Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Kronstadt Naval Cathedral - in_es. The largest in pre-revolutionary Russia

26.11.2020

The building of the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, better known to the people as St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral, was founded in 1903 and is dedicated to the memory of Russian sailors who died in battles. Its construction lasted 10 years. Although the need for a spacious temple on the territory of Kronstadt was expressed as early as the 30s of the 19th century, this idea was approved by the Emperor only by the end of the century. Only in 1897 was the collection of donations for the construction of the temple announced. The committee responsible for the construction of St. Nicholas Cathedral was headed by Admiral Makarov himself.

The place for the construction of the temple was determined on Anchor Square, which was spacious enough to accommodate not only the monumental cathedral, but also the park area around it. The height of the temple during its design was determined by additional conditions - it was supposed to become not only a religious building, but also a sea landmark. When ships approached Kronstadt, the cross of Nikolsky Cathedral was to be the first to catch the eye. Therefore, the temple is the tallest building on the island - considering the cross, its height exceeds 70 meters. In addition, due to its location on a hill, in the event of a large flood, the cathedral was supposed to become a saving shelter.

In 1901, the project of the architect Vasily Kosyakov was approved, and in 1903 Nicholas II himself was present at the laying of the cathedral. Ten years later, the temple was consecrated - also in the presence of the Emperor.

With the advent of Soviet power, Nikolsky Cathedral suffered the fate of many Russian churches. In 1929, services in it were stopped, and the building was transferred for cultural and educational purposes. In the same year, a cinema named after Maxim Gorky was opened here. The cross and gilded decorations were confiscated, the frescoes were painted over, and church property was plundered. The Soviet government did not spare the memorial marble slabs, on which, for eternal remembrance in the temple, the names of Russian naval officers and sailors who died in battle for all 200 years of the existence of the Russian fleet were engraved. 150 slabs went to various ancillary needs - up to the manufacture of seats for a public bath. Headless and having lost the grandeur of the interiors, the temple-cinema received the name "Maximka" among the people. At a later time, a stage platform with an auditorium for 1300 seats was added to the interior of the temple, and a part of the exposition of the Naval Museum was also located here.

In 2002, the temple was again transferred to the bosom of the Russian Orthodox Church, the cross was returned to it, and restoration work began. Services resumed in 2005. On the day of the centenary of the cathedral, in 2013, it was consecrated again, received diocesan independence and the status of the main temple of the Russian fleet. It is worth noting that the Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is not only the largest naval cathedral of modern Russia, but also the last naval cathedral of the Russian Empire.

Architectural features of the building

Architect Vasily Antonovich Kosyakov designed the building in neo-Byzantine style. Having slightly different proportions, the cathedral practically repeats the appearance of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The facade of the Nikolsky Cathedral is lined with marble with terracotta and majolica inserts, it is decorated with several mosaic icons: the Savior Not Made by Hands, scenes from the life of St. Nicholas, the Apostles Peter and Paul, the image of the Mother of God and other saints. The domes of the temple are decorated with ornaments made of copper. Cathedral portals are decorated with columns with Corinthian capitals. Cast bronze gates decorated with ornaments adorn the entrances to the cathedral.

Cathedral interior

The interior of the cathedral also followed the traditions of the Byzantine style. The central dome inside has a diameter of 27 meters, its dome space includes 2 tiers of choirs. They are supported by a colonnade, which in its style echoes the columns of the portals outside the building.

The interior of the temple is dominated by a maritime theme - huge round stained-glass windows refer to ship portholes, and the marble mosaic floor is replete with images of fish, starfish and plants, images of ships and shells. Five monumental stained-glass windows, each measuring 52 square meters, were made at the Frank brothers' glassworks.

An important place in the interior of the temple was occupied by black and white memorial plaques - 150 in total - installed in the gallery. They kept the names of the dead sailors and ship's clergy. After the looting of the temple, it was not possible to restore the list of surnames.

During the restoration work, many of the lost interior details of St. Nicholas Cathedral were restored from black and white pre-revolutionary photographs.

During the collection of donations for the construction of the cathedral, due to an acute shortage of funds, the sailors of Kronstadt for a long time voluntarily gave a quarter of their salary to the construction fund. The total construction budget as a result amounted to 1,876,000 rubles.

Centuries-old oaks around the Nikolsky Cathedral were planted by Nicholas II himself and his entourage, during the ceremony of laying the foundation of the temple. Then it was one-year-old seedlings.

After the ruin of the temple under the Soviet sweetness, the largest of the cathedral bells remained the only attribute of temple architecture on it. It was left, according to the official version, to alert the population in case of a chemical alarm. However, there is a legend that when trying to remove the last bell, all the workers stopped obeying the hands.

The height of the restored cross of the Cathedral of St. Nicholas is a tenth of the height of the entire building - that is, 7 meters.

Hello! A month has passed since we Somehow we don’t write about Asia, so I decided to go through my archives of the sights of the Leningrad Region. Today I want to talk about the majestic temple - the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas, located in the city of Kronstadt in St. Petersburg.

Kronstadt Naval Cathedral: a bit of history

Nikolsky Cathedral, or rather the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, began to be built in 1902 according to the project of V.A. Kosyakov and graduated in 1913. The temple was intended to become the main Orthodox symbol of the fleet of the Russian Empire. When designing the building, the principle of building the Hagia Sophia Church in Constantinople was taken as the basis, which was later converted into a mosque, and now it is a museum. For comparison, the photo below is the Hagia Sophia from our last year trip to Istanbul.

In the 19th century, a combination of Byzantine and Russian styles was popular in the Russian Empire, which was often used in the design of religious buildings. This style began to be called Russian-Byzantine (neo-Byzantine, pseudo-Russian).

During the consecration of the church in June 1913, Emperor Nicholas II and his family took part. By the way, he made a personal contribution to the construction of the Naval Cathedral, donating Bukhara lapis lazuli to the temple to decorate the altar.

With the advent of Soviet power, the attitude of the state towards the church changed dramatically. Since 1927, they stopped holding services, and in 1929 the temple building was transferred for use for cultural and educational purposes. After these events, the Naval Cathedral was converted into a cinema named after Maxim Gorky, and later a concert hall and a theater stage appeared here. In 1974, a branch of the Central Naval Museum was opened in the church building.

In 2002, they took up the restoration of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt. It lasted over 10 years. We first came to Kronstadt in the spring of 2012. By this time, a small illumination of the cathedral had already taken place (04/09/12), but the temple itself was surrounded by a blue fence and it was not possible to go inside.

Kronstadt Naval Cathedral before opening

Only since the summer of 2013, after the completion of all restoration work, the faithful were able to visit the church again.

Our photo walks at the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas in the center of Kronstadt

We have been to Kronstadt more than once, so the photos of the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker are presented in different times and weather conditions.

Eternal flame on a mass grave

The temple is located in the center of the island on Anchor Square. In the neighborhood there is a mass grave and a monument to the former governor of Kronstadt and Admiral S.O. Makarov. There are parks to the south and north of the church.

The dome is made of copper. The locals remember it in the blue-green color it was painted in for a long time. Now the dome is silver, decorated with a gold pattern in the form of sea anchors and knots.

The interior of the temple

In general, photography and video filming in the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is prohibited. But I didn’t find out about it right away, so there are still a few pictures inside the temple.

Balconies in two tiers for the church choir.

Painting on the inside of the dome.

In the photo below - commemorative plaques made of black marble. Initially, the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral had white and black slabs. The white boards are carved with the names of priests who died on ships. On the black ones are the names of officers who, from 1695 to 1910, gave their lives in the line of duty during naval service. Unfortunately, during the Soviet era, the original plates were confiscated and used for other purposes. Now the boards have been recreated according to archival records and photographs.

Model of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral: how to get to the temple, address, map

Kronstadt Naval Cathedral on the map:

Decryption marks on the map:

Red - Naval Cathedral.
Yellow - a mass grave and an eternal flame on Anchor Square.
Blue - stop "Grazhdanskaya street" of buses 101, 175 and minibus K407.
Green - stop "Ploshad Roshal" minibus K405.

CoordinatesGPS: 59.991723, 29.777713.

Address of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral: St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, pl. Anchor, d.1.

Opening hours: Wednesday - Sunday 11.00-18.00, Monday and Tuesday - day off. I did not find the official website of the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral, where one could watch the working hours and schedule of services online. Most likely it doesn't exist yet.

Requisites for help:

✔ Tinkoff Map 4377 7237 4260 2448 Samorosenko Konstantin Igorevich (father of Elisha)

✔ Yandex money 410012258423394 Samorosenko Konstantin Igorevich (father of Elisha)

The Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (full name - Stavropegial St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral of the city of Kronstadt) is the largest naval cathedral of the times of the Russian Empire, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today it is the main naval temple of Russia.

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral was built in the fortress city of Kronstadt by decree of Nicholas II in 1903. The emperor himself was present at the laying of the first stone, and after the solemn ceremony, together with his entourage, he planted 32 oaks in the square near the cathedral.

Schedule of services in St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Divine services are held daily in the morning and evening in the cathedral:

Divine Liturgy - at 10:00 a.m.;
Evening Divine Liturgy at 6:00 pm.

Opening hours

The cathedral is open every day from 10:00 to 19:00. The Sacrament of Baptism is also held every day in the cathedral, and on Thursdays and Sundays, the reading of the Akathist.

Description of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt

The architectural style of the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral is neo-Byzantine. In plan, the stone cathedral is similar to the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, the former Constantinople. The central dome rests on the apses, colonnades are placed on the sides. The diameter of the dome is 26.7 meters. The cathedral is 83 meters long and 64 meters wide.

The height of the cathedral to the dome is 52 m, with the cross - 70.5 m. The cathedral is the tallest building in Kronstadt.

Terracotta ornaments on the brick facade. The facade is also decorated with columns of portals, above which mosaics and icons are placed. Copper relief ornaments adorn the domes. A model of the cathedral can be seen inside, along with ship models and a small display.

Nikolsky Naval Cathedral inside

The cathedral has a rich decoration and much attention is paid to the maritime theme. It was conceived not just as a temple, but as a monument to all the dead sailors. Therefore, marble boards were installed inside: black and white. On black - the names of naval officers who died in battle or in the line of duty. On the white boards in the altar are the names of the priests who died at sea. These memorial plaques were dismantled after the revolution and used for various household purposes - for example, as steps, tombstones, etc. Now memorial plaques have been reinstalled along the perimeter of the walls of the gallery of the first tier.

The design of the cathedral was developed by the architect V. A. Kosyakov. Engineer A. I. Viksel participated in the design.

Under the dome there are two-tier galleries-choirs. The columns that support the choir are covered with artificial marble. The cornices are decorated with stucco ornaments.

The sculptor of the white marble iconostasis with mosaic inserts is N. A. Popov, the authors of the project are the architect of the cathedral Vasily Kosyakov and his son Grigory. After the destruction of the iconostasis in 1929, its restoration took place according to archival materials.

On the floor of thin marble in a copper frame are mosaics on the marine theme: fish, algae, ships. All drawings are clearly visible from a height, when climbing during an excursion to the bell tower or under the dome. The tour lasts 30 minutes, a donation is paid for it: according to travelers, from 100 to 400 rubles, an audio guide is issued with a story about the history of the cathedral. When climbing, you will need to overcome more than 200 steps.

The cathedral has large round stained-glass windows with religious scenes. In shape, they resemble portholes in ships; their beauty is best observed inside the cathedral. These glass canvases were restored in 2011-2012.

Story

The construction of the cathedral was dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Russian fleet. The building was funded by donations. The project was designed in such a way that the height of the cathedral was sufficient for the dome to be a landmark for sailors.

The consecration ceremony of the cathedral, which took place in 1913, was attended by the imperial family. Services were held in the cathedral until 1927, and in 1929 it was closed and its ruin began. The gilding was washed off the domes, the mosaic icons were smeared over, and the marble iconostasis was dismantled. In Soviet times, the building was used as a cinema, a concert hall with a stage on the site of the iconostasis.

During the Great Patriotic War, the cathedral suffered from shelling. A commemorative plate was installed here at the site of an unexploded enemy shell. The condition of the building deteriorated greatly until it was used for church purposes.

In 2002, the revival of the cathedral began. The first Divine Liturgy took place in 2005. Restoration work was carried out until 2013, but regular services began in 2012.

Icons and holy relics

Among the shrines of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral are several icons and shrines with holy relics:

icon with a particle of the relics of St. Innocent;
icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker;
icon of the holy righteous warrior Theodore Ushakov;
icon of the Mother of God "Sovereign";
a particle of the relics of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of sailors;
a particle of the relics of St. Reverend Sergei of Radonezh;
a particle of the relics of the holy righteous warrior Theodore Ushakov;
particles of the relics of the Holy Martyr Grand Duchess Elizabeth and nun Barbara.

How to get to St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt

The cathedral is located in the Municipal Formation "City of Kronstadt" of the Kronstadt District of St. Petersburg at the address: Anchor Square, 5. Anchor Square is located at the main entrance to the Kronstadt Admiralty. You can get to the cathedral by bus No. 1Kr, 2Kr, 3Kr, stop “Pl. Roshal" 300 meters from the cathedral. These routes go around Kronstadt.

From St. Petersburg you can get in the following ways:

on the second line of the blue metro line, get to the Chernaya Rechka station. Get off at the bus stop No. 405 "Primorsky Prospekt (Akademika Korolyov Street)" and go to the stop "Pl. Roshal" in Kronstadt.
on the fifth line of the purple metro line, go to the Staraya Derevnya station, from there - by bus number 101 to the Grazhdanskaya stop. You will need to walk 1.3 km to the cathedral along the street. Soviet.
on the second line of the blue metro line, get to the Prospekt Prosveshcheniya station, take a fixed-route taxi No. 407 to the Grazhdanskaya stop.
from the metro station "Avtovo" of the first line of the red line by bus number 401, get to the city of Lomonosov, at the station take bus number 175 to the stop "Grazhdanskaya".

Map-scheme of the walking route from the stop "Grazhdanskaya" to the cathedral:

You can get to the cathedral by taxi: in St. Petersburg there are Yandex.Taxi, Uber, Gett, RuTaxi, Maxim services.

Panorama of the Stavropegic St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral:

Video about the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral (aerial footage):

The Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas is an Orthodox cathedral in Kronstadt, built in 1913 by architect Vasily Kosyakov.

Kronstadt is a port city on the island of Kotlin in the Gulf of Finland. This is the administrative district of St. Petersburg. The issue of building a capacious cathedral in Kronstadt has been raised since the 1830s, however, only the petition of Vice Admiral N.I. Kaznakov received in 1897 the highest permission to open a subscription for voluntary donations for the construction of the temple.

erection Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas it was decided to lead to the Anchor Square, on which the old anchors previously lay, representing a free space that also made it possible to arrange a park around the cathedral and a square for church parades. The condition for drawing up the project was that the height of the dome allowed the cathedral to serve as a guide from the sea, and the cross of the sea temple was the first thing that caught the eye of the navigator. In April 1901, the project of the architect V. A. Kosyakov was adopted, the highest approved on May 21, 1901. Civil engineer Vladimir Shavernovsky and civil engineer Alexander Ivanovich Viksel also participated in the design of the cathedral.

On September 1, 1902, the construction of the cathedral began, which was preceded by a prayer service performed by Archpriest John of Kronstadt in the presence of Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov. On May 8, 1903, the solemn laying of the cathedral took place in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II, Empresses Alexandra Feodorovna and Maria Feodorovna, Grand Dukes Mikhail, Alexei and Vladimir Alexandrovich. At the end of the prayer service, a salute of 31 shots was fired from the guns of the fortress and the ships that were in the raids. On the same day, the emperor and his entourage planted 32 year old oaks in the square around the cathedral. In 1907, the temple was rough ready, interior decoration began. The cost of building the cathedral was 1,876,000 rubles. The consecration of the cathedral took place on June 10, 1913 in the presence of the imperial family. The cathedral was in the parish of the Kronstadt Naval Epiphany Cathedral, services were held until 1927. The temple was finally closed on October 14, 1929.

After the closure, the cathedral was converted into a cinema named after Maxim Gorky, as a result of which the building of the temple was nicknamed "Maximka". In 1956, the club of the Kronstadt fortress and a concert hall for 1250 seats with a theater stage appeared in the cathedral building. In 1974, a branch of the Central Naval Museum was opened in the cathedral. Currently, negotiations are underway between the maritime department and the Russian Orthodox Church on the transfer of the Naval Cathedral to the subordination of the church. In 2002, an Orthodox cross was installed on the cathedral bell tower. In 2009, restoration work continues at the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral.

The cathedral, in general, repeats in terms of the reception of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. At the same time, the ratio of parts of the temple differs from the prototype. Another similar building is located in the Crimea, in Evpatoria)

The main dimensions of the cathedral are as follows: the outer length with porches is 83 meters, the width is 64 meters. Side of the inner central hall - 24 meters; spans of the main arches - 23 meters. Height to the base of the main dome - 52 meters; external height with a cross - 70.5 meters. This is the tallest building in Kronstadt.

Facade Nikolsky Naval Cathedral lined with brick and terracotta and decorated with granite plinth and columns of portals, as well as, in a small amount, majolica and mosaics. The main dome and the domes of the belfries are decorated with copper relief ornaments, gilded according to mardan. A central dome with a diameter of about 27 meters dominated the main interior space. The under-dome space is surrounded by two-tier galleries-choirs. The painting was only in the altar, sails and on the vaults of the northern and southern choirs by the artist M. M. Vasiliev. The drawing was made partly under the mosaic, partly under the frescoes.

The remaining parts of the temple were painted with an even color scheme. The choirs are supported by columns topped with capitals and, like the architraves of the inner doorways, are covered with artificial marble. The cornices are covered with stucco ornaments. The walls in the lower part were surrounded by a high panel of colored marble, where the names of the dead ranks of the fleet were supposed to be carved on black boards.

The altar part is raised to a height of 4 meters. The iconostasis by the sculptor N. A. Popov was made of white marble with mosaic inserts. Above the main altar towered a marble canopy. The side aisles of Saints Peter and Paul and the Monk John of Rila were not separated from the main one. On the left side of the salt there was a marble pulpit for sermons. It was decorated with columns and marble panels, as well as an image of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove. The floor was covered with fine marble in a thin copper frame and decorated with mosaic figures of fish and jellyfish, images of marine plants and ships. In the eastern part of the choir there was a front sacristy and a place for the choir. Icons from abolished courts were also kept there. The ground floor housed the sacristy and the library. In the photo - the interior of the cathedral

Stairs

The Naval Cathedral is a monument to all the ranks of the Russian fleet, whose base in Kronstadt was created by Peter I.

Near the cathedral there are two squares - southern and northern. In the northern square there is a foundation stone on the site of the future monument to the participants in the anti-Bolshevik uprising of 1921.

Now in the temple there are still remnants of the redevelopment of the temple space for the auditorium of the club and cinema. Only now they are starting to plan the restoration, remove the entire Stalinist Empire style and return Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas original Byzantine splendor…

You met significant people who lived in Kronstadt and made a significant contribution to the development of this city. It is worth mentioning once again that Kronstadt is a hero city. It was here that decisive battles took place during the war, and it was the sailors of Kronstadt who started the revolution, which subsequently turned the course of the history of the whole country. Today Kronstadt is a small town where life goes on at a measured pace. Tourists often visit this city to admire its cathedrals. It is the cathedrals that are considered the pearls of Kronstadt. The brilliance of their domes is visible from the banks of the Neva. Let's talk a little about each cathedral. After all, they are so different and not similar to each other!

In the city center, you will notice a medium-sized white-blue church with bell towers and domes. This is the Church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The cathedral has 5 chapters. The main shrine of the temple is the icon of the Mother of God. Services are often held in the cathedral. It is active and open to the public.

Since ships from different countries often stopped in Kronstadt, there were always people of different faiths in the city. That is why there are not only Orthodox churches, but also Catholic and Lutheran ones. Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Helena was built on the entrance square near the St. Petersburg Gates. The main decoration of the temple is a six-domed portico with a triangular pediment.

In 1868, the Lutheran (Estonian-Finnish-Swedish) Church of St. Nicholas.

The Cathedral of St. Andrew the First-Called became famous far beyond the city limits. Father John of Kronstadt served as a priest there. He is considered the patron saint of the city. Today you can visit the apartment where he lived, which now houses a memorial museum. It is worth noting immediately that John lived very modestly and poorly.

The most beautiful cathedral and, perhaps, the main attraction of the city is the Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The snow-white cathedral with a gilded roof rises on the main square of the city - Anchor Square. It is its dome, sparkling in the sun, that is visible from St. Petersburg itself! Today the cathedral is active, it is worth going there. Inside the cathedral, you will see memorial plaques with the names of the dead sailors. The cathedral was opened in 1903. It is dedicated to all the dead sailors.

A granite monument with an eternal flame is installed on the square in front of the cathedral. Here is the mass grave of the Kronstadters who died during the three Russian revolutions, the Civil War and the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921.

What else is interesting in Kronstadt?

There are several palaces in the city. One of them is the Italian Palace, built for Prince Menshikov. The name of the palace was due to the fact that Italian craftsmen participated in its construction, and Italian marble was used in the interior decoration.

Not far from the Naval Cathedral, you can see a strange building surrounded by walls and a moat. In appearance, this area resembles a prison. You may immediately have a question - why build a prison in the very center of the city? It's actually not a prison at all. On this territory there are three docks built under Catherine II and the Admiralty. All this is surrounded by the Bypass Canal.

Moving towards the embankment past the Naval Cathedral, the path will be blocked by the Petrovsky ravine - deep, at the bottom of which a small stream flows. A legendary pedestrian bridge, the Makarov Bridge, is thrown across the ravine. On the bank of the ravine it is pleasant to settle down and rest from the way. It offers stunning views of the Naval Cathedral. At the same time, it is often deserted and calm here.

The city also has modern monuments, installed not so long ago. Among them:

It is located on the wall of the bypass channel near the Blue Bridge. It was this fish that helped the people who lived on the islands overcome hunger during the blockade.

Installed on K. Marksa Street in 2004 for the 300th anniversary of the city. You can make wishes near the tree. They say they will come true!

Sculpture fountain water carrier. Located near the building of the Museum of the History of Kronstadt. Previously, there was a water machine here.

Fountain "Pearl"

Kronstadt had a special important strategic position. His goal was to protect St. Petersburg and confront enemy ships. Sailors serving in Kronstadt were supposed to keep enemy ships out of the bay. And it was not an easy task! A lot of people died here. In order to confront opponents and detain enemy ships near Kronstadt, forts. The forts were located on small islands. These were defensive structures, which were fortresses. The purpose of the forts was to bombard enemy ships. It was they who often held back the pressure of the enemy. Today, many forts are open to the public. The most interesting of them are Fort Oreshek, Citadel, Konstantin, Emperor Alexander I. You can get to the forts from the passenger harbor of Kronstadt, from where pleasure steamers leave several times an hour.

It will take you about 4 hours to see all the sights of the city (without visiting museums and forts). The city is very compact and easy to explore on foot.

Kronstadt is an amazing city with its own history, often tragic. The whole atmosphere here is saturated with a marine theme. You will rarely find such a concentration of military buildings and naval buildings anywhere. Kronstadt is best visited in summer. Keep in mind that the proximity of the city to the bay affects its climate. Strong gusty winds are frequent here. Therefore, dress warmly and forward to new experiences!

Sundial or "World Clock"