Species: Clethrionomys (=Myodes) rutilus = Red-backed vole. Vole mouse. Lifestyle and habitat of the vole The main thing is food

"RED CAPELLA" The fight against Soviet espionage - The first radio hunt - Arrest in Brussels - The cipher solved - Mass arrests in Berlin - In search of "Kent" and "Gilbert" - Successful re-recruitment of enemy radio operators - Hydra continues to exist. Before leaving the book Soviet satirical press 1917-1963 author Stykalin Sergey Ilyich

RED OSA Satirical and humorous magazine. It was published in Kharkov from February to December 1924 by the All-Ukrainian Central Committee for Assistance to Sick and Demobilized Red Army Soldiers, War Invalids and Their Families under the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets. Printed on 8-16 pages, with colorful

red era

The Red Era Ekaterina Glushik May 8, 2014 3 Politics About the Soviet period in the history of Russia Strengthening Russia's position on the world stage cannot take place without a respectful attitude to the history of our country. It is no coincidence that the concept of textbooks is being revised right now.

RED EASTER - RED VICTORY

RED EASTER – RED VICTORY Alexander Prokhanov May 6, 2002 0 19(442) Date: 06-05-2002 RED EASTER – RED VICTORY "Sacred Spring", "Red Easter", "Fiery Victory". The Russian religion of eternal rebirth, mystical sacrifice, overcoming death, when a great people every time

Body length 8-12 cm, tail 4-6 cm.

The top is bright, reddish or reddish, the bottom is dark gray.

The tail is single-colored with a small tassel at the end. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, forest-tundras and forest-steppes. A common forest rodent in most of Siberia and the north of the Far East. Numerous in cedar and other coniferous forests, in places with dense windbreak. Often lives in taiga huts and other buildings. It feeds mainly on the seeds of coniferous trees. It also eats lichens, berries, mushrooms, grass, mosses, and insects. In some places it makes large stocks of berries, putting them in piles under stumps and logs.

Red-gray vole brown, ash gray underparts; the tail is dark above, light below. The border of rusty and gray colors is very sharp, and on the muzzle the red color forms a clear triangle. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, especially with windbreak, and shrub tundra, found on the Zhiguli Upland and the Kuril Islands. The most common forest rodent in Transbaikalia and the south of the Far East. Particularly numerous in the mountain taiga, but also common in river valleys and on rocky outcrops. It feeds mainly on greenery, lichens, bark and shrub shoots. It eats seeds less frequently than other forest voles.

Table 63. - red deer litter; - spotted deer droppings; - moose droppings; - arrowhead leaves eaten by a water rat; - house vole litter; - eat bank voles (291a - aspen trunks and branches eaten by bank voles in winter, 291b - buttercup leaves eaten by bank voles, 291c - porcini mushroom eaten by bank voles); 292 - red-backed vole litter; - litter of the Norwegian lemming. Encyclopedia of the nature of Russia. - M.: ABF. V.L. Dinets, E.V. Rothschild. 1998 . See what the "Red Vole" is in other dictionaries: Vole- ? Voles Wood vole Myodes glareolus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animals Phylum: Chordates ... Wikipedia Clethrionomys sikotanensis see also 11.10.8. Genus Forest voles Clethrionomys Shikotan vole Clethrionomys sikotanensis (Table 57) Body length 13 16 cm, tail 5 6.5 cm. Coloration brown-brown. The tail is one-color or slightly two-color ... Animals of Russia. Directory Clethrionomys glareolus see also 11.10.8. Genus Forest voles Clethrionomys Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (hemorrhagic fever. Table 57 Table 57. 291 bank voles (291a, 291b, 291c color options, 291d scheme ... ... Animals of Russia. Directory Subfamily Vole (Microtinae)- The subfamily includes small and medium-sized rodents that are similar in appearance to mice and rats, but usually have a short (less than two-thirds of the body length) tail, small ears and a rounded muzzle. Molar teeth with flat ... ... Biological Encyclopedia Kutsa- Coordinates: 66°42′47″ s. sh. 29°58′43″ E  / 66.713056° N sh. 29.978611° E etc. ... Wikipedia

Mice are rarely talked about in a respectful tone. Usually they are described as poor, shy, but very harmful rodents. mouse vole- that is no exception.

This small animal can significantly spoil the crop in the garden, and gnaw a hole in the floor at home. Judging by photo, voles outwardly resembles ordinary mice and. At the same time, the muzzle of the inhabitants of the fields is smaller, and the ears and tail are shorter.

Features and habitat of the vole

The animals themselves belong to a large family of rodents and a subfamily. There are more than 140 field species. Almost all have their own differences, but there are common features:

• small size (body length from 7 centimeters);
• short tail (from 2 centimeters);
• small weight (from 15 g);
• 16 teeth without roots (a new one will grow in place of the fallen tooth).

At the same time, roots were found in fossil rodents, but in the process of evolution, field animals lost them. A typical representative is common vole. This is a small rodent (up to 14 centimeters) with a brownish back and a gray belly. Lives near marshes, near rivers and in meadows. In winter, it prefers to move into people's houses.

Some species of field mice live underground (for example, mole voles). On the contrary, they lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle. In this case, terrestrial representatives are most often found. For example, among forest rodents, the most popular are:

• red-backed vole;
• red-gray field mouse;
• bank vole.

All three species are distinguished by mobility, they can climb bushes and small trees. In the tundra, you can “get acquainted” with pied and, which also belong to this subfamily.

About 20 species of field rodents live in Russia. All of them are small. Residents of Mongolia, East China, Korea and the Far East were less fortunate. Their economy is harmed big vole.

Pictured is a large vole

Pictured is a red vole mouse

Rodents prepare in advance for the cold. Field mice do not hibernate and are active all year round. voles in winter feed on supplies from their pantries. It can be seeds, grains, nuts. Most often, the animals do not have enough of their own blanks, which is why they run to people's houses.

However, they do not always enter the house by accident. Sometimes rodents are kept as decorative pets. animal vole can live in a small cage with a metal grate filled with sawdust.

There are usually 2-3 females per male. In winter, it is recommended to transfer to larger cages and leave them in unheated rooms.

Pictured is a red-backed vole

Also, these rodents are used for scientific purposes. Biological and medical experiments are most often carried out on red and steppe vole. If mice are wound up in the apartment “illegally”, you should contact the sanitary and epidemiological station. Voles breed very actively and can significantly damage property.

Nutrition

The owners of such an unusual pet as vole mouse you should know that your pet needs a balanced diet. The daily diet should include:

• vegetables;
• corn;
• cottage cheese;
• meat;
• eggs;
• fresh raw water.

For those who only dream buy vole, it should be understood that these are very voracious rodents, they are able to eat food more than their weight per day.

Many people believe that field mice are omnivores in nature. However, this is not quite true. "Menu" directly depends on the habitat. For example, steppe animals feed on grasses and plant roots. In the meadow, rodents choose juicy stems and all kinds of berries. forest voles feast on young shoots and buds, mushrooms, berries and nuts.

Almost all types of mice will not refuse small insects and larvae. water vole, for unknown reasons, likes potatoes and root vegetables. In general, vegetables and fruits from gardens are the favorite food of almost all field mice.

Rodents in large numbers can cause irreparable damage to the economy. In apartments and houses, mice eat everything they can steal: bread, straw, cheese, sausage, vegetables.

Pictured is a water vole

Reproduction and lifespan

It cannot be said that these are exclusively harmful creatures. In nature, they are an important link in the food chain. Without mice, many predators would starve, including martens and.

However, it is better not to let wild voles near the houses. These are very prolific rodents. In the natural environment, a female can bring from 1 to 7 litters in one year. And each will have 4-6 little mice. In greenhouse conditions, the animals breed even more actively.

The pregnancy itself lasts no more than a month. Mice become independent after 1-3 weeks. Captive gray voles become sexually mature at the age of 2-3 months. Pets - a little earlier.

Pictured is a gray vole

The age of these rodents is short, and rarely the mouse survives to the age of two. However, during this short period, vole can give birth to about 100 cubs. That is, a flock of one mouse can completely destroy stocks of root crops for the winter and other products.

Despite the fact that field mice are so prolific, some species are listed in the "Red". Vinogradov's Lemmings are in critical condition, and the Alai Slepushonka is endangered. There are also vulnerable species and voles that are in a state close to threatened.

The red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus, is widespread on the Eurasian continent - from Scandinavia to the Far East, as well as in the northwest of North America. Many studies have been devoted to the ecology and behavior of this species. The beginning of the reproductive season in red-backed vole populations is attributed to mid-April. Judging by the average number of embryos in pregnant females (from 5.1 to 9.2 in different regions), the number of pups in broods (from 2 to 13), and the short interval between the appearance of successive broods (20–25 days), this species is characterized by a high reproductive potential.

A very detailed study was carried out by T.V. Koshkina with co-authors who studied the natural settlements of the red-backed vole in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Salair Range in 1963-70. using a recapture technique on 2 ha tagging sites during the summer months (June to August). This study showed that in red-backed vole populations, the most sedentary part of the population includes breeding females, especially those that have overwintered. Adult males are characterized by higher mobility, and growing young animals can be attributed to the least sedentary category. An experiment carried out in 1970 with the complete removal of the settled population i ia from one of the tagging sites showed that already after ten days the vacated space is populated by young animals at the age of about one month. Overwintered individuals were completely absent among the "invaders". Consequently, the movements of young animals contribute to the leveling of the population density in red-backed vole populations.

The habitats of most overwintered individuals were located in the same places throughout the summer period of the study. The areas of breeding females were distinguished by the greatest constancy in their location, and their area sometimes increased in the second half of the summer. The areas of some females shifted slightly.

The size and degree of overlapping of habitats to a certain extent depend on the sex and age of the animals, as well as on the population density and food supply of biotopes. With a high abundance and better food supply, adult individuals occupied smaller areas of habitat. In overwintered females, the habitat area ranged from 400 to 5600 m2 (on average, 1320 m2). Breeding females occupied the most isolated areas of minimum size (their overlap coefficients varied from 0.04 to 0.31). Overwintered males occupied habitat areas ranging from 400 to 8800 m2 (3625 m2 on average); 2.5-3 times more than in females. The coefficients of mutual overlapping of the areas of males were also higher - 0.24-0.73. According to other authors, the area of ​​habitats in adult females can reach 3700 m2, and in adult males - 6.8 ha. At a low population density, the share of overlapping of the habitats of males did not exceed 18%, and the territories of females were completely isolated.

The habitats of breeding females of the year usually overlap and overlap with the areas of overwintered females (their mothers). Each mature female maintains a completely separate part of the site during the breeding season, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich, as a rule, significantly exceeds the size of the shared space of neighboring habitats. Only in the years of population growth or in the least suitable biotopes did the share of isolated territory in breeding females decrease to 30%, and the number of females with mutually overlapping habitats reached 5.

Overwintered males, unlike females, are characterized not by the monopolization of habitats, but by the group use of living space. Even under the most favorable conditions and with a low abundance, the overwintered males were distributed on the marking site not singly, but in aggregations. In the summer of 1966, one such aggregation at the tagging site consisted of six overwintered males and four mature males of the year with significantly overlapping habitats. During the population depression in 1968, two groups of overwintered males with overlapping habitats inhabited one of the 4-hectare marking sites, while males from different groups did not contact each other.

Juvenile habitats overlap to a large extent and simultaneously overlap with adult habitats. With such a spatial distribution, the presence of adult breeding females leads to a delay in the puberty of females of the year. In individuals of the opposite sex, no such effect was found. When the population size is low, the habitat areas of males forming aggregations may partially overlap with the areas of several females. Females living away from male aggregations make short trips outside their habitats (maximum distance 235 m) towards male aggregations. Males, in turn, also visit females living aside. During peak years, the situation changes. The sizes of habitats for both males and females are reduced, the degree of their overlap increases, and individual aggregations of adult males merge. Young animals are forced out of those places where there is a concentration of overwintered individuals.

Males use space extremely unevenly and visit different loci within their large habitats during different periods of activity. This allows them to avoid frequent contact with each other, especially at low population densities. However, in years of high abundance, the frequency of contacts between males increases significantly.

Observations and experiments carried out on the above marking sites indicate that a dominance hierarchy is formed in male aggregations. To study social interactions between individuals of this sex, a plexiglass cage with two chambers was installed on one of the marking sites, where the animals caught on the same site were placed for a short time. Differences in the behavior of males in this experiment made it possible to conditionally divide them into three categories - dominants, subdominants, and subordinates. Dominant males were distinguished by the greatest activity and high aggressiveness. Subdominant males avoided contacts with dominants and assumed a submissive posture when they approached. Experiments showed that overwintered males occupied a dominant position, while young mature males were subordinate. The most fierce fights took place between three males belonging to the category of dominants. Their habitats were located in opposite corners of the marking area, and frequent contacts between them were unlikely. The overwintered males showed an active interest in the caged females and did not show any aggression. Pregnant and lactating females were at enmity with each other. On the contrary, females that did not breed during the period of the experiments or were in the early stages of pregnancy treated each other peacefully. Aggressive contacts during the introduction of immature individuals were not registered.

The observations and experiments carried out allowed the authors to conclude that mutual aggressiveness in breeding females contributes to their spatial segregation. The dominance hierarchy among males regulates the use of space not only within one aggregation, but also within the entire micropopulation as a whole. Competitive relations in the form of dominance hierarchies do not manifest themselves in conditions of low population density, however, in years of population growth, competition intensifies, and dominance-subordination relations become more tense. The territorial behavior of females and the hierarchy of dominance among males are behavioral mechanisms that provide adaptive changes in the rodent community depending on environmental conditions and population density.

Observations of 13 artificial groupings of red-backed voles (2 females and 4 males each) in 36 m2 enclosures with several wooden nesting houses made it possible to supplement the previously obtained information about the dominance hierarchy among males.

An analysis of the dynamics of the frequency of aggressive contacts in artificial groups revealed two options for the formation of social relations.

In option I (in 6 groups), the number of aggressive interactions increased up to 8-11 days from the moment the group was formed and then stabilized at a level that was 2 times higher than the initial one (on the 1st day). In variant II (also in 6 groups), the number of aggressive contacts during the entire observation period was small. The groupings with different variants of the formation of social relations also differed in the phase of their stabilization in terms of the absolute and relative number of different types of contacts: in variant I, the frequency of interactions averaged 4.4 per 1 hour of observations, and in variant II, only 1.6.

In option I, aggressive interactions prevailed (70-80% of the total number of contacts). On the contrary, under variant II, the number of aggressive conflicts was significantly less, especially in the dyads of females and individuals of different sexes. The revealed differences were reflected in the dominance hierarchy among males. In the groupings where the formation of relations proceeded in accordance with variant I, a hierarchical structure without subdominant males or with one or two subordinates could be formed with equal probability. None of these groups had two subdominants, as in variant II: Observations have shown that males in aviary groups form a dominance hierarchy based on aggressive interactions. The hierarchical structure has a certain plasticity, expressed in the presence or absence of two subdominant males. Unfortunately, the authors do not explain the biological meaning of these differences.

The formation of two variants of groupings differing in the level of aggressive interactions may be associated with seasonal changes in the behavior of the red-backed vole. Groups with a high level of aggression (variant I) were observed in April-July, i.e. during the period of active reproduction of individuals in populations of this species. All groups with a low level of aggression (option II) were formed in early spring (March-April) or in late summer - early autumn (August-September). Nevertheless, in all groups, the animals were reproductively active, the females successfully bred and brought offspring even at the end of September. Thus, differences in the formation of social relations are not related to the influence of seasonal conditions.

Judging by the observations in the enclosures, male red-backed voles do not take part in the upbringing of offspring, since they avoid entering the nesting houses, where there are nursing females with cubs.

In winter, aggregations of individuals of different sexes are formed in populations of red-backed voles. The aggregation trend starts at the end of November and peaks in February. In winter, the overwhelming majority of cases (76.5%) were recorded when two individuals fell into the trap at the same time. Among them, pairs of females accounted for 38.5%, pairs of males - 15.4%, in other cases - animals of different sexes. The trend of aggregation coincides with a decrease in aggressiveness in the interactions of individuals of the same sex. In winter, the population consists of a small number of adult non-breeding individuals and young animals, belonging mainly to the latest generation that appeared during the past breeding season. These young individuals reach sexual maturity only with the onset of spring. The reasons for the formation of wintering aggregations of red-backed voles are not completely clear, although it has been suggested that, by grouping, the animals compensate for additional energy losses in the winter season.

Red-backed vole - Clethrionomys rutilus Pall.

Distinctive features of this vole are a bright reddish-red color of the back and a relatively short, one-color, densely pubescent tail. The sides are yellow-brown-gray, the belly is whitish with a light gray tint. Winter outfit is brighter and more contrasting. Juveniles are painted in lighter grayish tones. Weight 25-30 g. Body length 9-11 cm, tail - no more than 4 cm (usually 3-3.5 cm). There are 4 enamel grooves on the inside of the posterior molar.
This Siberian vole is distributed throughout Karelia, but inhabits the territory of the republic unevenly. It is more or less common only in the northern regions, and in the south it is quite rare (no more than 1-2% of the total number of rodents caught). An interesting exception is the years of low abundance of its main competitor, the bank vole. Under these conditions, the red-backed vole can also multiply strongly in southern Karelia, as was the case, for example, in 1969 in the Ladoga region. The average indicator of its abundance for all the years of observations is 0.06 specimens per 100 trap-days (share in the total capture of small mammals is 1.5 °/o) and 0.03 - per 10 trench-days (0.2 °/o). The reasons for the low abundance of the red-backed vole in the northwest of the range are not entirely clear, but most likely they are associated with the history of the distribution of this Siberian species and its relationship with the dominant native, the bank vole. Under the conditions of Karelia, the red-backed vole settles exclusively in forest biotopes, preferring spruce and mixed pine-spruce forests, where it chooses the most cluttered areas with a rich shrub or forb cover. In autumn, during the period of young growth, it is somewhat more widespread and is also found in deciduous undergrowth with an admixture of conifers. However, even at this time it avoids open habitats. In winter, it is often found in human buildings, in household plots, in haystacks, stacks and stacks.
By the nature of the shelters, the red-backed vole is a typical "underground", but not a "burrow". She arranges her dwelling in natural shelters, usually well protected from the outside, especially often in the voids between the roots of fir trees. Here, in the root cavity, she places the main stocks of mosses and cones, a "latrine", winter "feeding tables" and a nesting chamber. To build all this, the animal does not need to dig the ground. It simply pushes through the moss layer and gets into the interweaving of the roots, where, slightly compacting the loose litter, it makes moves. Sometimes shelters of the red-backed vole are located not under the roots, but under the moss layer or under the moss-covered deadwood. In addition to the main hole, the red-backed vole has non-permanent "villages". They are distinguished by the absence of a nesting chamber and permanent supplies; only “feeding tables” are usually located here.