by fund shareholders after the RTS index rapidly lost its positions, turned out to be a less massive process than one might expect. Shareholders did not consider it expedient to redeem shares after such a significant drop, expecting an improvement in the market situation, - said Sergey Mikhailov, CEO of the management company PSB, in an interview with Kommersant. “As a result, the growth trend of the collective investment market has continued, although the inflow of money into funds, of course, has slowed down a little.”

According to Vladimir Kirillov, general director of the management company KIT Finance, an increasing number of shareholders are becoming investors rather than speculators, which is why there are no mass reactions to short-term fluctuations now. “Shareholders' preferences change in response to a systematic change in the market in one direction or another, and this process usually takes several months,” says Mr. Kirillov.

“We did not observe any fixation of profits of shareholders in May-June - namely, during this period, RTS lost more than 30% of the levels reached,” notes Mr. Inkin from RTK-Invest.

True, as market participants admit, it will be possible to speak about the maturity of the collective investment market only in the spring of next year, when most of the current shareholders will have the right to sell their shares without discounts, which they bought during the rally in the market.

According to financiers interviewed by Kommersant, the main trend in the collective investment market is an increasing variety of different mutual funds. Almost every management company today has a line of a dozen or even more mutual funds with various investment declarations and strategies.

Moreover, as market participants note, potential clients of management companies have become much better than a year ago in understanding the specifics of the market, taking into account not only possible returns, but also dangers. And even serious fluctuations in the stock market are more calmly perceived.

After 2005, many people had the feeling that mutual funds are always high yields, Aleksey Lestovkin, development director of AVK Palace Square management company, agrees with the assessment of his colleague. “However, this is not always the case, and many, unfortunately, became convinced of this in May-June 2006,” he notes. - And then, we should not forget: mutual funds are a long-term investment tool. The greatest efficiency is achieved with investments for three to five years or more. Regular replenishment of investments at different price levels can also help to avoid dependence on market fluctuations.”

Meanwhile, in Russia, alternative methods of transferring funds to management are developing more rapidly than mutual investment funds. Both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, private trusts began to grow - trust funds, within which private clients are offered both individual and joint investment in a special fund managed by a financial company. The rules of such a fund, unlike a mutual fund, are not registered. Depending on whether the fund is created for one specific investor or there are several of them, this scheme is either an integral part of an individual trust management, or an intermediate link between a mutual fund and an individual trust management.

Investors in a private trust have a much broader investment opportunity, as there are fewer restrictions imposed by government regulatory authorities on collective investments. For example, the maximum share of one issuer in the structure of a mutual fund, according to Russian law, should not exceed 15%. Whereas an investor in a private trust can invest all of his funds in a single paper. In an equity fund, the minimum share of shares in the portfolio should not be less than 50%; there are no such restrictions in a classic trust management or in a private trust. Largely due to the absence of these restrictions, the return on individual trust management is higher than that shown by the most successful mutual funds.

However, trust management is not available to everyone. Management companies that promote this service set a very high minimum bar for the amount of funds accepted into a private trust. As a rule, this amount is from 100-200 thousand dollars. On the other hand, the manager's remuneration, as a rule, is tied to the result, while in most mutual funds, the remuneration is a certain percentage of the volume of the mutual fund, regardless of the result.

An analogue of a private trust can also be called a closed-end mutual fund (ZPIF), adds Mr. Kirillov from KIT Finance. True, the creation of such a fund to manage the assets of specific clients is justified if their volume is no longer measured in millions, but in tens of millions of dollars. Only in this case, the creation of a shell in the form of a closed-end mutual fund, the structuring of assets and the cost of paying remuneration become justified.

Personal investment plan examples

Here are some examples of investment plans that investors shared with me.

Example 1. Caution-exploratory

Oleg, a novice investor, whose savings were extremely limited, there was no investment experience, but there was extreme caution and a tendency to low risk, made the following plan for himself.

The purpose of investing: to gain experience in investing, choose the optimal risk / return ratio for yourself (find a way in which I can sleep peacefully) and find a management company that suits me personally.

Investment terms: Oleg considered one year as a sufficient period for testing.

Investment amount: Oleg decided to invest 10% of his monthly salary, as well as invest all the bonuses received on various "hacks" earnings, as well as other "easy" money that fell from the sky, found and other "easy" money, if any.

Purpose of investing (why do I need it?): To draw up a long-term investment plan based on the experience gained and earn enough money from investments for a comfortable old age of traveling in retirement.

Ways to solve the problem: as a literate person, Oleg came up with three ways to solve the problem.

• 1st way: based on general recommendations and your own intuitive assumptions, choose a management company and a suitable fund and invest a small amount. Buy additional shares for small amounts during periods of market downturns, as experienced investors recommend, and look at the results a year later.
• 2 way: choose several management companies and invest in several funds. Regularly (monthly) monitor their results and transfer funds to the most effective funds. The results are evaluated at the end of the year.
• 3 way: "other ways". Oleg decided to regularly read the specialized press, follow the news on specialized websites, communicate on the topic of investing with all his acquaintances so as not to miss any other, yet unknown to him, but possible path.

Result: in a year, Oleg wanted to get the results expressed in monetary terms for all three paths in order to have data for comparison and building a long-term plan.

Implementation in the first way

Oleg chose management company X and bought one share of the emerging stock fund of this company for 1000 rubles. A month later, when the fund was formed and paid all the necessary payments to state bodies and various infrastructure companies, but had not yet begun to work, the value of the share fell to 900 rubles.

Just at that time, Oleg received a bonus at work and, remembering that it is better to buy when the value of a share falls, he bought 10 more shares for 9,000 rubles. A month later, 10,000 rubles invested by him resulted in 11 shares.

In the next five months of the fund's operation, the cost of one share grew to 1,200 rubles. For half a year, 10,000 rubles invested by Oleg turned into 13,200 rubles. Then there was a correction in the market, and the value of the share fell to 1,100 rubles. Oleg, acting strictly according to his plan, opened an envelope in which he put 10% of his salary intended for investment.

In the envelope, 11,500 rubles were found, for which Oleg bought another 10 shares and paid the management company's fee for entering the fund in the amount of 2%. As a result, he has already accumulated 21 shares of this fund.

For the next half a year, the market fluctuated little, grew a little, fell a little, but not so dramatically as to add funds. By the end of the year, the value of the share amounted to 1350 rubles.

Oleg's labor costs along this path amounted to: three visits to the company.

Expenses amounted to 400 rubles for two additional contributions to the fund.

Income: by the end of the year, 21,000 rubles invested by Oleg turned into 28,350 rubles. The yield was 35% per annum.

Implementation along the second path

Oleg opened the rating of management companies in terms of profitability for the last year and chose the top three companies from it. In each of these companies, he chose one of the most profitable funds of the past year. In two companies, the threshold for entering the fund was 3,000 rubles, in the third, 10,000 rubles.

Acting strictly according to his strategy, Oleg invested 3,000 rubles in the fund of company A, with a share value of 1,500 rubles. and received 2 shares, in the fund of company B also 3000 rubles and received a little more than one share with a share value of 2500 rubles, in company C Oleg received 5 shares with a value of each share of 2000 rubles. Additional expenses for this operation amounted to 160 rubles - remuneration of managers 1% of the investment amount for entering the funds.

Labor costs: every month, Oleg chose new best managers, withdrew money from one fund, contributed to another. Oleg was terribly worried, each time he feared for the correctness of the choice. It would seem that the fascinating process of finding the best place in the sun cost him a lot of nerves, but he continued the work he had begun, strictly following his plan.

Expenses: This process cost him 3% of his investment (entry-exit fee) each month.

Income: by the end of the year, 16,000 rubles invested in this way turned into 22,500 rubles, the total return was 41%.

Third Way Implementation

Oleg did not come up with anything particularly interesting along the third path, however, the level of his investment literacy increased significantly due to actions along the third path, which Oleg considered an excellent result.

As a result, Oleg decided for himself that running for managers was not for him, even despite the high profitability in the annual window, he took the first path for himself as the main one - a strategic one, and began to develop a new, long-term investment plan.

Example 2. Risky-leaving

Marina and Sergey - young parents and already professional people who have an apartment in Norilsk, a prestigious and well-paid job, decent savings, but who have absolutely no time for a child and for each other, made the following plan for themselves.

The purpose of the investment: to raise a child to school age in a healthy environment. Have enough time to communicate with each other and with the child. Have sufficient funds for current expenses. Move to live in St. Petersburg by the time the child needs to be sent to school.

Investment terms: 6 years.

Investment amount: the guys decided to risk all their assets, including intangible assets (their work).

The point of investing (why should I?): enjoy family life, raise a healthy child, educate him in the “right” place for this occupation.

Ways to solve the problem: after consulting with your subconscious, how this is done is described in detail in the book “Say YES to money!” the guys stopped on one path - to invest everything and chose several instruments for this.

Result: in six years, buy an apartment in St. Petersburg, send your child to a good school, find your own business, your own business or a good job for yourself and a certain amount to continue investing.

Implementation: Marina and Sergey quit their jobs, sold their apartment, cars, collected all their savings, received a tidy sum of $ 100,000 and started to settle.

A house with all conveniences in the Pskov province cost $10,000. According to their estimates, the amount needed monthly for living expenses in the village was no more than $500. Serey found a bank in which the interest rate on the deposit was 12% per annum and there was the possibility of receiving monthly interest (hereinafter, all calculations are extremely simplified and are given only for a general understanding of the scheme). The $500 a month the kids need is 1% of $50,000. It was decided to deposit this amount in the bank and thus receive money for current expenses.

The money in the bank and the cost of a house in the village are 60,000 dollars, which, according to the guys' calculations, they will need 100-120 thousand dollars to buy an apartment in St. Petersburg and current expenses for the first time after moving - that is, everything they have now and even more. Therefore, they needed some kind of investment tool that would help increase their funds and allow them to buy an apartment in 6 years and leave some kind of “financial pillow” for subsequent investments and to finance current expenses (for the period of repair, relocation and job search).

Of the 40,000 dollars remaining with the guys, it was decided to invest 50%, or 20,000 in a real estate fund under construction for 5 years, the rest in equal shares in open-ended funds of mixed investments, shares and an interval fund of shares.

Implementation: Marina and Sergey have been living in their village for three years now and are really happy with each other. There are still 3 years before the end of the investment period, so it’s too early to sum up the results. I will only talk about the intermediate results that we have to date, and we have slightly adjusted the overall investment plan of the guys.

Last year there was just a boom in the real estate market, prices grew by 10% per month and the real estate fund, in which Marina and Sergey invested part of the funds, grew by more than 100% only in the last year. The invested 20,000 is already 70,000.

The guys' money invested in securities also grew by fifty percent in three years. Marina and Sergey decided to revise their investment plan somewhat.

The amount in the real estate fund is already 80 percent of the cost of the apartment, which the guys plan to purchase at the initial stage, and according to the most pessimistic forecasts, it will grow by 20 percent a year. Therefore, the guys decided to withdraw part of the money from open funds and pay the first installment for an apartment in a house under construction in St. Petersburg right now. The contract with the builders was concluded in such a way that the remaining amount is paid at the end of construction - in two years. Just at that time they will be able to get their money back from the real estate fund.

After three years, the guys have an apartment already under construction, which will be delivered, taking into account the eternal delays in construction, just in time for the time when they need to move to St. Petersburg. Funds needed to pay the last installment for this apartment. A small amount of money in open-ended funds and just over $10,000 in a risky interval stock fund.

During his studies, Konstantin tried to earn money, the question gradually arose of where to store money and how, the simplest answer is in a bank on deposit. In the spring of 2003, our hero decided to make his debut on the investment market and chose a fund based on the possibility of investing the minimum amount in rubles. I settled on the interval mutual fund "Bond Fund" (minimum investment of 600 rubles).

I invested 2000 rubles. When in December 2003 he found out that there was no profit, he took his money - 1996 rubles. It was a good lesson, Konstantin became attentive to the history of the profitability of funds, the specifics of investments, and decided for himself that an interval fund is often a risky investment.

“Ideally, for me it should be a mutual fund with low costs and minimal risks of management, all over the world such funds are index funds. Therefore, when I saw on the Internet that in November 2004, KIT was opening an index fund, the choice was made.”

It should be noted that index funds are gradually gaining their fans all over the world. The basis for the success of the funds was: minimal management costs, minimal transaction costs, low investment risks compared to conventional investments in shares. Konstantin believes that losing money in an index fund is possible only if the entire market crashes at once, while in a conventional fund everything depends on the manager's competence.

True, index investing has its drawbacks: the need to monitor changes in the index (because only you decide when to enter or exit the fund, in fact, you control the profitability of your investments, which is what analysts do in conventional funds, although in within the framework of the investment declaration, the managers of the index fund are trying to maximize profits), minimal awareness of economic processes both in Russia and in the world (this determines both the current and future index quotes to a greater extent than the quotes of individual shares), readiness for losses (as they say, everything we are not gods and can be wrong, and if in a conventional stock fund there is a ghostly hope for the head of a manager in an index fund, one can only pray).

"And further. I like what John C. Bogle, the man who ran the second-largest mutual fund company in the United States until 1996, the man who made index funds exist today, said about index funds: stocks in the short run, in the long run these inflated earnings will evaporate as profitability inevitably declines to the weighted average. History has shown that only a few managers manage to exceed the level of the market and in fact it is not possible to predict in advance who it will be.” I posted a little more than $1,000, as a smaller amount simply would not have had any effect. My strategy was to keep my money in two funds. The first fund, the base fund, where money accumulates, and the fund in which money grows or shrinks.

Konstantin knew that it was possible to achieve maximum profitability by exchanging all shares at the peak of the index quotes and buying shares at the minimum level of quotes with all the money. However, for him personally, this strategy seems too risky, since he believes that he does not have complete information about the market and can only assume future changes.

“I would like to note that an unsuccessful placement of funds, coupled with an unsuccessful withdrawal, can make the return on your investments either lower than the indicators of a mutual fund or negative, therefore, index mutual funds are fraught with both new opportunities and new risks. I would classify this instrument as less risky than direct investment in shares, but more risky than conventional mutual funds. This fund fully satisfies my ideas about investing my own funds, and represents a unique investment product on the Russian market with huge growth potential.”

WORKSHOP: MY INVESTMENT PLAN

At the moment, we have all the necessary data and knowledge in order to draw up your own investment plan. Furthermore. the workshops for the previous chapters allowed us to put together a good half of this plan.

My investment plan for _______________________ years

Can I invest money? Stop! Investing does not begin with the search for management companies and not with the selection of tools for working with money, but with the preparation plan.

Don't repeat my mistakes. When I started investing, I lost a lot. First of all, my losses were due to the fact that I started trying not and without thinking about diversification. My investments were chaotic and not considered. Life does not forgive. So we will learn to make plans for conquering investment peaks.

First of all, make sure that you are not afraid of losing the money you want to invest. If you somehow count on this money, it is better not to even start. With this attitude, your money will definitely not be left. So first of all, learn how to lead your own.

When you have reached the investment step and you have free money, you can proceed to planning your investments.

Making an investment plan?

- this is your strategy, in accordance with which you will distribute your funds between financial instruments, and make a profit from them.

This scheme of the investment plan is not exhaustive and may change in each specific case. However, it illustrates the main idea - before investing money somewhere, you need to solve the following questions:

1. What are your income, expenses, assets, liabilities? You need to paint and take into account all the financial and material resources that you have.
2. How much can you invest monthly? Based on your family, you need to determine the part that you can invest, while feeling comfortable.
3. Where and how much to invest? Study various investment instruments, determine their profitability and riskiness, initially diversify your investment portfolio.
4. How much are you willing to lose? Investments should be divided into conservative (low-income, but reliable), they should contain 50% of your capital. On average profitable (more risky, but bringing significant income). They must contain 30% of your capital. And for highly profitable (and therefore risky). They should invest no more than 20% of your capital.
5. What do you want to achieve? You need to decide on your goals. Investments are in business, in finance, in securities, in real estate. These are all different tools that require different knowledge and skills. In what direction do you want to develop?
6. How will you protect your money? Need to think it over. This is important, because the Internet is full of intruders.

You should not invest all your money in one source or even in one industry. For example, if you work with the Forex market, then think about other areas of investment, such as real estate, precious metals, securities, etc. Try to expand your investment portfolio and don't be lazy to study the companies you want to invest in.

Investments should be not so much risky (sometimes the share of risk must still be present), but rather strategic and competent. That is why I often talk about diversification, which is especially important when we are looking for answers, what is an investment plan and what is its key task.

First of all, it is important to understand which instruments are effective: portfolio investments or stock purchases, business investments or HYIPs, and besides, think about how long they are suitable. Achieving life goals, no matter what it is: buying a sofa or wintering in Mexico requires money. And about how to get them and receive them throughout the entire period, independently draw up a plan or entrust it to professionals, are there any restrictions on starting capital - about this and more and more in the article of my GQ Blog Monitor.

What is an investment plan?

I want to immediately draw your attention, dear readers, that there is no one complete concept that would describe this term 100%. Since it is quite global and concerns everyone, it changes under the influence of various factors, it is customary to talk about 3 main directions in its explanation:

1. personal investment plan as a global strategy for financial development;
2. business plan with a specific direction;
3. preliminary planning of investments and profits on them.

I keep pointing out that investment management is not only necessary, it is essential for investors with different portfolios. It is hard to imagine that you invest money and then stop doing it altogether, forgetting in which projects they are concentrated and what profit they bring. Money loves an account, but at the same time, such an investment plan, although similar to a business line, has several fundamental differences.

Difference from a business plan

Considering the basic differences, I note the following:

• a business plan, as a rule, is formed for a year, an investment plan for different periods, up to a month;
• in business, you can partially make adjustments, in investment - it is possible, but not recommended;
• according to the investment plan there is no consulting and development of recommendations on expenses and incomes.

When choosing trust management of an investment plan, experts will help you figure out where it is better to invest and for what period, what shares of risk in projects and form a strategy that regularly brings profit.

When thinking about where to invest the money of an investment plan, it is worth understanding the main structural components of this document. Although it is difficult to call it a document in the traditional sense of the word, in fact, it is a well-formed, sometimes even in tabular form, a plan indicating how much and where to invest in order to make a profit.

Often, it is the trust management of an investment plan that is chosen, since specialists, taking into account current indicators and goals, draw up a plan in just a couple of days, select effective tools, and calculate risks. Among the basic components are:

1. The total amount of investment (if you are ready to increase it over time, you should also register this).
2. Investment terms for each instrument and in total.
3. The main directions with a share of risk.
4. specific financial goals.

I invite you to take a closer look at each of them.

Amount of investment

You can’t invest the latter, and experts still recommend working with a maximum of 1/5 of the total total income. The feeling of greed has not yet helped anyone, therefore, I think that it is necessary to approach from the position of “receiving”, and not just “investing”. Start with small amounts, understand the principle, get to know each tool in more detail and increase the amount acquired over time. My advice is also that it is necessary to invest what has already been earned, and leave the body itself untouched.

Timing of investment

When choosing where to invest the money of an investment plan, pay attention not only to financial conditions, but also to how much this or that instrument works. It is always right to invest in projects that work for a week, a month or more, half a year, a year, then the profit, respectively, comes in regularly and evenly.

The total time indicator is calculated in advance, taking into account how much you need to get, how much start-up capital you have, how many working tools and how much each of them works.

Everyone chooses this indicator for themselves, but, as a rule, both conservative methods (deposits, mutual funds) with small percentage indicators, and solid ones - high-yield HYIPs, lotteries, arbitrage exchange trading in large amounts are combined in one plan. This indicator is purely individual: honestly answer yourself the question: how much are you willing to risk.

Personal investment plan

The complex system is calculated according to strictly designated indicators. A well-formed budget of investment costs allows you to minimize risks and purposefully move towards the goal. The document, which concentrates the individual indicators of each client, allows you to choose the best strategies for further development. It is cardinally important, he must be as honest as possible from different angles: with what you go into investing, and with the one that different tools offer.

Set a goal

This stage, as for me, is important in various areas of our activity, starting with when we ask ourselves where to get passive income or what is direct investment in a particular business. If we consider this fundamentally, then it is worth paying attention to the common global goal - to get a profit, become financially independent, afford more than before.

But in drawing up each specific plan, it is worth narrowing down the goal to a specific one - to accumulate the Nth amount, buy an apartment or a summer house, save for education, etc. When consideration begins actively, where to invest the money of the investment plan, take into account the error, as well as the fact that over a certain period of time money devalues ​​and loses its value, so you need to leave a small margin.

Answer the questions

A comprehensive development of an investment plan includes answers to several fundamental questions. Of course, they must be answered with the utmost honesty, so that the result is not long in coming, and the risks are minimal. The three important questions are:

• Will you be able to achieve your goals for a certain period by investing a certain amount?
• How much do you need to invest in order to achieve certain goals?
• What investment instruments do you choose (shares, mutual funds, funds, HYIPs, bank deposits)?

A well-defined goal (purchasing an apartment or a car, monthly savings, a trip abroad) helps to calculate how much money is needed. I do not recommend drawing up a plan to be guided by the question “How much money is needed for happiness”, but it is necessary to accurately represent and know the market price of what you want.

Analyze the current financial situation

Speaking about the investment plan, it is worth highlighting an important point - to objectively assess your financial situation and understand where you can get more from investments. Unlike a business plan, you don’t have to think about where you can show frugality and restraint, you just need to choose the right tools in our country or even consider investing abroad.

The current financial situation is based on several aspects, among which not only the inflation rate is important, but also the peg of the national currency to the dollar, the average amount of expenses per month, in what and how regularly you will receive payments. It cannot be said that the money in the wallet and on the cards is the whole financial situation.

Determine the amount of regular investment

A well-structured investment portfolio consists of precisely defined amounts of contributions, and also includes various instruments that can be considered as the main ones. In one of my videos, I said that for the HYIP industry, as a rule, I consider deposits of 200-300 dollars.

If you do not know how to determine how much you can invest, I suggest a few questions, the answers will help you decide:

• Total monthly income. As a rule, investments should not exceed 15-20% of the total profit.
• How willing are you to take risks?
• How much is set aside for a normal life?
• Amount to achieve a key financial goal.

We remember that when we consider options for where to invest the money of an investment plan, no one has yet canceled diversification. Distribute money in different directions and provide yourself with a stable profit.

Define a strategy

The strategy is formed depending on the capital, terms of work, the goal set. Conservative implies a small number of instruments with minimal risk, plus or minus the same amount of investment for a short and medium period. Aggressive is aimed at projects with high risks, and, interestingly, can include both 2-3 tools, and a whole lot. The combined strategy focuses on the year and includes instruments with varying degrees of risk with small even amounts.

Select instruments

First of all, a competent and individual management program provides that you need to choose different tools:

• internal and external market;
• traditional and online projects;
• choose options for the amount of entry;
• determine your risk tolerance.

I strongly recommend betting on several working options: HYIPs, buying shares, deposits, renting (of course, if there is something to rent). In order not to get lost in the directions used, keep a record, or trust it to your financial mentor.

Functions, tasks and goals

Everyone needs an investment plan, and it is significant and convenient that it can be drawn up, both short-term and long-term. In the first case, it will help to collect in one place all worthy platforms for work and predict profits. The long-term one also includes the position of currency devaluation, but allows you to purposefully go towards a clearly defined financial goal. Among the main tasks I will highlight the following:

• order in attachments;
• strategic profit planning;
• providing detailed control.

The goal in drawing up the plan is one, but large-scale - to get closer to the specific designated task by choosing one or another investment project, bank deposit, trading on the Forex market or crypto-exchange. Fortunately, there are really a lot of working tools. But the functions of such a document, which you can draw up yourself or approach this using the services of professionals, are several:

1. strategic;
2. order;
3. planning and calculation.

When it comes to money, especially a lot, I'm all for order and clearly defined strategies and plans. At the end of the material, let me summarize: an investment plan is needed both for beginners, and even more so for experienced investors, so as not only not to get lost in the abundance of tools and not to forget where and what is invested, but also to clearly, step by step, move towards the goal.

The form of the document can be varied (at least use a coated board in the kitchen and enter changed indicators daily), the main thing is competent selection, accounting and control, diversification. Traditionally, I wish you that the investment plan is not only competently and accurately drawn up, but also brings real, stable and expected (or even more) profit.