COMMITTEE OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE KURSK REGION

regional budgetary professional educational institution

"Kursk State Polytechnic College"

(OBPOU "KGPK")

methodicallesson development

« Beginning of the Cold War»

Subject "History"

mid-level specialist training program

by specialty08.02.01

Construction and operation of buildings and structures

OBPOU "KGPK"

Kursk

2016.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Methodical developmentlessonstories« Post-war order of the world.Beginning of the Cold War» by specialty08.02.01 Construction and operation of buildings and structures (basic training)involves the continuation of work on the constructiona learning model that is distinguished by a combination of pedagogical management with the initiative and activity of the student. This model provides all the necessary conditions for the further social adaptation of students, plays an important role in the formation of general and personal competencies of specialists and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards of secondary vocational education.

students gain the skills to participate in discussions, dialogue communication with others, which leads to mutual understanding, interaction, to the joint solution of common, but significant tasks for each participant . Joint activities contribute to the development of critical thinking, the ability to speak out, defend one's opinion, solve complex problems based on an analysis of the circumstances and relevant information, weigh alternative opinions, make informed decisions. Interactive technology contributes not only to improving the quality of knowledge, but also to increasing efficiency, the student feels his success, his intellectual independence, which makes the learning process itself productive.

Methodical goal:the introduction of interactive technologies as a way of intellectual development of the individual and the formation of critical thinking.

Lesson type:learning new material.

Class type:dialogue lesson .

Teaching technologies:interactive technologies, business game.

Form of organization of educational activities: work in small groups, collective discussion, independent work.

Teaching methods and techniques:

- work with historical sources;

- conversation with discussion elements.

Objectives of the lesson.

Educational:

assimilation by students of the essence of the concept of "cold war",causes of the Cold War, its impact on international relations and

implications for the development of world politics;

Developing:

Development of mental skills of students;

Development of skills to work with historical sources;

Development of skills to formulate and argue your point of view;

Educational:

education of rejection of intolerance, hostility, distrust, ideological confrontation, aggressiveness.

Formed competencies and value orientations

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them

OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development

OK 6. Work in a team and in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), for the result of completing tasks

1. Personally significant and communicative:

- positive attitude, orientation to success;

- the ability to take responsibility for a decision.

2. Educational and cognitive competencies:

- skills and abilities to solve situational problems;

- skills and abilities to highlight key provisions, express reasoned judgments and conclusions;

- the ability to analyze the results obtained; formulate conclusions.

3. Communicative and speech competencies:

- skills and abilities to prepare oral reports based on the studied sources of information;

- skills and abilities of monologue ideological speech;

- skills and abilities to use historical terms in speech.

Ensuring the lesson:

Wall map "States of the world",

Multimedia projector; PC,

multimedia presentation« Post-war order of the world.Beginning of the Cold War»;

Handout.

Main literature:

Artemov V . V ., Lubchenkov Yu . H . History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: 2 hours: textbook for students. medium institutions. prof. education. - M., 2015.

DURING THE CLASSES.

1. Theme setting. Goal setting. (5 minutes.)

Creating motivation: students based on the materials of the periodical press (newspapers "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Arguments and Facts", "Kurskaya Pravda") present modern international relations and ask questions: Why are there so many issues today on which Russia and the United States cannot come to a consensus ? Who is to blame for the confrontation between the great powers? Where, what will the confrontation between Russia and the United States lead to?

Teacher:

Thanks, have a seat. Indeed, the current international situation makes us think about what is happening, why relations between states are developing this way, and what will happen next. The study of this topic is especially relevant. Today we will also talk about international relations, about relations between the two powers. We need to start from the beginning, so let's go back to the mid-40s of the 20th century. The topic of our lesson: “The post-war structure of the world. Beginning of the Cold War. Open notebooks, write down the topic of the lesson.

How many questions have now been raised, and we will try to find answers to these questions in the lesson. Determine the purpose of our lesson.

Suggested answers:

Goals of our lesson:

Consider the post-war structure of the world; find out what the "cold war" is, what are its causes, who is to blame for the outbreak of the "cold war" and what are its consequences.

Teacher:

I want to remind you of the ancient wisdom: Find the beginning of everything, and you will understand a lot, so we will definitely talk about the lessons of the Cold War.

Pay attention to the list of statements of famous people of the world (Appendix No. 1). I suggest that you read them carefully and choose an epigraph to our lesson in accordance with the purpose, justifying your choice.

Students offer options for the epigraph, arguing their choice. Words are chosen as an epigraph E. Yevtushenko “Our honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory divided us”, because. they characterize the post-war state of the world.

2. Learning new material (30 min.)

Teacher:

So, we have chosen an epigraph, determined the goals of our lesson and begin to work according to the following plan.

1. "Cold War": concept, causes, signs.

2. "Bipolar World".

3. Consequences of the Cold War. local conflicts.

Look at the photo (Appendix No. 2). Who is pictured here?

Suggested answers:

The heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - J. Stalin, G. Truman, W. Churchill.

What lesson did humanity learn from World War II?

Suggested answers:

The main lesson that was learned as a result of the war is that any war requires the mobilization of human and material resources and brings suffering to people. Therefore, one should by all means refrain from solving problems with the help of military force.

Teacher:

September 2, 1945 ended the second world war, the most difficult and bloody. After it, the very idea of ​​a new war seemed blasphemous. More than ever, much has been done to prevent it from happening again: states that have taken the path of flagrant violation of international law and outright aggression have been crushed. This meant the defeat of the policy of brute force, attempts to build a "new order" on the principles of militant nationalism and racism.

The main lesson that humanity has learned - to keep the peace - is reflected in the creation of the UN, an international organization to maintain peace and security on the planet.
The objective development of the situation led to the Cold War.

The Cold War is not just a term, not just a metaphor, it is a whole era in the life of mankind, filled with facts, events, and persons. Today I propose to find out how the image of this era was created, to supplement its portrait with those touches, without which it would not be expressive enough. To do this, you will need to study historical sources.

Today we have representatives of the United States, the USSR and outside observers who will have to find out what the "cold war" is, what its causes are, who is to blame for the outbreak of the "cold war" and what are its consequences.

On the desk, everyone has a task with which you will work in a microgroup. Working time - 5 min.

The teacher asks the representatives of the USA and the USSR to stand up, asks them questions about the documents, the students answer the questions.

Document "From W. Churchill's speech on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA)"(Annex 3)

Why is Churchill's speech, according to historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

Suggested answers:

W. Churchill accused the USSR of expansion, of creating an "Iron Curtain" that separated the West from the countries of Soviet influence. W. Churchill spoke of the need to create a "strength ring" around the countries under the control of the USSR in order to force him to abandon the building of socialism and the spread of socialist ideas.

- Document " The reaction of the leadership of the USSRto Churchill's speech (Appendix 4, on 2 sheets)

What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership toW. Churchill's speech? Determine the attitude of I. V. Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill.

Suggested answers:

I. V. Stalin stated that « Mr. Churchill is now in the position of an instigator of war,” put him on a par with Hitler and assessed the speech as a call from the West to war with the USSR.

Historical facts (Appendix 5)

What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples proving the strengthening of the positions of the USSR in the post-war world.

Suggested answers:

JV Stalin sought to strengthen the influence of the USSR in all regions of the world. In 1946-1948. in the states of Eastern Europe and Asia, liberated by the Soviet army or with its participation, communist governments came to power, taking a course towards building socialism along the Soviet model. A number of socialist countries allied to the USSR emerged.

Documentation (Appendix 6, on 2 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The United States did not want to put up with the changes that had taken place in the international arena. Therefore, they began to pursue a power policy in relation to the USSR. One of the means of deterring the USSR was considered atomic weapons, the monopoly on the possession of which was used by the United States. The goals of the US plans in relation to the USSR were aggressive in nature.

Document " Truman Doctrine. Marshall Plan"(Annex 7)

What is the main idea behind Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

Suggested answers:

In doctrine Truman talked about "containment" of the USSR, putting continuous pressure on it, about the possibility of US interference in the internal affairs of other countries. The doctrine marked the beginning of the creation of a network of US military bases in foreign territories. At the same time, US Secretary of State Marshall put forward a program of economic assistance to post-war Europe. In fact, it became a continuation of the Truman Doctrine.

- Marshall Plan Document.(Appendix 8, on 2 sheets)

How did the Soviet leadership react to the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall? Why did Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Suggested answers:

I.V. Stalin and his entourage perceived« The Marshall Plan" as an attempt to put the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control. Fearing the undermining of the influence of the USSR in the states of Eastern Europe, the leadership of the Soviet Union demanded that they refuse to participate in the American project.

Teacher:

I want to ask the representatives of the USSR and the USA, standing against each other, what were your feelings? What did you experience? How do outside observers assess what happened?

Suggested answers:

A feeling of struggle, confrontation, conflict, on the other hand - a desire to get closer, to meet each other halfway.

Teacher:

Now let's draw conclusions on the issues under discussion.

What is the Cold War? What were the causes of the Cold War? Who do you think was the culprit? Could it have been avoided"cold war"?

Suggested answers:

"Cold War"- the state of military-political confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as between their allies after World War II.

Causes of the Cold War: With the advent of nuclear weapons in the United States, military power began to play an increasing role in international relations. Politicians in both the Soviet Union and the United States were interested in creating an image of the enemy. In conditions when the fate of the countries liberated from fascism remained uncertain, between The USSR and the USA started a confrontation for the right to determine the ways of their further development.

The main cause of the Cold War was the global, geopolitical, irreconcilable contradictions between the world socio-political systems - capitalism and socialism, burdened by the ideology and subjective qualities of the leaders of the great powers.

The leaders of both the Soviet Union and the United States showed unconstructiveness, unwillingness to compromise, to reckon with each other's interests.

Teacher:

Not only the superpowers were involved in the Cold War, a bipolar world is being formed. Your microgroups needed to determine the consequences"cold war". (Appendix 9, on 3 sheets,)

What is a "bipolar world"? How did it develop? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? With the help of the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

Suggested answers:

The bipolar world is a world divided into two opposing parts: East and West. RivalryThe USSR and the USA led to an arms race, a struggle for control over key areas of the world, an increase in the number of local conflicts and the creation of a system of military alliances.

To regulate economic relations in Eastern Europe in January 1949. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created (work with the map). The CMEA became the first international organization of the socialist countries. For their part, the countries of the West on April 4, 1949. formed the military-political organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (work with the map). response to Germany's accession to NATO in 1955. was the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the military-political union of the USSR with its friendly countries of Eastern Europe (work with the map). The formation of a system of alliances in Europe was accelerated by the conflict between the USSR and the USA, which put these countries on the brink of a military clash. The conflict was connected with the unresolved German question (work with the map).

The Western powers did not want to put up with the Soviet influence established in the east of Germany. The Berlin Crisis made the division of Germany inevitable.

The creation of two military bloc systems led to a significant aggravation of the international situation and affected the political development of many countries.

Teacher:

Asian countries were also involved in the confrontation.

Document "Korean War" (Appendix 10, on 3 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The Korean Civil War escalated into an international one. Soviet and American pilots had to fight each other. The military clash in Korea between the two military-bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war.

Teacher:

Let's sum up our dialogue. (5 min.)

Let us return to the questions formulated at the beginning of the lesson. Have we received answers to them?

What lessons can be learned from the military confrontation between the USSR and the West in 1945-1953? G.

Which of these lessons are relevant in today's world?

Why is the cold war dangerous?

Suggested answers:

Both countries claimed a leading role in the world. They used such means as an economic blockade, political propaganda, an arms race, and local conflicts to weaken each other. Local conflicts have become an invariable feature of the post-war years. In many regions of the world, the Cold War served as the detonator of bloody "hot conflicts".

Teacher:

Imagine that you are present at a meeting of heads of state, what words, wishes, questions would you address to the leaders of Russia and the United States.

Students express their wishes.

Suggested answers:

Give up confrontation.

Avoid sanctions.

Take care of the world.

Let's shake hands and direct our efforts towards the use of the atom for peaceful purposes.

Teacher:

Yes, indeed, only cooperation, interaction, the desire to compromise will bring states together and help solve existing problems. Everyone must unite in order to prevent a "cold war" and its escalation into a "hot" one.

The future is a consequence of the past and present, but the present is the current moment, the only time in which something can be done that will add something to any past that will bring to life a desired future. If we don’t do anything in the present, then we run the risk of finding ourselves in the future that is approaching “by itself” - automatically or in fulfillment of someone else’s will alien to us.

3. Conclusion. (5 min.)

Teacher:

Our lesson is coming to an end, I suggest you continue the phrase: “After our lesson, I can……”

Suggested answers:

Search for the necessary information in historical sources;

Formulate concepts, highlight essential features;

Analyze historical events;

Express judgments about cause-and-effect relationships of historical facts;

Determine your attitude and explain the assessment of the most significant personalities and events in history;

- explain the meaning and significance of the studied historical events and phenomena;

Work in a group;

Treat your opponent with respect.

Homework: Write an essay, the theme of which will be the statement of T. Carlyle "Any war is a misunderstanding."

Giving and commenting on ratings.

Thanks, the lesson is over. en

Application No. 1.

nOur honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory divided us.

E. Evtushenko.

nThe results of our labor do not leave humanity

other choice than to create a united world, a world based on law and humanism.

R. Oppenheimer

nWhat type of weapons will be carried IIIWorld War? I do not know, but the only weapon IVthere will be a stone axe.

A. Einstein

nThe past must be known not because it has passed, but because, leaving, it was not able to "remove its consequences."
IN. Klyuchevsky

nWe go to the future, looking back at the past.

P. Valeria

Application №3

Question to the document: Why is Churchill's speech, according to historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

From the speech of W. Churchill on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA)
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an "iron curtain" descended on the continent. Behind this line are stored all the treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and the population in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also to a large extent Moscow's everlasting control... Only Athens, with its immortal glory, is free to decide its future in elections under the supervision of the British, Americans and French. The Polish government, under the control of the Russians, was encouraged to make huge and unjust encroachments on Germany ...

The communist parties, which were very insignificant in all the eastern states of Europe, have attained an exceptional strength, far outnumbering them, and are striving to establish totalitarian control everywhere. Police governments predominate almost everywhere, and to this day... there is no true democracy in them.

Turkey and Persia are deeply alarmed and concerned about the demands that the Moscow government makes of them. The Russians made an attempt in Berlin to create a communist party in their zone of occupation of Germany (...) If the Soviet government now tries to separately create a pro-communist Germany in its zone, this will cause serious new difficulties in the British and American zones and divide the defeated Germans between the Soviets and the Western democracies.

With the exception of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the USA, where communism is in its infancy, the communist parties, or fifth columns, are a growing threat and danger to Christian civilization... The Russians most admire strength, and there is nothing to they would have less respect than military weakness. For this reason, our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight advantage in strength, thus creating a temptation to test our strength ...
If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth of Nations is added to the United States, and considering what such cooperation at sea, in the air in the field of science and industry will mean, then there will be no precarious and dangerous balance of power. I drive away the thought that a new war is inevitable, or, moreover, that a new war is imminent... I do not believe that Soviet Russia wants war. She wants the fruits of war and the unlimited expansion of her power and her doctrines. But what we have to consider here today is a system to avert the threat of war, to provide conditions for the development of freedom and democracy as quickly as possible in all countries...”.

Application No. 4.

Questions to the document: What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill's speech? Determine the attitude of I. V. Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill?

The reaction of the leadership of the USSR to Churchill's speech:

“Yesterday in America, Comrade Churchill delivered a provocative speech. You will read more about it in Pravda. This gentleman urges the imperialist brothers not to stand on ceremony with us. Comrade Churchill is annoyed by the victory of communist ideology in the countries of Eastern Europe. He would like to return the pre-war peace. "Let's thank Comrade Churchill, the long-time warmonger. It is reported that the leaders of the United States and Britain, Truman and Attlee, have disowned Churchill's calls. It's too late, gentlemen. We, too, could pretend that nothing happened, but this is not in our interests. We will to interpret Comrade Churchill's speech as a direct call to war with the USSR and the camp of socialism. A very good and timely speech for us... Speaking between us, after the war, wrong moods appeared in our society. Some members of the intelligentsia allow themselves to openly admire the Western way of life, criminally forgetting that there is a class struggle going on in the world Thank you, Comrade Churchill, for bringing us back to reality. recalled our main task. Now about our backlog, which this bastard mentioned ... It's not, and it's true! We all remember how Churchill and the imperialists did not open a second front for a long time, wanting to bleed us as much as possible. But the opposite happened. Bleeding, losing hundreds of thousands in battles, we have created the most powerful army in the world... The imperialist gentlemen now have the only advantage left - the atomic bomb. This is a very serious advantage. Our task is to eliminate it as soon as possible - this time. And two: from today we resume our fight. We must stop the mood of complacency and ideological weakness."

I.V. Stalin, in an interview with a correspondent for the newspaper Pravda, commented on Churchill's Fulton speech as follows:

“... In essence, Mr. Churchill is now in the position of an instigator of war. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here - he has friends not only in England, but also in the United States of America ... Hitler began the work of unleashing the war by proclaiming the racial theory, declaring that only people who speak German, represent a complete nation. Mr. Churchill begins the business of unleashing war also with racial theory, arguing that only English-speaking nations are full-fledged nations, called upon to decide the fate of the whole world ... In fact, Mr. Churchill and his friends in England and the USA present to nations that do not speak English something in the nature of an ultimatum: voluntarily recognize our domination, and then everything will be in order, otherwise war is inevitable... Undoubtedly, Mr. THE USSR. I do not know whether Mr. Churchill and his friends will be able to organize a new campaign against "Eastern Europe" after the Second World War. But if they succeed - which is unlikely, because millions of "common people" stand guard over the cause of peace - then it can be said with certainty that they will be beaten.

Application No. 5.

Questions to the document: What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples proving the strengthening of the positions of the USSR in the post-war world.

Facts.

An acute conflict occurred over the timing of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Northern Iran, where they entered back in 1941. by agreement with England. In December 1945 in Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (Northern Iran), local governments were formed. They declared autonomy. Western countries considered this a violation of the obligations assumed by the Allies in Tehran in 1943. about respect for the territorial integrity of the country, demanded that the USSR immediately withdraw its troops from the territory of Iran. The United States issued the first threat in the history of Soviet-American relations to use nuclear weapons in the event of a military solution to the conflict. Such a painful reaction was explained by fears that the USSR would put Iran's oil wealth under control. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the Iranian government, on the advice of the British, not only liquidated the autonomies, but also terminated the lease agreement with the Soviet Union for a number of oil fields for a period of 50 years.

In 1945-1946. in most Eastern European countries, coalition governments were in power. Along with the communists, other political forces were also represented in them.

In 1945, the communist regime was established in Yugoslavia and North Vietnam.

In 1946 - in Albania, Bulgaria.

1947 - Communists won elections in Poland and Hungary.

December 1947 - The Romanian king Mihai, under pressure from the Soviet military command, abdicated and handed over power to the communists.

1948 - The communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia, the pro-Soviet regime was established in North Korea.

1949 The communists came to power in China.

There was a complete subordination of the leaders of the communist regimes to Stalin.

Appendix No. 6.

Document questions: Briefly formulate the main goal of the United States in relation to the USSR after the Second World War? Can the struggle of the United States against the hated, unjust Soviet regime be regarded as just actions that reflect the interests of the world community? What are the goals of the US plans for the USSR? Whether the United States is doing similar actions against other states at the present time.

Excerpts from Directive of the US National Security Council: 20/1 of 08/18/1948 "Our goals in relation to Russia" and SNB-68 of 09/30/1950

“Our main goals with regard to Russia, in essence, come down to just two:

a) Reduce the power and influence of Moscow to the extent that it does not pose a threat to the peace and stability of international relations;

b) To carry out fundamental changes in the theory and practice of foreign policy, which the government in power in Russia adheres to.

... It is primarily about making and keeping the Soviet Union weak politically, militarily and psychologically in comparison with external forces beyond its control.

… In other words, we must create automatic guarantees to ensure that even a non-communist and nominally friendly regime:

a) did not have great military power;

b) economically heavily dependent on the outside world;

c) did not have serious power over the main national minorities;

d) did not install anything resembling an iron curtain.

In the event that such a regime expresses hostility towards the Communists and friendship towards us, we must take care that these conditions are not imposed in an insulting or humiliating manner. But we are obliged not to wash, but to impose them on horseback to protect our interests.

From Directive SNB-68 of 09/30/1950

“…sowing the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system in order to force the Kremlin to at least change its policy… But without superior available and easily mobilized military power, the policy of ‘containment’, which is essentially a policy of calculated and gradual coercion, is nothing more than a bluff .

... We need to wage open psychological warfare in order to cause massive betrayal of the Soviets and destroy other plans of the Kremlin ...

... In addition to asserting our values, our policies and actions must be such as to bring about fundamental changes in the nature of the Soviet system, the disruption of the Kremlin's plans is the first and important step towards these changes.

On September 4, 1945, a document was drawn up in the United States (memorandum of the Joint Intelligence Committee No. 329), which stated: "Select approximately 20 of the most important targets suitable for strategic atomic bombing in the USSR and in the territory controlled by it."

“Russians,” wrote US President G. Truman on January 5, 1946, to Secretary of State J. Byrnes, need to show an iron fist and speak with strong language. I think we should not make any compromises with them now.”

Chairman of the Senate Atomic Energy Commission McMahon openly stated: “War with the Russians is inevitable. We need to wipe them off the face of the earth and quickly.”

"Evaluation of plans for a strategic air offensive against the USSR prepared by the Commander-in-Chief of the US Air Force and presented to the Joint Chiefs of Staff", December 21, 1948.

“The war will begin before April 1, 1949. Atomic bombs will be used on such a scale as is possible and desirable ... it is very important to outline the areas where the most significant Soviet industrial centers are located ... Maps with designated targets and flight routes for operations affecting the first 70 cities will be ready by February 1, 1949."

From an article by West German historian B. Greiner
There was a group in Washington that was completely indifferent to what the USSR or Stalin thought and did. These are the military planners. Since the summer of 1945 at the latest, they knew their enemy well and mass-produced war plans. In 1948-1949, for example, it was considered possible to end the Soviet Union by destroying its 70 cities and industrial centers with atomic bombs. All the details were spelled out with manic precision: 1947 objects would be attacked, 2.7 million people were planned to be killed and 4 million wounded within 30 days. In March 1954, the strategic air force command saw itself at the peak of its power. If necessary, it undertook to bring down 750 bombs from all over the world on the USSR and within two (!) Hours turn it into "smoking radioactive ruins." Note that under this scenario, the United States would not have suffered in any way.

Annex No. 7.

Questions to documents: What is the main idea of ​​Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

Truman Doctrine.

Western leaders feared that the USSR would continue to existexpand its “sphere of interest” to include all newcountries where the positions of the communists will be strengthened. ATMarch1947the US Congress, at the request of G. Truman, approved the allocationmoney from Greece and Turkey and sending military personnel there toprotectionthese countries from "communist aggression". The message of the President of the United States to Congress was calledTruman Doctrine.The task was to "contain" the USSR and its allies from the "seizure" of new territories.Subsequently, the doctrine of rejection was proclaimed, i.e. liberation from the influence of the USSR of the countries that fell under its control.This policy is associated withsafeguarding the security and vital interests of the United States itself.

Marshall plan.

An integral part of the new US foreign policy was the program for the economic revival of war-torn Europe. It was developed by the new US Secretary of State Marshall. The plan named after him was approved at an international conference in Paris (12.7-22.9.1947). The USSR did not participate in the conference, as it regarded this plan as aimed at the economic enslavement of Europe by America and put pressure on the Eastern European countries so that they refused to participate in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. In total, the Marshall Plan was signed by 16 Western countries.

Marshall, in his speech at Harvard University, stated: "Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, despair and chaos." He said that European states wishing to use his plan should themselves take the initiative and work out the details of this plan, calculating the necessary funds, provide data on the state of their economy, needs, plans for the use of incoming funds.

The Marshall Plan began to be implemented in April 1948, when the US Congress passed the "economic cooperation law", which provided for a 4-year program of economic assistance to Europe. The total amount of appropriations under the Marshall Plan (from April 1948 to December 1951) amounted to about 12.4 billion dollars, with the main share falling on England (2.8 billion), France (2.5 billion), Spain (1.3 billion), West Germany (1.3 billion), Holland (1 billion). At the same time, the Americans, as a precondition for providing assistance, demanded the removal of the Communists from the governments of the countries that signed the treaty. By 1948, there were no communists in any government in Western Europe.

Annex No. 8.

Questions to the document: How did the Soviet leadership react to the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall? Why did Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Marshall plan.

The Marshall Plan in Moscow was initially met with interest. Hopes for American loans for the reconstruction of the country have not yet disappeared. Therefore, the Soviet leadership hesitated. According to the memoirs of one of the leaders of the MGB P. Sudoplatov, initially the Soviet leadership seriously considered the participation of the USSR in the Marshall Plan. V. Molotov’s assistant Vetrov told P. Sudoplatov before leaving for Paris to participate in negotiations on the future of Europe that “our policy is based on cooperation with the Western allies in the implementation of the“ Marshall Plan ”, referring primarily to the revival of war-ravaged industry in Ukraine, in Belarus and in Leningrad.

The Soviet Union was invited to a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Paris on the problems of American assistance, to which the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on June 21, 1947 gave a positive answer. This is how Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov recalls this time: “At first I agreed, by the way, I made a proposal to the Central Committee: we must participate. And then he came to his senses and sent a second note on the same day: let's refuse. ...But there (in Paris) such a gang gathered that one could not count on a conscientious attitude ... There was a lot of vagueness. But if they believe that it was our mistake to abandon the Marshall Plan, then we did the right thing ... And at first we at the Foreign Ministry wanted to invite all socialist countries to participate, but quickly realized that this was wrong. They pulled us into their company, but a subordinate company. We would have depended on them, but nothing would have worked out properly, but we would have depended unconditionally.”

An even more negative assessment sounds in the memorandum of Academician E. Varga, written on the instructions of V. Molotov. The academician believed that the Marshall Plan was based on the economic interests of the US leadership: “The US economic situation was of decisive importance for the promotion of the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was first of all to be a weapon to mitigate the next economic crisis, the approach of which no one in the United States denies. The American financial oligarchy and American politics are seeking funds to mitigate the coming economic crisis. Such a means is the sale of surplus (under capitalist conditions) goods abroad. Based on an assessment of the economic situation in the United States, E. Varga concludes: “The meaning of the Marshall plan against this background is as follows. If it is in the interests of the United States itself to send many billions of dollars worth of American goods abroad on credit to unreliable debtors, then we must try to extract the maximum political benefits from this. Such benefits, according to Academician E. Varga, are "demonstration of the superiority of the United States", "the role of" the saviors of "the whole of Europe".

JV Stalin and his entourage perceived the Marshall Plan as an attempt to put the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control. JV Stalin ordered the countries of "people's democracy" in Eastern Europe to abandon the "Marshall Plan". V. M. Molotov announced that US assistance "will inevitably lead to the intervention of some states in the affairs of others", "will split Europe into two groups of countries." V. Stalin forbade the countries of "international democracy" to join the International Monetary Fund.

In 1947, the communists of the Eastern European countries, at the direction of the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties, sharply condemned the "Marshall Plan" and put forward the idea of ​​accelerated development of their countries based on their own forces with the support of the USSR.

Appendix No. 9.

Questions to documents: What is a “bipolar world”? How did it develop? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? With the help of the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

On the establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

In January of this year, an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia was held in Moscow...

In order to implement broader economic cooperation between the countries of people's democracy and the USSR, the meeting recognized the need to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from representatives of the countries participating in the meeting on the basis of equal representation with the task of exchanging economic experience, providing technical assistance to each other, and providing mutual assistance in raw materials, food, machinery, and equipment. etc.

The meeting recognized that the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is an open organization, which can be joined by other European countries that share the principles of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and wish to participate in broad economic cooperation with the above countries.<...>

Application No. 10.

Document questions:What are local conflicts? Why were they dangerous to international security? Why did the Korean War start? What were the results of the Korean War? What conclusions should the parties to the conflict draw from the outcome of the Korean War?

Korean War

Local conflicts are military clashes in a limited area with the direct or indirect participation of the Soviet Union and the United States. During the Cold War, they became the main threat to international security.

The largest conflict on the Asian continent occurredwent to Korea. AfterThe war between the USSR and the USA divided the Japanese colony of Korea.In the southern part of this countrythis country occupied during the war with Japan by the US troops, in May 1948 elections were held in parla ment. The Republic of Korea was proclaimed with its capital in Seoul.

In the northern part of Korea, liberated by Soviet troops, in August 1948 aroseDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)with its capital in Pyongyang. Both the North Korean government and the South Korean government believed that they were the only legitimate representative of the entire Korean people.

North Korea received significant assistance from the USSR and China to strengthening their defenses. Particularly in the North More than 4 thousand foreign military specialists worked in Korea. Leader of the DPRKKim Il Sung (1912-1994)was convinced that the government of the South, with the help of the United States, was preparing to seize the entire Korea.

N.S. Khrushchev recalled:"Kim Il Sung, talkingcoStalinputquestion what you wantwouldprobeSouthKorea with a bayonetandsaid that there at the firstpush from North Korea there will be an internal explosionpeople's power will be established, the same as in the NorthernKorea. Stalin did not oppose this. After all, thisimponito the Stalinist point of view, his convictions,topicsmore than that, an intra-Korean question was posed here:NorthernKorea wants to extend a friendly hand to itsbrotherswho are in South Korea under the heelLeeSonMana...Stalin expressed some doubtshe's worriedilo, will the US get involved orlet them passears?Bothinclined to believe that if everything is donefast,aKim Il Sung was sure that everything would happen quickly, then US intervention would be ruled out.Still, Stalindecided to askmore Mao Zedong's opinion on Kim's proposal IR C ena....Mao responded with approval. Must clearly state that this action was not offeredStalin a Kim Il Sung. That one wasthe initiator, but Stalin did not hold him back. Yes, I believe that no communist has becomewould have itto keep in such a fit the liberation of the SouthKorea fromLee Seungman andAmericanreactions. It contradictedwouldcommunist worldview. I'm hereI don't judgeStalin. On the contrary, I am completely on his side. Iand myselfwould,probably made the same decisionif it was me who had to decide."

June 25, 1950 KoreanPeople's Army (KPA) launched an offensive in the south of the country.

Clashes on the border, initiated by both the North,and the South, have happened before. However, large-scalewar,althoughthis was denied by Soviet historical science for a long time, it was North Korea that started it. The United States took advantage of the fact that the representative of the USSR temporarily did not participate in the work of the UN Security Council, and achieved the adoption of a resolution proclaiming North Korea an aggressor.

The Korean Civil War escalated into an international one. G. Truman said4 October1952 G.: “We are fighting in Korea so that we don’t have to fightWichita, Chicago, New Orleans or San Francisco Bay." The events in Korea have become confirmation of the existence of the "communist threat" for the West.
In September 1950 G. armed forces of the United States and allied countries underthe flag of the UN troops landed in the rear of the North Korean troops and occupied almost the entire territory of Korea, advanced to the Chinese border. On October 25, 1950, the PRC government decided send volunteers to Korea. In November the Soviet Unionpenthrew an air corps (26 thousand people) into the territory of China and North Korea people, 321 aircraft) to cover the Allied forces from the air. For the first time in air battles, a test of the strength of Soviet and American aviation took place. From the US side, up to 2,400 aircraft participated in the hostilities. The US command was considering the use of nuclear weapons. At a press conference on November 30, 1950. the American president called for a worldwide mobilization against communism.

By February 1951, the front line cut through the territory of Korea along the 38th parallel. The fighting before the armistice in 1953 acquired a positional character.

In general, during the war, the DPRK lost 2.5 million people,China - about 1 million people, South Korea - 1.5 million people, USA - 140 thousand (34 thousand killed and 103 thousand wounded). The USSR lost 335 aircraft in air battles, the PRC - about600 aircraft, USA - 1182 aircraft.

War in Korearevealed a clear superiority of the new Soviet MIG-17 jet aircraft over the American ones.ATthensame timebehindduring the war years, the United States re-equipped its fleet, after which the ratio of their and Soviet losses changed approximatelywith8:1 to 2:1.

The military clash in Korea between the two military-bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war. In Chukotka, the deployment of troops began, which, in the event of hostilities between the USSR and the USA, were to land in Alaska. In the Soviet Union, a program was adopted to build a powerful submarine fleet, designed to deprive the United States of dominance on the seas.

As seen fromdocuments published in recent years, the Soviet leadership sought to limit the extent of the USSR's involvement in the conflict in Korea and prevent it from escalating into a war between the two systems of alliances. Similar sentiments existed in the United States, where the belief was widespread in the ruling circles that the war in Korea was taking place “in the wrong place at the wrong time” in order to ignite a global clash of the two blocs because of it.

From the memoirs of a participant in the war in Korea, pilot B. S. Abakumov:

At one of the airfields near Moscow, after the November air parade over Red Square, by order of the government in 1950, a group of fighter pilots was selected to assist the Democratic People's Republic of Korea during the Korean War. The group was headed by the three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub. The pilots were tasked with covering the skies of North Korea from American air raids and thereby protecting the borders of the Soviet Union on the distant approaches ... The theory of jet fighter attacks had been nurtured by our theorists for a long time. Now it allegedly found confirmation precisely on the Korean front, when the Americans did not have to wage mass battles for air superiority ... Not only captured English and Australian pilots spoke about the skill of our pilots, but also the American press and the US high command ...

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Post-war arrangement of the world and ensuring international security

To determine the specific guilt of the persons who unleashed the Second World War, the allied states - the USSR, the USA, England and France created the International Military Tribunal. He began work in Nuremberg on November 20, 1945, and ended it on October 1, 1946, with the death sentence on twelve major war criminals. According to the indictment, the following were sentenced to death by hanging: Göring, Ribbentrop, Keitel, Kaltenbrunner, Rosenberg, Frank, Frick, Streicher, Sukel, Jodl, Seyss-Inquart and Bormann (in absentia); to life imprisonment: Hess, Funk, Raeder; to 20 years in prison: Speer and Schirach; to 15 - Neurat, Doenitz.

Created in accordance with the agreements at the conference, the so-called Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA) developed draft peace treaties between the USSR and the states that were allies of Nazi Germany: Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. After their consideration by the Paris Peace Conference (1946), these treaties were approved and signed on February 10, 1947. They met the interests of ensuring the free and independent development of the peoples of these countries, contributed to the strengthening of their international positions and became a serious contribution to the elimination of the consequences of the Second World War, to the strengthening of peace in Europe.

This kind of cooperation, perhaps, was the last joint action of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. In subsequent years, unfortunately, development took a completely different path. Our former allies soon began to break the ties that connected the main participants in the war against the powers of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis. At the same time, the main stake was placed on atomic weapons.

So, already with great difficulties there were negotiations on the conclusion of a state treaty with Austria. It took 33 meetings of the Ministerial Council, 260 meetings of deputy foreign ministers, 35 meetings of the special Vienna Commission. The reason for these difficulties is simple - the United States was interested in Austria primarily as an "Alpine fortress", as a springboard for a possible subsequent struggle against the USSR and the countries of people's democracy.

But the main issue was still the German question. Giving an assessment of the results of the Potsdam Conference, the newspaper Pravda wrote on August 3, 1945: "The fundamental interests of the peoples of Europe are to permanently eliminate the threat of German aggression, to prevent the revival of German imperialism, to ensure lasting peace among the peoples and universal security."

Political principles for dealing with Germany

The political principles for dealing with Germany, developed by the Soviet side, were formulated in the draft declaration "On the Political Regime in Germany", prepared in July 1945. Its main provisions boiled down to two important points:

1) it is impossible to identify the German people with the Hitlerite clique and pursue a policy of revenge, national humiliation and oppression towards them;

2) it is necessary to provide conditions for the development of Germany as a single, peace-loving state.

This meant that the Soviet side was in favor of recognizing the German people's right to self-determination and choosing their own path of socio-economic and state structure.

What was the position of the other side? The United States and Britain, which developed their proposals - and they concerned the dismemberment of Germany, the distribution of its territory among other European states - for some reason did not submit them for discussion at the conference. For example, the American Admiral Leahy, one of Truman's closest advisers, reports in his memoirs that the US President is heading to the Potsdam Conference with a plan to divide Germany into "separate sovereign states." Leahy writes that Truman wanted to propose that "the Council of Foreign Ministers should make recommendations to governments on the dismemberment of Germany" and that already at the Potsdam Conference the "intention to give the Rhineland independence and sovereignty as a separate state" be declared in the future. Moreover, Truman spoke in favor of "that ... a South German state be created with its capital in Vienna." The necessity of reorganizing the life of the German people on democratic and peace-loving principles was apparently the least of the concerns of the Western powers at that time. The US President's directive to the American command in Germany said: "Germany is being occupied not for the sake of its liberation, but because it is a defeated, enemy country."

The principles of the joint policy of the states of the anti-Hitler coalition in the German question were fixed by the participants of the Potsdam Conference in the agreement "Political and economic principles to be followed in dealing with Germany in the initial control period."

What was the essence of these principles?

Ultimately, to the demilitarization and democratization of Germany. In accordance with the decisions of the Crimean Conference, they provided for the complete disarmament of Germany and the elimination of all industry in it that could be used for military production.

The conference participants agreed on the need to "destroy the National Socialist Party and its affiliates and affiliated organizations, dissolve all Nazi institutions, ensure that they do not re-emerge in any form, and prevent all Nazi and militaristic activity or propaganda." The three powers also pledged to take other measures necessary to ensure that Germany would never again threaten her neighbors or the preservation of world peace.

Signing of an agreement on reparations

The conference participants also signed a special agreement on the question of reparations. They proceeded from the fact that Germany had to compensate to the greatest extent possible the damage that she had caused to other peoples. The reparations claims of the Soviet Union were to be satisfied by withdrawal from the zone occupied by the USSR of the corresponding German investments (assets) abroad. It was also stipulated that the USSR would receive additionally from the western zones of occupation: 1) 15% of the complete industrial equipment withdrawn for payment of reparations in exchange for food and other products from the Soviet zone of occupation; 2) 10% of the withdrawn industrial equipment - without payment and compensation.

However, the more time passed after the meeting in Potsdam, the further the Western powers moved away from its decisions. Whereas demilitarization and denazification were carried out consistently in the Soviet zone of occupation, in the western zones these decisions were actually frustrated.

Looking back, we can state with confidence that the full and conscientious implementation by the Western powers of the Potsdam agreements on Germany, finally consolidating the new situation in Europe created by the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition, would have prevented not only the subsequent split of Germany, but also the transformation of the continent into the main center of the Cold War. The agreements laid the necessary foundation for the birth of a peaceful, democratic, united Germany. "If the German people's own efforts are unceasingly directed towards the attainment of this goal," said the announcement of the Berlin conference, "then it will be possible for it in the course of time to take a place among the free and peaceful peoples of the world."

Unfortunately, defeated Germany became more and more the object of the unseemly political machinations of Washington and London. The disruption of the peace treaty with a united Germany, the conclusion of which was envisaged by the Potsdam agreements, became one of the main steps taken by the United States and Great Britain, as well as France that joined them, which led to the split of Europe into opposing alliances and, as a result, to the revival now in a new one, " West German" form of the "German factor" in world politics.

Europe was still in ruins, and Washington was already actively working on plans for an atomic war against its ally in the fight against German fascism and Japanese militarism - the Soviet Union. In the bowels of the Pentagon, as it later became known, projects for the destruction of the USSR were born, one more fantastic than the other90.

In general, the first post-war decades went down in history as a period of the Cold War, a period of sharp Soviet-American confrontation that more than once brought the world to the brink of a "hot" war.

What is the "cold war"?

Apparently, not only a certain level of political tension between states and an arms race, but above all the global nature of the Soviet-American confrontation. In addition, one must take into account the situation of "nuclear impasse", in which the huge reserves of destructive power accumulated by the US and the USSR could not be used. The "Cold War", as it were, replaced the "Hot War", became its surrogate. It is generally accepted that the start of the Cold War was laid by W. Churchill's speech on March 5, 1946, at Westminster College in the American city of Fulton, where he actually called for the formation of a military-political alliance against the USSR. US President G. Truman, who was present in the hall, loudly applauded the speaker.

There is another way of looking at this problem: the Cold War was initiated by the so-called "long telegram" sent to Washington from the US embassy in Moscow by then-young American diplomat J. Kennan. Subsequently, it was set forth in the article "Sources of Soviet Behavior", which appeared in one of the American magazines and signed with the pseudonym "Mr. X". It was about putting constant pressure on the USSR so that it was forced to abandon the socialist choice.

After the Second World War, the United States literally got bogged down in a system of multilateral agreements and treaties - NATO, SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS were created, a network of military bases was deployed, American troops were firmly entrenched in Europe and other regions. And although from time to time voices were heard in America in support of isolationism and attempts were made to limit American obligations in the world, but a return to the former was not foreseen.

What are the causes of the Cold War?

In the scientific literature, there are two main points of view on this issue:

1. It can be described as traditional: the Americans are to blame for everything, our actions were only a reaction to a provocation by the United States. Stalin perfectly understood the real correlation of forces and therefore behaved with the utmost caution.

2. According to another point of view, the main blame for the Cold War lies with Stalin. For example, some actions of the USSR in Eastern Europe, "provoking" the war in Korea, harsh ideological rhetoric, etc. are pointed out.

But both of these points of view are one-sided. Neither Stalin nor Truman had the desire or even the readiness to wage a major war. But there was something else - the desire to consolidate those spheres of its influence in the world that became the result of the Second World War. In this sense, 1947 is a turning point. And not even because the "Truman Doctrine" and "Marshall Plan" were adopted at that time, but because it was the milestone after which it became impossible to return to the ideals of the United Nations, which were formed at the final stage of the Second World War.

How was the geopolitical situation at that moment?

The United States of America and the Soviet Union were the powers that expanded their "spheres of influence" to the greatest extent as a result of the war. The USSR dominated Eastern Europe, the USA dominated Western Europe. But gradually it became clear that these "acquisitions" are quite illusory.

As for Eastern Europe, sympathy for the USSR was really very strong here, the communists had a broad social base, and the old emigre governments, where they were, could not seriously challenge the left forces. But by 1946, it should have been obvious to Stalin that Eastern Europe could easily get out of his direct political control. The development of the Eastern European countries was associated with the search for their own, national paths to socialism.

Similar processes, although under a different sign, took place in Western Europe. The influence that the United States has acquired in this part of the continent has gradually begun to fade. Communists in France, Italy and other countries won elections, American soldiers irritated the Europeans.

Such a development of events in Western Europe was unacceptable for Truman, and what was happening in Eastern Europe could not suit Stalin. They were not only adversaries, but also partners in the construction of a new system of international relations - a system of rigid bloc relations that would discipline the allies and secure the status of "superpowers" for the USSR and the USA.

The consequences of the defeat of the fascist states

The chain reaction of profound social changes that began as a result of the defeat of the fascist states ultimately led to a general shift to the left of all public life in the world, to the formation of a world socialist system, the destruction of colonial empires, and the emergence of dozens of independent developing states in Europe and Asia. The international working class made an enormous contribution to the victory over German fascism. Despite heavy human losses during the war years, its number in the 50s was over 400 million people. In the post-war period, class consciousness, political activity and organization of the working class increased significantly. He strengthened his cohesion not only nationally, but also internationally. Thus, in September-October 1945, in Paris, representatives of 67 million workers from 56 countries organized in trade unions, with the active participation of Soviet trade unions, created the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU).

The powerful upsurge of the democratic movement during these years significantly expanded the socio-economic and political gains of the working people. A new stage began in the development of social legislation in many bourgeois countries. In a number of Western European states (for example, in Italy, France), where the big bourgeoisie compromised itself by collaborating with the Nazi occupiers, hatred of the collaborators united the working people to fight against the domination of capital in general. In this situation, the ruling circles resorted to political and social maneuvering and made some concessions to the working people. The legislation included provisions on the right to work and equal pay for equal work, on protecting the interests of workers with the help of trade unions, on equal rights for men and women, on the right to rest, education, and material security in old age.

The number of people who had the right to vote was greatly expanded. Voting rights were granted to women in France (1945), Italy (1946), Belgium (1948). The age limit was lowered to 21-23 in Sweden and the Netherlands (1945), in Denmark (1952).

Nationalization of enterprises and democratization of industrial relations

UN fascism tribunal

For the first time in the history of a number of Western European countries, left-wing forces succeeded in achieving widespread nationalization of enterprises and democratization of production relations. For example, in France, all large enterprises for the production of gas and electricity, the largest insurance companies, passed into state ownership. The Committees Act was passed, which for the first time gave French workers access to participation in management.

Large-scale nationalization of industry and banks was carried out in Austria. A new law on works councils gave the working class of Austria the opportunity to participate in the management of enterprises. In Germany, the principle of workers' representation in enterprises was legally fixed. This provision has also entered into the practice of concluding collective agreements in Italy. A number of leading industries in Great Britain underwent nationalization, and the right to participate in the management bodies of state-owned enterprises was assigned to the British trade unions.

A number of measures have also been taken in the area of ​​occupational safety and health of workers. Thus, insurance against industrial accidents was introduced in France and Great Britain (1946), for sickness and disability - in Belgium (1944), old-age pensions - in Switzerland (1946), unemployment benefits - in Belgium (1944). ), the Netherlands (1949). There was a further reduction of the working week: in the USA - from 48 hours in 1939 to 40 hours in 1950, in Western Europe - from 56 hours to 48 hours. Western European trade union committees have achieved an increase in paid leave to two to four weeks.

The organized working class, schooled in the anti-fascist struggle, strongly supported the leftist policy in the labor and democratic movement. This led to a general strengthening of the political role of the communist parties. If in 1939 there were 1 million 750 thousand people in the communist parties of the capitalist countries, then in 1945 - 4 million 800 thousand. The parliamentary elections in the countries of Western Europe in 1945-1946 testified to the significant influence of the communist parties. Their representatives became members of the governments of France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, and Finland. The influence of the communists in Sweden increased, the Communist Party of Great Britain strengthened its positions, the Communist Party of the USA was restored (July 1945), and the Communist Party of Japan emerged from the underground. As a result, an anti-communist campaign was launched in a number of capitalist countries. Repressions began against the communists, leaders of the labor and democratic movement in the United States. Communists in England were persecuted. In France and Italy, bourgeois circles succeeded in expelling them from governments. In Germany, members of the Communist Party were forbidden by law from 1950 to be in the public service. Somewhat later, a lawsuit was initiated against the Communist Party of Germany. The Japanese Communist Party was persecuted by the American occupation authorities.

In the post-war period, socialist and social democratic organizations continued their activities or re-formed. Their ranks were noticeably replenished: by the beginning of the 1950s, they numbered about 10 million members (before the war - 6.5 million). In November-December 1947, a representative conference of social democratic parties was held in Antwerp, which established the Committee of International Socialist Conferences (COMISCO), which united the social democratic parties of 33 states.

In 1951, the Socialist International was founded at the founding congress in Frankfurt am Main. It included 34 socialist and social democratic parties, mostly European, with about 10 million members.

The expansion of the membership of the Socialist International and the entry into its ranks of the socialist parties of Asia, Africa and Latin America led to the strengthening of progressive tendencies within it.

And how were relations built in the post-war decades between the two main detachments of the socialist movement - the communist and the social democratic?

First of all, on the basis of mutual understanding, intolerance, and sometimes confrontation. Today's new thinking creates the prerequisites for the transition to a permanent political dialogue.

A direct result of the growing political maturity of the working people and the growing role of the masses of the people was the creation of a number of international democratic organizations. Among them are the World Federation of Democratic Youth (November 1945), the International Democratic Women's Federation (December 1945), etc.

After the Second World War, the colonial system of imperialism disintegrated. Great Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Portugal could no longer maintain their dominance in their possessions with the help of military administration. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed, which had a strong impact on the national liberation movement in Korea, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia. India won independence. Burma, Indonesia, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Sudan, and a number of other former colonial countries gained political independence. Within ten years, almost half of the globe was freed from colonial and semi-colonial dependence. The Non-Aligned Movement appears.

There are various definitions of the concept of "international security".

Security is a set of measures to create the most effective guarantees of world peace both for a given state and on a global and regional scale, to protect states and peoples from the threat of wars, especially nuclear war.

Security as a policy is not static, it is dynamic. There is no security, even in relation to individual regions of the world, that would be established forever. Its achievement requires political will and constant efforts. Naturally, in different periods and in different circumstances, different methods of ensuring security become important. They are derived from the class structure of society, from the economic and social relations that prevail in it. In the course of historical development, these methods were of the most diverse nature and took various forms.

Today, a watershed in understanding the essence of security policy lies between those who see almost nothing in it above military, military-technical categories and are inclined to make the solution of its problems dependent only on the number of units and quality of weapons, and those who see here, above all, a flexible and complex form of political relationships.

What are the main directions in the period under review sought to ensure peace and international security?

The United Nations (UN) has become a recognized center in the system of international relations. It was created in April-June 1945 at a conference in San Francisco by representatives of 50 states, which are considered founding states.

The tasks of the UN were recognized as maintaining peace, guardianship over backward countries in order to lead them to "self-government or independence."

The Charter of this organization included the requirement of the Soviet Union for unanimous decision-making on particularly important issues, which did not allow the United States and other powers to impose resolutions they liked by a majority of votes.

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The Warsaw Pact of 1955 is a document that formalized the creation of a military alliance of European socialist states with the leading role of the USSR and secured the bipolarity of the world for 34 years. The conclusion of the treaty as a response to the accession of Germany to NATO.

Foreign and domestic policy of the USSR.

The end of the Second World War gave rise to a new situation on the planet. The first place in the foreign policy of European countries was taken by the issues of peaceful settlement, starting with the definition of borders and establishing relationships and ending with the solution of internal social and economic problems.

The main question of the post-war settlement was the question of the creation of international organizations.

In April 1945, a conference on the security of nations in the post-war period opened in San Francisco. The conference was attended by delegations from 50 countries headed by foreign ministers. It was characteristic that among the conference participants there were representatives of Ukraine and Belarus, on which the issue was resolved at the Crimean meeting of the heads of state of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. Since in Poland the government was created in the course of the struggle against Nazi Germany, and in London there was another government in exile, at the initiative of England and the United States, it was decided in relation to Poland that after the decision on the Polish government of this country, she would be given a place at the UN.

At the conference, the United Nations was created and, after heated discussions, the Charter was adopted, which was signed in a solemn atmosphere on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945. This day is considered the birthday of the United Nations. The Charter for the first time enshrined the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples as the basis of international relations. The Charter obliged UN members to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression, to resolve international disputes "by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law."

The main political body of the UN is the Security Council, which consists of permanent members. The USSR received a seat as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, along with the United States, Britain, France and China.

The main deliberative body of the UN is the General Assembly, in which representatives of all member countries of the organization participate. Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly for a two-year term.

Unlike the United States, which significantly strengthened its position, European countries from the camp of the winners emerged from the war with a weakened economy. Things were even more complicated in the USSR. On the one hand, the international prestige of the Soviet Union has increased unprecedentedly, and without its participation not a single major problem of international relations was now resolved. At the same time, the economic situation of the USSR was severely undermined. In September 1945, the amount of direct losses caused by the war was estimated at 679 billion rubles, which was 5.5 times the national income of the USSR in 1940.

The USSR became a recognized great power in the international arena: the number of countries that established diplomatic relations with it increased from 26 in the pre-war period to 52.

Foreign policy. The warming of international relations that emerged after the war turned out to be short-lived. In the first months after the defeat of Germany and the capitulation of Japan, the Soviet government did its best to create the image of the USSR as a peace-loving state, ready to seek compromises in solving complex world problems. It emphasized the need to ensure favorable international conditions for peaceful socialist construction in the USSR, the development of the world revolutionary process, and the preservation of peace on Earth.

But this did not last long. Internal processes, as well as cardinal changes in the international situation, led to the tightening of the political and doctrinal guidelines by the Soviet leadership, which determined the specific goals and actions of domestic diplomacy, the direction of ideological work with the population.

After the end of the war, people's democratic states were formed in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. 11states took the path of building socialism. The world system of socialism united 13 states and covered 15% of the territory and about 35% of the world's population (before the war - 17% and 9%, respectively).

Thus, in the struggle for influence in the world, the former allies in the war with Germany were divided into two opposing camps. An arms race and political confrontation began between the USSR and the USA, East and West, which became known as the Cold War.

In April 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the preparation of a war plan against the USSR. Churchill presented his conclusions in his memoirs: since the USSR has become a mortal threat to America and Europe, it is necessary to immediately create a front that goes as far as possible to the East, against its rapid advance. The main and true goal of the Anglo-American armies is Berlin with the liberation of Czechoslovakia and entry into Prague. Vienna and all of Austria must be ruled by the Western Powers. Relations with the USSR should be based on military superiority.

Cold War - a global geopolitical, economic and ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies, on the other, which lasted from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s. The confrontation was not a war in the literal sense - one of the main components was ideology. The deep contradiction between the capitalist and socialist models is the main cause of the Cold War. The two victorious superpowers in World War II tried to rebuild the world according to their ideological guidelines.

The speech of W. Churchill in Fulton (USA, Missouri), in which he put forward the idea of ​​creating a military alliance of the Anglo-Saxon countries in order to fight world communism, is often considered the formal beginning of the Cold War. W. Churchill's speech outlined a new reality, which the retired British leader, after assurances of deep respect and admiration for "the valiant Russian people and my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin", defined as the "Iron Curtain".

A week later, J.V. Stalin, in an interview with Pravda, put Churchill on a par with Hitler and stated that in his speech he called on the West to go to war with the USSR.

The Stalinist leadership sought to create an anti-American bloc in Europe and, if possible, in the world, in addition, the countries of Eastern Europe were perceived as a "cordon sanitaire" against American influence. In these interests, the Soviet government in every possible way supports the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, where "socialist revolutions" took place by 1949, the communist movement in Greece (an attempt to organize a communist coup here failed in 1947), tacitly gets involved in the Korean War (1951-1954 gg.) on the side of pro-communist North Korea.

In 1945, the USSR presented territorial claims to Turkey and demanded a change in the status of the Black Sea straits, including recognition of the USSR's right to establish a naval base in the Dardanelles. In 1946, at the London meeting of foreign ministers, the USSR demanded that it be granted the right to protectorate over Tripolitania (Libya) in order to secure a presence in the Mediterranean.

On March 12, 1947, US President Harry Truman announced his intention to provide Greece and Turkey with military and economic assistance in the amount of 400 million dollars. dollars. At the same time, he defined the content of the rivalry between the USA and the USSR as a conflict between democracy and totalitarianism.

In 1947, at the insistence of the USSR, the socialist countries refused to participate in the Marshall Plan, which involved the provision of economic assistance in exchange for the exclusion of the Communists from the government.

After the war, the USSR provided substantial economic assistance to all countries of the socialist bloc. So, in 1945, Romania received 300 tons of grain as a loan, Czechoslovakia - 600 thousand tons of sarn, Hungary - three loans, etc. By 1952, such assistance was already estimated at over $3 billion.

Created after the war by the decision of the Potsdam Conference, the Control Council for managing Germany as a "single economic entity" turned out to be ineffective. In response to the US decision to carry out a separate monetary reform in 1948 in the western zones of occupation and West Berlin in order to give the German economy a hard currency, the USSR imposed a blockade of Berlin (until May 1949). In 1949, the conflict between the USA and the USSR led to the split of Germany into the FRG and the GDR, where the problem of West Berlin remained unresolved.

The Soviet Union launched large-scale assistance to the people's democracies, creating for this purpose a special organization - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949).

1949-50s became the apogee of the Cold War - a military-political bloc of Western countries - NATO was created, as well as other blocs with the participation of the United States: ANZUS, SEATO, etc.

A few years later, the USSR united part of the countries of people's democracy into a military-political union - the Warsaw Pact Organization: (1955-1990 - Albania / until 1968 /, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia). The USSR actively promoted the communist parties and movements in the Western states, the growth of the liberation movement in the "third world" and the creation of countries of "socialist orientation".

For its part, the US leadership sought to pursue a policy from a "position of strength", trying to use all its economic and military-political power to put pressure on the USSR. In 1946, US President G. Truman proclaimed the doctrine of "limitation of communist expansion", reinforced in 1947 by the doctrine of economic assistance "to free peoples."

The United States provided large-scale economic assistance to Western countries (“Marshall Plan”), created a military-political alliance of these states led by the United States (NATO, 1949), deployed a network of American military bases (Greece, Turkey) near the borders of the USSR, supported anti-socialist forces within the Soviet bloc.

In 1950-1953. During the Korean War, there was a direct clash between the USSR and the USA.

Thus, the formation of the camp of socialism, which economically, politically and culturally became more and more isolated from the capitalist countries, and the tough political course of the West led to the split of the world into two camps - socialist and capitalist.

8.3. Post-war structure of the world in 1946–1953.

The post-war world did not become more durable. In a short time, relations between the USSR and its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition deteriorated significantly. To characterize them, the metaphor “cold war” began to be used more and more often, which first appeared on the pages of the English Tribune magazine in the autumn of 1945 in an international commentary by the famous writer J. Orwell. Later, in the spring of 1946, the prominent American banker and politician B. Baruch used this term in one of his public speeches. At the end of 1946, the influential American publicist W. Lippman published a book, the title of which was these two words.

However, two historical facts are traditionally considered a "declaration" or proclamation of the "cold war": speech At Churchill (March 1946) in Fulton (Missouri) in the presence of US President G. Truman about the Iron Curtain and the Soviet threat, as well as promulgation of the "Truman Doctrine" (March 1947) - an American foreign policy concept that proclaimed the main task facing the United States to counter communism and its "containment". The post-war world split into two antagonistic blocs, and The Cold War entered its active phase in the summer of 1947, eventually leading to the formation of opposing military-political blocs.

Each side made its own specific contribution to the post-war confrontation. The West was frightened by the increased military power of the Soviet Union, the unpredictability of Stalin's actions, and the ever more insistent promotion of communist influence in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. During 1945-1948. a number of Eastern European countries were drawn into the orbit of Soviet influence (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the eastern part of dismembered Germany), in which, under pressure from the USSR, first coalitions were formed, with the decisive influence of the communist parties, and then purely communist in terms of the composition of the government.

At the end of September 1947 under pressure from the Stalinist leadership from representatives of six communist parties in Eastern Europe and the two largest Western European communist parties (France and Italy) was The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominformburo) was created with headquarters in Belgrade. This body contributed to the increased pressure of the USSR on the countries of the so-called "people's democracy", along with the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of some of these countries and the treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance concluded with them. Established in 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) with headquartered in Moscow, economically tied the countries of "people's democracy" to the USSR even more, since the latter were forced to carry out all the necessary transformations in culture, agriculture and industry according to the Soviet scenario, relying solely on Soviet, not entirely positive experience.

In Asia, into the orbit of the influence of the USSR throughout the period under review North Vietnam, North Korea and China were drawn in, after the peoples of these countries were able to win the national liberation wars led by the communists.

The influence of the USSR on the domestic and foreign policy of the Eastern European countries, despite all the efforts made by Stalin, was not unconditional. Not all leaders of communist parties here have become obedient puppets. The independence and certain ambition of the leader of the Yugoslav communists, I. Tito, his desire to create a Balkan federation with Yugoslavia in the lead, caused discontent and suspicions of I.V. Stalin. In 1948, the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis arose and soon escalated sharply , which led to the condemnation of the actions of the Yugoslav leaders by the Cominformburo. Despite this, the Yugoslav communists retained the unity of their ranks and followed I. Tito. Economic relations with the USSR and Eastern European countries were severed. Yugoslavia found itself in an economic blockade and was forced to turn to the capitalist countries for help. The peak of the Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation was the rupture of diplomatic relations between the two countries on October 25, 1949. The consequence of this rupture and the desire to achieve unity in the communist movement were the past in the countries of "people's democracy" under the control and with the active participation of the Soviet special services two waves of communist purges, accused of "titoism". During the period 1948–1949. were repressed in Poland - V. Gomulka, M. Spychalsky, Z. Klishko; in Hungary L. Raik and J. Kadar (the first was executed, the second was sentenced to life imprisonment), in Bulgaria T. Kostov was executed, in Albania - K. Dzodze and many others. In 1950–1951 practically in all Eastern European countries there were trials against "Yugoslav spies". One of the last in time was the trial in Prague in November 1952 against the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia R. Slansky and thirteen prominent Czechoslovak communists, the vast majority of whom were executed after the end of the trial. Demonstrative political trials, as in their time of the same kind of "events" that took place in the late 1930s. in the USSR, were supposed to frighten all those who were dissatisfied with the policy pursued by the Soviet Union in relation to the countries of "people's democracy" and consolidate the only path already paved by the USSR to so-called "socialism".

Despite the rather serious influence of the Communists in a number of Western European countries (in the first post-war years, their representatives were part of the governments of France, Italy, etc.), the authority of the Western European Communist Parties declined in Europe after the adoption "Marshall Plan" named after US Secretary of State J. Marshall - one of the "fathers" of the idea of ​​American economic assistance to the post-war reconstruction of Europe. The Soviet government not only itself refused to participate in this plan, but also influenced the corresponding decisions of the Eastern European countries, including Czechoslovakia and Poland, which initially managed to express their readiness to participate in it.

After that, 16 Western European countries became participants in the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe into two hostile camps completed the creation in April 1949 of the North Atlantic Pact (NATO), united by 1953 under the auspices of the United States 14 states of Europe. The creation of this military-political bloc was largely facilitated by the events associated with the blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet side in the summer of 1948. The United States organized an "air bridge" that supplied the city for about a year. Only in May 1949 was the Soviet blockade lifted. However, the actions of the West and the intransigence of the USSR ultimately led to the creation in 1949 of two countries on German soil: on May 23 the Federal Republic of Germany and on October 7 the German Democratic Republic.

Late 1940s - early 1950s were the culmination of the Cold War.

In August 1949, the USSR tested the first Soviet atomic bomb, the creation of which is associated with the name of the outstanding Soviet scientist I.V. Kurchatov. The most serious international problem for the USSR was the war of North Korea against the pro-American regime of South Korea (1950-1953) unleashed with the direct consent of Stalin. It cost the lives of several million Koreans, Chinese and other peoples who took part in this largest conflict since the Second World War. Soviet pilots fought in Korea.

Death of I.V. Stalin, which happened at the height of the Cold War, helped to reduce tension in international relations, although it did not remove the question of the further continuation of the struggle between the United States and its allies, on the one hand, and the USSR, the vanguard of the commonwealth of the so-called "socialist" states of Europe and Asia , on the other hand, for world domination.

This text is an introductory piece. From the book The Great Slandered War-2 author

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4 Repressions of 1946–1953 Despite the softness of the Soviet repressive policy (or perhaps because of it), formations of the “forest brothers” and the anti-Soviet underground continued to operate in Estonia after the war. In just two and a half years (from October 1944 to

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CHAPTER VII USSR in 1946-1953

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§ 17. Post-war structure of the world. International relations in 1945 - early 1970s Creation of the UN. An attempt to form a new world order. The Anti-Hitler coalition created during the war became the basis for the formation of a new international organization. More fighting in Europe

From the book History of Russia [Tutorial] author Team of authors

Chapter 12 The Soviet Union in the Postwar Period (1946–1953) After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the main task of the USSR was the restoration of the national economy. The situation was complicated by the fact that the severe drought of 1946 was added to the post-war devastation.

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Chapter 8 of the USSR in 1946–1953 In different periods, the post-war years were written in different ways. Until the mid 80s. they were glorified as a time of mass feat of the Soviet people, who managed to restore what was destroyed by the war in the shortest possible time. The achievements of science and technology were emphasized, including

7. Educational, methodological and information support of the discipline:

8. Logistics support of discipline:

9. Guidelines for organizing the study of the discipline:

Typical mistakes of authors of abstracts

II. Class calendar

III. Description of the point-rating system

4 Credits (144 points)

IV. Topics and assignments for seminars on the course "History".

Topic 8. Soviet people - traditional or modernized?

Topic 9. Spiritual development of society and the emergence of a "new man" in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries.

V. Questions for the milestone certification (1st year, 1st sem., beginning of November)

VI. Questions for the final certification (1st year, 2nd sem., beginning of June)

VII. Essay topics

2. The concept of "society". Basic laws of the development of society

1. According to the law of accelerating the development of society.

2. According to the law of unequal speed of social development of different peoples.

3. Socio-ecological crises in the history of mankind.

4. Main approaches to history: formational, cultural, civilizational

5. Place of Russia among other civilizations

Lecture No. 2 Eastern Slavs. The emergence and development of the ancient Russian state (VI - the middle of the XI century)

1. Eastern Slavs in antiquity. Features of the economic structure and political organization in the VI - the middle of the IX century.V.

2. Education, flourishing and the beginning of fragmentation

Lecture No. 3 Political fragmentation in Russia. The struggle for independence in the XIII century. And the beginning of the unification of the Russian lands

1. Causes and consequences of the fragmentation of Russia

2. The struggle for independence and its results.

Lecture No. 4 Formation of a centralized Russian state. Politics and reforms of Ivan IV the Terrible.

1. Education and political system of the Russian centralized state

2. Politics and reforms of Ivan the Terrible

The most important reforms:

Lecture No. 5 Time of Troubles in Russia and the reign of the first Romanovs

1. Causes, course and results of the Time of Troubles

2. The course and results of the Time of Troubles

2. Russia during the time of the first Romanovs

Lecture #6

2. Enlightened absolutism and the results of the reign of Catherine the Great.

Lecture No. 7 Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Great reforms of Alexander II and features of the modernization of the country.

2. The beginning of the industrial revolution in Russia

3.Great reforms of Alexander II and their significance.

4. Features of the modernization of post-reform Russia.

Lecture No. 8 Russia at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries.

Lecture No. 9 Stolypin's reforms and their results. Russia in World War I.

Lecture No. 10 Change of the ways of historical development of Russia in 1917 Formation of the Soviet system.

2. Dual power. Crisis of the Provisional Government.

3.Establishment of Soviet power. Constituent Assembly.

Lecture No. 11 The Civil War and the Politics of “War Communism”

Lecture No. 12 The Soviet Union in the 1920s and 30s of the 20th century

2. Education of the USSR.

3. Soviet model of modernization.

4. Completion of the folding of the totalitarian political system. The regime of "personal power" of Stalin.

5. International situation and foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s

Lecture No. 13 The Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945

Lecture No. 14 The post-war structure of the world, the cold war and its consequences.

Lecture No. 15 Restoration of the national economy in the USSR (1946-1952). Soviet society in 1953-1964.

Lecture No. 16 The Soviet state in the mid-1960s - early 1990s Features of the period of L.I. Brezhnev

Lecture No. 17 Perestroika and the collapse of the USSR. Education of the Russian Federation

Lecture No. 18 Modern Russia (1990s of the 20th century - early 21st century)

Russia in 2000 - 2012

Lecture No. 14 The post-war structure of the world, the cold war and its consequences.

Foreign and domestic policy of the USSR.

The end of the Second World War gave rise to a new situation on the planet. The first place in the foreign policy of European countries was taken by the issues of peaceful settlement, starting with the definition of borders and establishing relationships and ending with the solution of internal social and economic problems.

The main question of the post-war settlement was the question of the creation of international organizations.

In April 1945, a conference on the security of nations in the post-war period opened in San Francisco. The conference was attended by delegations from 50 countries headed by foreign ministers. It was characteristic that among the conference participants there were representatives of Ukraine and Belarus, on which the issue was resolved at the Crimean meeting of the heads of state of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. Since in Poland the government was created in the course of the struggle against Nazi Germany, and in London there was another government in exile, at the initiative of England and the United States, it was decided in relation to Poland that after the decision on the Polish government of this country, she would be given a place at the UN.

At the conference, the United Nations was created and, after heated discussions, the Charter was adopted, which was signed in a solemn atmosphere on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945. This day is considered the birthday of the United Nations. The Charter for the first time enshrined the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples as the basis of international relations. The Charter obliged UN members to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression, to resolve international disputes "by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law."

The main political body of the UN is the Security Council, which consists of permanent members. The USSR received a seat as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, along with the United States, Britain, France and China.

The main deliberative body of the UN is the General Assembly, in which representatives of all member countries of the organization participate. Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly for a two-year term.

Unlike the United States, which significantly strengthened its position, European countries from the camp of the winners emerged from the war with a weakened economy. Things were even more complicated in the USSR. On the one hand, the international prestige of the Soviet Union has increased unprecedentedly, and without its participation not a single major problem of international relations was now resolved. At the same time, the economic situation of the USSR was severely undermined. In September 1945, the amount of direct losses caused by the war was estimated at 679 billion rubles, which was 5.5 times the national income of the USSR in 1940.

The USSR became a recognized great power in the international arena: the number of countries that established diplomatic relations with it increased from 26 in the pre-war period to 52.

Foreign policy. The warming of international relations that emerged after the war turned out to be short-lived. In the first months after the defeat of Germany and the capitulation of Japan, the Soviet government did its best to create the image of the USSR as a peace-loving state, ready to seek compromises in solving complex world problems. It emphasized the need to ensure favorable international conditions for peaceful socialist construction in the USSR, the development of the world revolutionary process, and the preservation of peace on Earth.

But this did not last long. Internal processes, as well as cardinal changes in the international situation, led to the tightening of the political and doctrinal guidelines by the Soviet leadership, which determined the specific goals and actions of domestic diplomacy, the direction of ideological work with the population.

After the end of the war, people's democratic states were formed in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. 11states took the path of building socialism. The world system of socialism united 13 states and covered 15% of the territory and about 35% of the world's population (before the war - 17% and 9%, respectively).

Thus, in the struggle for influence in the world, the former allies in the war with Germany were divided into two opposing camps. An arms race and political confrontation began between the USSR and the USA, East and West, which became known as the Cold War.

In April 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the preparation of a war plan against the USSR. Churchill presented his conclusions in his memoirs: since the USSR has become a mortal threat to America and Europe, it is necessary to immediately create a front that goes as far as possible to the East, against its rapid advance. The main and true goal of the Anglo-American armies is Berlin with the liberation of Czechoslovakia and entry into Prague. Vienna and all of Austria must be ruled by the Western Powers. Relations with the USSR should be based on military superiority.

Cold War - a global geopolitical, economic and ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies, on the other, which lasted from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s. The confrontation was not a war in the literal sense - one of the main components was ideology. The deep contradiction between the capitalist and socialist models is the main cause of the Cold War. The two victorious superpowers in World War II tried to rebuild the world according to their ideological guidelines.

The speech of W. Churchill in Fulton (USA, Missouri), in which he put forward the idea of ​​creating a military alliance of the Anglo-Saxon countries in order to fight world communism, is often considered the formal beginning of the Cold War. W. Churchill's speech outlined a new reality, which the retired British leader, after assurances of deep respect and admiration for "the valiant Russian people and my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin", defined as the "Iron Curtain".

A week later, J.V. Stalin, in an interview with Pravda, put Churchill on a par with Hitler and stated that in his speech he called on the West to go to war with the USSR.

The Stalinist leadership sought to create an anti-American bloc in Europe and, if possible, in the world, in addition, the countries of Eastern Europe were perceived as a "cordon sanitaire" against American influence. In these interests, the Soviet government in every possible way supports the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, where "socialist revolutions" took place by 1949, the communist movement in Greece (an attempt to organize a communist coup here failed in 1947), tacitly gets involved in the Korean War (1951-1954 gg.) on the side of pro-communist North Korea.

In 1945, the USSR presented territorial claims to Turkey and demanded a change in the status of the Black Sea straits, including recognition of the USSR's right to establish a naval base in the Dardanelles. In 1946, at the London meeting of foreign ministers, the USSR demanded that it be granted the right to protectorate over Tripolitania (Libya) in order to secure a presence in the Mediterranean.

On March 12, 1947, US President Harry Truman announced his intention to provide Greece and Turkey with military and economic assistance in the amount of 400 million dollars. dollars. At the same time, he defined the content of the rivalry between the USA and the USSR as a conflict between democracy and totalitarianism.

In 1947, at the insistence of the USSR, the socialist countries refused to participate in the Marshall Plan, which involved the provision of economic assistance in exchange for the exclusion of the Communists from the government.

After the war, the USSR provided substantial economic assistance to all countries of the socialist bloc. So, in 1945, Romania received 300 tons of grain as a loan, Czechoslovakia - 600 thousand tons of sarn, Hungary - three loans, etc. By 1952, such assistance was already estimated at over $3 billion.

Created after the war by the decision of the Potsdam Conference, the Control Council for managing Germany as a "single economic entity" turned out to be ineffective. In response to the US decision to carry out a separate monetary reform in 1948 in the western zones of occupation and West Berlin in order to give the German economy a hard currency, the USSR imposed a blockade of Berlin (until May 1949). In 1949, the conflict between the USA and the USSR led to the split of Germany into the FRG and the GDR, where the problem of West Berlin remained unresolved.

The Soviet Union launched large-scale assistance to the people's democracies, creating for this purpose a special organization - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949).

1949-50s became the apogee of the Cold War - a military-political bloc of Western countries - NATO was created, as well as other blocs with the participation of the United States: ANZUS, SEATO, etc.

A few years later, the USSR united part of the countries of people's democracy into a military-political union - the Warsaw Pact Organization: ( 1955-1990 - Albania /until 1968/, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia). The USSR actively promoted the communist parties and movements in the Western states, the growth of the liberation movement in the "third world" and the creation of countries of "socialist orientation".

For its part, the US leadership sought to pursue a policy from a "position of strength", trying to use all its economic and military-political power to put pressure on the USSR. In 1946, US President G. Truman proclaimed the doctrine of "limitation of communist expansion", reinforced in 1947 by the doctrine of economic assistance "to free peoples."

The United States provided large-scale economic assistance to Western countries (“Marshall Plan”), created a military-political alliance of these states led by the United States (NATO, 1949), deployed a network of American military bases (Greece, Turkey) near the borders of the USSR, supported anti-socialist forces within the Soviet bloc.

In 1950-1953. During the Korean War, there was a direct clash between the USSR and the USA.

Thus, the formation of the camp of socialism, which economically, politically and culturally became more and more isolated from the capitalist countries, and the tough political course of the West led to the split of the world into two camps - socialist and capitalist.