Earth is our common home arguments. Composition on the topic “Our common home is the Earth. Respect for water

The feeling of awareness of the Motherland comes to everyone in different ways. But in one thing we are all one, that we are inseparable from our native land. Because on it we learned how to make our very first steps and our children, and then our grandchildren will do them. Our distant ancestors from ancient times defended the earth and protected its nature. Using its gifts, we understand that there will be much more of them if we protect these riches. Today, we all face an acute environmental problem. It arose due to the fact that a person decided to become a full-fledged master of nature and subjugate it to himself. But nature does not forgive mismanagement and careless attitude towards it.

Forests were destroyed to increase land for arable farming. Old-timers remember what a beautiful place the reservoir in Kakhovka used to be, now it’s unrecognizable, a solid stench. One dried up Aral Sea is worth something, and all through the fault of man - they simply took all the water from it to irrigate the arid regions. Our generation has only to admire the beautiful drawings of the Aral Sea. The result of an irresponsible attitude was the Chernobyl disaster, the echoes of which are still heard in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. Several hundred innocent people died during this large-scale accident at a nuclear power plant, many patients remained, many cities and villages to this day have an increased radiation background. I personally think that it is better to ban the construction of nuclear power plants, since they are so dangerous for the country. There are many examples of mismanagement of our Earth. In many cities and villages there are embankments, but the rivers themselves no longer exist - their channels have been changed.

It is a pity that now everything has to be revived, but was it really necessary to destroy it first? Why do we treat our Earth so negligently, because we, people, are its small part. Maybe you shouldn’t conquer it at such a pace, but rather learn to live in harmony with nature? Then you don't have to learn from your own mistakes.

Love and respect for our native land - our home, concern for well-being - this is our patriotism. The Earth is our planet, and we are obliged to preserve nature for our ancestors, because only from our wrong actions such catastrophes and changes in the environment arise.

Only a reasonable use of resources, concern for natural resources will give us all the opportunity to survive and be a healthy nation. If a person is so cruelly engaged in the destruction of resources, then the Earth will not forgive. Nature must be preserved, not destroyed, because the Earth is our common home.

A person is not yet destined to understand that the Earth is a unique creation of the Universe, that it is a planet flying at great speed in space, flying along its given trajectory, a planet that lives and works according to the laws of the universe and is our common Home. A person, an ordinary person, sitting in his apartment, in his quiet comfortable apartment, can hardly, or rather, never be able to understand, imagine and appreciate this Miracle! He simply fenced himself off from the Earth with an artificially created world, hid from all problems behind a wall of well-being.
To feel and understand that the Earth is huge and powerful, that its forces as a planet are majestic, a person, or rather, a little man, so small and insignificant in size and strength, can only be in one place - in the mountains - in the huge Mountains towering to heaven, overthrowing down millions of liters of water in their waterfalls. Only in nature - virgin and untouched, impenetrable in its forests, mountains and swamps, can he realize the fragility of human life and his complete dependence on global planetary events.
Now they talk a lot about ecology and environmental problems, but very little is actually done. Calling on a person to save the Earth - his home from destruction, sometimes seems as impossible as it is impossible to imagine a barbarian reverently frozen in front of a marble statue of a great Roman sculptor and not breaking it.
And it seems that before calling a person to this - to the preservation of his Home, it is necessary that he realizes and accepts the idea of ​​how much a Human depends on the state of the planet - his Home. It is necessary for him to feel, to feel in his own skin that “Disharmony in the house, and a calm life for a Man cannot be seen!”
I address the Earth with words that could become a kind of credo for each person, words that show his attitude towards her: “Live the Planet! Live my House! Live the planet and prosper, live and give me the strength to live with you!
After all, our planet - a living system - is a cosmic body. I do not want to pronounce the word "organism" - it belittles the essence of the planet, does not allow us to understand the depth, power and globality of its existence. The planet - our House - absorbs and gives away (cosmic energy), gives birth and destroys (living organisms and all bodies), it is infinitely huge for us and infinitely small in the space of the Universe. She shows us her crazy power and insignificance in front of the myriads of stars of the Milky Way. She is harsh for lone travelers and so defenseless against asteroids.
I urge you to respect her as your Mother and not betray her!
She needs to be praised and loved!
We must follow the principles and commandments:
Love first, then know!
“First recognize the greatness and power, and never dare to destroy her armor, parts and structures.
- Use its wealth in moderation and distribute everything equally between us - people.
Earth - our mother - in its essence: chemical, physical and biological. Our refuge in the Universe, our House - fighting with us and for us, saving and giving, accepting our mortal bodies at the end of life. This is our house!!!
Bless the Earth - motherland, mother and home! Save it for centuries and millions of years!
The Earth... It is silent and invisible to a person who hid in the small boxes of his cities, but screaming at the top of his voice in tornadoes and tsunamis, tearing its surface with earthquakes and erupting volcanoes, warning of pain, suffering from bomb explosions and trials, from mockery of her bowels, humiliated by the contempt of insignificant applicants for her wealth.
I'm talking to you people!
Take back your House and stop destroying it already!
Find yourself in your home!
After all, first there was the Earth! and only then… the Man came!

1. Earth is our common home

I believe that life is one and the world is one. All environmental problems are closely intertwined. Population explosion, poverty, ignorance, slaughter, pollution of the planet, accumulation of nuclear weapons, biological and chemical methods of mass destruction - all this forms a single strong circle. Each of these problems is important and requires an urgent solution, but addressing them one by one is an empty business.

Indira Gandhi.

1.1. spaceship earth

In the last decade of the 20th century, humanity is strenuously looking for ways to preserve and develop its unique home - planet Earth with its wildlife.

In the 60s, among specialists in the field of rocket and space technology, a figurative expression was born - "spaceship Earth". 4.5 billion years, first "in automatic mode", and then with a crew that today exceeds 5 billion people, the "Earth spaceship" orbits the Sun. suitable for the breath of today's highly developed beings. In the "cargo compartments", the bowels of the planet, there are significant reserves of necessary substances - minerals, which have not yet dried up, but are not renewable.

So, the Earth is a comfortable, reasonably organized and adapted to life planet, where the best examples of nature and the best examples of technology are combined, where the energy of the Sun, wind, water, and subsoil is carefully collected - this is the ideal of the Earth that we imagine. But man, unlike the natural world, builds everything according to the laws and ideals of beauty, often encroaching on nature or even simply impoverishing it.

For more than a decade, not only scientists, but also the world community have not ceased to be disturbed by the symptoms of trouble in the relationship between humanity and nature.

1.2. Time to be wise

The economic activity of man on the planet acquires the features of a natural disaster. If in the 70s there was simply a growing concern about the state of the natural environment, then in the 80s it became obvious that man lacked deep ecological knowledge to intelligently operate in the system of nature in new dimensions that arose due to the huge growth of industry and cities, the multiplication of communications and communications. Indeed, the signs of a global environmental crisis are extensive. This includes pollution of the World Ocean and atmosphere, the onset of deserts, deforestation, the disappearance of whole living species from the face of the Earth. People got the technological opportunity to see from space an okotyphoon, the birth of a hurricane, the lights and smoke of forest fires all over the planet at once, plumes of dust from industrial centers stretching like comet tails. Truly nature is both huge and easily vulnerable!

But ecological topicality does not dissolve in the distance of time. The time to be wise is today. Tomorrow will be too late, because an ecologically uneducated person can unconsciously put into action such natural mechanisms that will already, without the intermediary of a person and in spite of him, bring to an end the processes of degradation of the natural world.

Today, ecology is no longer part of biology alone. Moreover, it has grown beyond the scope of a scientific concept and has become a symbol of the anxieties and concerns of every state.

Ecology at the present time is the focus of many problems and the crossroads of many paths from the past to the future. Humanity is thinking.

So what is ecology?

2. Ecology as a science of human interaction

with the environment of the Earth

Ecology (from the Greek oikos - house, dwelling, location and ... logy - science, knowledge, teaching), is the science of the relationship of organisms with each other and the environment. Modern ecology also studies the problems of interaction between man and the biosphere.

2.1. The origin and development of ecology

The term "ecology" was proposed in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel, defining ecology as "the general science of the relationship of organisms to the environment ..."

The prehistory of ecology goes back to the works of the philosophers of Ancient Greece and Rome. Valuable ecological observations are contained in the works of natural scientists of the 18th century (especially C. Linnaeus, J. Buffon and I. I. Lepekhin). The formation of science was primarily influenced by works in which the lifestyle of organisms was studied, as well as the dependence of their distribution and development on various environmental factors.

For the development of ecology in Russia, the works of K.F. Rulye were of great importance, in which they emphasized the need to study animals in interaction with other organisms and the abiotic environment; the role of technical conditions that are created by man (anthropogenic factor) was also particularly different.

The decisive influence on the formation of ecology as an independent science was shown by "The Origin of Species .." by Ch. Darwin (1859), which emphasized the importance of studying the mechanisms of the struggle for existence, intraspecific and interspecific relationships. Under the direct influence of Darwin, Haeckel came to the conclusion that it was necessary to single out ecology as a separate discipline.

In the last decade, ecology has developed under the influence and with the participation of many scientists from Germany, Denmark, the USA, Switzerland, Russia, etc.

In our country, the doctrine of the biosphere, which was created in the 20-30s of the 20th century by the scientist V.I. Vernadsky. In the middle of the 20th century, his ideas became especially relevant due to the increased influence of man on nature.

In the 60-70s, there was a rapid growth in environmental research throughout the world. The reason for it, firstly, is the maturity of science itself, a clear definition of objects and methods of research; secondly, ecology has acquired special significance as a scientific basis for the rational use of natural resources and the protection of living organisms, and the term "ecology" itself has a broader meaning.

2.2. Main tasks and practical significance

A characteristic feature of modern ecology is the study of processes covering the entire biosphere. The interaction between man and the biosphere is especially closely studied. Since 1964, work began under the International Biological Program (IBP): its main goal is to study ecological systems in different regions of the globe. Research was continued by the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (C&B), in which the main attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of human activities on the biosphere. year. Thus, since the 70s of the 20th century, human ecology, or social ecology, has been developing, studying the patterns of interaction between society and the environment, as well as the practical problems of its conservation.

So, we can single out the main task of ecology - a detailed study by quantitative methods of the foundations of the structure and functioning of natural and man-made systems. It is especially important to study the biosphere and in general. These tasks can be solved only by the combined efforts of scientists from different countries.

The variety of phenomena studied by modern ecology explains the wide connections with many natural and human sciences, such as: genetics, physiology, soil science, hydrology, etc. Achievements in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and philosophy have paid great attention to ecology.

In turn, ecology puts forward new tasks for mathematics (especially in the field of statistics) and other sciences.

At the present stage of the development of human society, when its impact on the biosphere has increased as a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the practical significance of ecology has increased extraordinary. Ecology should serve as a scientific basis for any measures for the use and protection of natural resources, for the preservation of the environment in a state favorable for human habitation.

One of the most important practical tasks is to study the state of inland water bodies resulting from a violation of their biological and hydrochemical regime, leading to adverse consequences for humans: the massive development of planktonic blue-green algae (“water bloom”), the disappearance of valuable fish species, and deterioration of water quality.

Ecology also studies the interaction of agricultural and natural ecological systems, combinations of cultivated and natural landscapes.

Ecology serves as a theoretical basis for the development of measures for the transition from the harvesting of wild species of plants and animals to their cultivation and to other forms of more rational use. The creation of a network of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, landscape planning is also carried out according to recommendations developed by ecologists.

A pronounced practical orientation is characteristic of human ecology. The scientific and technological revolution is connected with the continuous intensification and expansion of the scale of human economic activity. This sharpens attention to environmental problems, in particular to the direct and side effects of production activities on the composition and properties of the atmosphere, the thermal regime of the planet, the background of radioactivity, pollution of the World Ocean, land water bodies and a decrease in fresh water reserves, a decrease in the reserves of non-renewable raw materials and energy resources, the release into the biosphere of non-recyclable biochemical and toxic waste, the environmental impact of anthropogenic, especially urbanized, landscapes, the influence of environmental factors on the physical and mental health of a person, etc.

3.Problems of ecology at the present stage

I did not set myself the task of considering each of the environmental problems that have come to the fore at the present time, since it is impossible not to ignore many issues due to the huge scale of their spread, but I tried to show the acuteness of a particular problem, using several of the most striking examples of environmental disasters in our country. impact on people's lives.

3.1. Water resources are the main human wealth

By the middle of the 20th century, the influence of man on nature increased sharply. One of the global problems is the problem of water pollution. We live in a fabulous time when you can set the sea on fire, because it is often covered with an oil film due to accidents of supertankers. Oil pollution today threatens to kill life in the oceans and seas. But the World Ocean not only occupies 71% of the planet's surface, but also contains half of the Earth's biomass, oceanic phytoplankton supplies the main part of free oxygen to the atmosphere. The famous Norwegian scientist and traveler T. Heyerdahl said: “Before destroying the oceans, our activities will destroy the inland seas.” Indeed, the pollution of both lakes and rivers has taken on rampant proportions.

3.1.1. The struggle for the purity of Baikal

Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in the world. This lake is the main spring of Russia. More than 1300 species of plants and animals live here, which are not found anywhere else. The famous Baikal omul, lake whitefish are of commercial importance. Epimura copepod is the most interesting and widespread inhabitant of the lake. He purifies water by filtering it through his sink. And the most unique local attraction is the Baikal seal. About 7 thousand seals are hunted annually. At the same time, even the method of shooting is important for the environment. There is poaching.

The most stable and widespread form of the Baikal shores is Lukomorye. This is a natural system for protecting the coast from sea waves. Mindless mining of sand and gravel destroys the coast.

Huge damage to the lake, not to mention deforestation in the Baikal basin, was caused by the Baikal PPM (pulp and paper mill), which produced cord pulp, which cannot be obtained without clean water. But chemical wastewater treatment was not provided at all. The drains were diluted with the most valuable Baikal water. A mixture of poisons went into the lake. Settling ponds disfigured the Baikal Lukomorye. If an earthquake happened - the seismicity of the territory of the east - then these giant bowls of waste would overturn into the environment.

More than 700 million m3 of sewage is discharged into Baikal annually. Only in the last 20 years of operation of the Baikal Central Clinical Hospital, it has discharged 1.5 billion m 3 of industrial waste into Baikal. MACs (maximum permissible concentrations) of industrial effluents were changed six times. The concentration of harmful substances has become dangerous for the inhabitants of Lake Baikal. Only in 1986-1987 there were three lye discharges, sediments during the cleaning of settling ponds twice overflowed into the lake, concentrated lye was thrown out twice (foam as tall as a man clogged the shore). Dumping resulted in the death of the fish.

Gas emissions led to the death of the taiga. The most sensitive to pollution fir stands dried up. Dust and gas emissions have damaged 250 thousand hectares of forest, 40 thousand hectares of which have been irretrievably lost. In the Pulp and Paper Mill area - weakened and drying forests, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich has reached 500 thousand hectares

In 1966, the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill gave the first products, but only in the early 80s, its activities began to be gradually curtailed. Calculations showed that the environmental damage from the plant's activities many times exceeded the cost of its products. The Baikal cord turned out to be unsuitable for aviation, and cellulose can serve as a raw material for the production of conventional tires. Other non-Baikal water would be suitable for such purposes, and is it generally moral to give away such resources as Baikal water for even the best industrial products?

Who are the main air pollutants in the Baikal basin today? These are tungsten-molybdenum, metallurgical plants, several large state district power plants and thermal power plants; not only boiler houses smoke, but also landfills, including those on the shore of the lake.

Under pressure from environmentalists, in 1988, transportation of oil products across Baikal was stopped. In 1989, timber rafting along the rivers and the lake itself was stopped, but the banks of many rivers in the Baikal basin still remain littered with driftwood. Despite all the measures, there are 150 sources of Baikal pollution!

With the completion of the construction of the BAM, Baikal found itself, as it were, in a vice between two transcontinental highways: the old Siberian and the new - Baikal-Amur. The Baikal region is being industrialized. The ecological situation in Transbaikalia is unfavorable. These areas directly affect the nature of Baikal. The change of water in the lake is very slow, and, according to estimates, it is updated in 400 years - this means that the runoff that enters it pollutes it for centuries. And the way to save Baikal turned out to be not easy, but the ecological approach to the problem took over. The voice of the public also played a significant role here.

3.1.2. Problems of hydropower

Unfortunately, the Aral Sea is still a zone of ecological disaster. It has almost dried up. For the two large salt lakes that are being formed, the names have already been prepared - the Big Sea and the Small Sea.

It is impossible not to say about the damming of the Kari-Bogou-Gal Bay. The bay itself quickly became shallow, polluting the surrounding agricultural land and the entire environment. And the Caspian, whose level began to rise, lost the opportunity to store its salts - the most valuable mineral raw material of Kari-Bogou-Gala.

An alarming situation has developed on Lake Ladoga - the largest storage of fresh water in Europe.

It was only thanks to ecological insight that the project that arose at the end of the 40s, about turning into the arid regions of Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the great Siberian rivers - the Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, which, it was believed, "uselessly flow into the Arctic Ocean, swamping the entire Western Siberia.

Considering the environmental problems of water resources, it is necessary to touch on hydropower.

The production of electricity at hydroelectric power plants is based on an inexhaustible flow of water. Hydroelectric power plants do not require fuel, and nuclear power plants and thermal power plants use non-renewable natural resources, moreover, when organic fuel is burned at thermal power plants, a large amount of carbon dioxide and other harmful compounds are released into the atmosphere, which contribute to the occurrence of such a phenomenon as "the greenhouse effect".

At present, there are about 200 hydroelectric power stations in our country and the countries of the Near Abroad, during their construction 12 million gas farmlands were flooded. But this is only one side of the hydropower problem. Only recently began to seriously study the ecological phenomena that are characteristic only for reservoirs. Changes in the water level in reservoirs do not occur according to natural laws, but according to the dispatcher's commands. Fluctuations of various parameters that determine the living conditions of living organisms occur periodically in the form of jumps and regardless of the life cycles of the organisms inhabiting the reservoir. The mass of blue-green algae in some places begins to exceed 50 kg / m2, when they die and decompose, the oxygen content in the water decreases sharply, and toxic substances are released. Fish die, water becomes unfit for drinking, it is almost impossible to use it for technical purposes, recreational conditions on the coast are violated. The self-cleaning capacity of reservoirs decreases. Yes, hydroelectric facilities have eliminated the danger of spring floods in many areas. The regulation of rivers made it possible to direct water to irrigated fields, factories, and power plants. At the same time, the reservoirs led to the constant flooding of forests and meadows, many settlements, cultural monuments, mineral deposits and other valuable objects. The area of ​​the Kuibyshev reservoir is 6450 km2, Bratskoye - 5470, Rybinsk - 4550, Volgograd - 3120, Tsimlyansky - 2900. Seeping into the ground, water floods and swamps vast coastal areas, changes their landscape and microclimate.

And what is happening with the places of large reservoirs? Large areas of forest are flooded. For example, during the construction of the Bratsk HPP, 40 million m2 of timber was flooded. They could cover all the needs of construction. There are bays on the Bratsk Sea, which cannot be entered by boat - the tops of trees stick out all around. At the Ust-Ilimskaya HPP, 20 million m 3 of forest were under water. On the Yenisei - everything happened again. And the forest rots, reservoirs become unsuitable for all living things. The situation is no better in those areas where logging is carried out. Trunks roll along the banks of the rivers, pushing in the rivers until they reach the mouth. During the delivery of wood to the lower warehouses, most of it sinks and is thrown out by the current of the embankment. Many rivers of Siberia are spoiled. The small river Mana - a tributary of the Yenisei - today has turned into a "log storage", its channel from the upper reaches to the lower reaches is clogged with tree trunks.

Here's another example. After the Ob was blocked by the dam of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station and the formation of the Novosibirsk reservoir, the natural conditions of the Ob changed. Water and bottom pollution intensified here, and the species composition of fish decreased.

After the launch of the first hydroelectric power station, the Yenisei stopped freezing tens of kilometers below the dam, therefore, the living conditions also changed.

During the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, the power engineers did not build fish receivers and fish passages in the dam, which led to the cessation of spawning of valuable fish species of the Yenisei.

Let's limit ourselves to this. There are many addresses of environmental disasters associated with hydropower. The situation remains alarming.

3.2. Nuclear power engineering from ecological positions.

Having touched on the problems of hydropower, one cannot bypass the equally important problems of nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants form the basis of it. By the beginning of the 90s. More than 430 nuclear reactors with a total capacity of about 340 GW were operating in 27 countries of the world, more than 40 of them in our country. Nuclear power plants provide 12% of our energy needs. Certainly, the use of controlled nuclear energy is profitable and promising. Nuclear power plants practically do not pollute the environment during operation. Delivery of compact uranium fuel to nuclear power plants does not require high transportation costs. That is why nuclear power plants are effective in areas of energy-intensive industries and industrial agglomerations, where there are no fuel resources.

Already from this it is clear that the nuclear power industry must be technologically trouble-free and flawless. The accident at Chernobyl is far from the first in the global nuclear power industry, but it is the largest. V. Vernadsky said: "... the time of mastering atomic energy is already close ...", and was the first to raise the question of "whether mankind will use this colossal source of energy for well-being or for self-destruction."

During the operation of power plants (since 1954, when the world's first Obninsk nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in our country), nuclear specialists distinguish three major accidents: in England - at the Windscale nuclear power plant, in the USA - at the nuclear power plant " Tree Mile Island" and in Ukraine - in Chernobyl.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred on April 26, 1986. As a result of the destruction of the reactor, tens of millions of curies of radioactive substances entered the environment. In the first 2-3 days, the most powerful radiation of radioactive products was observed. The height of the jet of radioactive release on April 27, filed from an aircraft, exceeded 1200 m. There were two volley releases in total. The outflow of a highly radioactive gas-aerosol jet from the exposed radioactive zone continued for 10 days due to the ignition of the graphite masonry of the reactor. In total, eleven regions with a population of 17 million people were contaminated. Radioactive particles reached certain regions of the Caucasus, Siberia and Central Asia with air currents. A slight increase in radiation levels was noted even over the territory of Sweden, Finland, Poland and other 23 IAEA member states. Small amounts of radioactive materials have been transferred outside of Europe, including China, Japan and the United States. As part of the emissions from the accident reactor, 23 main radionuclides were isolated, of which most of them decayed within a few months. In the future, the main radioactive contamination with radionuclides is associated with the spread of iodine-131, plutonium, isotopes of strontium and cesium (especially cesium-137).

In places where it rained, entire "spots" of radioactive contamination formed. Radioactive products entered water basins as a result of deposition on the water surface, runoff from contaminated areas, and migration with groundwater. For example, in the Kremenchug reservoirs in May 1986, the concentration of strontium-90 had a radioactivity of 5 * 1012 C / l, which is almost 100 times higher than the established norm. These soils at the site of the Kyiv reservoir, adjacent to the mouth of the Pripyat River, turned out to be heavily polluted. As the city of power engineers Pripyat is mothballed, it has become lifeless. The total area of ​​pollution in the first days was about 200 thousand km2. There are 640 settlements on the territory of this zone. Tens of thousands of people, even hundreds, have been evacuated from the resettlement zone. But how many people are now receiving low doses of radiation! Today, genetic disorders that have arisen during the irradiation of living organisms have become widely known. An eight-legged foal was born in the Zhytomyr region. The size of ordinary plants and animals located in the contaminated area is striking. These are the consequences of throwing 50 million curies of radioactivity into the environment.

It is impossible not to mention the problem of radioactive waste disposal. Each of several species has its own burial technology. Special burial grounds can be created. Radioactive waste is hermetically isolated in concrete containers or iron tanks and placed in concrete sarcophagi. Containers can be destroyed, and then the waste penetrates into the soil and game waters. Even if in a thousand years a well is drilled in a place where, for example, plutonium is buried, there will be a danger to life.

The only true way is the processing of radioactive waste. In France, where 75% of electricity comes from nuclear power plants, this method is the most common.

Unfortunately, even a peaceful atom turns out to be a formidable and sometimes unpredictable force. The Chernobyl tragedy once again warned against the deliberate anti-human use of nuclear energy.

4. Ecological situation in Rostov and the Rostov region

The problem of environmental protection is acute both in our city and in the region. Rostov-on-Don is a city with a population of over 1 million people. This is a large industrial center and environmental problems have not bypassed it, like any big city.

In order to compile a general picture of the state of the environment on the territory of Rostov, work was completed to create the "Ecological and Geochemical Atlas of the City of Rostov-on-Don". In the course of the research, samples of atmospheric air, snowmelt and external waters, soils, hydrochemical samples on rivers and streams (Temernik, Aleksandrovka, Leventsovka), as well as samples of vegetables and fruits, measurements of the noise level in the streets were carried out. The following conclusions were made.

Dust load in the city varies from 200 to 400 kg/km2 per day. In the dirtiest areas of the city with dust (Central Market, Selmash, Tekucheva St., etc.), with a load of 3000-4000 kg / km2 per day, the concentration of dust in the air is 4-5 times higher than the average daily maximum permissible concentration (MAC). In microdistricts where there is a lot of greenery in the zone of private households, and in large parks, the intensity of atmospheric pollution is much lower.

Abnormally high contents of zinc, lead, chromium, vanadium, nickel, copper, cobalt, etc. were recorded in the dust. The maximum load of zinc falling out of the atmosphere is observed in the Empils area, in the city center; ten; chromium - in the zone of influence of the plant "Agat", GPZ-10, "Empilsa". An abnormally high content of sulfides, nitrates, ammonia was noted in the Kirov region (Meat processing plant, Rubin, Empils); in Voroshilovsky (in the zone of influence of the landfill and CHPP-2); in the old city center.

The recorded excess of MPC for soils for lead, zinc, chromium, copper and other heavy metals indicates the levels of environmental pollution in Rostov. Polluted soils themselves are dangerous secondary sources of atmospheric pollution when lifted by wind or transporting soil into the air, or when growing vegetables and fruits on these soils.

For the first time in Rostov, the intensity of pollution of rain italian waters was determined, the scale of pollutants in the Don was estimated. Only from the territory of the Leninsky district, 12 thousand tons of suspensions, 457 tons of chlorides, 740 tons of sulfates, 5.4 tons of iron, 1.2 tons of lead, 16.3 tons of oil products, 10 tons of aluminum, ...

Another part of atmospheric precipitation is filtered into groundwater. As a result, groundwater is polluted with manganese, aluminum, nitrates, and oil products almost throughout the city. Due to leaks from the water supply and sewage networks, groundwater is constantly fed with technical water. As a result, flooding, swamping, subsidence of buildings appear on the territory of the city. Due to the leakage of hot water from the heating mains, the temperature of groundwater rises to (45o!).

It has already been mentioned how many (and the count goes to tons) of various elements are carried by surface waters to the Don. Until recently, the epithet "the cleanest of the major rivers of the European part of our country" was still retained behind this river. This applies mainly to the upper reaches. Let me give you an example. The water flow near Rostov is 5-6 times less than the total amount of untreated discharges in the Don and Northern Donets basins. In other words, reaching Rostov, the water was already processed 5-6 times at various enterprises. Knowing the number and low capacity of treatment facilities, one can imagine what a “clean river” carries in itself. In the region, water from the Don without treatment is no longer drinkable, a long time ago.

But if air pollution is visible even from space, then water pollution is visible only from the shore. A huge cloud stretches from Novocherkassk to Vienna. This is how the hundred-kilometer smoky plume of the Novocherkassk GRES looks like from orbit. This pollutant alone annually "dumps" 100 kg of substances for each inhabitant of the region. A "feasible" contribution is made by all, without exception, industrial enterprises of the region, and there are about 500 of them.

It should also be noted that the Rostov region is coal-mining. Dusty and self-igniting waste heaps, black crumbs that have eaten into everything living and inanimate - such is the landscape of mining cities.

The Tsimlyansk reservoir is a very vulnerable place from an ecological point of view. This is one of the largest artificial reservoirs in Russia, 250 km long. In its southernmost part, where the Don again turns into a river, there are two cities: Volgodonsk and Tsimlyansk, with a population of 250,000. Human. Downstream live another 2 million people. There are water intakes for people and irrigation, fish farms, recreation areas. And most importantly, the ecological balance of the entire region of the lower Don largely depends on the state of the Tsimlyansk reservoir. It is enough to put a dangerous industrial facility on it, and the balance (already very unstable) will be disturbed, and in the event of an accident it will turn into a disaster.

5. The problem of preserving life on Earth is global problem of humanity

Our planet is fragile. This epithet was born when people managed to look from space at the Earth - so far the only known abode not only of the living, but also of the intelligent, with a thin layer of the biosphere in the blackness of endless and lifeless spaces. A. Schweitzer, philosopher, musician, doctor and great humanist of the 20th century, wrote on the eve of the space age and the global problems of mankind that the Earth can die from any cosmic accident or initially imperceptible disturbance in the planet's biosphere.

Encroachment on the Earth's magnetic field by an electrically saturated civilization is a clear example of such a danger. Here is another example, perhaps even more sinister. Fluorine compounds, which are included in many household chemical products, entering the upper atmosphere in a gaseous state, destroy the ozone layer, which protects all life on Earth from excessive solar ultraviolet radiation. This is how numerous freons behave, inert on the surface of the Earth and used in the refrigeration industry and for the manufacture of aerosol packages, in the stratosphere, freons undergo photochemical decomposition and give a chlorine ion, which bombards and destroys ozone. The thinning of the ozone layer risks leading to the extinction of the living species most sensitive to ultrasonic rays - primarily humans.

And, finally, all problems pale before the most terrible - a general nuclear war, the threat of which has been hanging over the community of the inhabitants of the Earth for the last decades. This war brings with it not a crisis, but a catastrophe. Fifteen-fold or even twenty-fold destruction of all life on Earth - such is the power of the modern nuclear potential, which will actually work only once. The remaining fourteen or nineteen times are more than sufficient for the “guaranteed” eradication of seeds, bacteria and other “vital remnants”, without the subsequent emergence of life on our planet, where the conditions for this have gone into the astronomical past.

As you know, nuclear explosions were not only experiments. Combat explosions of American atomic bombs hit the cities of Hirosmima and Nagasaki in 1945. The real ecological war is no less known. It was also carried out by the Americans in Indochina, where many people and the surrounding nature were poisoned by pesticides. And although the wounds are gradually healing, excess strontium-cesium from post-war tests continues to “highlight the Earth in the darkness of space.

At present, the image of war is being ecologized, the struggle for peace is being ecologized. An example of the struggle for peace is the activity of the international non-governmental organization Greenpeace (“Green World”). It unites environmentalists and opposes any actions that damage nature. It has recently fought especially persistently against the ongoing above-ground nuclear tests in the Mururoa atoll, belonging to France, so that the multicolor of the world will never be replaced by a “white nuclear winter” - the freezing of the planet after a nuclear massacre and the fires of cities and forests caused by it, when the smoky atmosphere will sharply and for many months reduce access to the Earth of sunlight and heat.

Cooperation with nature, its restoration and rational development require colossal new efforts and sacrifices. For the well-coordinated work of a multi-billion crew, social compatibility is required (ie interaction and cooperation between states, cultures, ethnic groups) so that our "spaceship Earth" does not stop.

Speaking of our planet as a "spaceship", we looked at the Earth from a cosmic point of view. We must not forget about the connections between the Earth and space. Space, especially the Sun, can help solve environmental problems on Earth.

There are projects for the active use of solar energy. Solar resources can also be used in space itself, where some types of terrestrial production can be taken out, using not only energy, but also raw materials of extraterrestrial origin (the substance of the Moon, asteroids), and the Earth can be turned into an ecologically comfortable place for human habitation. These are the universal horizons that open on the way to solving environmental problems on Earth.

But the Earth has come, and the Earth will leave, like any concrete body of the cosmos. The solar system was formed billions of years ago. And also, billions of years ago, life was formed on Earth - on the only planet out of nine.

Today, the entire globe is cultivated, on which one cannot find a piece that does not directly or indirectly testify to the presence of a person. But today, the growing tree of culture threatens to stifle and destroy the tree of life. Man can prevent the departure of the Earth. And in order to survive, he needs to reconsider his views on the combination of artificial and natural in his environment and rebuild nature management practices. And so, the first step towards this: a new vision of the Earth is needed, today's Earth, as a unique planet with its main attraction - life.

P L A N:

1. Earth is our common home.

1.1. Spaceship Earth.

1.2. Time to be wise.

2. Ecology as a science of human interaction with the surrounding nature of the Earth.

2.1. The origin and development of ecology.

2.2. Main tasks and practical significance.

3. Problems of ecology at the present stage.

3.1. Water resources are the main human wealth.

3.1.1. Fighting the purity of Baikal.

3.1.2. Problems of hydropower.

3.2. Nuclear energy from an environmental point of view.

4. Ecological situation in Rostov and the Rostov region.

5. The problem of preserving life on Earth is a global problem for mankind.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Yu.A. Shkolenko "This fragile planet."

2. A.L. Anshin, A.I. Melua "Lessons of ecological miscalculations".

3. Under the editorship of professors Zozulin, Nomokonov, Chupakina "Man and Boisphere".

4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

5. Gevozov, Lobanov, Malyarov "Economics of nature management".

6. Articles from the magazine "Youth", newspapers "Morning" and "Hammer".

Earth is our planet and we live on it. This is our house. There are many of us, but she is one for all. We are a family. It is both man and nature. Nature created us and that is why we call her mother. She gives us everything, and we, her children, forget that she needs help and care. Our planet is in danger!

People create terrible poisons that infect and kill all life on Earth, release cars that pollute the air with exhaust gases, cut down forests, drain swamps, and throw garbage anywhere.

Each person makes his house clean, comfortable. AT

It has a lot of light and warmth. But, going out the door, we see heaps of garbage, landfills, we breathe poisoned air. This is because people only care about their home. But no one protects, cares for and protects our common home! People, take a look! Look at our forests, rivers, seas, meadows, they all need help.

Ancient people knew their spaces well. The land seemed huge to them. Previously, there were few people on earth, and they lived in harmony with nature, did not interfere with it. Now there are many more people. They cut down forests. Now there is no one to clean the air. Cities have grown everywhere. Even the water is no longer clean. People have lost a lot

Already forever. Every day on Earth one species of animal disappears, and every week we lose one species of plant. The Red Book swells with new names that are entered into it.

Man must become the master of the planet - carefully spend all the wealth of the Earth, take care of its purity.

A person must remember that one cannot only take from nature, but one must give something in return. Let's answer her with warmth for warmth, love for love. Let's not forget that by taking care of nature, we also take care of the Earth.

We, children, must help adults, protect nature: do not throw garbage, do not pick flowers, feed birds.

This winter, our class decided to find out how birds hibernate. From various sources, we learned about birds and their life on Earth, that it is very difficult for wintering birds to feed themselves in winter. We even defended a project on this topic (Appendix 1). To save the birds, they made feeders for them and hung them in the school yard. Every week we feed the birds with grain, millet and seeds. Now our birds are always full and delight us with their singing.

To save our planet, it is not necessary to be poor or rich, adult or child, scientist or worker. You just need to listen to your heart. The future of planet Earth, its well-being and prosperity is in our hands!

Essays on topics:

1. The earth is our common home, our breadwinner. Native land, Motherland - the place where a person was born, which will forever remain dear to ...
2. We live on planet Earth, and it is no coincidence that its main wealth is consonant with the name. The earth is our home, the earth is...
3. A. Akhmatova's poem "Native Land" reflects the theme of the Motherland, which very keenly worried the poetess. In this work, she created the image of her native ...

Are you concerned about the health of our planet? What are you willing to do to save her? With the daily bad news of global warming, shrinking oceans and endangered animals, it's hard to know where to start. You may think that there is not much one person can do, but there are actually so many ways to help our planet. Start by changing your personal habits, educate the people around you, and you can make a significant contribution to saving Mother Earth.

Steps

Respect for water

Take good care of the water in your home. By spending too much water, we have a significant impact on the health of the planet. You can start taking steps right now to reduce your water intake. If you live in a water scarce region, this is even more important for the health and prosperity of your region. Here's what to do:

• Check if you have water leaks. If there is, fix it. A leaky faucet can waste a lot of water.
• Install water saving devices on faucets and in bathrooms. Installing a low flow shower head is a good place to start.
• Do not wash dishes with the water constantly on. Use a method that will allow you to spend less water on dishwashing.
• Shut off access to water in the dishwasher to avoid leaks. It doesn't have to be on all the time.
• Replace old toilets with new ones that reduce water consumption.
• Dishwashers and washing machines should only be used when fully loaded. Otherwise, excess water will be wasted.
• Don't use too much water to water your lawn.
• Turn off the water while brushing your teeth.

1. Reduce the amount of chemicals you use. The chemicals we use to bathe, clean the house, wash the car, and anywhere else are washed away and soaked into the ground or grass, eventually ending up in the plumbing system. Because many people use harsh chemicals, they cause significant damage to waterways and aquatic life. For humans, chemicals are even more dangerous, so do everything in your power to reduce their use. Here are some ways:

   • Find out about alternatives to home cleaning products that don't contain dangerous chemicals. For example, a 1:1 solution of white vinegar and water works just as well for almost all types of cleaning as store-bought products. Baking soda and salt are also cheap, non-toxic cleaning products.
   • If it is not possible to find an alternative to a chemical agent, try to use the minimum amount necessary to achieve the required cleanliness and disinfection.
   • Instead of using chemical-laden shampoos and soaps, try making your own.
   • Instead of using pesticides and herbicides, try getting rid of weeds and pests naturally.

2. Dispose of toxic waste the right way. Paint, machine oil, ammonia, and a host of other substances should not simply be washed onto the ground or grass. They penetrate deep into the earth and end up in groundwater. Contact your local wastewater treatment plant for the location of the nearest toxic waste dump.

3. Help find water pollutants. Even one single person can do a lot to keep the water clean. Very often the culprits of water pollution are enterprises and industries. Citizens interested in protecting the environment should discuss the problem with the leaders of such enterprises and find ways to protect themselves from pollution.

   • Join a local conservation organization to help clean water in your area, whether it's a river, lake, sea or ocean.
   • Contact local authorities to discuss your views on keeping water clean.
   • Be a volunteer and help clean up beaches and river banks.
   • Involve other people in the cleanup of waters in your area.

Help to protect animals

1. Make your home a paradise for flora and fauna. Due to the progress of mankind, many species of animals, from birds to deer and insects, have lost their homes. You may have seen birds swimming in oily pools and deer roaming the outskirts of settlements, simply because they have nowhere else to go. If you have some free space, be hospitable to those animals that need help. You can make your home more pet-friendly by:

   • Plant shrubs, flowers, and trees that can attract forest dwellers.
   • Hang up a bird feeder and drinker and always replenish them with clean water and food.
   • Do not kill snakes, spiders, bees, bats and other creatures. If they live near you, your ecosystem is healthy.
   • Set up a hive if there is space.
   • Use cedar shavings instead of mothballs.
   • Don't use pesticides.
   • Instead of using mouse poisons and insecticides, use more humane traps.
   • Use an electric or manual lawnmower, not a gas-powered one.
   • If you hunt, be it deer or squirrels, respect the animals whose meat provides you with food. Don't throw it away.