Interesting facts about paper airplanes. Research work "Study of the flying properties of various models of paper planes" They can not do that

Paper airplanes have a rich and long history. It is believed that they tried to fold an airplane out of paper with their own hands back in ancient China and in England during the time of Queen Victoria. Subsequent new generations of paper model enthusiasts developed new variants. Even a child can make a flying paper airplane, as soon as he learns the basic principles of folding a layout. A simple scheme contains no more than 5-6 operations, instructions for creating advanced models are much more serious.

Different models will require different paper, differing in density and thickness. Certain models are able to move only in a straight line, some are able to write out a sharp turn. For the manufacture of different models, paper of a certain stiffness is required. Before you start modeling, try out different papers, select the required thickness and density. You should not collect crafts from crumpled paper, they will not fly. Playing with a paper airplane is a favorite pastime for most boys.

Before making a paper airplane, the child will need to turn on all his imagination, concentrate. When holding a children's holiday, you can hold competitions between children, let them launch airplanes folded with their own hands.

Such an airplane can be folded by any boy. For its manufacture, any paper is suitable, even newsprint. After the child is able to make this type of airplane, more serious designs will be within his power.

Consider all the stages of creating an aircraft:

1. Prepare a piece of paper approximately A4 size. Place it with the short side towards you.
2. Bend the paper along the length, put a mark in the center. Expand the sheet, connect the top corner with the middle of the sheet.
3. Perform the same manipulations with the opposite angle.
4. Unfold the paper. Place the corners so that they do not reach the center of the sheet.
5. Bend a small corner, it should hold all other corners.
6. Bend the plane mockup along the centerline. The triangular parts are located on top, take the sides to the center line.

The second scheme of a classic aircraft

This common option is called a glider, you can leave it with a sharp nose, or you can make it blunt, bend it.

propeller plane

There is a whole direction of origami involved in the creation of models of paper airplanes. It is called aerogami. You can learn an easy way to make an origami paper airplane. This option is done very quickly, it flies well. This is exactly what will interest the baby. You can equip it with a propeller. Prepare a sheet of paper, scissors or a knife, pencils, a sewing pin that has a bead on the top.

Manufacturing scheme:

1. Place the sheet with the short side facing you, fold it in half lengthwise.
2. Fold the top corners towards the center.
3. The resulting side corners also bend to the center of the sheet.
4. Bend the sides again towards the middle. Iron all folds well.
5. To make a propeller, you will need a square sheet measuring 6 * 6cm, mark both of its diagonals. Make cuts along these lines, stepping back from the center a little less than a centimeter.
6. Fold the propeller, placing the corners to the center through one. Secure the middle with a beaded needle. It is advisable to glue the propeller, it will not spread.

Attach the propeller to the tail of the airplane mockup. The model is ready to run.

boomerang plane

The kid will be very interested in an unusual paper plane, which independently returns back to his hands.

Let's figure out how such layouts are made:

1. Place a sheet of A4 paper in front of you with the short side facing you. Bend in half along the long side, unfold.
2. Bend the top corners to the center, smooth down. Expand this part down. Straighten the resulting triangle, smooth out all the wrinkles inside.
3. Unfold the product with the reverse side, bend the second side of the triangle in the middle. Send the wide end of the paper in the opposite direction.
4. Perform the same manipulations with the second half of the product.
5. As a result of all this, a kind of pocket should form. Raise it to the top, bend it so that its edge lies exactly along the length of the paper sheet. Bend the corner into this pocket, and send the top one down.
6. Do the same with the other side of the plane.
7. Fold up the details on the side of the pocket.
8. Expand the layout, place the front edge in the middle. Protruding pieces of paper should appear, they must be folded. Details that resemble fins, also remove.
9. Expand layout. It remains to bend in half and carefully iron all the folds.
10. Decorate the front part of the fuselage, bend the pieces of the wings up. Run your hands along the front of the wings, you should get a slight bend.

The plane is ready for operation, it will fly further and further.

The flight range depends on the mass of the aircraft and the strength of the wind. The lighter the paper the mockup is made of, the easier it is to fly. But with a strong wind, he will not be able to fly far, he will simply be blown away. A heavy aircraft resists the wind flow more easily, but it has a shorter flight range. In order for our paper plane to fly along a smooth trajectory, it is necessary that both parts of it be exactly the same. If the wings turned out to be of different shapes or sizes, the plane will immediately go into a dive. It is advisable not to use adhesive tape, metal staples, glue in the manufacture. All this makes the product heavier, because of the extra weight the plane will not fly.

Complex views

Origami airplane

How to make a paper airplane - 13 DIY paper airplane models

Detailed schemes for making a variety of paper planes: from the simplest "school" airplanes to technically modified models.

standard model

Model "Glider"

Model "Advanced glider"

Model "Scat"

Model "Canaries"

Model "Delta"

Model "Shuttle"

Model "Invisible"

Model "Taran"

Hawkeye Model

Model "Tower"

Model "Needle"

Model "Kite"

Interesting Facts

In 1989, Andy Chipling founded the Paper Aircraft Association, and in 2006 the first paper plane flying championship was held. Competitions are held in three disciplines: the longest distance, the longest planning and aerobatics.

Numerous attempts to increase the time the paper airplane stays in the air from time to time lead to the taking of the next barriers in this sport. Ken Blackburn held the world record for 13 years (1983-1996) and got it again on October 8, 1998, by throwing a paper plane indoors so that it stayed in the air for 27.6 seconds. This result was confirmed by representatives of the Guinness Book of Records and CNN reporters. The paper airplane used by Blackburn can be classified as a glider.

transcript

1 Research work Theme of the work Ideal paper airplane Completed by: Prokhorov Vitaly Andreevich, 8th grade student of the Smelovskaya secondary school Supervisor: Prokhorova Tatiana Vasilievna teacher of history and social studies of the Smelovskaya secondary school 2016

2 Contents Introduction The ideal airplane Components of success Newton's second law when launching an airplane Forces acting on an airplane in flight About the wing Launching an airplane Testing airplanes Models of airplanes Testing for flight range and glide time Model of an ideal airplane To summarize: a theoretical model Own model and its testing Conclusions List Appendix 1. Scheme of the impact of forces on an airplane in flight Appendix 2. Drag Appendix 3. Wing extension Appendix 4. Wing sweep Appendix 5. Mean aerodynamic chord of the wing (MAC) Appendix 6. Wing shape Appendix 7. Air circulation around the wing Appendix 8 Airplane Launch Angle Appendix 9. Airplane Models for the Experiment

3 Introduction Paper airplane (airplane) is a toy airplane made of paper. It is probably the most common form of aerogami, one of the branches of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). In Japanese, such an aircraft is called 紙飛行機 (kami hikoki; kami=paper, hikoki=airplane). Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. It was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas on real airplanes. And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models, in 1989 he founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes, which are used by specialists from the Guinness Book of Records and which have become the official installations of the world championship. Origami, and then aerogami, has long been my passion. I've built various paper airplane models, but some of them flew great, while others fell right off the bat. Why does this happen, how to make a model of an ideal airplane (flying for a long time and far)? Combining my passion with knowledge of physics, I began my research. The purpose of the study: by applying the laws of physics, to create a model of an ideal airplane. Tasks: 1. To study the basic laws of physics that affect the flight of an airplane. 2. Derive the rules for creating the perfect airplane. 3

4 3. Examine the already created models of airplanes for proximity to the theoretical model of an ideal airplane. 4. Create your own model of an airplane that is close to the theoretical model of an ideal airplane. 1. Ideal airplane 1.1. Components of success First, let's deal with the question of how to make a good paper plane. You see, the main function of an airplane is the ability to fly. How to make an aircraft with the best performance. To do this, we first turn to observations: 1. An airplane flies faster and longer, the stronger the throw, except when something (most often a fluttering piece of paper in the nose or dangling lowered wings) creates resistance and slows down the forward progress of the airplane. . 2. No matter how hard we try to throw a sheet of paper, we will not be able to throw it as far as a small pebble having the same weight. 3. For a paper airplane, long wings are useless, short wings are more effective. Heavy airplanes don't fly far 4. Another key factor to take into account is the angle at which the airplane is moving forward. Turning to the laws of physics, we find the causes of the observed phenomena: 1. Flights of paper planes obey Newton's second law: the force (in this case, lift) is equal to the rate of change of momentum. 2. It's all about drag, a combination of air resistance and turbulence. The air resistance caused by its viscosity is proportional to the cross-sectional area of ​​the frontal part of the aircraft, 4

5 in other words, depends on how big the nose of the aircraft is when viewed from the front. Turbulence is the result of the action of eddying air currents that form around the aircraft. It is proportional to the surface area of ​​the aircraft, the streamlined shape significantly reduces it. 3. The large wings of the paper airplane sag and cannot resist the bending effect of the lifting force, making the airplane heavier and increasing drag. Excess weight prevents the aircraft from flying far, and this weight is usually created by the wings, with the greatest lift occurring in the region of the wing closest to the centerline of the aircraft. Therefore, the wings must be very short. 4. On launch, the air must strike the underside of the wings and be deflected downward to provide adequate lift to the aircraft. If the aircraft is not at an angle to the direction of travel and its nose is not up, there is no lift. Below we will consider the basic physical laws that affect the airplane, in more detail Newton's second law when the airplane is launched. We know that the speed of a body changes under the influence of a force applied to it. If several forces act on the body, then the resultant of these forces is found, that is, a certain total total force that has a certain direction and numerical value. In fact, all cases of application of various forces at a particular moment in time can be reduced to the action of one resultant force. Therefore, in order to find how the speed of the body has changed, we need to know what force acts on the body. Depending on the magnitude and direction of the force, the body will receive one or another acceleration. This is clearly visible when the plane is launched. When we acted on the plane with a small force, it did not accelerate very much. When is power 5

6 impact increased, then the airplane acquired a much greater acceleration. That is, acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force. The greater the impact force, the greater the acceleration acquires the body. The mass of the body is also directly related to the acceleration acquired by the body as a result of the force. In this case, the mass of the body is inversely proportional to the resulting acceleration. The larger the mass, the smaller the acceleration will be. Based on the foregoing, we come to the conclusion that when the airplane is launched, it obeys Newton's second law, which is expressed by the formula: a \u003d F / m, where a is acceleration, F is the force of impact, m is the mass of the body. The definition of the second law is as follows: the acceleration acquired by a body as a result of an impact on it is directly proportional to the force or resultant of the forces of this impact and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Thus, initially the airplane obeys Newton's second law and the flight range also depends on the given initial force and mass of the airplane. Therefore, the first rules for creating an ideal airplane follow from it: the airplane must be light, initially give the airplane a large force Forces acting on the airplane in flight. When an airplane flies, it is affected by many forces due to the presence of air, but all of them can be represented in the form of four main forces: gravity, lift, the force set at launch, and the force of air resistance (drag) (see Appendix 1). The force of gravity always remains constant. Lift counteracts the aircraft's weight and can be more or less than weight, depending on the amount of energy expended in propulsion. The force set at launch is counteracted by the force of air resistance (otherwise drag). 6

7 In straight and level flight, these forces are mutually balanced: the force set at launch is equal to the force of air resistance, the lift force is equal to the weight of the aircraft. With no other ratio of these four basic forces, straight and level flight is impossible. Any change in any of these forces will affect the way the aircraft flies. If the lift generated by the wings is greater than the force of gravity, then the airplane rises. Conversely, a decrease in lift against gravity causes the aircraft to descend, i.e., loss of altitude and its fall. If the balance of forces is not maintained, then the aircraft will curve the flight path in the direction of the prevailing force. Let us dwell in more detail on drag, as one of the important factors in aerodynamics. Frontal resistance is the force that prevents the movement of bodies in liquids and gases. Frontal resistance consists of two types of forces: forces of tangential (tangential) friction directed along the surface of the body, and pressure forces directed towards the surface (Appendix 2). The drag force is always directed against the velocity vector of the body in the medium and, together with the lifting force, is a component of the total aerodynamic force. The drag force is usually represented as the sum of two components: drag at zero lift (harmful drag) and inductive drag. Harmful resistance occurs as a result of the impact of the high-speed air pressure on the structural elements of the aircraft (all protruding parts of the aircraft create harmful resistance when moving through the air). In addition, at the junction of the wing and the “body” of the aircraft, as well as at the tail, airflow turbulences occur, which also give harmful resistance. Harmful 7

8 drag increases as the square of the aircraft's acceleration (if you double the speed, the harmful drag increases by a factor of four). In modern aviation, high-speed aircraft, despite the sharp edges of the wings and the super-streamlined shape, experience significant heating of the skin when they overcome the drag force with the power of their engines (for example, the world's fastest high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft SR-71 Black Bird is protected by a special heat-resistant coating). The second component of drag, inductive drag, is a by-product of lift. It occurs when air flows from an area of ​​high pressure in front of the wing into a rarefied medium behind the wing. The special effect of inductive resistance is noticeable at low flight speeds, which is observed in paper airplanes (A good example of this phenomenon can be seen in real aircraft during landing approach. The aircraft lifts its nose during landing approach, the engines begin to hum more increasing thrust). Inductive drag, similar to harmful drag, is in the ratio of one to two with the acceleration of the aircraft. And now a little about turbulence. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Encyclopedia "Aviation" gives a definition: "Turbulence is the random formation of non-linear fractal waves with increasing speed in a liquid or gaseous medium." In our own words, this is a physical property of the atmosphere, in which pressure, temperature, wind direction and speed are constantly changing. Because of this, air masses become heterogeneous in composition and density. And when flying, our airplane can get into descending (“nailed” to the ground) or ascending (better for us, because they lift the airplane from the ground) air currents, and these flows can also move randomly, twist (then the airplane flies unpredictably, twists and turns). eight

9 So, we deduce from what has been said the necessary qualities of creating an ideal airplane in flight: An ideal airplane should be long and narrow, tapering towards the nose and tail like an arrow, with a relatively small surface area for its weight. An airplane with these characteristics flies a greater distance. If the paper is folded so that the underside of the airplane is flat and level, lift will act on it as it descends and increase its range. As noted above, lift occurs when air hits the bottom surface of an aircraft that flies with its nose slightly raised on the wing. Wingspan is the distance between planes parallel to the plane of symmetry of the wing and touching its extreme points. The wing span is an important geometric characteristic of an aircraft that affects its aerodynamic and flight performance, and is also one of the main overall dimensions of an aircraft. Wing extension - the ratio of the wing span to its average aerodynamic chord (Appendix 3). For a non-rectangular wing, aspect ratio = (square of span)/area. This can be understood if we take a rectangular wing as a basis, the formula will be simpler: aspect ratio = span / chord. Those. if the wing has a span of 10 meters, and the chord = 1 meter, then the elongation will be = 10. The greater the elongation, the less the inductive drag of the wing associated with the flow of air from the lower surface of the wing to the upper one through the tip with the formation of end vortices. In the first approximation, we can assume that the characteristic size of such a vortex is equal to the chord - and with an increase in the span, the vortex becomes smaller and smaller compared to the wing span. nine

10 Naturally, the lower the inductive resistance, the lower the total resistance of the system, the higher the aerodynamic quality. Naturally, there is a temptation to make the elongation as large as possible. And here the problems begin: along with the use of high aspect ratios, we have to increase the strength and rigidity of the wing, which entails a disproportionate increase in the mass of the wing. From the point of view of aerodynamics, the most advantageous will be such a wing, which has the ability to create as much lift as possible with as little drag as possible. To assess the aerodynamic perfection of the wing, the concept of the aerodynamic quality of the wing is introduced. The aerodynamic quality of a wing is the ratio of the lift to the drag force of the wing. The best in terms of aerodynamics is an elliptical shape, but such a wing is difficult to manufacture, so it is rarely used. A rectangular wing is less aerodynamically advantageous, but much easier to manufacture. The trapezoidal wing is better in terms of aerodynamic characteristics than a rectangular one, but is somewhat more difficult to manufacture. Swept and triangular wings in terms of aerodynamics at low speeds are inferior to trapezoidal and rectangular (such wings are used on aircraft flying at transonic and supersonic speeds). The elliptical wing in plan has the highest aerodynamic quality - the minimum possible resistance with maximum lift. Unfortunately, a wing of this form is not often used due to the complexity of the design (an example of the use of a wing of this type is the English Spitfire fighter) (Appendix 6). Wing sweep angle of wing deviation from the normal to the axis of symmetry of the aircraft, projected onto the base plane of the aircraft. In this case, the direction to the tail is considered positive (Appendix 4). There are 10

11 sweep along the leading edge of the wing, along the trailing edge and along the quarter chord line. Reverse sweep wing (KOS) wing with negative sweep (examples of aircraft models with reverse sweep: Su-47 Berkut, Czechoslovak glider LET L-13) . Wing loading is the ratio of an aircraft's weight to its bearing surface area. It is expressed in kg/m² (for models - g/dm²). The lower the load, the lower the speed required to fly. The mean aerodynamic chord of the wing (MAC) is a straight line segment connecting the two most distant points of the profile from each other. For a wing rectangular in plan, the MAR is equal to the chord of the wing (Appendix 5). Knowing the value and position of the MAR on the aircraft and taking it as a baseline, the position of the center of gravity of the aircraft is determined relative to it, which is measured in % of the MAR length. The distance from the center of gravity to the beginning of the MAR, expressed as a percentage of its length, is called the center of gravity of the aircraft. It is easier to find out the center of gravity of a paper airplane: take a needle and thread; pierce the plane with a needle and let it hang on a thread. The point at which the aircraft will balance with perfectly flat wings is the center of gravity. And a little more about the wing profile is the shape of the wing in cross section. The wing profile has the strongest influence on all aerodynamic characteristics of the wing. There are quite a few types of profiles, because the curvature of the upper and lower surfaces is different for different types, as well as the thickness of the profile itself (Appendix 6). The classic is when the bottom is close to the plane, and the top is convex according to a certain law. This is the so-called asymmetrical profile, but there are also symmetrical ones, when the top and bottom have the same curvature. The development of airfoils has been carried out almost from the beginning of the history of aviation, and it is still being carried out now (in Russia, TsAGI Central Aerohydrodynamic 11

12 Institute named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky, in the USA such functions are performed by the Langley Research Center (a division of NASA)). Let's draw conclusions from the above about the wing of an airplane: A traditional airplane has long narrow wings closer to the middle, the main part, balanced by small horizontal wings closer to the tail. The paper lacks the strength for such complex designs, bending and creasing easily, especially during the launch process. This means that paper wings lose aerodynamic characteristics and create drag. Traditionally designed airplanes are streamlined and fairly strong, their delta wings give a stable glide, but they are relatively large, create excessive drag and can lose rigidity. These difficulties are surmountable: Smaller and stronger lifting surfaces in the form of delta wings are made of two or more layers of folded paper, they retain their shape better during high-speed launches. The wings can be folded so that a slight bulge is formed on the upper surface, increasing the lift force, as on the wing of a real aircraft (Appendix 7). The solidly built design has a mass that increases starting torque, but without a significant increase in drag. If we move the deltoid wings forward and balance the lift with a long, flat V-shaped aircraft body closer to the tail, which prevents lateral movements (deviations) in flight, the most valuable characteristics of a paper airplane can be combined in one design. 1.5 Airplane launch 12

13 Let's start with the basics. Never hold your paper plane by the trailing edge of the wing (tail). Since the paper bends a lot, which is very bad for aerodynamics, any careful fit will be compromised. The aircraft is best held by the thickest set of paper layers near the nose. Usually this point is close to the center of gravity of the aircraft. To send the aircraft to the maximum distance, you need to throw it forward and upward as much as possible at an angle of 45 degrees (along a parabola), which was confirmed by our experiment with launching at different angles to the surface (Appendix 8). This is because during launch, the air must hit the underside of the wings and be deflected downward, providing adequate lift to the aircraft. If the aircraft is not at an angle to the direction of travel and its nose is not up, there is no lift. An airplane typically has most of its weight rearward, which means the rear is down, the nose is up, and lift is guaranteed. It balances the plane, allowing it to fly (unless the lift is too high, causing the plane to bounce up and down violently). In time-of-flight competitions, you should throw the plane to the maximum height so that it glides down longer. In general, the techniques for launching aerobatic aircraft are as diverse as their designs. And so is the technique for launching the perfect plane: A proper grip must be strong enough to hold the plane, but not so strong as to deform it. The folded paper ledge on the bottom surface under the airplane's nose can be used as a launch holder. When launching, keep the airplane at a 45 degree angle to its maximum height. 2.Testing airplanes 13

14 2.1. Airplane models In order to confirm (or refute, if they are wrong for paper airplanes), we selected 10 airplane models with different characteristics: sweep, wingspan, structure density, additional stabilizers. And of course we took the classic airplane model to also explore the choice of many generations (Appendix 9) 2.2. Flight range and gliding time test. fourteen

15 Model name Flight range (m) Duration of flight (metronome beats) Features at launch Pros Cons 1. Twisted Gliding Too flying Poor handling Flat bottom large wings Large Does not plan turbulence 2. Twisted Gliding Wings wide Tail Poor Unstable in flight Turbulence steerable 3. Dive Narrow nose Turbulence Hunter Twisting Flat bottom Weight of the bow Narrow body part 4. Gliding Flat bottom Big wings Guinness Glider Flying in an arc Bow shape Narrow body Long Arc flight gliding 5. Flying narrower wings Wide body straight, in Flight stabilizers No beetle end-of-flight arcing abruptly changes Abrupt change in flight path 6. Flying straight Flat bottom Wide body Traditional good Small wings No planing arcing 15

16 7. Dive Narrowed wings Heavy nose Flying in front Large wings, straight Narrow body shifted back Dive-bomber Arched (due to flaps on the wing) Structural density 8. Scout Flying along Small body Wide wings straight Gliding Small size in length Arched Dense construction 9. White swan Flying in a narrow body in a straight line Stable Narrow wings in a Flat bottom flight Dense construction Balanced 10. Stealth Flying in a curve straight Gliding Changes trajectory Axis of the wings is narrowed back No curve Wide wings Large body Not dense construction Flight duration (from largest to smallest): Glider Guinness and Traditional, Beetle, White Swan Flight length (from largest to smallest): White Swan, Beetle and traditional, Scout. The leaders in two categories came out: the White Swan and the Beetle. To study these models and, combining them with theoretical conclusions, take them as a basis for a model of an ideal airplane. 3. Model of an ideal airplane 3.1 To summarize: theoretical model 16

17 1. the airplane should be light, 2. initially give the airplane great strength, 3. long and narrow, tapering towards the nose and tail like an arrow, with a relatively small surface area for its weight, 4. the bottom surface of the airplane is flat and horizontal, 5 . small and stronger lifting surfaces in the form of delta wings, 6. fold the wings so that a slight bulge forms on the upper surface, 7. move the wings forward and balance the lift with the long flat body of the aircraft, having a V-shape towards the tail, 8. solidly built design, 9. the grip must be strong enough and by the ledge on the bottom surface, 10. launch at a 45 degree angle and to the maximum height. 11. Using the data, we made sketches of the ideal airplane: 1. Side view 2. Bottom view 3. Front view Having sketched the ideal airplane, I turned to the history of aviation to see if my conclusions coincided with aircraft designers. And I found a prototype aircraft with a delta wing, developed after the Second World War: Convair XF-92 - point interceptor (1945). And confirmation of the correctness of the conclusions is that it became the starting point for a new generation of aircraft. 17

18 Own model and its test. Model name Flight range (m) Flight duration (metronome beats) ID Features at launch Pros (proximity to the ideal airplane) Cons (deviations from the ideal airplane) Flies 80% 20% straight (perfection (for further Control Plans there is no limit) improvements) With a sharp headwind, it “rises” at 90 0 and turns around. My model is made on the basis of the models used in the practical part, the most similar to the “white swan”. But at the same time, I made a number of significant changes: a large delta shape of the wing, a bend in the wing (like in the “scout” and the like), the hull was reduced, and additional structural rigidity was given to the hull. It cannot be said that I am completely satisfied with my model. I would like to reduce the lower case, leaving the same density of construction. Wings can be given greater delta. Think about the tail. But it cannot be otherwise, there is time ahead for further study and creativity. This is exactly what professional aircraft designers do, you can learn a lot from them. What I will do in my hobby. 17

19 Conclusions As a result of the study, we got acquainted with the basic laws of aerodynamics that affect the airplane. Based on this, the rules were deduced, the optimal combination of which contribute to the creation of an ideal airplane. To test the theoretical conclusions in practice, we put together models of paper planes of various folding complexity, range and flight duration. During the experiment, a table was compiled, where the manifested shortcomings of the models were compared with theoretical conclusions. Comparing the data of theory and experiment, I created a model of my ideal airplane. It still needs to be improved, bringing it closer to perfection! eighteen

20 References 1. Encyclopedia "Aviation" / site Academician %D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1% 82%D1%8C 2. Collins J. Paper planes / J. Collins: per. from English. P. Mironova. Moscow: Mani, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014. 160c Babintsev V. Aerodynamics for dummies and scientists / portal Proza.ru 4. Babintsev V. Einstein and lifting force, or Why does a snake need a tail / portal Proza.ru 5. Arzhanikov N.S., Sadekova G.S., Aerodynamics of aircraft 6. Models and methods of aerodynamics / 7. Ushakov V.A., Krasilshchikov P.P., Volkov A.K., Grzhegorzhevsky A.N., Atlas of aerodynamic characteristics of wing profiles / 8. Aircraft aerodynamics / 9. Movement of bodies in air / email zhur. Aerodynamics in nature and technology. Brief information on aerodynamics How do paper airplanes fly? / Interesting. Interesting and cool science Mr. Chernyshev S. Why does an airplane fly? S. Chernyshev, director of TsAGI. Journal "Science and Life", 11, 2008 / VVS SGV 4th VA VGK - forum of units and garrisons "Aviation and airfield equipment" - Aviation for "dummies" 19

21 12. Gorbunov Al. Aerodynamics for "dummies" / Gorbunov Al., Mr. Road in the clouds / jour. Planet July, 2013 Milestones in aviation: a prototype aircraft with a delta wing 20

22 Appendix 1. Scheme of the impact of forces on the airplane in flight. Lift force Acceleration given at launch Gravity Force Drag Appendix 2. Drag. Obstacle flow and shape Shape resistance Viscous friction resistance 0% 100% ~10% ~90% ~90% ~10% 100% 0% 21

23 Appendix 3. Wing extension. Appendix 4. Wing sweep. 22

24 Appendix 5. Mean aerodynamic wing chord (MAC). Annex 6. The shape of the wing. Cross section Plan 23

25 Appendix 7. Air circulation around the wing A vortex is formed at the sharp edge of the wing profile. When a vortex is formed, air circulation around the wing occurs. The vortex is carried away by the flow, and the streamlines smoothly flow around the profile; they are condensed over the wing Appendix 8. Plane launch angle 24

26 Appendix 9. Models of airplanes for the experiment Model from paper payment order 1 Name of payment order 6 Model from paper Name Fruit bat Traditional 2 7 Tail Dive Pilot 3 8 Hunter Scout 4 9 Guinness Glider White Swan 5 10 Stealth Beetle 26

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Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

secondary school №41 with. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I Introduction ______________________________________________ pages 3-4

II. The history of aviation _______________________pages 4-7

III _________pages 7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of an exhibition of models

aircraft from different materials and holding

research ____________________________________________ pages 10-11

V. Conclusion ______________________________________________ page 12

VI. References. _________________________________ page 12

VII. Appendix

I.Introduction.

Relevance:"Man is not a bird, but strives to fly"

It just so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of airplanes did not at all diminish the relevance of the ancient desire .. In the modern world, aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people overcome long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people . So who built and made a controlled flight on it? Who made this step, so important for mankind, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation?

I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Objective: study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built in 1882 an "aeronautical projectile". So it was written in the patent for it in 1881. By the way, the aircraft patent was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers patented their apparatus only in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real aircraft with all the parts that were due to him: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern aircraft than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of the Mozhaisky plane (from a drawing by the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

specially constructed inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky's aircraft simply lacked the power of the power plant for a full-fledged flight. Three years later he died, and for many years he himself stood in the Krasnoye Selo under the open sky. Then he was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaisky estate, and already there he burned down in 1895. Well, what can I say. Very sorry…

III. The history of the appearance of the first paper planes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is a co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft.

And the Red Bull Paper Wings paper plane launching competitions are held at the world level. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models and eventually in 1989 founded the Paper Aircraft Association. It was he who wrote the set of rules for launching paper planes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A-4 paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane must consist in bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, and also use foreign objects for fixing (paper clips, etc.). The competition rules are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Launch Championship was first held in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge glass-spherical building called "Angar-7".

The Glider plane, although it looks like a perfect raskoryak, glides well, so at the World Championship, pilots from several countries launched it in the competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but up. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice, any deformation is fatal for it. The world gliding record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed by American pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used in construction. We looked into the encyclopedic dictionary, here's what we learned:

Glossary of terms.

Aviette- small-sized aircraft with a low-power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 horsepower), usually one or two-seat.

Stabilizer- one of the horizontal planes that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel- This is a vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, plumage, sometimes the chassis and the power plant.

IV. Practical part:

Organization of an exhibition of aircraft models from different materials and testing .

Well, which of the children did not make airplanes? I think these people are very hard to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and it was interesting and easy to make. Because the paper plane is very easy to make and does not require material costs. All that is needed for such an aircraft is to take a sheet of paper, and after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in the competition for the farthest or longest flight.

We also made our first airplane - the Kid at the technology lesson and launched them right in the classroom at recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft, where all the students performed. There were drawn planes: with paints, pencils. Application from napkins and colored paper, aircraft models made of wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, plastic bottle.

We wanted to learn more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students learn who built and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - history of the first paper planes. We found all the information about the aircraft on the Internet. When we learned about the paper plane launching competition, we also decided to hold such competitions for the longest distance and the longest planning.

For participation, we decided to make airplanes: “Dart”, “Glider”, “Kid”, “Arrow”, and I myself came up with the airplane “Falcon” (aircraft diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Dart", he is a prolem.

Launched models 2 times. The plane won - "Glider", it was in the air for 5 seconds.

Launched models 2 times. An airplane made from office paper won

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: the Dart flew the farthest (15 meters), the Glider was in the air the longest (5 seconds), the airplanes made of office paper fly best.

But we liked learning everything new and new so much that we found a new aircraft model from modules on the Internet. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy, perseverance, but very interesting, especially assembling. We made 2000 modules for the aircraft. Aircraft Designer" href="/text/category/aviakonstruktor/" rel="bookmark">Aircraft Designer and will design an aircraft that people will fly on.

VI. References:

1.http: //ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paper airplane...

2. http://www. *****/news/detail

3 http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Aircraft_Mozhaisky

4.http://www. ›200711.htm

5.http://www. *****›avia/8259.html

6. http://ru. wikipedia. org›wiki/Wright Brothers

7. http:// locals. md› 2012 /stan-chempionom-mira…samolyotikov/

8 http:// *****› from modules MK aircraft

APPENDIX

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Relevance: "Man is not a bird, but strives to fly" It so happened that a person has always been drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of airplanes did not in the least diminish the relevance of the ancient desire ... In the modern world, aircraft have taken pride of place, they help people travel long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, put out fires and save people ... So who built the world's first aircraft and made it to him a controlled flight? Who made this step, so important for mankind, which became the beginning of a new era, the era of aviation? I consider the study of this topic interesting and relevant.

Research objectives: 1. To study the history of the emergence of aviation, the history of the appearance of the first paper planes in the scientific literature. 2.Make aircraft models from different materials and organize an exhibition: "Our aircraft"

Object of study: paper models of airplanes Problematic question: Which model of a paper airplane will fly the longest distance and the longest glide in the air? Hypothesis: We assume that the Dart airplane will fly the longest distance, and the Glider airplane will have the longest gliding in the air Research methods: 1. Analysis of the literature read; 2.Modeling; 3. Study of paper airplane flights.

The first aircraft that was able to independently take off the ground and make a controlled horizontal flight was the Flyer-1, built by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright in the USA. The first aircraft flight in history took place on December 17, 1903. The Flyer stayed in the air for 12 seconds and flew 36.5 meters. The brainchild of the Wrights was officially recognized as the world's first heavier-than-air vehicle, which made a manned flight using an engine.

The flight took place on July 20, 1882 in Krasnoye Selo near St. Petersburg. The aircraft was tested by the assistant of Mozhaisky mechanic I.N. Golubev. The device ran up a specially built inclined wooden flooring, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result, of course, is modest. But the possibility of flying on an apparatus heavier than air was clearly proven.

The history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the construction of real aircraft. 1930 Jack NorthropLockheed Corporation

Conclusion In conclusion, I want to say that while working on this project, we learned a lot of new interesting things, made a lot of models with our own hands, and became more friendly. As a result of the work done, we realized that if we are seriously interested in aeromodelling, then perhaps one of us will become a famous aircraft designer and design an airplane on which people will fly.

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane...ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper airplane annews.ru/news/detailannews.ru/news/detail opoccuu.com htmopoccuu.com htm 5. poznovatelno.ruavia/8259.htmlpoznovatelno.ruavia/8259.html 6. ru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothersru.wikipedia.orgwiki/Wright Brothers 7. locals.md2012/stan-chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/locals.md2012/stan- chempionom- mira…samolyotikov/ 8 stranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modulesstranamasterov.ru from MK aircraft modules