The term art is ambiguous most often it is used. Art and the specificity of the aesthetic relationship of man to the world. Themes covered in art
The concept of "art" is known to everyone. It surrounds us throughout our lives. Art plays a big role in the development of mankind. It appeared long before the creation of writing. From our article you can learn about the role and tasks.
What is art? general information
The concept of "art" is quite multifaceted. Usually, it means a branch of human activity that can satisfy one spiritual need, namely the love of beauty. Art is a special form of social consciousness. It is the artistic reflection of human life. Thanks to him, you can find out how people lived in that other time period.
The very first author who revealed the concept of "art" was Charles Batyo. He created a whole treatise in which he classified this branch of human activity. His book The Fine Arts Reduced to One Principle was published in 1746. Charles Batyo believes that they can be identified according to several criteria. The author is sure that art brings pleasure, and also it has a spiritual, not bodily character.
The concept of "art" includes painting, music, poetry, architecture and much more that we encounter on a daily basis. Any kind of artistic activity has certain positive qualities. Each area of art has a special way of reproducing reality and artistic tasks. All types of artistic activity are divided into genera and genres.
Usually art is divided into three groups:
- tonic (music and poetry);
- figurative (architecture, painting and sculpture);
- mixed (choreography, acting, oratory and others).
There are various types of art:
- spatial, in which, thanks to the construction, a visible image is revealed (sculpture, architecture);
- temporary, in which the composition unfolding in real time (poetry, music) acquires significance;
- spatio-temporal - spectacular art (circus performance, cinema, choreography).
Graphic arts
Graphic art is a type that includes drawing and printed graphics of images (engraving, minotopia, etc.). Her expressive means are contour, stroke, background and spot. It is known that this is the most popular type of fine art. In terms of content and form, graphics have much in common with painting.
Engraving is a type of graphics in which the drawing is a printed impression. It is applied with a special engraver. Engraving can be depicted on metal, wood and linoleum.
Another popular type of graphics is a special type of flat printing, in which the surface of a stone serves as a printing plate. This species was invented in 1798. The image is applied to the stone using a special ink or pencil.
The art of graphics is the most ancient of all existing. The first images exist from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Our ancestors carved a pattern on the walls of caves and rocks. After some time, images were applied to weapons and household items. After the appearance of writing, graphics were used in the design of letters, books and letters.
Methods for copying drawings were unknown for many years. That is why all images were created in a single copy. It is no secret that today such graphic drawings are in demand among collectors.
In the middle of the 20th century, specialists began to develop the technique of black and white graphics. More than 20 variants of graphic texture were created. Training manuals have been published. Today, graphics occupies a leading place in art.
Bento
Bento is an unusual art for children and adults. It is no secret that many parents do not know how to teach their child to eat healthy. Today, on the shelves of stores there is a large selection of harmful and even dangerous food. A new art form, bento, can come to the rescue. It appeared in China. The Chinese call this term the food that they pack in special boxes and take with them to study or work. Bento is a work of art that can be eaten. Talented housewives and cooks create figurines and small paintings from food. The main difference between such food is the balance and the presence of a large amount of vitamins. The Chinese create an edible work of art only from wholesome food.
Bento is an art for children and adults, thanks to which the child will enjoy eating healthy foods. It is not yet so popular with us, but several masters who have mastered this technique are already known.
The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child?
Art plays an important role in the life of a child and the development of his personality. Today, absolutely every person should have at least basic knowledge about a particular field of activity. Society is developing rapidly, and therefore each person must be multifaceted. Many modern parents try to instill in their child a love of art as early as possible. For this, a considerable number of upbringing methods have been developed that can be used from the first months of a child's life.
The child receives the concept of art forms at school. Usually parents, teachers and educators pay a lot of attention to writing, reading, counting and other subjects for which the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible. To develop the right one, you will need to study music, dance and other arts. It is important to develop both hemispheres of the brain in order to become a fully formed personality in the future.
Thanks to the development of art in a child:
- personality is formed;
- the level of intellectual potential increases;
- moral guidelines are formed;
- the ability of creative thinking develops;
- self-confidence and self-esteem increase;
- develops memory and attention;
- horizons are expanding.
In order to introduce a child to art, it is important first of all to organize a zone in which all the materials necessary for creative activity will be stored. You will need to have several art books at home. From early childhood, the child needs to read them. It is important to discuss everything learned. To get acquainted with art, you will need to visit museums, galleries, theaters and exhibitions with your child at least once a month. In no case should you throw away drawings, applications and crafts created by the hands of children. Thanks to them, you can see the creative growth of the child. It is also important to enroll him in a thematic circle as soon as possible, classes in which he will like.
Some works of contemporary art cause bewilderment on the part of not only children, but also adults. It is not uncommon for a particular child to not understand the architecture that was designed by the modernists. It is important to explain to the student that any work of art is an important stage in the development of mankind.
Many questions in children cause abstract paintings. There are a number of special editions that parents can use to show their child how difficult it is to create such a work of art. One of them is Kandinsky himself.
Often children are interested in whether it is possible to compare modern and primitive art. You can find out this and much more in our article.
Art. The history of its development in Russia
There are many different kinds of arts. Each of them has its own characteristics and advantages. Almost everyone knows what fine art is. Children are introduced to it at an early age.
This is a kind of artistic activity, thanks to which the master can, with the help of special tools, reproduce the world around him. Its history in Russia is divided into two periods, the boundary of which was marked by the Petrine reforms. B was closely associated with icon veneration. Icons had their own artistic style. The purpose of such works of art is to show prayerful composure and tranquility in communion with God. This explains the presence in the icons of the presence of some artistic means. Over time, the masters mastered the opening of schools of icon painting. The most famous work is considered to be "Trinity" by A. Rublev. Icons of the 15th-16th centuries are distinguished by the harmony of colors.
In the 17th century, the icons of "Fryazhsky writing" were popular. They are characterized by elements of Western European painting, namely oil paints, a semblance of light and shade modeling, accurate depictions of people and nature. Interest in the icon as a work of art arises only in the 19th century.
Old Russian sculpture existed in the form of stone and wood carvings. Most often, the masters depicted images of saints. Particular attention was paid to the face. In the 18th and 19th centuries, sculptors and painters from other countries were in demand. After some time, domestic masters became popular.
In the 18th century, it becomes most popular. It is characterized by the severity of the drawing, the conventionality of color and the use of scenes from the Bible and mythology. Thus, national art was gradually born.
In 1860-1880, the first galleries were opened, and domestic masters became famous all over the world. Gradually, new trends emerge. Each of them has taken an important place in the formation of cultural heritage. In the 18th and 19th centuries, mankind not only knew what fine art was, but also actively used it.
Themes covered in art
Surprisingly, all the themes and problems that the masters reveal in their works of art have been relevant for many centuries. The ancient Romans argued that art, unlike human life, is eternal. This is no coincidence. Themes in art illuminate social problems that are often encountered today. That is why they are of great value to mankind. Masters often reveal the theme of love, nature and friendship in their works.
Over time, trends in art change and new masters appear, but the themes and images remain unchanged. That is why any work remains relevant for many years.
Art and its role
The role of art in the life of society is invaluable. It is based on an artistic and figurative reflection of reality. Art forms the spiritual appearance of people, their feelings, thoughts and worldview. Figurative recreation of reality creates our personality. Art helps to develop and improve oneself. And also to know the world around you and yourself.
Art is a cultural heritage. Thanks to works of art, you can find out how people lived at one time or another. Recently, various art techniques have become especially popular. Through art, you can learn to control yourself. By creating an art object, you can forget about problems and get rid of depression.
Art and its tasks
Maxim Gorky believed that the tasks of art are the moral and aesthetic evaluation of all essential phenomena. The writer said that thanks to this, one can learn to understand oneself, fight vulgarity, be able to understand people and find something good in them. Today, three functions of artistic activity are known. The tasks of art are research, journalism and education. Masters believe that the function of artistic activity is to bring beauty into the souls and hearts of people. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol argued that the task of art is to depict reality.
Modern and primitive art
Many are interested, At first glance, this is impossible. However, it is not. If we perceive art as a way of self-expression of the individual, then both modern and primitive are on the same plane. Comparing them, you can understand how the perception of a person has changed.
Human thinking has become more abstract. This indicates the active development of the intellect. Over time, a person has changed priorities and today perceives life differently than primitive ancestors. Previously, the masters were interested in the appearance of the object and its form, but now the main role in the works is occupied by emotions. This difference has existed since the end of the 19th century.
Summing up
It is important to develop not only the left but also the right hemisphere of the brain from an early age. To do this, you need to do art. It is especially important to pay due attention to the creative development of the child. We strongly recommend doing this from the first years of his life. Not everyone understands the role, tasks and types of art. Briefly described information in our article allows you to get basic knowledge about various artistic fields of activity.
Part 1 tasks test the following skills:
- to characterize social objects on the basis of simulated social situations,
- search for social information
Tasks 2 parts - require analysis of the information presented, explanation of the relationship of social objects, processes, formulation and argumentation of independent value judgments, explanations, conclusions.
- When performing tasks of this model, the ability to apply humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive tasks on topical social problems is checked.
The main questions addressed in the assignments:
1. Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution.
2. The concept of truth, its criteria.
3. Systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems.
4. The main institutions of society.
5. Art as a form of spiritual production
6. The role of science in modern society.
7. Religion and its role in modern society.
Task specifics:
The work is based on the USE test and measurement materials and includes tasks that test the basic skills that high school graduates should have. Knowledge is tested in a separate block "Man and Society".
Tested Skills and Abilities | tasks | Grading system |
Determine the essential features of key social science concepts | Exercise 1 | 1b. |
Understand the basic concepts of the course, their essential features; | Task 2 | 1b. |
understand the basic concepts of the course, their essential features; | Task 3 | 1b. |
the ability to characterize from scientific positions the main social objects (facts, phenomena, processes, institutions), their place and significance in the life of society as an integral system; | Task 4 | 2b. |
compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences, | Task 5. | 2b. |
to be able to reveal the studied theoretical positions and concepts of socio-economic and humanitarian sciences with examples. | Task 6 | 2b. |
understand the basic concepts of the course, their essential features; | Task 7 | 2b. |
be able to explain the internal and external relationships (causal and functional) of the studied social objects; | Task 8 | 2b. |
determine the essential features of key social science concepts; | Task 9 | 2b. |
the ability to apply humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive problems on topical social problems. | Task 10 | 3b. |
to be able to reveal the studied theoretical positions and concepts of socio-economic and humanitarian sciences with examples. | Task 11 | 3b. |
Total points | 1-11 |
Mark on a 5-point scale
answers
Part 1 tasks
total |
||||||||||
1 option | the science | 11212 | 5146 | |||||||
Option 2 | art | 21211 | 3716 |
Tasks 2 parts
1 option | Option 2 |
Task 10. | Task 10. |
The following elements can be named in the correct answer: 1) type of culture - elite culture; 2) signs, for example: - originality of form and (or) content; - the use of deliberately subjective, individually creative interpretation of the ordinary and familiar; – lack of a pronounced commercial character. (Other features may be named.) 1. The type of culture is correctly named, three signs are indicated, not mentioned in the condition of the task - 3b. 2. The type of culture is correctly named, two signs are indicated, not mentioned in the condition of the problem - 2b 3. The type of culture is correctly named, one sign is indicated, not mentioned in the problem statement 1b 4. Only the type of culture is correctly named. OR Crop type not named (incorrectly named) regardless of presence of other response elements. OR Reasoning of a general nature is given, not corresponding to the requirements of the task. OR Answer is wrong- 0b Maximum score 3 | 1) type - informational (post-industrial society); 2) three features, let's say: – information (knowledge) becomes the leading factor production; - science-intensive production and means are developing communications; - the proportion of the "middle class" is growing; – the necessary conditions for continuous education have been created. (Other traits may be named.) The type is correctly indicated, three features are named - 3b The type is correctly indicated, two traits are named - 2b The type is correctly specified, one trait is named OR Only the type is correct - 1b Type not specified / incorrectly specified regardless of the presence of others response elements. OR Reasoning of a general nature is given that does not correspond to task requirement. OR Answer is wrong - 0b Maximum score 3 |
Task 11. | Task 11. |
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: this is a way of interacting with the surrounding world, inherent only to a person, in the process of which he consciously changes the world and himself, creating something that was not in nature; (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning may be given.) 2) one sentence with information about activities based on knowledge of the course, for example: The main activities are gaming, labor, educational. (Another proposal may be drafted containing information on the structure of the activity.) 3) one sentence, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, the essence of any type of activity. For example, a feature of gaming activity is actions in an imaginary environment. (Another proposal may be made, revealing, based on knowledge of the course, any of the elements of the activity structure.) Maximum score 3 | The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a system of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine a person's attitude to society and nature, to himself; (Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning may be given.) 2) one sentence with information about the types (types) of worldview, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: There are ordinary (everyday), religious, scientific worldview. (Another sentence may be made containing information about two or more types (kinds) of worldview.) 3) one sentence, which, based on the knowledge of the course, reveals the essence of one of these types, for example: The religious worldview of a person is based on the belief in the existence of supernatural forces and the possibility of communicating with them. (Another sentence can be drawn up, revealing, based on the knowledge of the course, the essence of one of these types). Maximum score 3 |
Final diagnostic work on the topic "Man and Society" Grade 10
1 option
Exercise 1. Insert missing term
Task 2.
figure under which it is listed.
- a game ; 2) communication; 3) activity; 4) labor; 5) knowledge.
Task 3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are forms of knowledge.
1) feeling; 2) perception; 3) presentation; 4) judgment; 5) observation; 6) experiment.
Find two terms that "drop out" of the general series, and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Task 4. Choose the correct judgments about the types of knowledge and write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) Scientific knowledge is characterized by a high degree of generalization and abstraction.
2) Artistic knowledge reveals the laws of the world order, is based on evidence-based information.
3) Non-scientific knowledge is characterized by a deep understanding of the facts and penetration into the nature of the object under study.
4) Ordinary (practical) knowledge is formed on the basis of life experience.
5) Non-scientific types of knowledge include religious, worldly and artistic.
Tasks 5. Establish a correspondence between the methods and the levels of scientific knowledge that these methods illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE LEVELS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
A) experiment 1) empirical level
B) description 2) theoretical level
C) hypotheses
D) observation
D) formulation of laws
Task 6.
In country Z, information technology is the most important factor of production. What other signs indicate that country Z is developing as a post-industrial society? write down figures, under
by which they are indicated.
1) Social relations are regulated by legal and moral norms.
2) The majority of the population is employed in the service sector.
3) There is a widespread introduction of computer technology in various areas of life.
4) Science-intensive, resource-saving technologies receive the greatest development.
5) Extensive farming methods prevail.
Task 7.
Country Z is undergoing education reform. What facts indicate that the reform is aimed at the humanization of education? write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) increase in the number of subjects
2) reducing the time of studying natural sciences
3) focus on the interests and inclinations of the student
4) application of health-saving technologies
5) paying special attention to moral education
6) computerization of the educational process
Task 8.
Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“Many researchers believed that in society there should be as rigid as in nature, independent of the will of people, cause-and-effect ________ (A). It was assumed that their identification is the main task of scientific social science, since this will make it possible to predict the further development of ________ (B). But this approach simplified the multidimensional picture of ________(C) life, leaving aside the conscious-volitional component of ________(D) people. In the XX century. began to form an idea of the laws-trends, reflecting some of the objective processes of social life.
List of terms:
1) society
2) specifics
3) natural
4) social
5) communication
6) activities
7) law
Task 9.
Larissa is 17 years old. Find in the list below her traits (qualities) that have a social character. write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) Larisa's height is below average.
2) Larisa is an honest person.
3) Larisa has blond hair and green eyes.
4) Larisa is kind and sympathetic.
5) Larisa is an outwardly attractive girl.
Task 10.
A well-known theater director staged a performance based on a play by a classic of Russian literature. The main roles were played by popular artists. Special effects were used to enhance the dramatic nature of some scenes. However, only critics and spectators who are familiar with the trends of modern theatrical art could understand and appreciate the performance. To what type of culture can this theatrical production be attributed? Indicate any three features of this type of culture that are not mentioned in the problem statement.
Task 11.
Final diagnostic work on the topic "Man and Society" Grade 10
Option 2
Task 1. Fill in the missing term
Task 2. Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts in the series below, and write down figure under which it is listed.
1) social progress; 2) community development; 3) regression of society; 4) reform; 5) revolution.
Task 3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are the social qualities of a person.
1) Decency; 2) cleverness; 3) law-abiding; 4) diligence; 5) erudition; 6) growth.
Find two terms related to the biological qualities of a person, and write down the numbers,
under which they are listed.
Task 4. Choose the correct judgments about various forms of spiritual culture and write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) Islam, Judaism and Christianity are the national religions.
2) Science is characterized by consistency and striving for maximum objectivity.
3) Mass and elite forms of culture are subject to mutual influence.
4) Education ensures the transfer from generation to generation of the spiritual wealth accumulated by people.
5) Works of mass culture make high demands on the general cultural level of the consumer.
Task 5.
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of culture: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Task 6.
In country Z, the proportion of the urban population is constantly growing. What other signs indicate that country Z is developing as an industrial society? write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) Entrepreneurship, diligence, education and willingness to innovate are recognized as the most important values.
2) There is a formation of a class social structure.
3) Religion plays a significant role in public life.
4) The labor mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social movements are practically unlimited.
5) Production has become intensive.
Task 7.
11th grade student Kira is preparing for exams. Find the methods in the list below that will allow Kira to successfully pass the exams, and write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) getting a high score
2) reading textbooks, reference literature
3) problem solving
4) conducting an exam
5) teacher consultations
Task 8.
Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing.
Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
The term "art" has many meanings. Most often it is used in two meanings: 1) skill, __________ (A), dexterity, skill, based on knowledge of the matter; 2) a specific kind of spiritual-practical __________ (B) and aesthetic attitude to reality. It is in the second meaning that art enters the content of the spiritual culture of __________ (B). Art reflects the world in __________(D), in which reality is intertwined with fiction.
List of terms:
1) society
2) need
3) skill
4) practical sense
5) material culture
6) artistic image
7) development
Task 9. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and write down the numbersunder which they are listed.
1) isolation from nature
2) constant change
3) lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions
4) the ability for self-organization and self-development
5) isolation from the material world
6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements
Task 10.
Country Z is dominated by the desire to harmonize the relationship between society and nature. In the economy, the service sector comes to the fore, there is an individualization of production and consumption. What type of society is developing in country Z? Name any three features corresponding to this type of society that are not indicated in the problem statement.
Task 11.
Rational level moral consciousness includes a set of moral norms, principles, ideals, as well as moral values and assessments.
Moral standards - the simplest type of moral requirement, acting as a prescription or prohibition of any form of behavior and expressing the imperative (imperative) nature of morality. It is moral norms that are the main regulators of people's behavior, the benchmarks by which their actions are verified. The conformity or non-compliance of an act with a moral norm allows us to draw a conclusion about the right or wrong behavior. Such norms include the well-known biblical commandments: do not kill, do not steal, etc.
There are a lot of moral norms that regulate human behavior. It is difficult for a person to assimilate them if he does not rely on the principles of morality. Moral principle - this is a generalized expression of moral requirements, covering all human behavior in a certain area of moral relations. Among the basic principles of morality, the so-called "golden rule of morality" stands out: always act as you would like to be acted towards you. It is impossible to imagine morality without such principles as humanism and justice.
A special place in morality is occupied by values and assessments. In the most general sense moral value - this is the moral meaning of a particular phenomenon (act, relationship, requirement), and the definition of value is called evaluation. Norms and principles of morality show how to act, values orient on how best to act, and the assessment defines the moral value of the act.
Among the values of morality, good and good, duty and conscience, honor and dignity, happiness and the meaning of life stand out. Both the requirements for behavior and the behavior itself can act as moral values. Morally valuable is both the category of duty and adherence to duty, for example, in the performance of official duties.
Among all moral values, a person chooses for himself the most significant ones, on which he focuses, to achieve which he strives. The desire to achieve certain moral values is called value orientation.
The most common element of moral consciousness is moral ideal. It can be defined as a synthesis of moral norms, principles and assessments, as common in a given society ideas about a morally perfect person and his behavior. The moral ideal, in contrast to norms and principles, is a largely hypothetical phenomenon, aimed at the future.
Functions of morality
The role of morality in public life is revealed through its functions. Among the functions of morality, they usually distinguish regulatory, evaluative-orienting, cognitive, educational, etc.
1. Regulatory function reveals the main content and purpose of morality. Although there are other social regulators in society (politics, law, administrative regulations), moral regulation cannot be replaced by any of them. On the contrary, it is morality that permeates all the regulative activities carried out in society.
2. Estimated-orienting function directs people's behavior to establish relationships based on the principles of goodness, justice and humanism.
3. Cognitive function indicates that morality, on the one hand, arises as a result of people's knowledge of social reality, as an awareness of social needs, and on the other hand, mastering the norms and principles of morality, each person gets to know society and the people around him more deeply, acquires knowledge and communication skills .
4. Educational the function is that morality teaches a person to observe certain rules of living together, forms a person who cares not only about his own well-being, but also about the interests of the people around him.
6.4. Religion and its role in society. world religions
Religion has a special place in the sphere of spiritual culture.
Under religion understand the views and ideas of people, as well as the corresponding activities based on the belief in the supernatural, primarily in non-natural beings standing above the world.
In developed religions, such a supernatural being is God.
The religious worldview is characterized by the doubling of the world into the earthly world, this world and heavenly, otherworldly, as well as the recognition of the immortality of the soul. Religion presupposes the presence of a mysterious (mystical) connection between a person and God or other supernatural forces, the worship of these forces, the possibility of a person communicating with them.
The roots of religion
The emergence and existence of religion is due to a number of causes and conditions, the totality of which is usually called the roots of religion. Among them are social, psychological, epistemological roots.
social roots Religions are connected with the fact that a person is a part of nature and society, he obeys the objective laws of their development. These laws are not fully known by people, and therefore many natural and social phenomena are incomprehensible and inexplicable for them. They make a person not free, powerless in the face of the objective conditions of life. Trying to resist these conditions, people find their explanation and refuge in religion. Social roots, in turn, are the basis for the emergence psychological roots religion. Being unable to explain and overcome various phenomena of natural and social reality (death and illness of loved ones, social injustice, etc.), a person begins to experience fear, suffering, despair and other negative mental states, the way out of which he finds in religion .
The emergence and existence of religion is largely facilitated by a person's ability to imagine, the ability of consciousness to abstract, to replace real objects with ideal images. This is fraught with the danger of separating these images from real things, endowing them with properties and qualities that do not exist in reality, which is epistemological roots religion.
The Structure of Religion
The structure of religion usually includes religious consciousness, a religious cult and religious organizations.
religious consciousness is a set of ideas, views, ideas, moods, emotions, which expresses the attitude of a person and society to the real existence of the supernatural, other world.
It is characterized by faith, sensual visibility, images created by the imagination, a combination of the reflection of reality with illusions, strong emotionality, and special religious vocabulary.
In addition to religious consciousness, all religions have cult - a system of established rituals, rituals, an external form of manifestation of faith. The cult includes, for example, the sign of the cross, bows, procession, baptism, prayers, worship, religious holidays, etc.
The early forms of religion were characterized by such manifestations of the cult as ritual dances around the images of animals, incantation of spirits, and sacrifices. The means of worship are church utensils, a cross, an icon, sacred books, etc.
organizational forms religions are the church and sects.
Church is a religious organization of the clergy and believers, based on a common belief and religious cult. Sects - these are religious communities that have broken away from the church, retaining the foundations of belief inherent in a particular church, but differing from it in some features of religious doctrine and worship.
Forms of religion
The emergence of religion is attributed to the period of a relatively high stage of development of primitive society (40-50 thousand years ago). The early forms of religion are totemism, magic, fetishism, animism, shamanism, cult of ancestors and etc.
At present, there are many different kinds of religious beliefs and church organizations. This is due to the fact that although belief in the supernatural is a feature of all religions, the understanding of this supernatural and the forms of worship of it among different people and nations can vary significantly. In addition to the early religious forms preserved in a number of places, national religions(Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, etc.) and world religions. A special place is occupied by world religions, which have their adherents all over the world, regardless of state borders and political regimes. The latter include Buddhism, Christianity and Islam with their many offshoots, churches and sects.
Buddhism
The world's first religion is Buddhism. It originated in ancient India in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. and got its name from the name of its founder buddha, that is, "enlightened", "awakened", to whom the way of salvation of mankind was opened. At present, Buddhism is most widespread in the countries of South, Southeast and East Asia. Buddhist communities also exist in many other countries, including Russia (Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva). In a number of states (Burma, Cambodia, Thailand) Buddhism is the state religion, and in some countries (Japan) it is combined with national religions (Shintoism).
The main idea of Buddhism is the doctrine of "four noble truths":
- 1) in every life there is suffering;
- 2) the cause of suffering is in the egoistic desires of a person;
- 3) you can get rid of suffering only by getting rid of these egoistic desires;
- 4) the "noble middle eightfold path" leads to this liberation, that is, the path consisting of eight steps (steps). Having traveled this path, a person reaches nirvana - the highest enlightenment of the spirit, absolute peace.
Like any religion, Buddhism pays considerable attention to moral requirements, which are based on the principle of non-violence. Buddhism preaches abstinence from causing harm or pain and love for all living things.
Feature of the Buddhist cult - meditation, which actually replaces prayer. Meditation is aimed at bringing a person into a state of deep concentration, detachment from the outside world and unity with the spiritual world.
Christianity
Christianity has a history of two thousand years and is currently the most widespread religion on earth. It got its name from Jesus Christ its founder and object of worship, who was martyred for the sake of atonement for original sin and the happiness of mankind. The teachings of Jesus Christ formed the basis of Christian dogma, which includes the idea of triune essence of God(God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit), the idea of the sinfulness of man as the cause of all his misfortunes, the doctrine of deliverance from sins through prayer and repentance, the preaching of love for one's neighbor, humility and forgiveness. Christianity relies on faith in the other world and the second coming of Christ to carry out the Last Judgment on sinners and recompense the righteous. The moral positions of Christianity are expressed in the well-known commandments set forth in Sermon on the Mount of Christ.
During its development in the XI century. Christianity split into Western (Catholicism) and eastern (Orthodoxy). In the XV century. emerged in Catholicism Protestant direction. Protestantism is the general name for various creeds that arose during the Reformation as a protest against the Roman Catholic Church (Lutheranism, Calvinism). The main thesis of Protestantism, put forward by Martin Luther, is "salvation by faith", which does not require the mediation of the church and the clergy.
At present, Christianity exists in the form of these three branches (Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism). Orthodoxy is professed mainly by the Slavic peoples, Catholicism and Protestantism are most common in Europe and America.
Islam
Islam (Islamism) arose in the 7th century. among the Arabian Arab tribes and currently has about a billion of its adherents, mainly in Asia and Africa. Considered the founder of Islam prophet Muhammad, who received the word Allah and carried it to the people. This Word has become Koran- the holy book of Muslims.
Islam translated into Russian means "submission". Man, as a weak being, must trust in Allah, hope for his help and support. Islam requires Muslims to strictly fulfill five basic duties ("pillars of Islam"): to believe that "there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet"; pray five times a day; observe fasting (uraza); give alms, including once a year to share income in favor of the poor (zakat); make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. Sometimes a sixth is added to these five "pillars" - jihad, or ghazavat, that is, a holy war with the infidels.
One of the hallmarks of Islam is sharia, which intertwines legal, religious, moral norms, as well as establishes penalties for their violation, and which regulates human behavior in all spheres of his life.
Functions of Religion
The role of religion in society is determined by the functions it performs, which include ideological, compensatory, communicative, integration, cultural, educational.
1. ideological religion realizes the function due to the presence in it of a certain type of views on a person and his place in the world, on the world as a whole and the reasons for his existence.
2. Compensatory function is manifested in the fact that religion makes up for the lack of people's knowledge about the world, relieves social and spiritual tension, compensates for the lack of sincerity in secular communication with religious communication.
3. Communicative the function of religion is expressed in the exchange of information between believers with each other, in their communication with each other, as well as with God and the ministers of the church.
4. Integration the function has a dual character: on the one hand, religion brings people together, unites them, on the other hand, it divides them, an example of which are religious wars, social conflicts based on religious differences.
5. cultural function is that religion stores the cultural experience of mankind, passes it on from generation to generation, is itself part of the culture of human society.
6. Possessing great moral potential, religion preaches positive moral values, calls for worthy behavior, thereby realizing educational function.
6.5. Art and its types
Term "art" polysemantic. Most often it is used in two meanings:
- 1) skill, ability, dexterity, dexterity, based on knowledge of the matter;
- 2) a specific type of spiritual and practical development and aesthetic attitude to reality.
It is in the second meaning that art enters the content of the spiritual culture of society.
Art reflects the world in artistic images in which reality is intertwined with fiction. This imagery is necessary in order to:
- express generalized, important, close to the mass of people in a personal form;
- expand, deepen the life experience of an individual with the world created by the artist's imagination.
- influence the feelings and emotions of people, forcing them to empathize and express their attitude to the content of the artistic image.
Art allows a person to reveal his abilities, which he cannot realize in real life, helps him to enrich himself intellectually, to join the spiritual experience of mankind.
Functions of art
The variety of forms of aesthetic assimilation of reality gives rise to a variety of functions of art, which include cognitive, information-communicative, value-oriented, educational, aesthetic.
1. Essence cognitive function lies in the fact that art gives a person knowledge about the world and about the person himself. But if science cognizes the world through the achievement of truth, morality reflects the world through the categories of good and evil, then art enriches a person with knowledge in an artistic and figurative form. It teaches to see the world through the prism of imagery, giving a person the opportunity to translate these images into a rational form. Art does not aim to give people any special knowledge, such as science. It does not seek to identify patterns or solve material and practical problems. Like science, art seeks to reveal the general, but unlike science, it presents this general not in the form of generalized abstractions, but in the form of specific sensually visual images.
2. Art is very informative. It serves to generalize individual experience and express it through other forms of the individual. These forms take the form of works of literature, cinema, painting, music, theater, and so on. Works of art embody cultural, historical, national, religious and other features of a particular era, a particular people, as well as the features of the skill and worldview of the creator of the work. Through these creations, not only information is transmitted about the world reflected in them, but also communication links are established between the author and the viewer or reader, as well as between art lovers themselves, since it makes people exchange opinions, express their positions, express their attitude to works of art. All of this is content. information and communication functions of art.
3. value orientation the function of art manifests itself in two ways: on the one hand, the works of art themselves are cultural values, acquiring special significance for people; on the other hand, the content that art carries, orients people in the system of social values, makes it possible to choose life guidelines for themselves.
4. Close in content to the value-oriented function is the function educational. Art always involves the impact on the worldview and behavior of people. Through his work, the artist seeks to convey to the viewer, listener, reader the norms and values of social life that are close to him. True art carries a high humanistic charge, orients one towards the achievement of the ideal. But this ideal is not reduced to a "positive hero-ideal", it is an aesthetic ideal that is designed to evoke good feelings, desires and actions in people, despite the fact that the author can refer to both negative images and satire.
5. aesthetic The functions of art were already given paramount importance by the ancients. It consists in the ability of art to form the aesthetic tastes, abilities and needs of a person, to awaken his creativity, to give pleasure and enjoyment from the contemplation of beauty.
The structure of art
The structure of art is distinguished by its multiplicity of manifestations, flexibility, variability. In art, it is customary to distinguish kinds(painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, theater, cinema and others), childbirth(e.g. epic and lyric), genres(for example, a story, novel, poem in literature; suite, oratorio, symphony in music; portrait, landscape, still life in painting; gothic, baroque, classicism in architecture).
Most often, when speaking about the structural elements of art, they mean its types. The division of art into different types is due both to the variety of spheres of reality covered by artistic creativity, and the variety of forms of expression by the creator of his aesthetic vision of the world. The boundaries between individual types of art are not absolute, they often combine or interpenetrate. Thus, the theater organically combines dramaturgy, music, dance, theatrical painting.
The existing system of art forms is historically changeable. Expanding the boundaries of artistic creativity leads to the emergence of new types. For example, in the XX century. art forms such as cinema, photography arose, and television art is being formed. This has led to the fact that among scientists there is still no consensus on which areas of artistic creativity can be considered its types. In addition to literature, sculpture, architecture, theatre, painting, music, choreography and applied arts, which have traditionally been considered the main art forms, and newly emerged ones - photography, film and television, some experts refer to art forms, for example, the art of urban planning, gastronomic art , hairdressing. But such an expansion of the boundaries of art is hardly justified and, rather, refers to the understanding of art in a broad sense as a high level skill.
Each historical era brings to the fore those types of art that are more capable of reflecting the spirit of the time, the characteristics of the culture of a given historical period (for example, painting and architecture in the Renaissance, cinema and television at the present time).
Review questions
- 1. How does the spiritual life of society differ from the material?
- 2. What is the content of the spiritual sphere of society?
- 3. What are the main elements of the spiritual sphere of society.
- 4. Which definition of culture do you like best? Why?
- 5. How is material culture different from spiritual culture?
- 6. What is meant by types of culture? Name the new types of culture.
- 7. What is the specificity of morality and its significance in the life of society and each person?
- 8. What place do moral values and norms occupy in the structure of morality? Give examples of moral values and norms.
- 9. Conduct a comparative analysis of moral and legal norms.
- 10. What are the reasons for the emergence and existence of religion?
- 11. Why are Buddhism, Christianity and Islam called world religions? What are their similarities and differences?
- 12. Why does religion play an important role in public life?
- 13. How does aesthetic knowledge of the world differ from ordinary and scientific knowledge?
Like all three-dimensional concepts, the term "art" has many meanings. In a broad sense art is a form of social consciousness, a way of mastering the spiritual world; in this interpretation, art includes theater, painting, dance, architecture, design, poetry, and music. In a narrow sense, art is understood as a skillful, masterful handling of any objects - with people around, with staff (for a manager), with voters (for a politician), with sports equipment (for athletes), in cooking (for culinary specialists), in the portrayal of an actor.
The concept of art is closely related to the categories of "beauty" and "talent". Contact with art leads to emotional excitement, empathy, spiritual purification (or, in the words of Aristotle, catharsis). Why a person is engaged in art, what are the driving forces behind the creation of beauty - these questions still do not have an unambiguous answer. There are only various theories, which are as follows:
- game theory is based on the position that the game is an extracultural phenomenon, it is characteristic of humans and animals. In the course of the game, skills and abilities are formed, the talents of individuals are manifested in the process of creative self-expression;
- the labor theory says that in the process of the development of society and under the influence of the division of labor in the areas of material and spiritual production, people have new needs that are satisfied by artists;
- the theological theory of the origin of art implies the fact of divine investment in the human consciousness of a craving for art. The individual and society need not only bodily food, but also spiritual food; This is what distinguishes man from animals, makes him sublime, aesthetic, harmoniously developed.
Through art, a person learns the surrounding reality, but does it differently than with the help of science. Rational knowledge fades into the background in art, making room for subjective sensations, fantasy, emotions, positive or negative attitudes. Artistic knowledge when contemplating objects of art (paintings, sculptures, films, etc.) can be visual, semantic and figurative. Passing through the prism of individual experience, perception, character of a person, an artistic image or meaning becomes a part of personality, memory, behavioral determinants. In this sense artistic image is one of the main elements of the education and upbringing of the individual, part of the worldview and values of a person. Art, therefore, is addressed not to rational study, but to experience - in the world of artistic images, a person must live like he lives in reality, enjoying it aesthetically, but being aware of its speculative nature, limited by the framework of mental structures.
Enjoying art, a person gets a rich experience of "living other people's lives", which significantly pushes the boundaries of everyday life. Literary characters and movie heroes, theatrical images and monuments to historical figures, paintings by great artists and works by outstanding composers, singers and pop performers - all of them become an integral part of our horizons, knowledge, worldview, relationships with other people, identifying ourselves with any nation.
Art in the modern economic system must also be considered as part of social production. More and more groups of young people and adults want to work in the field of art, because in vocals, dance, painting, literature, theater, design, feature and animation films, computer games, you can fully express your creative impulses, talent, abilities, dreams. In this sense art is the opposite of routine work where initiative, imagination, creativity are not required. Art as a production and cultural sphere is based on a certain infrastructure(theaters and cinemas, philharmonics, circuses, exhibition halls, etc.) and labor markets(directors, screenwriters, playwrights, art historians, etc.).
In art, it is customary to classify certain genre trends according to certain gradations - baroque, avant-garde, classicism, symbolism, and so on. Thus, stylistic characteristics and techniques are combined into enlarged groups.
Contemporary art does not stand still. All its genres and trends are constantly evolving, sometimes giving rise to misunderstanding, rejection and outright rejection. Subsequently, rejection and shocking are replaced by addiction, reassessment, the inclusion of these art objects in the list of classic and generally accepted ones.
Art- a special form of mastering the world, the basis of which is the aesthetic attitude of a person to reality (Greek aesteticos - feeling, sensual).
The universal nature of man's aesthetic attitude to reality is undeniable.
Aesthetic experiences are an attributive characteristic of a specifically human way of being in the world.
However, in most of its types and forms, the aesthetic aspect is secondary, subordinate (material production, science, law, sports, etc.).
Only in art does the aesthetic have a self-contained status, acquire a basic and independent meaning.
The term "art" is used most often in two main meanings:
1) skill, ability, skill in any form of practical activity;
2) a special form of human activity focused on the creation of works of art (artistic creativity), in which aesthetic consciousness turns from an accompanying element into the main goal.
The noted sphere of artistic creativity, historically developing, forms a special subsystem of culture - artistic culture, functioning according to immanent laws and having a number of specific features.
Art, unlike other forms of spiritual activity, is focused on emotional and sensory sphere person.
The sensually visual nature of works of art, together with a special arsenal of expressive and visual means, provides him with a colossal power of influencing a person, his beliefs and value orientations.
The subject and subjectivity of the artist, his freedom, his own vision and experience of the world come to the fore in art. Therefore, genuine art is democratic, humanistic and anti-authoritarian in its essence.
A special philosophical science is engaged in the study of the nature and specifics of a person's aesthetic attitude to reality, the laws of artistic creativity - aesthetics (The concept was introduced in the 18th century. A. Baumgarten ).
Philosophical and aesthetic views developed Aristotle , And . Kant and other philosophers.
As a philosophy of art, aesthetics is impressively represented in art G. Hegel .
Among domestic researchers of art are widely known A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, N. Berdyaev, L. Gumilyov, A. Losev, D. Likhachev, E. Ilyenkov other.
Historians believe that art dates back to the Upper Paleolithic era and has 300-400 centuries of its evolution.
In modern philosophical literature there is no single point of view on the problem of the origin of art.
There are religious, playful, erotic, imitative, labor and some other hypotheses explaining its genesis.
Art realizes the tasks of cultural self-determination of the individual and social communities, the transmission of the artistic experience of mankind, the organization of the aesthetic relationship of man to the world, and, ultimately, the reproduction of man as a universal and integral being.
Art Functions:
· cognitive;
educational;
axiological;
· communicative;
aesthetic.
9.3.3. Religion as a form of spiritual culture
Religion(from lat. religion- “piety”, “piety”, “sanctity”) - a worldview, worldview and attitude based on the belief in the real existence of one or another variety of supernatural forces and in their determining influence on the universe and human life.
Philosophical understanding of this phenomenon of culture involves the formulation and detailed interpretation of the following tasks :
definition of the essence of religion and place in the system of worldview;
· identification of social and psychological aspects of religion, its ontological and epistemological status;
Explication of the moral meaning of religion and its role in the life of society, in the spiritual evolution of man and mankind, etc.
The religious attitude of man to the world is universal.
It arises on the basis of a person's desire to gain a direct connection with the Absolute, and religion comprehends and in various versions interprets the evolution and horizons of the spiritual connection between man and the Absolute.
Therefore, religion is a universal phenomenon, its content is the subject of individual faith and a worldview paradigm adopted as a result of free choice, and religious consciousness is distinguished by figurativeness and is addressed mainly to the emotional and sensory sphere of a person.
In the history of philosophical thought, several concepts have developed that explain the origin and essence of religion:
in the opinion I. Kant , religion is the knowledge of our duties in the form of divine commandments, but not in the form of sanctions (arbitrary, random for themselves prescriptions of some alien will), but as the essential laws of any free will;
· for Hegel religion - the self-consciousness of the absolute spirit or the knowledge of the divine spirit about itself through mediation by the finite human spirit;
considered religion as a transformed form of reflection of human existence L . Feuerbach ;
· F. Engels interpreted it as a fantastic reflection of external circumstances that dominate people in their real life;
in the opinion E. Durkheim , religion is an ideological mechanism that ensures the integrity of society through the sacralization of basic social ties;
· 3. Freud considered religion a collective neurosis, a mass illusion rooted in the Oedipus complex;
· W. James believed religious ideas are innate, the source of which is something supernatural.
Religion is a systemic socio-cultural education, including religious consciousness, religious cult and religious organizations.
religious consciousness represents two relatively independent levels - religious ideology and religious psychology. In modern developed religions, religious ideology includes theology, religious philosophy, theological concepts of certain spheres of society (economics, politics, law, etc.).
religious cult- a set of symbolic actions associated with practical and spiritual appeal to God.
Religious organizations- these are associations of followers of a particular religion, arising on the basis of a common belief and cult.
The main type of religious organization is church - a religious institution that regulates both relations within religious associations and ties with secular social institutions.
Religion is a multifaceted and multi-valued phenomenon. Fulfilling worldview, compensatory, communicative, integrating functions, it is generated by special patterns of social dynamics. Social processes will ultimately determine its fate.
INTRODUCTION .................................................. ............................................... 3
TOPIC 1. PHILOSOPHY OF BEING .............................................................. .............. 4
1.1. Ontology as the doctrine of being. Basic forms of being
and their relationship ............................................................... ........................................... 4
in philosophy and science .............................................................. ...................................... 5
1.3. System-structural and dynamic organization of being.
Movement and development as attributes of being ....................................................... ..... 6
1.4. The principle of global evolutionism .............................................. 7
1.5. Spatio-temporal structure of being. Space
and time in inanimate and living nature .............................................. ............... nine
TOPIC 2. PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE .............................................. ....... eleven
2.1. The concept of nature in philosophy and science .............................................. 11
2.2. Nature as a self-developing system: physical and cosmological
logical and biogeochemical strategies for the scientific study of nature ........ 13
2.3. Nature as a habitat. natural and artificial
habitat................................................ ........................................... fourteen
2.4. The biosphere and the laws of its existence .............................. 15
2.5. The coevolutionary imperative and ecological values of modern
changing civilization. The problem of sustainable development of the system
«society-nature».................................................................. .................................... sixteen
TOPIC 3. DIALECTICS AND ITS ALTERNATIVES .............................. 18
3.1. Historical forms of dialectics .................................................................. . eighteen
3.2. Dialectics and Metaphysics in the History of Philosophy .................................. 20
3.3. Materialistic dialectics as a system of principles,
3.4. The value of dialectics in cognition and medical practice........ 27