Allied States creditors represented. Meeting at Villa Albertis. I.V. Stalin met us alone. He was clearly concerned

RULERS

B) Dmitry Donskoy

FACILITIES

1) Peter and Paul Fortress

2) Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

3) Cathedral of Christ the Savior

4) white-stone Moscow Kremlin

· Task 17. In 1327, outraged by the requisitions and violence of the Horde tribute collector Cholkhan (Shchelkan), the inhabitants of one of the Russian cities raised an uprising and killed the Horde. The prince of Moscow went to pacify the townspeople. The uprising was suppressed by the Horde-Moscow army.

1. Indicate the city where the uprising took place.

2. Name the Moscow prince who took part in the suppression of the uprising.

3. What was the consequence for the Moscow prince of his participation in the suppression of the uprising?

· Task 19. Read an excerpt from the historian's work and indicate the missing name of the period of Russian history.

“Destructive centrifugal forces are always dormant in the depths of Russian society. A fatal combination of circumstances, multiplied by the mistakes of the rulers, sets them free. And so it happened in the time of Boris Godunov. The interweaving of accidents and patterns carried the country into the abyss, whose name is ".

o 1) oprichnina

o 3) interregnum

o 4) split

· Task 21. Establish a correspondence between the monarchs and the wars that took place during their reign: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

MONARCHS

B) Mikhail Fedorovich

WARS

1) Smolensk war

2) Seven Years War

3) Northern war

4) Livonian War

· Task 23.

Write down the name missing in the diagram.

· Task 25. Arrange the following events in chronological order. Specify the answer as a sequence of digits of the selected items.

o 1) the uprising led by Stepan Razin

o 2) election of Mikhail Romanov as tsar

o 3) the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich

o 4) the beginning of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon

· Task 27. Establish a correspondence between the wars waged by Russia in the 17th century. and their totals: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

WARS

A) Smolensk war

B) Russian-Polish war of 1654–1667

C) Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681

RESULTS

1) entry into Russia of Zaporozhye

2) annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire

3) entry into Russia of the Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv

4) refusal of the Polish king Vladislav IV from claims to the Russian throne

· Task 29. Write down the term you are talking about.

"The government, which consisted of representatives of noble boyar families, came to power after the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky."

· Task 31. Which of the following events refers to the 17th century?

o 1) the introduction of reserved years

o 2) the establishment of the archery army

o 3) the creation of regiments of the "new system"

o 4) convening the first Zemsky Sobor

· Task 33. Which of the following was the result of the process of strengthening and centralization of the Russian state at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century?

o 1) the emergence of permanent central government

o 2) dissolution of the Boyar Duma

o 3) the termination of the activities of Zemsky Sobors

o 4) the introduction of an indefinite investigation of peasants

· Task 35. What were the names of those that arose in Russia in the 17th century? enterprises that used manual equipment and the division of labor?

o 2) factories

o 3) Manufactory

o 4) craft workshops

· Task 37. Which of the following was a consequence of the implementation of the oprichnina policy under Ivan IV?

o 1) the final liberation of Russia from the Horde dominion

o 2) economic ruin of the country

o 3) the formation of a class-representative monarchy

o 4) the establishment of the patriarchate

· Task 39. Compare the features of the economic development of the Russian state in the XVI century. and in the second half of the 18th century. Select and write down in the first column the serial numbers of the similarities, and in the second column the serial numbers of the differences.

Laboratory work on the topic "Foreign policy of the USSR in the 1920s."

Questions and tasks:

• Based on doc. No. 1, I draw the following conclusions about the export of the revolution from Russia: 1 ..., 2 ... etc.
• Doc. No. 3 contradicts doc. No. 1, because ...
• Based on doc. Nos. 2 and 4, I can single out the following reasons for the failure of the talks between Russia and Western countries in Genoa: 1…, 2… etc. …
• On the basis of Doc No. 5, I conclude that the treaty with Germany was beneficial (not beneficial) for Russia, because. …
• Having studied the doc. No. 5, I was convinced of the correct (wrong) opinion when answering the question. No. 4, because ...
• Based on the above and doc. No. 6, I can draw the following conclusions about the successes and failures of Russian foreign policy in the 1920s: 1…, 2… etc. …

Document #1. From the report of N.I. Bukharin at the IV Congress of the Comintern. November 18, 1922

We want to clearly establish in the program that the proletarian state must necessarily be defended not only by the proletarians of this country, but also by the proletarians of all countries ... Then we must stipulate another tactical issue: the right to red intervention. This question is a touchstone for all communist parties. Cries of red militarism are heard everywhere. We must establish in the program that every proletarian state has the right to red intervention. The Communist Manifesto says that the proletariat must conquer the whole world, but this cannot be done with the flick of a finger. Here you need bayonets and rifles. Yes, the spread of the Red Army is the spread of socialism, proletarian power, revolution. This is the basis for the right of red intervention under such special conditions that it only facilitates the implementation of socialism purely technically.

Document No. 2. From V.I. Lenin of the Soviet delegation in Genoa.

... Try to move Krasin's formula: "All countries recognize their public debts and undertake to compensate for the damages and losses caused by the actions of their governments." If this fails, go for a break, while declaring with certainty that we are ready to recognize private debts, but not wanting to play hide and seek, we indicate that we consider them covered, like the entire amount of our obligations in general, by our counterclaims ...

Document No. 3. From the statement of the Soviet delegation at the first meeting of the Genoa Conference. April 10, 1922

The Russian delegation, which represents a government that has always supported the cause of peace, welcomes with particular satisfaction the statements of previous speakers that, first of all, peace is necessary ... It considers it necessary, first of all, to declare that it has come here in the interests of peace and the general restoration of the economic life of Europe, which war and the post-war five-year plan. remaining on the point of view of the principles of communism, the Russian delegation recognizes that in the current historical era, which makes possible the parallel existence of the old and the emerging new social order, economic cooperation between the states representing these two property systems is imperatively necessary for the general economic recovery ... The Russian delegation came come here not to propagate their own theoretical views, but for the sake of entering into business relations with the governments and commercial and industrial circles of all countries on the basis of reciprocity, equality and full and unconditional recognition ... Meeting the needs of the world economy and the development of its productive forces, the Russian the government is consciously and voluntarily ready to open its borders to international transit routes, to provide for cultivation millions of acres of the most fertile land, the richest forest, coal and ore concessions, especially in Siberia, as well as a number of other concessions, especially in Siberia, as well as a number of other concessions throughout the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ... The Russian delegation intends during the future work of the conference to propose a general reduction in armaments and support all proposals aimed at alleviating the burden of militarism, with the condition of reducing the armies of all states and supplementing the rules of war with the complete prohibition of its most barbaric forms, such as poisonous gases, air warfare, and others, and in particular the use of means of destruction directed against the civilian population.

Document No. 4. Resolution of the Allied delegations at the Genoa Conference outlining the conditions imposed on Russia. April 15, 1922

1. The allied creditor states represented at Genoa cannot assume any obligations in relation to the claims made by the Soviet Government. 2. In view, however, of Russia's difficult economic situation, the creditor states are inclined to reduce Russia's military debt to them in percentage terms, the size of which must be determined subsequently. The nations represented in Genoa are inclined to take into consideration not only the question of deferring the payment of current interest, but also of deferring the payment of a part of the interest that has expired or is in arrears. 3. Nevertheless, it must finally be established that no exceptions can be made to the Soviet government regarding: a) Debts and financial obligations assumed in respect of citizens of other nationalities; b) regarding the rights of these citizens to the restoration of their property rights or to compensation for the damage and losses incurred.

Document No. 5. From the agreement between the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and Germany. April 16, 1922

Article I. ... a) The RSFSR and the German State mutually renounce compensation for military expenses, as well as compensation for military losses ... Similarly, both Parties renounce compensation for non-military losses caused to citizens of one Party through the so-called exceptional military laws and violent measures of state bodies the other Party. C) Russia and Germany mutually refuse to reimburse their expenses for prisoners of war ... Article II. Germany renounces claims arising from the fact that up to now the laws and measures of the RSFSR have been applied to German citizens and their private rights, as well as to the rights of the German State and Lands in relation to Russia, as well as claims arising in general from the measures of the RSFSR or its bodies in relation to German citizens or their private rights, provided that the government of the RSFSR will not satisfy similar claims of other states. Article III. Diplomatic and consular relations between the RSFSR and the German State are immediately resumed... Article IV. Both Governments further agree that for the general legal status of citizens of one Party on the territory of the other and for the general regulation of mutual trade and economic relations, the principle of the greatest should apply. 1919

Civil war ignited throughout Europe; the victory of communism in Germany is absolutely inevitable; in a year in Europe they will forget about the struggle for communism, because all of Europe will be communist; then the struggle for communism will begin in America, perhaps in Asia and on other continents.

Document No. 6. From the annual report of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR to the VIII Congress of Soviets for 1919-1920. December 22-29, 1920

The term that had elapsed since the last Congress of Soviets was the year of the triumph of the so-called "peaceful offensive" of Soviet Russia. Our policy of constant, systematic coming out with peace proposals and constant attempts to make peace with all our adversaries, the latter have dubbed the peaceful offensive. This policy of unceasing and systematic efforts in favor of peace has borne fruit... At present, peace treaties have been concluded with all our neighbors, except for Poland.... And besides Romania... In January of this year, first the Supreme Economic Council, and then the Supreme Union Council, that is, England. France and Italy officially announced the resumption of commercial relations with Soviet Russia, but not directly with the Soviet Government, but with the cooperatives. At the present time, however, the British Government is proposing to us a draft trade agreement which already completely eliminates the co-operatives from any participation in it... At the present time even France, the most consistent of our opponents.... She recommended Poland to conclude peace with us... The successful military defense of the Soviet Republic was facilitated by the widespread military collapse, and the governments were encouraged to engage in trade relations with it by the growing economic collapse, which made Russia's absence in peaceful, economic circulation even more acutely... Increasing fatigue and need for peace The broad masses of the people exerted strong pressure on the governments of the states directly fighting us, forcing them to succumb to our peaceful policy... The military and economic disintegration of the bourgeois world is accompanied by diplomatic disintegration. The victorious powers ... are powerless to force even small states to submit to their will.

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Laboratory work "Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky as a historical source."

Document No. 1. Tsar's sovereign's message to all his Russian kingdom about the betrayal of perjurers - Prince Andrei Kurbsky and his comrades.

... What are you, a dog, having committed such villainy, write and complain! What is your advice like, stinking more vile than feces ...

Why did you undertake to be a teacher of my soul and body? Who made you judge or ruler over me? Do you really give an answer for my soul on the day of the Last Judgment? .. And who made you a bishop and allowed you to take on the rank of teacher?

Think what power was created in those countries where the kings obeyed the spiritual and advisers, and how these countries perished! Would you really advise us to act in this way, in order to also come to destruction? Is it piety not to suppress the villains, not to govern the kingdom and give it to foreigners for plunder? Is this what the saints teach? Good and instructive!

It is one thing to save your soul, and another thing to take care of the bodies and souls of other people; one thing is hermitage, one thing is monasticism, one thing is priestly power, and another thing is royal rule. The hermit life is to live like a lamb that resists nothing, or a bird that does not sow, does not reap, and does not gather into barns; the monks, although they have renounced the world, already have worries, rules and even commandments - if they do not observe all this, then their life together will be upset; priestly power requires many prohibitions, punishments for guilt: priests have higher and lower positions, they are allowed decorations, glory and honors, but this is not appropriate for monks; royal power is allowed to act by fear, and prohibition, and curbing, and against the worst and craftiest criminals - the last punishment. Understand the difference between hermitage, monasticism, priesthood and royal power. Is it proper for a king, for example, if he is slapped on the cheek, to turn the other? Is this the most perfect commandment; how can a king manage the kingdom if he allows dishonor over himself? And it is fitting for a priest to do this—understand, therefore, the difference between royal and priestly power! Even among those who have renounced the world, there are many severe punishments, although not the death penalty. How much more severely should the tsarist authorities punish villains!

Nor can your desire to rule the cities and regions where you are located be realized. You yourself saw with your dishonorable eyes what ruin was in Russia, when every city had its own chiefs and rulers, and therefore you can understand what it is. The prophet spoke of it; "Woe to the house ruled by a woman, woe to the city ruled by many!" As you can see, the management of many, even if they are strong, brave, intelligent, but do not have a single authority, will be like female madness. For just as a woman is not able to stop at a single decision - she decides one thing, then another, so are many rulers of the kingdom: one wants one, the other another. That is why the desires and designs of many people are like a woman's madness.

All this I pointed out to you in order that you might understand what good will come from the fact that you will own cities and rule the kingdom instead of kings - he who has understanding should understand this ...

…Me and my late brother Georgiy began to be brought up as foreigners or as beggars. What need have we not suffered in clothing and food! We had no will in anything; did not treat us in any way as children should be treated. I remember one thing: we used to play children's games, and Prince Ivan Vasilievich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning his elbow on our father's bed and putting his foot on a chair, but he didn’t look at us - neither as a parent, nor as a ruler, nor as a servant on their masters. Who can bear such pride? How to calculate such severe sufferings that I endured in my youth? How many times I was not allowed to eat on time!

What can I say about the parental treasury that I got? They plundered everything in an insidious way, they said that it was as if the boyar children were on a salary, but they took it for themselves, but they were not paid for the cause, they were not appointed according to their dignity; they took the countless treasury of our grandfather and father and forged gold and silver vessels from it and inscribed on them the names of their parents, as if it were their hereditary property; but it is known to all people that during the reign of our mother, Prince Ivan Shuisky had a fly fur coat, green for martens, and even for shabby ones - so if this was their hereditary property, then how to forge vessels, it would be better to change a fur coat, and forge vessels, when you have extra money...

... If you were a warlike husband, you would not consider your former feats of war, but would strive for new ones; that is why you consider your feats of war because you turned out to be a fugitive, unable to endure feats of war and wanting peace ...

You write that we will not see your face until the day of the Last Judgment - it is clear that you value your face dearly. But who needs to see such an Ethiopian face? ..

You wrote your letter, acting as if you were a judge or a teacher, but you have no right to do so, for you command with threats. How all this resembles the cunning of the devil! After all, he lures and caresses, then he is proud and frightens; so are you: then, falling into immeasurable pride, you imagine yourself a ruler and write accusations against us, then you pretend to be the poorest and most stupid slave. Like others who fled from us, you wrote your letter in a canine, inappropriate way - in a frenzy of mind, in a frenzy, treacherously and like a dog, as befits a demon possessed ...

This strong instruction was given in Moscow, the reigning Orthodox city of all Russia in the year 7072, from the creation of the world on the 5th day of July.

Document No. 2. The Second Epistle. 1577.

You wrote that I am corrupted by the mind worse than a pagan. But I put you yourself as a judge between me and you: are you corrupted by reason or I, who wanted to rule over you, and when you did not want to be under my power, became angry with you? Or are you corrupted, who not only did not want to obey me and obey me, but they themselves owned me, seized my power and ruled as they wanted, and removed me from power, in words I was a sovereign, but in deed I did not rule at all? How many misfortunes I experienced from you, how many insults, how many insults and reproaches! And for what? What was my fault before you from the very beginning? How and whom did I offend? .. And how was Kurlyatev better than me? They buy all kinds of jewelry for his daughters and wish them health, but they send curses to mine and wish them death. There was a lot of that. How much trouble I had from you - do not write.

And why did you separate me from my wife? If you had not taken my young wife from me, there would have been no Crown sacrifices. And if you say that after that I did not endure and did not keep purity - so after all we are all people. And why did you take the archer's wife? And if you and the priest (Sylvester) had not rebelled against me, none of this would have happened: it all happened because of your self-will. And why did you want to put Prince Vladimir on the throne, and ruin me and my children? Did I steal the throne or seize it through war and bloodshed? By God's will, from birth I was destined for the kingdom; how my father blessed me with the state, I can’t even remember; rose to the throne. And why should Prince Vladimir be a sovereign? He is the son of the fourth specific prince. What virtues does he have, what hereditary rights to be a sovereign, besides your treachery and his stupidity? What is my fault before him? ..

You thought that the whole Russian land was under your feet, but your wisdom has been set to nothing by God's will. That is why I sharpened my pen to write to you. After all, you said: “There are no people in Russia, there is no one to defend themselves,” but now you are gone; who now occupies the strongest German fortresses?.. German cities do not wait for a warlike battle, but bow their heads before the power of the life-giving cross! And where by chance there was no life-giving cross for our sins, there was a battle. Many people have been released: ask them, you will find out.

You wrote to us, recalling your grievances, that we, angry, sent you to distant cities, - so now we did not spare our gray hairs, and thank God, we went beyond your distant cities and crossed all your roads with the feet of our horses - from Lithuania and to Lithuania, we walked on foot, and drank water in all those places - now Lithuania will not dare to say that the legs of our horses were not everywhere. And where you hoped to calm down from all your labors, to Volmer, the place of your rest, God led us: they overtook you, and you went even further.

So, we wrote you just a few of the many. Judge for yourself how and what you have done, for which God's providence turned its mercy on us, judge what you have done. Look inside yourself and reveal to yourself what you have done. God knows that we wrote this to you not out of pride or arrogance, but to remind you of the need for correction, so that you would think about the salvation of your soul.

Written in our fiefdom, Livonian land, in the city of Volmer, in 7086, on the 43rd year of our reign, on the 31st year of our Russian kingdom, the 25th - Kazan, 24th - Astrakhan.

Questions and tasks.

• List the charges brought against Andrei Kurbsky by Ivan the Terrible.
• Comment on the expression: “Think about what kind of power was created in those countries where the kings obeyed the spiritual and advisers, and how these countries perished!”. Give specific examples from history.
• What is the difference, according to Ivan, between spiritual and royal power? What is your attitude to this issue?
• Do you agree with the expression: “Woe to the house ruled by a woman, woe to the city ruled by many!”?
• What difficulties of the beginning of his reign are listed by Ivan the Terrible.
• What is it about: “so now we did not spare our gray hairs, and thank God, we went further than your distant cities and crossed all your roads with our horses’ feet - from Lithuania and to Lithuania, we walked on foot, and drank water in all those places, - now Lithuania will not dare to say that the legs of our horses were not everywhere.”?

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Laboratory work No. 1.5 Baptism of Russia.

2nd level on "4"

1. In your opinion, can the legend of the Varangian martyrs be regarded as one of the first evidence that part of the population of Kyiv converted to Christianity even before official baptism?
2. Pay attention to the fragments of the text underlined by the line. Think about how the chronicler could find out about what is being said in these fragments? Can the chronicler be trusted in these cases?
3. In your opinion, are the dialogues of Prince Vladimir with representatives of different religions a reliable record of conversations or are they fictitious (artistic) texts that the chronicler inserted into his work to substantiate his own point of view?
4. Write out quotations from document No. 3, unreliable (fictional by the author of the chronicle message) information.

1st level on "5"

1. Why does the chronicler consider the first Christians not the Slavs, but the Varangians? Can it be argued that for some reason the author of the chronicle wanted to emphasize this fact. Why might the chronicler need this?
2. Can this story be regarded as evidence of the superiority of the Orthodox religion over other faiths, of the real advantages of the Orthodox confession? Why do you think so?
3. Is, in your opinion, this description (document No. 3) an eyewitness account of the baptism of the people of Kiev? Why do you think so?
4. Do you think that all the people of Kiev were glad to accept Christianity? Try to find confirmation of your point of view in the read text (write down the necessary words).
5. Is it possible, on the basis of this story, to assert that the people of Kiev did not value their pagan beliefs and Christianity was accepted by them without any resistance?

Document No. 1. "The Tale of Bygone Years" about the Varangian martyrs

Went Vladimir ... to Kyiv, sacrificing idols with his people. And the elders and boyars said: “Let us cast lots on the youths and maidens, on whom it will fall. We will slaughter him as a sacrifice to the gods.” There was only one Varangian then, and his courtyard stood where the Church of the Holy Mother of God, which Vladimir built, is now. That Varangian came from the Greek land and professed the Christian faith. And he had a son, beautiful in face and soul, and the lot fell on him, through the envy of the devil. For the devil, who has power over all, did not endure him, but this one was like thorns in his heart, and tried to destroy his wretched ones, and set people on fire.

And those who were sent to him, having come, said: “The lot fell on your son, the gods chose him for themselves, so that we would sacrifice to the gods.” And the Varangian said: “These are not gods, but a simple tree: today they exist, and tomorrow they will perish, they do not eat, they do not drink, they do not speak, but they are made by human hands from wood. God is one, the Greeks serve and worship him; he created the heavens and the earth, and the stars, and the moon, and the sun, and man, and destined him to live on earth. And what did these gods do? They themselves are made. I will not give my son to demons."

The messengers left and told the people about everything. The same seized weapons, went to him and smashed his yard. The Varangian stood in the hallway with his son. They said to him: "Give me your son, let us bring him to the gods." He answered: “If they are gods, then let them send one of the gods and take my son. And why are you doing them a favor?” And they called, and cut down the canopy under it, and so they were killed. And no one knows where they were put. After all, then there were people of ignorance and non-Christ. The devil rejoiced at this, not knowing that his death was near.

Document No. 2. "The Tale of Bygone Years" about the choice of faith by Prince Vladimir

The Bulgarians of the Mohammedan faith came, saying: “You, prince, are wise and sensible, but you have no law, believe in the lawours and bow to Mohammed”… And they told all kinds of other lies… Vladimir listened to them… to his heart's content. But this is what he dislikes: circumcision, abstinence from pig meat and from drinking; and he said: “Rus has fun to drink. We can't live without it."

Then foreigners came from Rome and said: “We have come, sent by the pope” ... Vladimir said to the Germans: “Go back, where you came from, for our fathers did not accept this.”

Having heard about this, the Khazar Jews came and said: “We heard that Bulgarians and Christians came, each teaching you their faith. Christianity believes in the one whom we crucified, and we believe in one God, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob ”... Vladimir said to this:“ How can you teach others, while you yourself are rejected by God and scattered? ... Or we do you want?

Then the Greeks sent a philosopher to Vladimir with the following words: “We heard that the Bulgarians came and taught you to accept your faith ... We also heard that they came to you from Rome to preach their faith to you ...” Vladimir said: “Come to me Jews and said that the Germans and Greeks believe in the one whom they crucified. The philosopher replied: "We truly believe in him." Vladimir asked: “Why did God come down to earth and accept such suffering?” The philosopher answered: "If you want to listen, I will tell you in order from the very beginning why God came down to earth." Vladimir said: "Glad to hear it." And the philosopher began to speak like this ... / 3 further in the annals follows the so-called Speech of the philosopher /.

And, having said this, the philosopher showed Vladimir the curtain on which the Judgment Seat of the Lord was written, pointed to the right to him the righteous, looking for paradise in joy, and to the left, sinners going to torment ... The philosopher said: “If you want to become with the righteous on the right, then be baptized ". This thought sunk into Vladimir’s heart, and he said: “I’ll wait a little longer,” wanting to find out about all the faiths. And Vladimir gave him many gifts and let him go with great honor.

Document No. 3. "The Tale of Bygone Years" about the baptism of Kyivans

... He was baptized /Prince Vladimir / in the church of St. Basil ... in Korsun-grad.

... And when he came / to Kyiv /, he ordered to overturn the idols - to chop some, and burn others. Perun also ordered to tie a horse to the tail and drag him from the mountain along the Borichev export to the Creek and ordered twelve men to beat him with rods. This was done not because the tree feels something, but to desecrate the demon, who deceived people in this image, so that he would accept retribution from people. "Great art thou, O Lord, and marvelous are thy works!" Yesterday he was still honored by people, but today we will scold him. When they dragged Perun to the Stream to the Dnieper, the infidels mourned him, since they had not yet received holy baptism.

And having dragged him, they threw him into the Dnieper. And Vladimir assigned people to him, said to them: “If he sticks to the shore somewhere, push him away. And when the rapids pass, then just leave it.” They did what they were ordered to do. And when they let Perun in and he passed the rapids, he was thrown by the wind onto the shallows, and that is why the place was known as the Perunya shallows, as it is called to this day.

Then Vladimir sent throughout the city to say: "If someone does not come to the river tomorrow - whether it be rich, or poor, or a beggar, or a slave - he will be my enemy." Hearing this, with joy, people went, rejoicing and saying: "If it were not good, the prince and the boyars would not have accepted this."

The next day, Vladimir went out with the Tsaritsyn and Korsun priests to the Dnieper, and an innumerable people converged there. They entered the water and stood there, some up to their necks, others up to their chests, the young ones near the shore up to their chests, some held babies, and already adults wandered, the priests prayed, standing still.

... People, having been baptized, went home, Vladimir was glad that he knew God himself and his people.

... And he began to set up churches in other cities and identify priests in them and bring people to baptism in all cities and villages.

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Laboratory work on the topic "Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia."

2nd level on "4"

• Do you agree that it was the murder of the Mongol ambassadors that caused the Mongol invasion of Russia?
• What do you think, on what points can one agree with Gumilyov's opinion (doc. No. 2)?
• Who were called, according to Julian, Tatars? Were the Tatars one people?
• To what extent does the information of the Hungarian monk coincide with what he tells about the attitude of the Mongols towards the conquered peoples of Plano Carpini?
• Is there any reason to believe that the Mongols treated the population of Russia differently than they treated the conquered peoples of other countries?
• Did surrendering to the Mongols save the city from ruin?

1st level on "5"

• Which of the above points of view (Doc. No. 1,2) seems to you the most convincing and why?
• Find and list the contradictions in the given arguments of the historian (Doc. No. 4). To do this, remember which territories are included in the geographical concept of North-Eastern Russia: which ancient Russian cities are located on this territory; Are there any of them that are mentioned in the passage? Also work with the concept of Galicia-Volyn Rus. Pay attention to how the fate of the cities of North-Eastern and South-Western Russia is described at the beginning and at the end of the passage.
• What categories of the population suffered the greatest losses in clashes with the Mongols? Put down in descending order the numbers with the names of social groups: peasants, merchants, townspeople, artisans, princes, combatants. Explain why you think so?
• Compare doc. No. 5 and No. 1. What do these sources match?
• What, in your opinion, can cause doubt in the above fragment of the Tale of the devastation of Ryazan by Batu?

Document No. 1. Plano Carpini. History of the Mongols

... When they / Mongols / ... stand against the fortification, they affectionately speak with its inhabitants and promise them a lot with the aim that they surrender into their hands; and if they surrender to them / the Mongols /, then they say: “Come out to count you according to our custom.” And when they come out to them, the Tatars ask which of them are artisans, and they are left, and others, excluding those who they want to have as slaves, are killed with an ax; and if, as it is said, they spare someone else, then they never spare noble and venerable people, and if by chance, due to some circumstance, they retain some noble persons, they can no longer get out of captivity even by prayers. , not for ransom. During the war, they are Mongols) kill everyone they take prisoner, unless they want to keep someone in order to have them as slaves. They divided those who were appointed to be killed among the centurions, so that they would kill them with a double-edged ax: after that, they separate the captives and give each slave ten people to kill, or more or less, according to what the rulers like.

Document No. 2. Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. M.: 1992

Although Russia did not have a reason for war against the Mongols, and, moreover, they sent 0 on the eve of the battle on Kalka / an embassy with peace proposals, having gathered at a meeting / council /, they decided to defend the Polovtsy and killed the ambassadors ... This is a vile crime, hospitality, betrayal trusted! And there is no reason to consider the peace proposals of the Mongols as a diplomatic trick. The Russian lands, covered with dense forest, as a settled people, could not threaten the indigenous Mongol ulus, i.e. were safe for the Mongols. The Polovtsy were dangerous - allies of the Merites and other opponents of Genghis. Therefore, the Mongols sincerely wanted peace with the Russians, but after a treacherous murder and an unjustified attack, peace became impossible.

Document No. 3. Hungarian monk Julian on the conquest of the Urals by the Mongols in 1236

In all conquered kingdoms, they kill princes and nobles who inspire fear in them. Armed warriors and villagers fit for battle, they send against their will into battle in front of them. Others ... are left to cultivate the land ... and they oblige those people to continue to call themselves Tatars ... They do not attack fortified castles, but first they devastate the country and rob the people and, having gathered the people of that country, they are driven to battle to besiege their own castle.

Document No. 4. Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. M.: 1992

The Mongols did not begin to show hostility and vindictiveness towards all Russians. Many Russian cities were not damaged during Batu's campaign. Only Kozelsk was declared an “evil city” ... The Mongols believed that the subjects of the evil ruler were responsible for his crimes ... Therefore, Kozelsk suffered ... The rich Volga cities that were part of the Vladimir principality - Yaroslavl, Rostov, Uglich, Tver and others - entered into negotiations with the Mongols and escaped defeat ... The unfortunate Torzhok suffered only because its inhabitants ... did not have time to capitulate. But according to Mongolian law, after the first arrow was fired, the negotiations stopped and the city was considered doomed. Apparently, in Russia there were smart, knowledgeable people who managed to explain to fellow citizens the "rules of the game" and thereby save them from death. But then the reason for the defeat of Vladimir, Chernigov, Kyiv and other large cities was not feudal fragmentation, but the stupidity of the rulers and their boyar advisers, who did not know how and were trying to organize defense ... Compared with North-Eastern Russia, South-Western / Galicia-Volyn principality / suffered much less from the Tatars. The Tatars could not take a number of cities, and the cities they captured were little destroyed and their population managed to hide.

It is noteworthy that the Mongol troops were dispersed into small detachments, which, in the event of active resistance, would have been easily destroyed. Batu took such a risky step, obviously knowing that these detachments were not in serious danger. And so it turned out. And indeed, why would the Russian people, not only brave, but also quick-witted, begin to turn their heads to the enemy, who himself will leave?

Document No. 5. Fragments of "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu"

And he began to fight the Ryazan land / Batu /, ordering to kill and burn without mercy. And the city of Pronsk, and the city of Bel, and Izheslavets ruined to the ground and beat all the people without mercy. And Christian blood flowed like a plentiful river, for the sake of our sins ... Tsar Batu the accursed began to fight the Ryazan land, and went to the city of Ryazan. He laid siege to the city, and fought for five days relentlessly. Batu's army changed, and the townspeople fought incessantly. And many citizens were killed, and others were wounded, and others were exhausted from great labors. And on the sixth day, early in the morning, the filthy ones went to the city - some with fires, others with vices siege weapons /, and the third with countless ladders - and took the city of Ryazan in the month of December on the twenty-first day. And they came to the cathedral church of the Most Holy Theotokos, and the Grand Duchess Agrippina, the mother of the Grand Duke, with daughters-in-law and other princesses, they cut with swords, and they betrayed the bishop and priests to fire - they burned them in the holy church, and many others fell from weapons. And in the city many people, both wives and children, were flogged with swords. And others were drowned in the river, and the priests and monks were flogged without a trace, and the whole city was burned, and all the glorified beauty, and the wealth of Ryazan, and their relatives - the princes of Kyiv and Chernigov - were captured. And they destroyed the temples of God and shed a lot of blood in the holy altars. And there was not a single living or crying left in the city - neither father and mother about children, nor children about father and mother, nor brother about brother, nor relatives about relatives, but all lay dead together ... And the godless Tsar Batu saw the terrible shedding of blood Christian, and even more furious, and uproot the Christian faith, and destroy the churches of God to the ground ...

Preview:

Laboratory work No. 1.6 "Russian Truth" as a historical source.

2nd level on "4"

1. What is the name of the community in the source.
2. List the articles protecting life rights.
3. List the articles that protect property rights.

1st level on "5"

1. List the categories of the population mentioned in the document, indicating all the articles in which they are mentioned.
2. Which article says that the members of the community have ceased to be equal in their rights?
3. On the basis of what article can one draw a conclusion about the preservation of consanguineous relations?
4. What do the different penalties for killing mean?

Document No. 1. RUSSIAN PRAVDA IN A BRIEF EDITION

1. If the husband kills the husband, then the brother takes revenge for the brother, or the son for the father, or the son of the brother, or the son of the sister; if no one will take revenge, then 40 hryvnia for the murdered.

If the killed is a Rusyn, or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a hacker, or a swordsman, or an outcast, or a Slovenian, then 40 hryvnias will be paid for him.

2. If someone is beaten to blood or bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness, but if there are no marks (beats) on him, then let him bring a witness, and if he cannot (bring a witness), then the matter is over. If (the victim) cannot avenge himself, then let him take 3 hryvnias from the guilty person for the offense, and pay the doctor.

3. If someone hits someone with a stick, pole, palm, bowl, horn or rear of a weapon, pay 12 hryvnia. If the victim does not catch up with that (offender), then pay, and this is the end of the matter.

4. If you hit with a sword without removing it from its scabbard, or with a sword hilt, then 12 hryvnias for insult.

5. If he hits the hand, and the hand falls off, or dries up, then 40 hryvnias, and if (he hits the leg), and the leg remains intact, but starts to limp, then the children (the victim) take revenge. 6. If someone cuts off any finger, then he pays 3 hryvnias for an insult.

7. And for a mustache 12 hryvnia, for a beard 12 hryvnia.

8. If someone takes out a sword, but does not strike, then he pays the hryvnia.

9. If the husband pushes the husband away from himself or towards himself - 3 hryvnias, - if he brings two witnesses to the court. And if it is a Varangian or a Kolbyag, then he will be sworn in.

10. If the serf runs and hides at the Varangian or at the kolbyag, and they don’t take him out for three days, but find him on the third day, then the master will take away his serf, and 3 hryvnias for the offense.

11. If someone rides someone else's horse without asking, then pay 3 hryvnia.

12. If someone takes someone else's horse, weapon or clothing, and the owner recognizes the missing person in his community, then he will take his own, and 3 hryvnia for insult.

13. If someone recognizes from someone (his missing thing), then he does not take it, do not tell him - this is mine, but tell him this: go to the vault where you took it. If he does not go, then let him (present) the guarantor within 5 days.

14. If someone exacts money from another, and he refuses, then 12 people go to court. And if he, deceiving, did not give back, then the plaintiff can (take) his money, and 3 hryvnias for the offense.

15. If someone, having recognized the serf, wants to take him, then lead the master of the serf to the one from whom the serf was bought, and let him lead to another seller, and when it comes to the third, then tell the third: give me your serf, and you look for your money in front of a witness.

16. If a serf hits a free husband and runs away to his master's mansions and he starts not giving him away, then take the serf and the master pays 12 hryvnias for him, and then, where the hit man finds the serf, let him beat him.

17. And if someone breaks a spear, a shield, or spoils clothes, and the spoiler wants to keep him, then take money from him; and if the one who spoiled begins to insist (on the return of the damaged thing), to pay in money, how much the thing costs.

True, set for the Russian land, when the princes Izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav and their husbands Kosnyachko, Pereneg, Nicephorus of Kiev, Chudin, Mikula gathered.

18. If the fireman is killed intentionally, then the killer will pay 80 hryvnias for him, but people do not pay; and for the prince's entrance 80 hryvnia.

19. And if the fireman is killed like a robber, and people do not look for the murderer, then the rope where the murdered was found pays the virva.

20. If they kill the fireman at the cage, at the horse, or at the herd, or at the time of the collapse of the cow, then kill him like a dog; the same law for tiun.

21. And for the princely tiun 80 hryvnias, and for the senior groom with the herd also 80 hryvnias, as Izyaslav decided when the Dorogobuzh people killed his groom.

22. For a princely village headman or a field headman, pay 12 hryvnias, and for a princely ryadovich 5 hryvnias.

23. And for the murdered smerd or serf 5 hryvnia.

24. If a slave-nurse or breadwinner is killed, then 12 hryvnias.

25. And for the prince's horse, if he is with a spot, 3 hryvnias, and for the horse of a smerd 2 hryvnias.

26. For a mare 60 cuts, for an ox hryvnia, for a cow 40 cuts, for a three-year-old cow 15 kunas, for a one-year-old half a hryvnia, for a calf 5 cuts, for a lamb nogat, for a ram nogat.

27. And if he takes away someone else's slave or slave, then he pays 12 hryvnias for the offense.

28. If a husband comes with blood or bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness. 46

29. And whoever steals a horse or an ox, or robs a cage, if he was alone, then he pays a hryvnia and 30 cuts; if there were 10 of them, then each of them pays 3 hryvnias and 30 rezan.

30. And for the princely board 3 hryvnias, if burned or broken.

31. For the torture of a smerd, without a princely command, for insulting 3 hryvnias.

32. And for a fireman, tiun or swordsman 12 hryvnia.

33. And whoever plows the field boundary or spoils the boundary sign, then 12 hryvnias for insult.

34. And whoever steals a rook, then pay 30 rezan (to the owner) for the rook and 60 rezan for sale.

35. And for a pigeon and a chicken 9 kunas.

36. And for a duck, a goose, a crane and a swan, pay 30 cuts, and 60 cuts for sales.

37. And if they steal someone else's dog, or a hawk, or a falcon, then 3 hryvnias for insult.

38. If they kill a thief in his yard, or at a cage, or at a barn, then he is killed, but if the thief is kept until dawn, then bring him to the prince's court, and if he is killed, and people saw the thief bound, then pay him .

39. If hay is stolen, then pay 9 kunas, and 9 kunas for firewood.

40. If a sheep, or a goat, or a pig is stolen, and 10 thieves steal one sheep, let each pay 60 rezan of sale.

41. And the one who grabbed the thief receives 10 rezan, from 3 hryvnias to the swordsman 15 kunas, for the tithe 15 kunas, and to the prince 3 hryvnias. And out of 12 hryvnias, 70 hryvnias to the one who caught the thief, and 2 hryvnias to the tithe, and 10 hryvnias to the prince.

42. And here is the virnik charter: take 7 buckets of malt for a week, also a lamb or half a carcass of meat, or 2 legs, and on Wednesday I cut for three cheeses, on Friday like this. same; and as much bread and millet as they can eat, and two chickens a day. And put 4 horses and give them as much food as they can eat. A virnik take 60 hryvnia and 10 cuts and 12 strings, and first hryvnia. And if fasting happens - give the virnik a fish, and take him 7 cuts for the fish. All that money is 15 kunas per week, and they give as much flour as they can eat while the virniki collect vira. Here is Yaroslav's charter for you.

43. And here is the charter for bridgemen: if they pave the bridge, then take a foot for work, and from each abutment of the bridge, a foot; if the dilapidated bridge is repaired by several daughters, 3rd, 4th or 5th, then also.

Document #2. LONG EDITION OF THE RUSSIAN Pravda

About murder

3. If someone kills a princely husband, like a robber, and (members of the vervi) do not look for the murderer, then the virva for him in the amount of 80 hryvnias must be paid to the verva on whose land the murdered person is found; in case of killing a person, pay the vir (prince) in 40 hryvnias

4. If the rope begins to pay the wild virus (when the killer is not found), then it is given an installment plan for several years, because they (members of the rope) have to pay without the killer. But if the killer is in the rope, then she must help him, since he is investing his share in the wild vira. But to pay them (members of the vervy) only 40 hryvnias together, and the headman is to pay the murderer himself, contributing his part to the 40 hryvnias paid by the vervy. But so pay according to the rope, if it is invested in (general) vira, in cases where the perpetrator killed (a person) in a quarrel (fight) or openly in a feast.

5. If someone becomes a robbery without a reason. Whoever commits robbery without a marriage, kills a man deliberately, like a robber, then people do not pay for him, but must give him up with his wife and children for a stream and for plunder.

If someone (from the members of the vervi) does not contribute his share to the wild virus, people should not help him, but he himself pays.

7. This is the charter of Prince Yaroslav's virnik: a virnik (being on the territory of the community) has the right to take 7 buckets of malt for a week, a ram or a carcass of beef, or (instead of them) 2 nogata in money, and on Wednesdays and Fridays kuna money and cheese; he should take two chickens a day, 7 loaves for a week, and 7 harvests of millet and peas, and 7 salts of salt - all this to him along with the lad; give him 4 horses, and feed them with oats (satisfaction); (with a vira of 40 hryvnias) the virnik takes 8 hryvnias and 10 kunas of the pass (duties), and the sweeper 12 vekshas, ​​when leaving the hryvnia, and if the vira of 80 hryvnias is charged, then the virnik receives 16 hryvnias 10 kunas and 12 vekshas, ​​and when leaving the hryvnia, for each killed 3 hryvnia.

9. For the murder of a princely youth, a groom or a cook, pay 40 hryvnias.

10. For killing a fiery or stable tyun, pay 80 hryvnias.

11. And in a rural princely tivun or in ratainem, then 12 hryvnias. And for Ryadovich 5 hryvnia. It's the same for the boyar.

12. And for the remestvenik and for the remestvenitsa, then 12 hryvnias.

13. And for stink serfs 5 hryvnias, and for a robe 6 hryvnias.

14. And for the breadwinner and the breadwinner to pay 12 hryvnia, although that serf and that robe.

17. If the defendant is accused of murder, and the litigants do not find any witnesses, then put them to the test with a (red-hot) iron. To do so in all lawsuits, in theft (or in another) accusation; if (the accuser) does not show red-handed, and the amount of the claim is up to half a hryvnia in gold, then subject him to the test of iron in captivity; if the amount of the claim is less, up to two hryvnias (silver), then subject it to a water test; if the claim is still less, then let him take an oath to receive his money. The Slavs (Rusyns) also knew such a form of "God's judgment" as a contest with swords: whoever defeats his opponent, the dispute is decided in favor of him.

"Fix Volodimer Vsevolodich"

48. (Prince) Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), after the death of (prince) Svyatopolk, convened his squad in Berestovo: Ratibor of the Kyiv thousand, Prokop of the Belgorod thousand, Stanislav Pereyaslavsky of the thousand, Nazhir, Miroslav, Ivan Chudinovich boyar (husband) Oleg (prince of Chernigov Oleg Svyatoslavich), and decided - to take interest only up to the third payment, if the lender takes the money "in a third"; if someone takes two (third) cuts from the debtor, then he can also collect the principal amount of the debt; and whoever takes three cuts, he should not demand the return of the principal amount of the debt.

49. If (the usurer) collects (from the debtor) 10 kunas per year from the hryvnia, then this is not prohibited. Counting in hryvnia 50 kunas = 20% per annum.

52. If the purchase runs away from the master (without paying him for the loan), then he becomes a complete slave; if he goes to look for money with the permission of the master or runs to the prince and his judges complaining of an insult on the part of his master, then for this he cannot be made a serf, but he should be given a trial.

57. Even buy to bring out something, then the master is in it; but if you get in somewhere, then the master of his horse, or whatever else he took, should pay him, he’s a slave; and if the master does not want to get dirty, pay for it, but sell it and give it in front, or for a horse, or for a will, or for a comrade, that he will take someone else's, but he himself will take it for himself. (...)

59. About evidence (in court). A serf cannot be a witness in court, but if there is no free (witness), then in extreme cases you can rely on the testimony of the boyar tyun, but not others (serfs). And in small lawsuits out of need (in the absence of free witnesses), a witness can be a purchase.

65. If someone spoils the side, or rewrites the arable, or blocks the yard boundary with a fence, he must pay 12 hryvnias of sale (to the prince).

69. If someone pulls (steals) bees (from the hive), he must pay 3 hryvnias of sale (to the prince), and for honey (to the owner of the hive), if (during the theft) all the combs were intact, - 10 kunas, and if only the olek was taken , then 5 kunas.

71. If a smerd tortures a smerd without a princely court, then he will pay 3 hryvnias of sale (to the prince) and a hryvnia of money to the victim for the flour.

72. For the torture of the fireman, pay 12 hryvnias of sale and a hryvnia (to the victim) for flour.

79. If they burn the threshing floor, then give the house of the guilty person to the stream and to robbery, first recovering the damages, and for the remainder (unrecovered) the prince imprison him; do the same with those who set fire to the yard.

80. And whoever deliberately slaughters a horse or (other) cattle, will pay 12 hryvnias of sale and compensate for the losses to the master (owner) of the victim.

85. If a smerd dies (without leaving sons), then the ass will be given to the prince; if unmarried daughters remain after him, then allocate (part of the property) to them; if the daughters are married, then they should not be given part of the inheritance.

86. If a boyar or warrior dies, then their property will not be given to the prince, but if they do not have sons, then their daughters will receive the inheritance

102. Serfdom is free of three kinds: if someone buys (entering the serfs) up to half a hryvnia in the presence of witnesses (deals) and pays the nogat (princely judge) in front of the serf himself.

103. And the second servility: who marries a slave without a contract (with her owner), and if with a contract (nearby), then as agreed, so be it.

104. And here is the third servility: whoever enters the tiuns or the keykeepers (master) without an agreement with him, but if with an agreement, stand on that.

105. And for a loan of bread with any appendage, a person does not become a serf, but if he does not work off the debt (within the agreed period), then he is obliged to return what he received; if it works, then you don't owe anything else.

The main goal was essentially the question of relations between the Soviet state and the Western world after the failure of attempts to overthrow Soviet power through military intervention.
Western countries, primarily Great Britain, in search of overcoming post-war economic difficulties, tried to return Soviet Russia to the world market (so that, taking advantage of its temporary economic weakness, to widely exploit its resources), as well as Germany and its former allies in the First World War.

The Genoa Conference is the first wide international diplomatic meeting of Soviet Russia with the countries of the Western world on economic and financial issues. The conference was held in Genoa (Italy) from April 10 to May 19, 1922 with the participation of representatives of 29 states (including the RSFSR, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Japan).

The work of the delegation of the RSFSR was led by V. I. Lenin, who was appointed its chairman; deputy The chairman was G. V. Chicherin, who in Genoa, where Lenin did not go, enjoyed all the rights of the chairman.
The delegation of the RSFSR (it also included L. B. Krasin, M. M. Litvinov, V. V. Borovsky, Ya. E. Rudzutak, A. A. Ioffe, X. G. Rakovsky, N. I. Narimanov , B. Mdivani, A. Bekzadyan, A. G. Shlyapnikov) represented at the Genoa Conference not only the Russian Federation, but also all other Soviet republics (Azerbaijan, Armenian, Belorussian, Bukhara, Georgian, Ukrainian, Khorezm), as well as the interests of the Far Eastern republics.

The United States, which refused to participate in the work of the Genoa Conference, was represented at it by an observer, the American Ambassador to Italy R. Child.

Among the delegates of Western states, the most active role at the Genoa Conference was played by D. Lloyd George, J. N. Curzon (Great Britain), K. Wirth, W. Rathenau (Germany), L. Facta (Italy), J. Barthou, K. Barrer (France).
The decision to convene the Genoa Conference is a search for measures "towards the economic recovery of Central and Eastern Europe."

The Soviet government, interested in normalizing economic and political relations with Western countries, agreed to take part in the work of the Genoa Conference on January 8, 1922.

At the conference, however, the leading role was played by representatives of those Western states who, instead of a business-like discussion of real ways of establishing economic ties with the Soviet state, tried to obtain economic and political concessions from the Soviet government with the help of diplomatic pressure, leading to the establishment of a different political and economic system in Russia; they hoped to force the Soviet state to recognize all the debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments, to return to foreign capitalists enterprises nationalized by the Soviet government or to reimburse the cost of these enterprises, to eliminate the monopoly of foreign trade, etc.

The Soviet delegation, at the direction of Lenin, rejected these demands and, in turn, put forward counterclaims to compensate the Soviet state for losses caused by military intervention and blockade (if the pre-war and military debts of Russia were equal to 18.5 billion gold rubles, then the losses of the Soviet state as a result of the military interventions and blockades amounted to 39 billion gold rubles).

At the same time, wishing to find grounds for an agreement and the restoration of economic ties with Western states, the Soviet delegation at the Genoa Conference on April 20, 1922 stated that the Soviet government was ready to recognize pre-war debts and the succession right for the former owners to receive in concession or lease the property that previously belonged to them. subject to the de jure recognition of the Soviet state, the provision of financial assistance to it and the cancellation of war debts and interest on them.

At the first plenary session of the Genoa Conference on April 10, the Soviet delegation raised the question of a general reduction in armaments. However, both the issue of arms reduction and the settlement of mutual financial and economic claims were not equally resolved at the conference.
During the Genoa Conference, Soviet diplomacy, which used the contradictions in the imperialist camp (the camp of the Western powers), managed to break through the united front of the states that were trying to achieve the diplomatic isolation of the Soviet state, and conclude the 1922 Rappal Treaty with Germany.
Source: Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 4. THE HAGUE - DVIN. 1963.

THE SOVIET DELEGATION MADE A STATEMENT AT THE CONFERENCE.

STATEMENT OF THE SOVIET DELEGATION AT THE FIRST PLENARY SESSION OF THE GENOA CONFERENCE April 10, 1922

The Russian delegation, which represents a government that always supports the cause of peace, welcomes with particular satisfaction the statements of previous speakers that peace is necessary above all... It considers it necessary first of all to declare that it has come here in the interests of peace and the general restoration of the economic life of Europe, destroyed by the long war and the post-war five-year plan.

Remaining on the point of view of the principles of communism, the Russian delegation recognizes that in the current historical era, which makes possible the parallel existence of the old and the emerging new social order, economic cooperation between the states representing these two property systems is imperatively necessary for the general economic recovery ... Russian the delegation has come here not to propagate its own theoretical views, but to enter into business relations with the governments and commercial and industrial circles of all countries on the basis of reciprocity, equality and full and unconditional recognition. (...)

Meeting the needs of the world economy and the development of its productive forces, the Russian government is consciously and voluntarily ready to open its borders to international transit routes, to provide for cultivation millions of acres of the most fertile land, the richest forest, coal and ore concessions, especially in Siberia, as well as a number of other concessions. throughout the territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. (...)

The Russian delegation intends during the future work of the conference to propose a general reduction in armaments and to support all proposals aimed at alleviating the burden of militarism, provided that the armies of all states are reduced and the rules of war are supplemented by the complete prohibition of its most barbaric forms, such as poisonous gases, air warfare and others, in features of the use of means of destruction directed against the civilian population.

Resolution of the Allied delegations at the Genoa Conference

with a statement of the conditions presented to Russia

April 15, 1922

(Ignoring the political declaration of the Soviet delegation of April 10, 1922, the Western countries also rejected its economic proposals, formulating harsh conditions for the return of the debt to Russia and the property of foreign citizens)

1. The allied creditor states represented at Genoa cannot assume any obligations in relation to the claims made by the Soviet Government.

2. In view, however, of Russia's difficult economic situation, the creditor states are inclined to reduce Russia's war debt owed to them in percentage terms, the size of which is to be determined subsequently. The nations represented in Genoa are inclined to take into consideration not only the question of deferring the payment of current interest, but also of deferring the payment of a part of the interest that has expired or is in arrears.

3. Nevertheless, it must finally be established that no exceptions can be made to the Soviet government regarding:

a) debts and financial obligations assumed in relation to citizens of other nationalities;

b) regarding the rights of these citizens to the restoration of their property rights or to compensation for damages and losses incurred.

Klyuchnikov Yu.V., Sabanin A.V. International politics of modern times. M.. 1929. part III. S. 158.